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RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
LOX DON *
WENT, NEWMAN AND CO., PRINTERS,
HATTON GARDEN, &.C,
Q //. 4004
=e ek
S95. 78095}
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA;
A DESCRIPTION OF
THE BUTTERFLIES
THE MALAY PENINSULA.
BY
W. L. DISTANT, M.A.I.
FELIOW OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON; MEMBERED OF THE EXTOMOLOGICAL BOCIETY OF FRANCE, CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF
THE ENXTOMOMMICAL AOCIETY OF STOCKHOLM, AXD OF THE BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES,
With 46 Coloured Plates and 129 Woodrnts.
LONDON: W. L. DISTANT, care or WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, HATTON GARDEN, E.C.
PENANG: D. LOGAN, Ese.
1652—1886.
75.18
PREFACE.
A prescription of Malay Butterflies needs neither apology nor defence. All such
publications appeal to two universal sentiments, the love of Nature—the keystone of the
sense of beauty—and the love of Science*—which is equivalent to man’s innate craving
after knowledge; and the first has frequently prompted the second, so that a mere collector
of butterflies often develops into an excellent entomologist. There are three methods under
which a faunistic study may be pursued, and these seldom appeal in an equal degree to the
same worker. They may be described. as the classificatory, in which the species and genera
are analytically described and enumerated in their proper families or groups; the comparative,
by which an analysis of different faunas affords the materials which support the generalisations
us to geographical distribution; and the evolutionary or really biological method—often the
first only—which seeks in embryonic development, and the peculiarities of surface colouring
und markings to form some conception of how living animals came to have the forms and
appearance which they possess. These methods are dependent on each other, and the most
profound generalisations have been made by those who have done much of that pure and simple
anatomical and classificatory work, + which by’ some theorists of the day, who would explain
the problems of Nature from the revelations of their own inner consciousness, is looked upon
as the amusement of a few unphilosophiecal pedants.
To understand these Malay butterflies, of which 503 species, arranged in 143 genera,
are here described, and, with very few exceptions, figured, several preliminary positions require
to be mastered, such as the physical dimensions and position of the area on which our fauna
is found, the extent to which at present that fauna has been investigated, and what
relationship it bears to the various insular and continental faunas which surround it.
To define our area is to commence our difficulties, for most faunistic works bear the name
of a region which has not been thoroughly—often very imperfectly—explored by the collecting
naturalist, and consequently we are sometimes only describing a part under the designation of
the whole. ‘This element of partial knowledge is very pronounced in ‘ Rhopalocera Malayana,’
for though the Malay Peninsula may be described roughly as extending from the Isthmus of
* The butterfly has frequently fulfilled an unscientific réle, as in the notion of the “leyp-bya," or butterfly spirit of the
Burman, & corrupt exerescence of Buddhism (ef. ‘The Burman, his Life, and Notions,’ by Shway Yoe, vol. ii. chap. xi),
According to Friederich (‘Die Symbolik und Mythologie der Natur’) the butterfly was a symbol of death, as signifying the soul
separated from the body; for which reason it was represented as sitting on an empty skull. One species was specially thought
to announce disaster and a dry summer.
+ As Darwin, who produced the *‘Monvograph of the Cirripedia," and Huxley, Haeckel, Wallace, Bates, and others, who
have all contributed much to the same class of Biological literature.
b
vi PREFACE,
Krah or the southern extremity of Tenasserim on the north, to Cape Romania, the Tanjung-
bulus, or “naked headland” of the Malays, in the south, including the many islands on the
western and the less numerous islands on the eastern coasts;* unfortunately the Zoology of
the whole of this areat 1s unknown, and our information is almost entirely derived from the
collections made at the different settlements along the western coast. It must therefore be
remembered that our knowledge of the butterflies and other living animals of the Malay
Peninsula is principally based on collections made at Kedah, Penang, Province Wellesley,
Perak, Selangor, Sungei Ujong, Malacca, Johore, and Singapore; and although there is no
reason to suppose that the fauna of the eastern portion of this narrow peninsula is much
different from that of the western, there are probably still many local species to be found
there, which will add considerably to our faunistic catalogues. }
In comparing an insect fauna with those of surrounding areas, the physical geography,
geology, and botany of the different areas become factors of first importance in showing us not
only the road by which much specific migration may have taken place, but also whether the
surrounding conditions are capable of maintaining the emigrant species, and in an unmodified
form. Now a study of the Rhopalocera of the Malay Peninsula gives unmistakable proof of
the relationship both in genera and species to those of Burma and North-Eastern India on
one side and to the islands of Borneo, Sumatra, and—in a less degree—to Java at its southern
extremity. This is exactly what the physical geography and geology of the Peninsula would
lead us to expect. As Logan has remarked, ‘it is directly united not only geographically but
geologically with the continental mass, and, through the islands to the south and Sumatra on
the west, a connection with the rest of the Malayan Archipelago can be established.”’§ Of the
classificatory details of the vegetation I do not possess sufficient knowledge to warrant an
assertion, but we must remember—as Spruce truly remarks when speaking of the distribution
of the Lepidoptera of the Amazon Valley—that it ‘‘can rarely correspond to the grander
features of the vegetation, for the simple reason that the food of caterpillars is scarcely ever
the foliage, &ec., of the loftier forest trees, but chiefly of soft-leaved undershrubs and low trees,
(1) which grow under the shade of the forest, and have, many of them, a restricted range,
or (2) which spring up where the primeval woods have been destroyed, and in waste places
* The reader who may wish to consult some of the best and original descriptions of the Peninsula may be safely
referred to the ‘Sketch of the Physical Geography and Geology of the Malay Peninsula,’ by J. R. Logan (Journ, Ind. Archip,
vol. ii. p. 88 (1848), the previously published chap. vii. of the first vol. of Newbold's ‘ British Settlementa in the Straits of
Malacca’ (1899), and also the excellent compilation of Crawfurd in his ‘Dictionary of the Indian Islands and Adjacent
Countries,’ p. 255 (1856), More modern accounts are often largely indebted to the above.
+ Much ingenuity has been displayed in identifying the Malay Peninsula with the Awrea Chersonesus of the ancients,
and many modern writers have adopted the view. Prof. Haeckel, however, states his conviction that “The Tarshish of the
ancient Phoenicians and Hebrews can only have been Galle; the apes and peacocks, ivory and gold, which these navigators
brought from the legendary Tarshish, were actually known to the old Hebrew writers by the same names as they now bear
among the Tamils of Ceylon, and all the descriptions we derive from them of the much-frequented port of Tarshish apply to
none of the seaports of the island, but the Rockpoint—Punto Galla” (‘A Visit to Ceylon,’ p. 178). On this subject one must
cite the nameless commentator alluded to by Jortin, “ who, explaining 1 Kings x. 22, Once in three years came the navy of
Tarshish, bringing gold and silver, apes, and peacocks, says that by the apes wo are to understand heretics" (‘ Remarks on
Eccles. Hist.’ vol. i. p. 148).
{ As these pages are passing through the press, Mr. J. K. Birch has forwarded to me a specimen of the ubiquitous
* Painted Lady," Pyramets cardut, Linn., which he captured on Penang Hill.
§ Journ. Ind. Archipel. vol. ii. p. 90 (1848),
PREFACE. vii
near the habitations of men, &e.”* It appears, however, that the flora follows more or less
the main features of the Rhopalocerous fauna, for Prof. Thiselton Dyer, with the knowledge
acquired from the vast Indian Collection contained in the Kew Herbarium, has found that
‘there is a marked difference between the vegetation of the greater part of the Peninsula of
Hindostan and that of the areas to the north and north-east of it. The latter belongs to the
type characteristic of the Malayan region, which is also represented on the Malabar coast and
in Ceylon.” +
Too little attention is often paid to the physical characteristics of a region which,
qualifying the flora, greatly influences the nature of the insect fauna, and this doubtless will
be clearly shown in the Malay Peninsula, when the central highlands have been more fully
worked, and collections made there compared with those acquired on the alluvial coasts.}
Even introduced plants will often add a corresponding diversity in insect life. Mr. Uhler
found from an examination of the country in and around Denver in North Ameriea, particularly
on the west side, that the common weeds of the eastern division of the continent had already
established themselves there, and that, as was to be expected, many of the common insects
dependent upon them were present in abundance. §
The material is not yet collected and tabulated by which the Rhopalocera of the Malay
Peninsula can be thoroughly and analytically compared with that of Sumatra, Java, and
Borneo; but our facts are sufficient to show that the Malay butterflies have their nearest
relationship with those of Borneo—especially North Borneo; || im a lesser degree with those
* Journ, Linn. Soc., Zool., vol. ix. p. 852. +: Proc. Roy. Geograph. Soc. vol. xxii. no. vi. p. 25 (1878).
} This particularly struck the late Dr. Stoliczka when at the Nicobars, and he gave the following table, based on the
information of Hochsetter, to illustrate the fact :—
GEOLOGICAL CHANACTER OF THE UNDERLYING
Ke
alluvium.
2. Coral conglomerate and coral sand, dry
marine alluvium.
8. Coral conglomerate and coral sand, beside
dry fresh-water allnovium.
4, Fresh-water swamp and damp fresh-water
alluvium.
5. Plastic clay, magnesian clay, marls and
partially serpentine.
6. Sandstone, slate gabbro, dry river alluvium.
Coanacten or Sor.
Swampy ground, not capable of cultivation.
Fertile calcareous soil, principal constituents
carbonate and phosphate of lime.
Fertile caleareous sandy soil.
Swampy ground, capable of being cultivated,
Not fertile, clayey soil, de constituents
silicate of alumina an
Loose clayey sandy soil, rich in alkalies and
silicate of magnesia.
Mangrove forest.
HespectTive CHARACTER oF
VroErraTron.
Cocoa-palm forest.
Large forest trees.
Pandanua forest.
Grassy plains.
Jungle (the true pri-
lime, very fertile. | meval forest).
—(‘Stray Feathers,’ vol. ii. p. 44.).
§ Bull. U.S. Geol. & Geogr. Surv. vol. iii. p. 856.
Mr. E. L. Layard has given a most interesting account of a similar oceurrenee:—'' Many years ago, on my old
magistracy at Point Pedro, in Ceylon, we had a very rainy season. Up sprang a flower I had not previously noticed in the
north, the Aristolochia indica. Two beautiful insects, one a moth, the other a large Papilio, frequented it in the south of
the island, both unknown in the north. I said to my wife, ‘Remember the marbled white; let us watch.’ True enough in
due time I captured the Papilios hovering over it, and found the glorious caterpillar of the moth feeding on it. Whence had
they come? Thoy were unknown in the north! I believe from what I have experienced, that with insects a species may
remain dormant in the egg, and even at the pupa state, for years, until some peculiar state of the atmosphere or other occult
causes bring them out” (‘ Field,’ June 9, 1877, p. 674).
|| I am greatly indebted to my friend Mr. W. B. Pryer for the opportunity—by the aid of his large collection—of
forming a somewhat thorough acquaintance with the Rhopalocera of Northern Borneo.
witt PREFACE.
respectively of Sumatra, Burma and the North-Hastern Indian districts,* and in a still much
less degree to those of Java and Ceylon. In fact, without some reference to the butterflies of
Borneo, Sumatra, and North-Eastern India, a knowledge of those of the Malay Peninsula is as
superficial as would be that of those of England when restricted and uncompared with the
Rhopalocera of the other portions of the Palearctic region. So closely are many of these
Malay species allied to other surrounding local forms or species, that far more accuracy could
have been attained had a larger and wider fauna been described. Thus, owing to the exigency
of the case, I have treated Fuplea diocletianus as a distinct species from the Continental
Indian E. rhadamanthus and the Bornean FE. lowei. Now had the Rhopalocera of the whole
Indo-Malayan region been enumerated the identification would have been more philosophically
as follows :—
Euplea diocletianus.
Var. a. rhadamanthus. Continental India.
Var. b. diocletianus. Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula, Cochin China, Sumatra.
Var. c. alcidice. Java.
Var. d. loweix. Borneo.
This would point out to the student that he is dealing with a number of distinct local
races, or, as might be better expressed, local phases of one dominant form or species.
Through this cause the enumeration of a local fauna, such as of the Malay Peninsula, is
necessarily narrow in principle, and lacks the philosophical breadth which raises descriptive
Entomology to a true biological standard.
It is very satisfactory to find how many good observations are made by collectors abroad,
and how much our knowledge is increased by not only their facts, but frequently also by their
suggestions. It is not to be accepted as canonical, though frequently tacitly advanced, that all
good work in entomological literature can only be done at home. The observer abroad is
untrammelled by much of the obscurations of the Scribes and Pharisees found in our learned
societies, and many a good naturalist has been spoilt by the jealousies and opposition of many
who profess the same study as himself.t When one recalls the names of such observers as
Humboldt, Darwin, Wallace, Bates, Belt, and Fritz Miller, Emerson’s opinion of Thoureau
is recalled: “he saw as with a microscope, heard as with ear-trumpet, and his memory was
a photographic register of all he saw and heard.” The study of butterflies does not consist
only in a recognisable knowledge of their imago condition, but the egg} is a structure of
wonderful diversity, and the larval or caterpillar condition affords a field of research of which
the ground may be said to be only just broken. It would be in breeding that the writer—were
he permitted to sojourn in the Peninsula again—would find his employment, and till the
life-histories are worked out, and the egg and larval stages properly described and figured,
* As found in the valleys and plains, and not above an height of 8500 or 4000 feet.
} It is not uncommon to find that the elnim to have originally described a species, or to be acknowledged aa the
authority on some genus which no one else has studied, affords as much satisfaction as though the writer had created
‘Hamlet’ or written the ‘ Origin of Species.’
{ A new classification of Rhopalocera, based on the structure of the egg, has just been proposed by Mr. Wm. Doherty
(Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. vol. lv. p. 108 (1886).
PRIEFACE. ix
the ‘Rhopalocera Malayana’ cannot be thoroughly studied, and this publication is simply
an introduction to the subject. There is little doubt that when the Malay butterflies are
carefully and systematically bred by some careful and accurate observer, many of the so-called
species described in this volume will be found to be but seasonal forms of some other species»
whilst, on the other hand, forms which we have degraded from specific rank on account
of smallness in divergence of character, may show in larval conditions true specifie differences.
The standard of biological study, in a philosophical sense, has been wonderfully raised during
the last few years, and entomological science has necessarily followed the same path.
The literature of the Rhopalocera has now been sufficiently long in the iconographic
condition. There was a time when the importance of this description of work could scarcely
be over-estimated, and the publications of Cramer and Drury may be said to have culminated
in the beautifal works of Hewitson. ‘The next epoch may be called the search for a
classificatory or methodical arrangement. It began with the publication of the excellent
and still valuable ‘Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera,’ to which the names of Westwood,
Doubleday, and Hewitson are attached, and eventually produced Mr. Kirby's ‘ Synonymie
Catalogue,’ a compilation which has been universally used, and which—in the opinion of the
writer—has helped the study as much as any other single work yet published. We have now
approached the critical and philosophical epoch in which curiosity as to the constituents of a
fauna is submerged in the enquiry as to the derivation or evolution of that fauna. ‘The
key-note was struck when Bates eloquently remarked, as to the wings of butterflies, “that on
these expanded membranes Nature writes, as on a tablet, the story of the modifications of
species, so truly do all changes of the organisation register themselves thereon.” *
It now becomes my pleasant duty to gratefully acknowledge the assistance of those, who
in one case was directly instrumental in this work being published, and im the other instances
have helped to make it what it is, by reducing its errors and contributing information.
‘ Hamlet’ without the Prince of Denmark, would be ‘ Rhopalocera Malayana’ without the name
of my friend D. Logan, of Penang. The inception of the publication is due to him; the
clauses of our arrangement were very simple—I was to write as a labour of love, and he agreed
to act as the financial Mecenas. He has thoroughly fulfilled his obligation—I hope he may
think that I have tried to do the same.
I also have to return thanks to the Army, the Navy, and the Church for much help on the
spot. It was fortunate that the “ Inniskillings’” were quartered at Singapore, and I thus
secured the assistance of Lieut. A. Mainwaring Goodrich and Paymaster Jno. Manners Kerr,
whilst Capt. M. J. Godfery, of the Commissariat and Transport Staff placed me under no
inconsiderable obligation, not only by the gift and loan of specimens, but also by the
contribution of many original observations. A call made at Singapore by H. M.5. ‘ Penelope,’
with that enthusiastic entomologist Mr, Gervase F. Mathew on board, naturally added to our
knowledge; and that the Rev. L. C. Biggs has been Chaplain both at Malacca and Penang
® ‘Naturalist on the Amazons,’ 8rd edit., p. 348. One is almost reminded of the words of Sir Thomas Browne, though
alluding to “bees, ants, and spiders":—“ Ruder heads stand amazed at these prodigious picces of nature, whales, elephants,
dromedaries, and camels; these, I confess, are the colossuses and majestick pieces of her hand; but in these narrow engines
there is more curious mathematicks; and the civility of these little citizens more neatly sets forth the wisdom of their
Maker” (' Religio Medici").
¢e
x PREFACE,
during this publication is a cireumstance that cannot be too warmly acknowledged. Not only
have I received many specimens direct from Mr. Biggs, but that veteran naturalist, Mr. P. H.
Gosse,—who I am happy to say is still living, and naturally still working, at Torquay,—also
placed in my hands the specimens he had previously received from Malacca through the
same instrumentality. Mr. Durnford proved a tower of strength at Sungei Ujong, whilst
Messrs. J. K. Birch and W. Egerton sent me several species not hitherto known to form
part of the fauna. Herr Kiinstler has made large collections at Perak for various ento-
mologists, and I have had the fortune to examine a considerable portion of these through the
kindness of Dr. John Anderson, of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, Herr Ribbe, of Dresden,*
and Herr Georg Semper, of Altona, whilst Herr HE. Honrath, of Berlin, has afforded
me much information as to similar consignments. To Dr. Staudinger, of Dresden, I am
indebted for the examination of a most valuable and interesting Malaccan collection, which
contained many new species, whilst the collections and adyice of Mr. F. Moore and Messrs.
Godman and Salvin have been freely at my service. Mr. L. de Nicéville, of Calcutta,
has found time—with his many engagements—to give me much kindly help, which has
been thoroughly appreciated; whilst both Mr. W. F. Kirby and Mr. A. G. Butler have given
me any assistance I required at the British Museum, the first-named having also contributed
the General Index to this volume. To my artist, Mr. Horace Knight, thanks are also due for
the careful way—regardless of trouble—in which he has drawn the figures, and without which
the results of chromo-lithography would have been much less satisfactory.
The preparation of this publication has been the pleasure—in the scant leisure—of a busy
man of other occupations during the last few years, commenced during ill health which
threatened a speedy termination of all such undertakings, but which he is thankful to say has
been removed. It has recalled again the scenes of other days, and reawakened that burning
love of Nature which the tropics implant in the mind of any naturalist, and which tends to
prove that he also belongeth to that order of things which is capable of endless modification,
but which changeth not. ;
* My attention has just been directed to a paper published in the ‘ Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift’ for 1885
(p. 225), in which Herr C. Plotz has described several species of Heaperiide collected by Kiinstler “auf Malacca (Perak),”
and which are contained in the collection of Herr Ribbe. I am, however, to my regret, quite unable to identify these by the
short descriptions given, and incline to the opinion that in some cases synonymy has been created.
FAMILIES, GENERA, AND
es
SYSTEMATIC LIST
Sub-fam. DANAIN AL.
Group DANAINA.,
Genus Hestta.
Tab. & Fig,
1. Hestia lynceus Sie ek Igoe
2. » lintenta wid oe : Tee |
B.. 4, leuconos ana xxxix., 8
Genus [pKopsts.
4, Ideopsisdaos ... aie — 1., 8, 4
Genus RapeENa.
5. Radena vulgaris ns ime i., §
6. ss juventa ona see xXxxix., 4
Genus Danats.
7. Danais aspasia, var. crocea ... Pe
& 86, melaneus wae i, 6
f oo “tylie. «ss ane aes xli., 15
10. 4, agleoides ela oF L, 5
ll. ,, septentrionis ... aed LL, 9
1a; 5; utia vie «ee ., 2, 8
13. 4 melonippus ... rie i. 1
var. hegesippus s+.
14, , abigar ... aa one xli., 11
15. , ¢chrysippus... £2 L, 10
“8 var, aleippoides : xl., 18
Genus Eveima.
16. Euplea malayica ay ai lie, 7
17: » bremeri : a ii., 4
18. » Mmarsdeni cv fe xxxix., 1
19, » castelnaui Per = 6
20. » tmidamus eu nr 8, 0
91. a» muleiber re tan ia, 1,2
22. » ledereri x = il., 10
23. » vestigiata ... ace Adiey 6, 7
24. » diocletianus ... - iv., 4,6
25. ve Crash .. . en 5
26. «» dejeani E iv., 1
07. iy ble ws firs 2}
98. , margarita . © iv, 8
29, 4 distanti m so
HO. podart. ‘ lii., 5
Bl. = 4g «2S MOnbtriési : ii., 4,5
a aie ws «= ds | 20
BS. = arrisi (mec. grotei) . li., B
Page
ew. 6; 405
we 13 406
Lee 406
eo 8; 407
ae 10
. 407
see la
14; 408
408
1h
16
18; 408
r 19
409
20
: 408
ee pe
23; 410
411
od
24; 410
een “5
fe et |
26; 410
' 28
29; 410
ee ry!
2 40
<< 1
ihe 32
ane 4
Tr? Bea
ake ao
6; 411
OF
SPECIES
Sub-fam. SATYRINAS.
Genus MELANITIS.
Tab, & Fig, Page
84. Melanitis leda . ons FS iv., 10° 41; 411
B4 a. Pe ismene ash wan WS 9, 11,12 42; 411
aa. Pa zitenius x “yi Xxxviii., 2 412
36. “ suyndana ... = xxuix.,2 ... 412
a7. ist abdulle ee sa xix., 3 418
Genus LETHE.
38. Lethe europa ... PE aa V., 5,6 sas 43
Bo. ,, mekara ... aus ar xxxix., 9 418
40, ,, minerva ... = xxxvi., 8 ... 414
Genus Ceres.
. Celites euptychioides ... ae woodcut, 15 45
ot var. humilis =
42, 4 epiminthia ... “ xixs,°8) ss 415
Genus NEORINA.
48. Neorina lowii, var. «+ ae Xxxvil., 8... 416
Genus ERrres.
44. Erites angularis ok Wag eee
Genus saan
45. Mycalesis anaxins XXxvi., 7 416
46. 7 maianeas — .., — vil., 4 + 48
47. a orsels one v., 4 49; 416
48. ne medus == iv., 8 Gj 49
49. se mineus ate : iv., 18, 14... 60
os var. aan 1v., 7 ae 61
50. 7 nautilus = re xi, 4 « Alf
61. blasius ine “ar vil, 7 a 52
52. a mnnsicles ... aos XXXVI, 5... 417
5a. is fusca ons aes ¥., 1 = 58
54. = anapita os ans xxxix. 8 ... 418
55, - janardana ... ine V4 2 L 64
5G. = ustulata re os xli., 16 . 418
Genus Yrromia.
57. Ypthima pandocus ... ss Vin 8 55; 419
“! var, coricaria ae
oa. _ meéethora = — vi, 9 56; 419
50. = newboldi sae iv., 6 ; 57
GU, ms hiibneri fe vii., 6 57
61. on fasciata as “hs woodeut, 122 420
#4 Uir. aaa ne
Genus Ragaptia.
2. Ragadia crisia nan ane an xix. 7 41)
rr
Xi
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF
Tab. & Fig. Page
Genus EyMstas.
Elymnias diserepans ... «as Wily 3,8 60
: | ‘vi., 1
rr nigrescens ... sie ee tt a ol
+ Intescens ... — th, 4:0 i. 62
. lais - IX, 2 ats 62
” penanga _ r. vie’ Ms ate G3
= abrisa ie “SS slii.,5 «.. 421
" ensiphone ios ana vi, 10 an Hee
p saiieri fp oF ix., 8 ane 5
tl kiinstleri rae one xli., 9 =. 422
vs godferyi : xxxix., 5 ... 423
Subfam. NYMPHALIN AB.
Group MORPHINA.
Genus AMATHUSIA.
Ps rien phidippns ... . 6,7 70; ro
re lucida seri. Tae 4258
Genus ZEUXIDIA.
Zeuxidia amethystus ... Vi 12} 72; 424
XxxVill., 5)
A alti (xxxviil., 6,9 494
76. an donbledaii mee ioe | woodout, 124, ad Aah
77. a aurelins Gs eas XXXVil., 1... 425
Genns Discornora.
78. Diseophora tullia var, ... oka vil., 8,9 74; 426
79. ss sondaica ... AS xliii., 7 «. 426
80, “5 eelinde ... Hes ¥., 10, 11 ... 75
Genns THAUMANTIS.
81. Thaumantis Incipor ... —... IX, 8,9 .. TT
62. e noureddin of Na a 78; 496
83. 5 odana ... a xxxvi., 8... 427
84. a pseudaliris mae viii., 8 cae 79
Genus Tewxarrs,
85. Tenaris birchi . ri =xxix., 7 ... 428
Genus CLEROME.
86. Clerome gracilis 5 viii., 1 81; 428
87. nn arcesilans ,., a xl., 6 a. 428
88. ue fannula eas fen Vill., 2 oom §1
Genus XANTHOTAENIA.
89. Xanthotmnia busiris Ae mas vi, 7 he 82
aap NYMPHALINA.
enus KALLIMa,
90. Kallima buxtoni var. ... a Xxxvil., 2... 499
Genus DoLescnannta.
: xi., 8 sige
91. Doleschallia pratipa ova { tee 8} DS 88
Genus VANESSA.
92. Vanessa porakana ons xi, 1 «re 480
Genus Precrs.
95. Precisiphita ... Soe a xi., 9; ix., 6 90
Od, on ide ome eee XL, 10 oe 92
: Genus Junontra.
95. Junonia atlites ... : + 3h, 11,125. 03
96. Ae asteric ne wee om 9 *X,1,3 a a4
yf Ae wallacei tie oa xi, 3,4 4... 95
98, xt lemonins ir ane xi., 6 % 06
Genus RurNopaupa,
99. Rhinopalpa fulvea 3 aS Si. cs Re 8k 98
1 . 9 ? eudoxin .. eee xvii rT fi eae 99
Genus ART
101. Symbrenthia hyppoclus sia xlii., 4,5... 481
102. ms hypatia ... xi., G6 .. 482
Genus Eviacura,
108. Eulacura osteria bon we xii, 65,6 ... 100
| Tab. & Fig. Page
Genus CHARAXES.
104. Charaxes echo ... eat a woodcut, 38 108
105, o schreiberi ... aa xiii., 3 . 104
106. fi delphis =e XV. 1 » 105
107. + athamas rer. samatha xii, 8 .. 106
108, ‘i hehe ... oer ome XV, as 107
109, se moori ope i xiii... 8 .. 108
110, - jalysus — xiii., 4 . 106
Lil, a durnfordi ... +1,, 8 . 493
113. = borneénsia var, KXXVii., 6... 488
118, ms harpax wie a xiii., 1 .. 109
114. - haya .. B 7 ZxxvL, 1... 488
115. - distanti ae aee KxXVI., B sis 434
Genus PRoTHOE. ia
116. Prothoe uniformis ... ... | XXxxvili., 4... 434
117. » angelica i ens not figured 435
118. ,, ealedonin ... «» xii, 9 «. 110
Genus SyYMPHEDRA. —
119. Symphedra dirten — ... wes x, 7,8 .. 112
120. i ardalis ... sab ww. «©: 443
121. fe omales ... ane not figured 114
Genus EUTHALIA.
122. Enthalia derma... «2 +» MIX 4 ws | 116
123. " dunya... se is esa » 486
( XXxvii., 4
194. uP bellata 2 ee | xliii., 12 436
125. “ anosia eee AS. xiv., 6 «. 17
126, a garuda sae Prey XM. 1, 2 . 117
127. ve parta ... = aes EXXViL., 7... 437
Ce hoy Cae ek ae
129, 7. merta ... vas wid xliii, 1,2... 487
180, m laverna aaa a Fr 40 119
181. i zichri ... Sie 5 xlii., 6 ... 488
182. 3 adonia var, ... az xix., 10,11... 120
138. 4 lubentina ... a Xiv., 4 138; 435°
184, i bipunetata ... oe slit, 8 .. 496
185. 5 decorata—..., - xiv. @ 199; 459
136. e ramada wae =e xix., 6 122; 439
137. 5 macnairi a. =» Xiv., 6,10... 198
188. < stoliczkana ... a “iv., 11 ... 194
139. ” maclayi sie att xiv. 12 ... 194
140, es cocytina oat sav MV, T .. 195
“ViiL, 8
141. + puseda oA oie Bs 3 } we «=6.1 85
ee abe |, the fehl 3} we 197
145. ‘2 xiphiones... ons xxxvi., 9,10 489
144, “i ‘lepidea var. ... ace xxxvi., 4,5 439
Genus TaNaArctra,
145. Tanaéeia flora ... a vas xviili., 6 1... 199
146. ‘i supereilin aks xv., 5 180
147. * violaria “5: xv., 9 ws 80
if. pulasara =... fee ie .. 180
rm rT Var, de oon xvili., 9 «.. 181
149, + consanguinea = xli., 4 1. ©6440
150, ” arnnn... one see xv. 7 182
151. robertsi és + not figured ‘182; 440)
152. i nicévillei =... don xh, a. 440
: Genus Evarrvs,
158. Euripus enpleoides ... ace xili., 6,7 ... 184
154. halitherses ... xiii, 11... 44
155. » Ppfeiffere eet ii woodout, 42 195
Genus KuryTEta.
: +3 xv., 10, ¢ '
156. Eurytela castelnani | Sh, 10, a }136; 441
Genus Ereorts.
157. Ergolis ariadne ... =a cat xi., O o- 157
168. 4, merione... oo xv., 6 188
159. LB | 1 us na oe 7 xxxix., 6 189; 41
FAMILIES, GENERA, AND SPECIES.
Tab. & Fig.
Genus Crests,
Page
160. Cyrestis nivea var. nivalis ... xii, 8 .. 140
161. rc cocles ... wae kes xli., 18 «... 442
162. “ formosa ice eo» woodent, 125 44
168. » earl ... ane ain xiii., 6 . <&IA41
164. ae periander eee eee xii, 1 oom 443
Genus CHERSONESIA.
165. Chersonesiarabria .. .. ii, 4 «.. 142
166, on peraka ese See xi., 6 oe 443
Genus ParRTHENos.
167. Parthenos cere per Dy <i. 7 _ 148
Genus LEBADEA.
168, Labadea martha Ae ie xvii, 10,11 145
169. " ismiene zee «» notfigured... dd
Genus Panprra. ;
170. Pandita sinope ... —... ae xii, 18 .. 146
Genus Liowknitis. ;
171. Limenitis procris as sar Kvii., 1 148
Genus NEptis. '
172. Neptis soyapnis is «» | x¥iL, 18 ... 160
17a. +t fsa 3m ant fie eae Xvii., 2 - 150
lj74. 5, ici on ai ise xvii, 6 151
175. os 7h - Vii, 4 ws 51
lT7ia, ws or dorelia tis xVvil., 8 . ge
176. 4 minh var. oo8 sae xh, 14 . 444
177.. « vikasi... oe ona xvi., 18 152
177a. , v¥ikasi var. harita i xliti., 8 Add
178. on janavar, ... ii xxxvL, ll, 445
170. » ophiana.., ; io xvii., 12 158
180. Tl nota oom we aan XVill., 1 * 1i4
181. , £Jeuconata oe ite xvil,, 14 .» IJ54
Lt. ae ononata ve xvii., 2 154
188. Srapidane var, one xvi. 15 ee = 156
184, , charon ... Sra #2 woodent, 40 156
185. ,, eurynome var. mamaja xvi., 14 156
a: Athiyenn Genus ATHYMA. A i
18 ® wok ius oof fon ee EVI, ini rT
187. ~ aAryOIna var... ws xvi, 1 .. 159
188, th idita ee ane oan xvi. ~} 9, 10.. 160
189. 5 pravara EViey li oa 100
190. ad abines var. clerica ... xvi., 8 « 161
191. “ kresna... ie or xvi., B 161; 445
192. 13 ambara TE. soe ane Xvi-y i] 162
103. » nefte var. nivifera ... xvi, 6,7 . 163
194. - subrata oe 4 xvi, 4... 104
195, * Urvasi ... we usa xyi., 12 .«. 164
Genns Hypo_mnas.
=, : 10, 12)
196. Hypolimnas bolina ... ee 19 165
107. 7 incommods ra xvil., 8,9... 167
198. ® misippor. pra ort Ge?
199. ” anomala ... ae Xl, 1,2,3,4 169; 445
Genus Hestrxa.
200. Hestina nama ... — “2
Genus CerHosta.
201. Cethosia biblis _ oe ate
202. " : ded
203. i methypsen ... Sa
204. 45 Retain 7A
xiii, 9 ..;
XXXVILL, D..
viii., 6 a
vil., 9 ane
oe vill., 6, 7, 8
205. Atella phalanta... ., o- ix. 4 ave
206, eh alcippe ry ‘oh oae woodcut, di
207. fF sinha ene ma fee iy 8 ioe
Genus Curna,
208. Cupha erymanthis ... «4.
Genus CrenocHRoa.
209. Cirrochroa orissa Pe
210. --
Viil., id ioe
x., 9
xix., 9
oe
satellita ... sak
446
xii
Tab. & Fig. Page
S11, Cirrochroa clagia Cro aaa XVI, 7 ee 179
213. + bajadeta ... A 1,35 «3G
213. a malaya «+» wen x, 4,38 ... 180
214, v rotundata ... nye fa a 181; 447
Genus Papwuca,
215, Paduca fascinta... ee ane xl, 12 2... 447
} Genus TeRrnos,
216, Terinos robertain es bes 2 NY =. 188
217. » teuthras a iat x., 6 : 183
; Genus CynTHta.
218. Cynthia deione ... Ay os x, 1,2 .. 184
219. - cantori... a3 ane x., 6 2. 165
Fam. ERYCINID AE.
Subfam. LIBYTEAINA.
Genus Linyrnea.
220. Libythea myrrha ss oe xlii,, 2 .«. 448
Subfam. NEMEOBIINE,
Genus ZEMEROS.
221. Zemeros albipunctata ... o- xvili., 12... 187
223. “* emesoides ... Gs xvii, 8,4... 1868
Genus pee
223. Abisara savitri ... bes aay xvui., 6. ... 189
B24. if neopliron sae “he xxxvb, 6... 449
235. » Kausambi vas af xvii, 10,11 189
226. » haquinus re xvil., 18... 190
297. » thuisto... on ate woodcuts, 61,52 191
228, » tanita ... sue daa xviii, 14 ... 102
229. 1 telesin ... ae aes x, 2,3 .. 449
230. » Gamajanti... sit xl, 10, 11 192; 449
Genus SiMisKrna.
281. Simiskina fulgenus igs ay xlin, 8 .«. 450
Genus STMmOoGEs.
282. Stiboges nymphidia ..,. xxiy,, 11 ... 198
Fam. LYCASNIDA.
Group CURETARIA,
, Genus Porrria.
238. Poritia sumatre a xxii, 2,8 198
var.? oa xx., 12
ee xxL, 21
oped. ay phraatica ae eee pee sf es 199
285. aa pharyge... ote aoe xli., 8 fio 450
236. 4, plenrata ann Sis xxii, 5,6... 199
207. y jphalena... iv oe xxii, 8 ... 200
238... pheretia... = xxii, 9,10.. 200
209. » pediada... Pe xxii., 16 ... 200
240. , potina ... de ae Stitt) Pees: “Dl
Genus Deramas,
241, Deramas livens... aa =" xlii., 16 .. 461
_ Genus Cunetts.
242, Curetis malayica oe 0 ase) XIE, 2B we «= 202
245. ,, mesopus... we we ie at 202; 451
* v
Bt, Helder ie ees a FEET ee 208
245. ,, insularis ae xli., "6, T «. 451
246. ,, sperthis xxii, 27 «- 205
Genus Lipnyra.
247. Liphyra brassolis ooo eae XXil., 18 fae O04
Genus GERYDUS.
248. Gerydus symethus ... re {ei s a} we = -205
249. ,, biggsii., .. . ‘xxii, 22 2. 208
Genus PARAGERYDUs,
250. Paragerydus horsfieldi... xx., 7 -» 207
251, th nivalis aoe Xxii., ll oom 207
. Genus Loganta.
252. Logania malnyica eee » Ei, 2) ... 208
258. - Briwa ... a nie xliy., 16 .. 452
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF
xiv
Tab. & Fig. Page
Genus ALLOTINUS.
254. Allotinus unicolor not figured. 209
255, jis alkamah xliv., 8 ... 452
Genus NEorITHECOPs.
256. Neopithecops horafieldi xxi, 15 ... 210
Genus CYANIEIS.
257. Cyaniris lambi ... te ee 3 ri zai) kk
258 a jynteana xliv., ~ 4652
25) in incida xliv. fh o- 453
200, s araldus xxi., 6. cat, © RLF
2H1. ~ ep. ? vee xliv., 10 ... 458
Genus AIZERA.
262, Aizera lysizone ... : ey XX, w. 212
203 “a WEINER ... woodeut, 126 454
2h. Cg, raand EXu., 22 .. BS
265. ,, ?usta xliv., 5 454
Group CASTALARIA.
Genus CasTALIus.
206, Castalius rosimon ves xxii, 20 ... S15
267. = ethion xxii. ~» 26 .. 216
268. " FORTIS vse oo woe EX. “4 ee 216
269, i elna ... cx, 4 sou, ET
Genus Nacapusa. ;
. xX.
alive Nacaduba macropthalma <liv. A 218; 454
271. a barot xx., 16,17 219
‘4 : ‘xx., 24
272. a viola ... “= | woodout, 6s} 219
973. we aluta he an han RE. 13, 14 oo)
274. = kerriana “3 fare xlii., 13 455
275. = nimora? ,. die xs.,.23 .... 320
276. ” Bp. ase ExL, 7 221
; Genus EvEenes,
277. Everes parrhasius sn woodcut, 66 221
278. ,, @xiguus.., ere ina xliv., 17 «ss 455
Genus JAMIDES.
279. Jamides bochus var. ... iss xxi., 16, 19 222
Genus CaTocHRrYysoPs.
280. Catochrysops strabo xxi., 8, 14.. 204
. a xxi, 2 rr"
O81. tl Che} Us ome eae «liv. =i 15} 05. 456
282. rs pandava... ake xxi, 17 2. 295
Genus Lawprpes.
283. Lampides elpis .. is , 25, 26 226
var. pseudelpis sat XX., og 28 207
184 xxi., 18 ee
284. + cra fas Asian © 998+ 456
255. we optinius a woodcut, 127 04«=—- 456
256. + abdul xliv., 22 .. 456
257. i) kankena one . EXs, 1é, ll 299
288. “7 Ep. ... a ass XXL, 230
‘ | Genus PoLyommatus,
289, Polyommuatus bwticus... xx. 8,1 ... 230
290, bagus xliv., 18 ... 457
; _ Genus Mratspa.
291. Megisba thwaitesi Ve 4 sa «6457
Genus Lyc#Nestaens.
292, Lyemnesthes lyewnina... xxi, 3 « 282
29%. " bengalensis xliv., 9 .. 458
a4, xiii. 13
3 tessellata ge ait: 458
Group APHNARIA,
Genus CATAP@ctLMa,
295. Catapwcilma elegans ... sf xxii,, 17 ... 285
206. te ? bubases as xliv., 26 ... 459
Genus Horaga,
297. Horaga halba ee xliv., 23 .. 460
Tab. & Fig, Page
Genus DauPapiA. ~
7 bo XXsy 20, 21 30 =i
. Drupadia moorei —... ae ‘i } 236; 460
Genus Biovanpa.
299. Biduanda thesmia ts : woodcuta, 76,77 238
300. ,, lapithis ... 4. Xu BY ane «28
Genus Semanaca.
501. Semanga superba eer a xxi, 18 ... 289
Genus “Sopa
802, Dacalana vidura xx, 27 .. 241
finns Tacoox.
503. Jacoona anasuja mi, 15... 242
Tia Genus Sides
S04. Spindasis syama oe 0 eee KHL BY D., «=A
Genus TasvEL.
$05. Tajuria longinus ish ah xxill., 20 ... 244
306. 4, mantra... . : xxi, I... 945
SOT. » Yrelata .. iS 2 xxi, 12 246; 460
S08, » travana i a xxii, 4 .«. 246
Genus BINDAMana
809. Bindsahara phocides oo = Ky BH ne BAT
Genus aoeetaa:
310, Sinthusa amba ... = oes xliv., 12,19 461
B11. A almata... ae “a= xliv., 20... 461
Genus NEoMYEINA.
$12, Neomyrina hiemalis _ rxil., 18 ... 249
Genus Purwisa.
313. Purlisa gigantea ses ee xxi., 28 250
Genus CHERITRA,
$14. Cheritra freja ... a xx, 10 .«. ‘B81
Genus NEOCHERITRA.
, : A (xx, 15
815. Neocheritra amrita ... ixaiii., 12 } 252
816. os gama sae woodeut, 125 462
Genus Paced
817. Sithon nedymond var... xxiii; 1. .. 258
815. ,, chitra ... ae 3 xxiii., 16 ... 254
Genus Hypo.yvoena.
819. Hypolyeana erylus : xx. 5,6 ,.. 255
320, as etolus ... xx,, 26 . 256
B21, in tharis .. i xx 19 ... 267
B22. a thecloides ~ . woodcut, 78 257; 462
Genus Iraora.,
823. Iraota etc oH ane xxil., 28 ... 268
B24. yy es xhv,, 24 ... 462
Gans Nanarituma,
525. Narathura centaurus ... ye xxi, 4,5 .. 261
$26. i. agra rat ose xxi, 29 ... 262
827. © anthelus . XxliL, 4 200
B28. maxwelli . ma xxii, 10. 263
529, si farquhari ... 4 xxiii., 3 264; 463
330, A adatha : pak xxiii, 1,2... 265
S81, a atosin xxiii., é, i... 265
S32, + antimuta ss. aes xxiii, ll .. 266
BBB. 7 AO... - xxiii, 17 . 266
B84, ” metaminta ... + Xxii., 19,18 var. ? 287
B65. ‘3 mnphimuta ae Xxi., 9,10... 267
336, ap kurz 25h rx, 1 . 208
B87. pe ameria * xxi., 50 . 268
B88. z anniella ... xxi, 20 , 269
B39, 7 lycwnaria ... woodeut, 79 269
840. ff buxtoni ... 2 xliv., 18 .. 464
841. » vVihara .. «4. | woodeut, 80 270
B42. i. inornata ... AS woodcut, 81 271
B43. a achelous ... — woodcut, 82 271
B44. a ammon asa ore woodcut, 838 872
Genus Pancuana.
845. Panchala diardi 5 <a xxiii, 14 ... 272
46, ae Blinghapura ... aS woodeut, 84 278
FAMILIES, GENERA, AND SPECIES. xv
Tab. & Fig. Page Tab. & Fig. Page
847. Panchala apidanus ... ... ###woodent, 85 273 B92. Appiaslagela ... See he) ae
348.. » morphing .. .«.. jj woodent, 86 274 B93. ,, leptis var. plana «. <2¥,08 «. B14
349. . trogon “is: +. woodeut, 87 275; 404 B94. ,, amalia ... abs KxxiL, 1... B14
Genus AmMBLYPoD~A. B95. ,, andersoni + ay XXxxiii., 2 ... 815
850. Amblypodin narada .. .. X%i, 23 ... 276 896. oy cardena... .. .» -Xxxii., 8... 816
G Rap Gans Bisacenls
851. Rapala amisena.. ts — Xxili., 18 ... 277 897. Saletara nathalia ae ~ xxvi., 1,2... 817
Genus Deuporrx. , 398. » panda .. rs ne ee) not figured. 817
eis xxiv., 15 onus Hanon 2
852. Deudorix jarbas hed “an ar be 278 809. Hebomoia glaucippe ... a beet gull. die
853. » Opijarbas ... «. xii, & .. 464
$54. - xenophon ... ie xliv., 1,3... 465
855. o sequeira ne "5 xxill., 2] ws. S78
556. vi ntimuhs ase a xxiii, 22... 279
B57. ms domitia av Aas Xxi., 7 «. 280
858, i barthema ... ou not figured. 280
Genus Loxura.
ob Md ie hiraae mae ifs rxiv., 7 «. 881
Genus NEPHERONIA. .
400. Nepheronia lutescons ... «. xxvi., 14... 820
; a hippia var. gea ... xxvi., 12,16 #820
Bubfam, PAPILIONINA,
Genus Papwqo,
Subgenus OrntrHopreka.
402, Ornithoptera rhadamanthus ... Vacod ty © | 826
» «= CBSSIOPeiA sae at woodcits: BS, 89 282 woodcut, 106
408. cs hephiestus a3 xxvil., 8,4... 328
361,—marciana ... .. xxiii, 16 292: 465 CS eee : ae. eae
404, ruficollis... ss } 328
Fam. PAPILIONIDA. ie \woodeut, re og
Subfam. PIERIN 22. ieee Baye oat
Genus one ge 405. " brookeana “ shay x 1) 830; 467
862. Leptosia xiphia... .. xxvi., 8 ... 288 eee ite
Genin Ter: ware Ser PAaPmnio.
st ox Group,
eae Delins dione Per oa one xxiv. fT 5, 6. on 290 406, Papilio erebus a wa Be Ixxi., 1, a 84
» parthenope aki ne xxiv.,4 ... 291 407 varia, at hd 934
$05, Li PyTalMus... Cr oon xiii. ap 14 im 465 J is “a x + if , 7
866, ,, tins ... «. . woodeut, 98 291 Coon Group,
B67.? , ithiela ... e. «» woodcut, 99 292; 466
368. =, hyparete var. metarete xxiy., 18, 14 202
BGO. 45 hapura a2 eka woodeut,100 293
oT, 3 oo OB sue dian = woodcut, 101 203
B71. 4, descombesi <n ‘ee xlii,, 16 ... 466
Genus PRIONERIS.
S72. Prioneris clemanthe ... a xxiy., 16 ... 2065
408. Papilio neptunus ie ~-- “xxi. 6,6 985
409. i] doubledayi oon ] EEXIi., 4 soe 3356
Potyporus Group.
410, ,, aristolochierar.diphilus xxxi., 6,7... 837
Perantaus Group. |
411. tT brama ose ane om XXXL, er $38
; Memunox Group.
Genus CaTorsinia, | Ko att
RIO. Chlkipeilia epee | aie ca ava 2108 O06! ]| Bee. SERMON ee ee ee
| 4134, , phoenix... sas ae xxvii. b., 7... 840
874. F catilla oae ose art 15, 16 207 oa ‘ j ;
: ; 4120. ,, cilix sa. =e ata xxiz., 4,5... 840
875. Tt scylla sae ase yy Diese 208 4126 eg : * xxviii.. 1, 6 S41
376, ehrysola 3s.) xxv, 1,2. 800 oy deers ee | St ees
" > 30 800 412d. ,, mestor .., cea eed xxvii., 3, 7 #41
re se EXVL, aL 41230. ,, achates... .. w. <X&viii., 34,5 B49
Genus UpalAna. 413. , syeorax . =e es xlii., 10 ... 468
S77. Udaiana cynis ... a. «w. xxvii, 5,6... 801 elms! Group.
Genus Tents. 414. ,, helennus.. ae + xxix, 8 ... 848
878. Terias tilaha ... Sct mee | OREN awe. OS 415. ,, iswara = — Exx, 1,2... B44
879. ,, heeabe ... ati == xxvi., 19 ... 804 416, 4 prexaspes xxix., 2 845
UAT. Be ses can xxvi., 11,15 804 417, ,, unephelus var. saturnus XXE., 3, 4, 5 B45; 4638
eee ae cy Got cies ae Pawatox Group. ss 6.10 m4
wer. b. rat Nas IXViL, 7 an BOS 418. af polytes . om rr) XXXL, ® 7
BSl. ,, vallivolans nt oe xxvi., 17 ... 806
$82. 4 pumilaris var. ... ata xxvi., 10 ... 806
rxvi., 18
B83. 4, ee ane aes see i sation 4 fo B07
Bed. i harina one oon Per ERVa4 TS ase BUT
B85. ,, lacteola ... oa ae wooleut, 129 466
Genus Dexcas.
Santas Group.
419. , demolion rs sus xxvil. &., 8... B49
ERiTHontus Group.
420, , erithoniusvar.malayanus xxvii.., 6... 360
Parapoxa Group. a
re: a ni owe | 352
o86. Dercas gobrias oe fee om XXVi., 18 ae $08 . + soahdeses 6 =
Tienie Yeeria. 422, ,, caunus var. egialus ... xxvii. b., 5 B58
B87. Ixias birdi aes a ee XXVi., 4 om B00 - Dissiaiis Group. ine ‘
Genus APFPias. 425. wn clytia oom =. he ZEVL. b., Dae 858
424. , onpape ... aap oo «6s XV GB «= BES
Macareus Group.
425. ,, delessertii she ae xxvii. b., 4... 856
426. 4 Jenucothos che aa xxvii.a, 2,8 856
427. . megarus,.. ase nae xlii., @ ... 468
888, Appiasnero .., 4. a Xxxiv., 9,10 811; 467
589. 4, hippo . ‘ re xuxv., 4,65... 11
300. » ensrete var. 4 aus woodcut, 102 3812
O91. iB leis oe an ooo EXT... La 7 ane $18
vars. . ase xxv., 6,10... 818
xvi SYSTEMATIC LIST OF FAMILIES,
Tab, & Fig.
Antirmates Group.
425. ,, antiphates var, ponpet SSIS Dinas
420: (5. BBR cee Gee xlii, B vee
450. , anticrates var.. see xl, T see
Rvasierte Group.
431. , sarpedon ee lave REEL O lies
432, 4 evemon... os a: sxx; I us
438. , $mecistens aa es woodent, 108
434. , teleplua... eee cv. woodent, 109
455. » bathyclea aes ie Xxxii., 2° ao
486. » arycles ... ar = Exxu, 5 00
437. » $agamemnon ... Skt, 7
Genus Se,
488. Leptocirous meges ss... cs xxi, 8 ...
439. ne curius =a a it) a
Fam. HESPERIDA.
Group ISMENARLA,
Genus UnKana.
ee Unkana batara ... ae aa Exxiv,, 11...
1, i
mY elia oe -—m oon XXXIV., pt
» &ttina ... a ree xxxiy., 80...
Genus Loronervs.
ve Lotongus calathus oe a“e xxxiv., 14...
444, ‘ maculatus... om xrxrry., l
Genus signa
445. Chonaspes crawfurdi ... wa xxxiv., 26...
442.
aoe
ee i harisa -_ ft xxxiv., 22...
ra chuza fas Ss EEXIV., B70.
Pris Choaspes? malayana ... xxxv., 2
Sy gd Huson.
449, Hlagora badra ... zxxy., 8 «.
450. A. eee sn xxxv., 4...
Genus Pavers
451. Paduka glandulosa ... xxxv., 5
Genus Preniae
452. Pirdana hyela ... eve . X&8xv., 6
Gennes Zua.
453. Zea mytheca .... a Xxxv., 7
Genus Marana,
454. Matapaaria ... - ie xxxv., 5
Genus Fe AE,
ddd
Cn
455. Pithanria murdava .... ae xxxv., 9
neon BAonrts,
456. Baoris moolata .. rae Sa xxxiv., 10..
457. » Darooa ... = ae xxxiv., 12...
468. , ‘Chaya... «ss oo. EX¥iv. 9 a.
459. ,, mathias... a6 one xxxv., 10 ...
400. ,, wnicolor... ih xxry., 11.
Genus TenscoTA
461. Telicota anginas .. eas os xxxiv., 23...
462. “s bambuse: a ae xxxv., 12 ..
463. » oloides oh pal xxxv., 18 ...
464, » muiesoides oe =o AeA, 24...
466. nigrolimbata... ... xxxv.. 16,
Page
467,
470.
GENERA, AND SPECIES.
Tab. & Fig.
Genus SATARUPA.
Sutarupa affinis var. cognata ... xxxv., IT ...
Genus Casyara,
. Casyapa phanmus jon: | EEEV BB es
Genus Isma.
= Tama obscura. Pir Pret ose EXEV sy 19 om
fi bonania fee ree rae SAN V ey 20 ane
Genus TAGIApEs,
471. Tagiades attious var. aes xxxly., 6 ...
473. re gana ... i ZXXIV., 3 sus
A473. . ravi ... wal 4, xxxiv., 1 ...
474, is dealbata a at ExV,; SL ..s
475. a lavata +2 ae xxxiv., 5 ..
A476. 3 trichoneura var. ... xxxiv., 20...
Genus ABARATHA,
477. Abaratha sura ... es oo xxxiv., 16...
478. * pygela a isa Xxxlv., 18...
SPECIES INCERT.E SEDIS.
479. Baoris? insignis “8 aes xxxv., 22 ...
480. Isma? homolea... = oe xxxv., 2B ...
Group ERIONOTARIA,
Genus Errtonota.
481. Erionota thrax ... ase ose Exxiv., 17...
Genus GanGana,
452. Gangara tliryrsis one nee xxxiv., 13...
Genus Hrpart,
488. Hidariirava ... Sas oe xxxiv., 15...
484. ,, sybirita ... eae ie xxxv., 24 ...
485. , staudinugeri oa aie xxxv., 25 o.
Genus PLASTINGIA.
486. Plastingia callineura ... os | MEE 2G cs
487. a hieroglyphica me xliy., "25 He
Genus HYanoris.
488, Hyarotis adrastus 45 oma Xxxiv., 4 ...
. Coladenia dan ... aca iar Xxxv., 27
. Udaspes folus ... ove oo exxiv, 8.
Genus CoLADENTA.
Gents Upasres,
Genus PLESIONEURA.
491. Plesioneura alysos wr Exxiv., 7: ss
492, ve ASMATM 4... ne xxxv., 28 ...
498. 3 pinwilli ... a xxxv., 29 ...
Genus ASTICTOPTERUS.
494. Astictopterus jama : exe not figured.
4965. ‘ae Bilsala ... aie xxxiv., 21...
406, = xanites ... wie xxxiv., 28...
407, i aindu =... = xxxv¥., BO ...
Genus KEnANA,
498. Kerana armata .. =. os xxxv., 81 ...
490, gemmifer me Me rxxty., 29...
500. ,, surivittatavear.cameroni xxxiy., 19...
501. ,, dioecles . cen aie xxxiv., 8 ...
Seaorne-x INCERTE SEDIS,
502. Plesioneura? anthea .,. eis xxxv., B2
505. Astictopterus? harmachis ... not figured.
Page
885
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
PIAT Es.
TAB. IL.
Fri,
l. Hestia linteata
2. , lynceus
3,4. Ideopsia daos
5. Danais agleoides
6. » Melaneus
7. a8pasin
var, CTOoes
8. Radena vulgaris
1. Danais septentrionis
10. chrysippus
TAB. II.
1. Danais melanippus
rer. hegesippus
2,3. , genutia
4. Euplea bremeri
| alee chloe
6. . castelnaui
7. malayica
8,9. ,, midamus
0. y ledereri
TAB, III.
1,2. Euplea mulciber
3. ,, harrisi
4,5. Ss ménétriési
6,7. ,», Vextiginta
a godarti
9, 10. oe pinwilli
TAB. IV,
. Euploea pea
hloe
1
2
Bs af margarita
5. 45 diodletianus
6. Ypthima newboldi
7. Myculesis mineua, var.
8. medus
0, Melanitis i iamnene
10. “= leda
11, 12. a ismene
18, 14.. Myealesis mineus
TAB. ¥.
1. Mycalesis fusca
2. “= janardana
3. Erites angularis
4. Mycalesis orseig
6. Lethe euro
7. Xanthotwenia busiris
e Euploxa crassa
“ distanti
10, i. Discophora celinde
TAB. VI.
5, : Elymnias nigrescens
4, 5. mn lntescens
DESCRIPTION
OF PLATES,
ls
> ‘g
Fin,
6,7. Amathusia phidippus
8. ¥pthima pandocus
rer. corticarin,
9. " methora
10. Elymnias casiphone
11. + penanga
TAB, VU.
1,2. Aeuxidia amethvatus
3. Thaumantis noureddin
4, Mycalesia mainnena
Ypthima hiibneri
Elymnias penanga
Mycalesis blasina
8,9. Diseophora tullia, var.
TAB. VIII.
1. Clerome gracilis
2. » fannuola
4. Thaumantis peeudaliris
4. Copha e this
5. Gethosia logani
6,7, 3. » hypsina
i, a methypsea
‘ TAB, TX.
1. Elymnias nigrescens
2. ns lois
a. aa satieri
4, Atella Sore
5. Precis iphita
6. Doleschallia pratipa
7. Thaumantis noureddin
a, lucipor
TAB. ole
1,2. Cynthia deione
3,4. Cirrochroa malaya
5. Oynthia cantori
6. Terinos teuthras
7. eh robertsia
8. Atella sinha _
9. Cirrochrona orissa
10. = rotundata
TAB. XL.
1,2. Junonia asteric
3, 4. » wallacei
5, » lemonias
6. Ergolis ariadne
7. Parthenos gambrisius
rer. lilacinus
8. Doleschallia pratipa
9. Precis iphita
10. ide
11,12. Junonia atlites
TAB. XII.
ie 2, Rhinopalpa fulva
3. Cyrestis nivea
rar. nivalis ’
4. Chersonesia
5,6. Eulacura osteria
7.8. = ae ra dirtea
|
ypolimnas misippus
10. - bolina
ll. ‘ misippus
13, = i
13, Pandita sinope
TAB. XIII.
1. Charaxes harpax
2 Fie achreiberi
a nf moori
4 » jolysus
5. Cyrestis earli
6,7. Euripos eupleoides
8. Charaxes athamas
ver, samatha
9, Prothoe caledonia
TAB, XIV.
1,2. Euthalia garoda
a. “ asoka
4. 1 lubentina
5. * anosia
fi, fF MACnAIri
ae Ae laverna
a. sa jama
F ‘ decorata
10. ~ macnairi
11. c atolicxkana
12. maclayi
18. Tanabcla pulasara
TAB. XY,
1, Charaxes delphia
2 ‘ hebe
43. Euthalia puseda
4 - jama
5 a9 nsoka
4. Ergolis merione
ig Tanadécia arona
supercilia
9, » Violaria
10. Eurytela castelnaui
ll. Hypolimnas misippue
bolina
= ‘ih
TAB. AVL
1. Athyma vi fa var.
2. *
a. bl ok
4. » 8ubrata
f. » &mbhara, rar,
6, 7. » nhefte
rar, nivifern
Fi,
8. Athyma abiasa
rar, clerica
9, 10. H iditn
Il. » pravara
12. » wrvasl
1%. Neptis vikasi
ld. 3,, eurynome
tar, MAMAja
15. ,, duryodana, ver,
TAB. XVI.
L. Limenitis procria
2. Neptis peraka
Ba Rg
rar. dorelia
4, liga
dindin
clagia
8,9. Hypolimnas incommoda
10, i. Lebadea martha
12. Neptia ophiana
15. » hordonia
14. ,, leneonata
TAB. XVIII.
lL. Neptis nata
2. ™ fononata
3,4. Zemeros emesoides
&. Abisara savitri
6. Tanaéocia flora
7. Euthalia cocytina
» puseds
9. Tanadcia pulasara, var.
10,11. Abisara kausambi
12. Zemeros alhipunctata
18. Abisara haquinua
14. » = tanita
TAB. XIX.
1,2. Cirrochroa bajadeta
3%. Melanitis abdullm
rs Euthalia derma
+» Tramadn
6. Tanaécia pulasara
7. adin crisia
§. Coplites epiminthia
9. Cirrochroa satellita
10,11. Euthalia adonia, rer.
TAB. XX.
1. Polyommatus barticus
2. Gerydus symethus
8. Nacaduba TT cee eth aitia
- 7 ct an elna :
' ‘aene erylus
7. Paragerrdie horsfieldi
8. Polyommatus bwticus
9. Zizera lysizone
Fic.
10. Cheritra freja
11. Lampides kankena
12. Poritia sumatrm
var. !
18, 14. Nacaduba aluta
15, Neocheritra amrita
16,17. Nacaduba berod
18. Lampides kankena
19. Hypolyewna tharis
20, = Drupadia moorei
. Nacadoba almora
28. Hypolyemna etalus
24. Nacaduba viola
25. Bindahara phocides
26, Deudorix jarbas
27,28. Lampides elpis
ver, psendelpis
20. Biduanda lapithia
40. Drupadia moorei
#TAB, XXII.
1. Narathora kurzi
2. Catochrysops cnejus
8. Lycmnesthes lycanina
4,5. Narathura centaurua
6. Cyaniris haraldus
7. Nacaduba sp.?
8. Catochrysops strabo
9,10, Narathura amphimuta
11, Tajuria mantra
12, , relata
13. Semanga superba
14. Catochrysopa strabo
14. Jncoona anasuja
16. Jamides bochus, var.
17. Catochrysops pandava
18. Lampides mlianus
19. Jamides bochus, rar.
20. Narathora anniella
21. Poritia phraatica
22. Cyaniris lambi
23. Amblypodi cares
24. Lampides a .
20, 26. ss 4
27. Dacalana vidura
28. Purlisa gigantea
2. Narathura agnis
i). - ameria
TAB. XXIL.
lL. Sithon nedymond, rar.
2.5. Foritia earaatins
i - io
q. .» plalena
9,10. ,,. pheretia
11. Paragerydus nivalis
12. Gerydus biggsii
18. Neomyrina hiemalis
14. Gerydus symethus
15, Neopithecops horsfieldi
16. Poritin pediada
17. Catapmcilma elegans
18, Liphyra brassolis
1%. Lampides wlianus, rar.
90. Castalius:‘rosimon
21. Logania malayica -
20. Zizera karsandra
28. Tracin bosawelliana
94, Castalins roxus
O5. a ethion
Of. Curetis felderi
27. + Sperthi«
ae, » mMalayica
DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.
TAB, MXIT.
, Narathura adatha
. . farquhari
“ anthelus
atosin
7. Dendorix domitia
Spindasis syania
. Narathura maxwelli
ik antimuta
9, Neocheritra amrita
. Rapala amisena
. Panchala diardi
. Sithon chitra
. Gen. ? marcana
. Narathura aron
Fs metamata, var, ? |
si metimote
Tajuria longinue
. Deudorix sequeira
. utimiutis
TAB. XXIV.
. Catopsilia seylia
Curetis felderi
. Delias oe
ATepeliy
7. Loxura atymnua-
. Poritia phraatica
. Appias nero
Stiboges nymphidia.
. Curetis meopna *
. Delias hyparete
rar, metarete
. Dendorix jarbaa
. Prioneris clemanthe
TAB. XXV.
. Catopsilia chryseis
Terias sari
. Appias hippo
i
» lem, ter.
. Terias tilaha
. Appias leptis, var, plana
«= es, war.
. Catopsilia crocale
. Terias harina
» #enne
. Catopsilia catilla
TAB. XXXVI.
Saletara nathalia
3. Terias sari, rar.
. Ixias birdi
. Udaiana cynis
7. Terias sari, rer.
Leptosia xiphin
. Hebomoia glanecippe
. Terias Saucon ruth.
i
- ecnbe, tar.
Nepheronia hippia
mir. 2a
4, Terias senna
. Nepheronin lntescens
. Terias hecabe, var.
1}, Nepheronia hippia,
rar, Fea
. Terias vallivolans
. Dereas gobrias
. Terias hecabe
. Catopsilia chryseis, var.
TAB. AXVIT.
. Ornithoptera rnficollis
. os hephwstua, ver,
tt bh]
Fra. ™
5. Papilio onpape
» butleri
TAB. XXVIL."a
1. Ornithoptera ruficollia,
2,3. Papilio leucothod
4. Ornithoptera brookeana
rhadamanthus
a.
6. Papilio butleri
TAB. XXVITI. n.
1. Ornithoptera brookeana
2. Papilio clytia
a. » demolion
4. » delessertii
5. ~ ©ehunns
6
7
var, mginlus
» @€rithonina
var. malayanus
» pheonix
TAB. XXVIII.
1.. Papilio esperi
2.
3,4, 5. » sechates
5 » esperi
1. » Mestor
TAB, XXTX.
1. Papilio agenor
» prexaspes
TAB. XXX,
, 2. Papilio iswara
~o » Hephelus
rar, saturnus
TAB, XXXI
1,2. Papilio erebus
3,4. . Varuna
é. » f&ntiphates
var, pompilius
6,7 » &ristolochim
var, diphilus
1. Papilio evemon
2. fe hathyclea
8, Leptovireus meges
4, Papilio brama
& =©60CSsaycles
6. +» sarpedon
7. » agamemnon
TAB. XXXII.
1, Appins amalia
as ea andersoni
8. » cardena
4. Papilio doubledayi
a, 6. » heptunus
| 4 &,0,10. ,, polytea
TAB, XXXIV.
1. Tagiades Ast
2. na
3. U daspes folus
4. Hyarotis adrastus
5. Tagiades lavata
o. + attioug
var. calligane
7. Plesioneura alysos
8. Kerana diocles
9. Baoris chaya
10. , moolata
11. Unkana batara
12. Baoris naroon
13. Gangara thyrsis
14. Tabougis calathus
15. Hidari irava
16. Abaratha surn
17. Erionota thrax
18, Abaratha pygela
19. Kerana anrivittata
tor, cameroni
20. Tagiades trichoneura rar,
21. Astictopterus salsala
22. Choaspes hariaa
23. Telicota augias
24. a masoides
25. Unkana elin
26, Choaspes crawfurdi
Zi. a chuza
28. Astictopterus xanites
99, Kernana gemmifer
30. Unkana attina
TAB, AXXY.
Lotongus maculatus
Choaspes? malayanus
Hasora Li wveig
Paduka and ulosa
. Pirdana hyela
. Zea mythecn
. Matapa aria
. Pithanria murdava
10. Baoris mathins
1. =, unicolor
12. Telicota bambusre
» foloides
SOAR Sie
13.
14,15, ,, maro
16. nigrolimbata
ig Satarupa affinis
tur, cognata
18. Casyapa phanaus
10. Isma obseurn
20, ,, bononia
21. Tagiades dealbata
29, Baoria? insignis
25. Isma? homolon
24. Hidari sybirita
25, ,, staudingeri
26. Plastingia callineura
27. Coladenia dan
28, Plesioneura asmara
2. ‘s pinwilli
40. Astictopterus sindu
31, Kerana armata
$2. Plesioneura? anthea
TAB. XXXVI.
1. Charaxes baya
2. ve di istanti
3. Thaumantis odana
4, A. Euthalia lepidea, anys
6. Abisara neophron
7. Mycalesis anaxias
8. Lethe minerva
9,10, Euthalia xiphiones
11, Neptis anjana, var,
TAB. XXXVI.
1. Kenxidia nurelius
9, Kallima baxtoni, rar.
3. Neorina lowii, rir.
4. Euthalio bellata
5. Mycalesis mnasicles
Fria.
6. Charaxes borntensis, var.
7. Euthalia parta
TAB. XXXVI.
1. Euthalia derma
2. Melanitis zitenius
8. Cethosia biblis
4. Prothoe uniformis
5. Zeuxides amethyatus
i | | aa
] aa ‘
7. Amathusia dilucida
TAB. XXXIX.
lL, Euplea maredeni
2. Melanitis euyudana
3. Hestia leuconoe
4. Radena juventa
5. Elymnias godferyi
6. Ergolis ismus
7. Tenaria birchi
8. Mycalesis anapita
9, Lethe mekarn
TAB, XL.
1, Vanessa perakana
2,5. Abisara telesia
DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.
Fra,
4. Mycalesis nautilus
5. Clerome arcesilans
“3 Member peraka
phedra pardalis
a: Chatanee durnfordi
. Tanaéecia nicévillai
10,11. Abisara damajanti
12. Paduca fasciata
13. Danais ain yeas
var, aleippoides
TAB. XLI.
1,2, 4 4. Hypolimnas anomala
§. Deudorix epijarbas
6.7. Curetis insularis
8. Sater haryge
12. Cirrochroa rotundata
13, Cyrestis cocles
14. Neptis miah, var.
15. Danaia t
16, Mycalesis ustulata
TAB. XLII.
1. Leptocireus curius
2. Libythea myrrha
Filo,
3. Simiskina fulgens
4,5. Symbrenthia hyppoclus
a. hypatia
7. Papilio anticrates, var.
8
a,
i, Datei
1. Dannis abigar
12, Nacaduba kerriana
a SE neapeci tessellatn
L4. ias pyramus
15. Daraninn livens |
16. Delias descombesi
TAB. XLII.
1,2. Euthalia merta
ao bipunctata
4. inktcia consanguines
5. Elymnias abrisa
6. Euthalia zichri
7. Discophora sondaica
8. Neptis vikasi
car. harita |
9, Hestina nama
10. Eurytela castelnaui
11. Euripus halitherses, rar,
12. Euthalia bellata
=
TAB, XLIV.
- Deudorix xenophon
. Allotinus alkamah
Megiaba thwaitesii
Zizera usta
Cyaniris jynteana
» _ placida
Nacadaba macropthalma
» Lycwnesthes bengalensis
. Cyaniris sp.?
rupadia moorei, rar.
12, Sinthusa amba
18. Polyommatus bagua
14. Curetis asopus
*
eae ei F
oo
ar
_ Mb, Catochrysops enejus
16. Logania sriwa
17. Evores exiguus
18. Narathura buxtoni
19. Sinthusa amba
20. - amata
21. Lycmnesthes tesselluta
22. Lampides abdula
23. Horaga halba
a Pinatt arehh lyph
ls tingia hieroglyphica
26. Catapecilma bubnses
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Order LEPIDOPTERA.
Suborder RHOPALOCERA.
Rhopalocéres, Boisd, Spec. Gén, Lépid., i, p. 162 (1836).
Tmts suborder includes the Butterflies as distinguished from the Moths, and is indicated
by several characters which are common, but not invariable. The antenne are more or less
clubbed or thickened at the apex, except in the family Hesperide, when they are generally
hooked. ‘The wings in repose are folded vertically over the back, thus exposing the whole of
their under surface; but exceptions to this rule also occur, as in the case of the well-known
Ageronia feronia, Linn., a butterfly which is somewhat abundant in the orange groves of Brazil,
and whose habits have been recorded by Mr. Darwin and other naturalists and travellers.* As
a rule, also, these insects are diurnal in their flight, though a few are erepuscular in habit.
However, the totality of these characters apply to the group, and the Fhopalocera may
therefore, with such reservations, be described as possessing more or less ‘clubbed antenne,
in flight diurnal, and in repose having the wings vertically folded above the back.
The proper arrangement and classification of the Rhopalocera long absorbed the attention
of Lepidopteral systematists, and as a resultant many rival and somewhat artificial systems
were promulgated, all, however, more or less based on thorough and exhaustive examination.
In this way facts slowly accumulated, and these, with a clear estimation of the important
natural affinities afforded by the form of the anterior legs, together with the development
theory in the hands of Mr. Bates, supplied the rest. We now possess a good natural
classification which is almost universally followed, and which, with some slight modifications,
will be used in this work. It represents the transition from a butterfly, whose aérial nature
is shown by possessing only four ambulatory feet, with its pupa suspended by the tail to
a branch or other substance, through gradual and approximating stages, towards the moths,
which have always six perfect legs, and whose pup» are so frequently subterranean. Other
systems of classification have been proposed, notably and almost concurrently with the
above, by Herrich-Schiiffer,t and since by Guénée,} Seudder,§ Constant Bar,|| and
* Tn the Pam. Heaperide the wings in repose are sometimes folded vertically; other species rest with the wings
expanded horizontally; frequently the anterior wings are raised vertically, whilst the posterior ones remain in a horizontal
position, See A. BR. Wallace, * Zoologist,’ vol. xi., p. 3884 (1853).
} Corresp,-Blatt Zool.-mineral. Ver. Regensh. (1564),
} Statistique Scientifique du Département d’Eure-et-Loire, Lépidoptores. Chartres, 1875,
§ ‘Trans. Amer, Ent. Soc., vi., p. 69 (1877). || Ann, Soc. Ent. France, Ser, V., t. viii., p. 6 (1878),
March 81, 1882. Lh
2 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Rissler.* A careful examination of these systems may with advantage and instruction be
made, but I have not found it necessary to depart from the classificatory views of Mr. Bates.
Fam. NYMPHALIDA,
Nymphalide, Bates, Trans. Linn, Soe, xxiii., p.515 (1861). Journ. Entomol., i. p. 220 (1861); ii. p. 176 (1864),
Front legs imperfect in both sexes; in the female, at least,
wanting the tarsal claws; in the male the fore tarsi quite
rudimentary, consisting of one or two spineless joints. Pupa
suspended freely by the tail.
This family corresponds with ‘The brush-footed
butterflies or Nymphales”’ of Scudder,}+ and is placed at
Rate er pe the head of the Lhopalocera, a position so long held by
e! Fy " ehrysippus. the Papilionide. In that family, however, both sexes
ee denaricr tarsi of (From oem) 2 are in the possession of six perfect legs, and the pupa is
secured not only by the tail, but by a girdle across the
middle, characters which approximate towards those of the Hesperide and Moths. That the
atrophy of the fore legs in the Nymphalide is a character that should elevate the family in
rank, is well advocated by Scudder, who remarks:—‘‘ Now when we remember that this
atrophy affects only the legs borne by the first segment of the thorax, and that this very
segment, and this only, in passing from the low larval stage to the perfect form, has become
greatly reduced in size, we must accept atrophy of these legs as a conclusive mark of high
organization.” The same author has also remarked, in reference to the suspension of the
chrysalis by the tail alone being considered a stage beyond that of hanging by tail and girth,
‘‘We have clear proof that all the ‘suspensi,’ as Boisduval happily calls them, have passed
through the stage of the ‘succincti,’ since the straight ventral surface of the abdomen, assumed
perforee by the succincti, when they left the cocoon stage, and became attached to hard
surfaces, still remains in the chrysalis of the brush-footed butterjlies, where it no longer serves any
purpose—as clear and striking an indication that the suspensi outrank the succincti, as that
the pupa is higher than the larva.”
On the contrary, however, it must be stated that so accomplished an entomologist and
naturalist as Mr. A. R. Wallace has strongly argued for the retention of the Papilionidw at the
head of the hopalocera, though he has since§ used the arrangement proposed by Mr. Bates;
whilst our entomological Nestor, Prof. Westwood, still maintains that he sees ‘‘ no reason or
even advantage in removing the six-legged J’apilionide from the head of the order, and
substituting in their stead the Nymphalide, with their imperfect fore feet, advocated by the
German writers, and servilely adopted by their English followers.’’ ||
* Jahrb. nass. Ver. fiir Naturk., xxxi. & xxxii., p. 220—231. Wiesbaden, 1880,
¢ Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vi., p. 60 (1877).
+ The male is represented by the sign ¢; the female by ¢.
§ Geogr. Distr. Anim.
|| Trans. Linn. Soc. Sec, ser., Zool., vol. i., p. 157 (1875).
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 8
Subfam. DANAIN As.
Danaine, Bates, Journ. Ent., ii., p. 176 (1864).
Euplaine, Moore, Lepid. Ceylon, vol. i., p, 1 (1881).
Lower disco-cellular nervule of the hind wing perfect. Larv® smooth, with fleshy processes.
Fore-wing submedian nervure of the imago double at its origin.
65 bd bo 2 b1 o bb ‘h im
Fri. 3. Larva of Danais ehrysippus.
(From Moore's * Lep. Ceylon.’)
Fic. 4,
Fic. 4. Anterior wing of Euplea phebus:—a, costal nervore; 6, subcostal nervure; 61, 62, 64, b4, 65, subcostal nervules;
¢1, ¢2, discoidal nervules; @, median nervure; dl, 22, d¢3, median wervules; ¢, submedian neryure; fl, f2, disco-cellular nervules;
h, costa Or anterior margin; i, posterior or outer margin; j, inner margin; k, apex or anterior angle; |, posterior or unal angle;
m, discoidal cell, .
Fra. 5, Posterior wing (under side) of Danais septentrionia:—a, b, 61, 62, d, d1, d2, ds, e, ¢1, asin fig. 4; g, internal nervare;
m, precostal nervure; #, abdominal or inner margin; o, discoidal cell.
This subfamily is divided into two groups the first of which only is found in, but not
restricted to, the Oriental region, the other being peculiar to Tropical America.
This division of the Danaine into two groups, corresponds to the proposals originally
made and admirably argued by Fritz Miiller,* to some of whose conclusions we shall
subsequently refer.
If we compare these two groups of Danae, or more roughly the Danaine of the Old and
New Worlds, we are at once struck with the fact that im each case there is a transition between
more or less diaphanous winged butterflies, such as Hestia and Ideopsis (Oriental) and Ithomia
part (Tropical American), on the one hand, and opaque or closely-scaled winged butterflies, on
the other. Miiller,} in discussing the progenitors of these groups, is inclined to the belief
that the darker insects indicate the original marking and colouring; for he holds that if such
progenitors had possessed wings with large transparent spaces, it is improbable that such a
large number of the existing species should have reverted to a still earlier type of wing
completely clothed with scales. This view is even more strongly evidenced in the Old World
Danaine,
Group DANAINA.
Danaina, Godm, & Saly,, Biol. Centr. Am., Rhopal., p. 1 (1879).
Male with a pair of anal pencils of hair; basal joints of palpi short; distal end of tarsus and tarsal
joints of front leg of female fattened, so as to give a club-shaped termination to the leg; tibia of male
as long as the femur; tarsus (in some form) always present.
* «Kosmos, 1879, p. 100; and translation by Meldola, ‘ Proc, Ent. Soc.,’ 1879, p. xx. + Ibid.
4 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
This group, as here understood, contains, in addition to all the Old World Danaine, two
Tropical American genera. Five genera are here included, which with Amauris, peculiar to
the Ethiopian region, and Hamadryas, not found west of Wallace's line, constitute the Danaine
of the extra-American regions as understood (with the exception of one additional genus,
Radena) by all writers at the time of publication of Mr. Kirby’s Catalogue in 1871, and as used
by Mr. Wallace in his work on the ‘Geographical Distribution of Animals.’ Since that time
many other genera have been proposed, some founded on Hiibnerian names and others quite
novel. These, although not all followed in this work, will be alluded to when placed under
older generic names, and applying to Malayan butterflies.
SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.
I. Antennm* slender, almost filiform, searcely thickened at the tip.
A. Wings semidiaphanous.
a. Tarsal elaws of middle and posterior legs, short and
curved.
b. Claws accompanied with pulvilli.
¢. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings anastomosing
with costal nervure.
d. Costal margin of hind wings strongly curved, subcostal
nervules widely separated, the first short. Hestta.
IT. Antenne gradually but distinctly clavate.
aa. Tareal claws of middle and posterior legs long and
eurved,
bb. Claws with pulvilli obsolete or absent.
oe Pesca ot Hie tye dd. Costul margin of hind wings very slightly eurved, sub-
ceux, b. Antenna of Ideopsie costal nervules not widely separated and subequal
ssa in length.
e. Hind wings more or less obovate. . : . Lpeopsts.
J. Male with no specialised scent-gland.
B. Wings more or less opaque.
ddd. Costal margin of hind wings nearly straight.
ee. Hind wings broad, subtriangular. . : . TtapENa.
ec. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings not anasto-
mosing with costal nervure.
dddd. Costal margin of hind wings nearly straight or slightly
eurved.
Jf. Males with one or more distinctly specialised scent-
glands situated on posterior wings. ; - Danars.
bbb, Claws accompanied with pulvilli.
Jif. Males with no seent-glands to posterior wings, but
Fic. 7.— a. Intermedinte tarsus of
; sometimes with one or more pseudo-scent glands
Hestia lynceus. 6. Posterior . :
tarsus of Ideopsis dacs. or brands on anterior wings. . : . HKurpea.
* Dr. Murray's contributors have carried back ‘‘antennw" to 1698, whien it is used apparently as a well-known term, in
the ‘Philosophical Transactions,’ p. 877. Yet it is not given by Bailey in his vol. ii, (technical), 1731. It is a striking
instance of how little is known of the history of words that no clue has yet been discovered to the author, date, or explanation
of this curious application of a word meaning the “ top-sail yard” of a vessel to the horn of an insect or lobster. It is not
even known in what language the entomological use first appeared, and whether it was a popular figure or a scientific fancy.
M. Littré did not raise the question which the editor of the Philological Society's Dictionary wants to solve.—' ATHENzuM,’
No. 2830, p. 95 (1882).
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 5
Genus HESTIA.
Hestia, Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett., p. 15 (1816); Doubl. Gen, Diurn, Lep., p. 94 (1847); Seudder, Proc. Am,
Acad. Arts & Be., x., p. 189 (1874).
Idea, Fabr. Tl. Mag., vi., p. 288 (1808); Latr. Ene. Meth., ix., p. 10 (1819).
Nectaria, Dalm., in Billb, Enum. Ins., p. 76 (1820); Seudder, Proc. Am. Acad, Arts & B8e., x., p. 224 (1875);
Moore, Lep. Ceyl., i., p. 2 (1881).
Antenne long, slender, almost filiform, scarcely thickened at apex. Wings large and semidiaphanous.
Anterior wings lengthened, subtriangular; costal margin arched from base; apex broad and rounded ; outer
margin oblique and more or less sinuate; inner margin short and more or less concave. Costal nervure
extending to more than half the length of costal margin; subcostal with first nervule emitted at some distance
before end of cell and anastomosed with costal nervure. Cell long; upper discocellular nervule inwardly
oblique and slightly angled near subcostal nervure, lower outwardly convex. Submedian nervure much
recurved. Posterior wings elongate, more or less regularly obovate; costal margin strongly curved; apex and
anal angle rounded ; costal nervure short; subcostal nervules widely separated, the first short. Tarsi of the
intermediate and posterior legs long, with the claws curved rather short, and provided with pulvilli.
Sendder has proposed the division of Hestia, as hitherto understood, into two genera,—
Hestia, type lynceus, and Nectaria, type idea,—and Moore has adopted this view. But despite
the assertion of Mr. Scudder that those two species are generically distinct, I cannot consider
them so from my point of view, and therefore only follow all previous writers in recognising
but one genus for these peculiar and beautiful butterflies.
According to Dr. Thwaites,* the Ceylon species of the genus is known by the name of the
‘* Sylph,”’ and frequents the glades of woods.+ The Rey. L. C. Biggs, in a popular article on
‘* Butterflies in Malaya,’’{ states that species of the genus are found in old jungle throughout
the Straits, and are known by the name of the ‘‘ Ghost.” The same author writes, ‘‘ They are
not usually very common, but may be seen in great numbers where their favourite honey can
be gathered. This is usually at the top of a tree some thirty to fifty feet high.” When
collecting in Province Wellesley myself, the colloquial term used was the ‘* Widow,” and I saw
the genus in greatest abundance on Penang Hill. Mr. Moore records that his H. malabarica is
‘found in woody places on the western coast, Sea S on the thick-wooded mountain-passes
up the Western Ghats and Nilgiris.”
Larnva.—The only published figure of a larva of this genus is in Horf. and Moore's Lep. Ins. Mus.
E.LC.,i., pl. iv., fig. 11, where it is described, on the authority of Prof. Westwood, § as being that of Ideopsis
daos, Boisd. This is an error. The drawings were made by Capt. Hamilton, and Mrs. Hamilton, in a
letter to my friend Mr. F¥ Moore (the contents of which that gentleman, with his usual kindness, has
communicated to me) has inforfued him that they really represent the larva and pupa of the Malabar
species of Hestia, H. malabarica, from specimens taken on the Western Ghats of Southern India. Mr. Moore
has also since received verification of the same from other observers. As, however, that species is not
found in our fauna, and its larva is the only one of which we have a published description, it would be
hazardous to describe the same as of typically generic character.
* Lep. Ceyl., i., p. 2.
+ Tennent (Nat. Hist. Ceyl., p. 426) states that in Ceylon it is also known by the names of “ Floater,” “Spectre,” and
*“ Silver-paper-fly.”"
| ‘Month. Packet,’ 1881. § Proc. Ent, Soc., n.5., 1, pp. 85, 36.
Marcu 31, 1882. c
6 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA,
Pur.—The pupa of the above, and also of H. belia, Westw., a Javan species, is figured by Horsf. and
Moore, ibid., pl. iv., figs. 1la@ and 12.
The genus Hestia in the east, like the genus Morpho of the western tropics, may be taken
as exhibiting what has been described as ‘excess of wing area,” which, with the comparatively
small and light body, is more productive of lofty rather than of swift flight. Pettigrew, i i
has exhaustively treated on the mechanical properties of animal locomotion, has laid do
the postulate that ‘The wing area decreases as the size and weight of the volant animal
increases”;* and the same author has not only shown a law of “ weight necessary to flight,”
but also that when the body is light and the wings very ample when they are driven at a
comparatively low speed (both in insects and birds), ‘‘the reaction elicited by the ascent and
descent of the wing displaces the body to a marked extent,”’+ or, in other words, an enormous
expanse of wings or pinions readily explains an irregular flight on the “ principle of recoil.”
This principle applies to large-winged and light-bodied species of Hestia, who though of lofty,
are not of swift flight. Bigg describes a Penang species as ‘‘a slowly sailing object,’’ which
I can corroborate from my own experience; and Tennent,{ writing of the Ceylon species,
speaks of its wings ‘that bend and undulate in the act of flight,” by this sentence probably
referring to the course of the whole insect.§ On the other hand, confining ourselves to the
Kast, the more robust-bodied Papilionide have, as Collingwood has truly remarked, “ strength
of wing and straight headlong course.’’|} This is particularly the case with the large and
heavy-bodied Ornithopterw, of which O. brookeana may be taken as an example; Wallace, its
discoverer, not only speaking of its swift flight, but Burbidge] stating that im that respect
its flight resembles that of a bird.
Probably about sixteen species exist, although some of the deseribed forms may prove
to be but varieties of other species. The area over which this genus is distributed includes
Continental India, Ceylon, Andaman Islands, Burma, Malay Peninsula, and extending also
throughout the Archipelago, including Papua.
Only two species appear to be found in this fauna. Mr. Bigg remarks that ‘‘ There are at
least three distinct sizes of ‘Ghosts’ in the Straits.” In this enumeration he evidently
includes the species of the following genus Ideopsis.
The food-plants being unrecorded, no knowledge of the geographical distribution of the
same can be obtained.
1. Hestialynceus. (Tab. L., fig. 2.)
Pap. lynceus, Drury, Ill. Ex, Ent., ii., t. 7, fig. 1 (1773),
Idea tyncea, Godt. Enc. Méth., ix., p. 195, n. 2 (1819),
Male and female. Wings semihyaline and more or less fuliginous; neuration fuseous. Anterior
wings above with the following black macular markings :—two contiguous spots above and a little before
centre of cell, and a subquadrate costal spot at apex of first subcostal nervule; a large irregular spot about
* * Animal Locomotion,’ p. 132. + Ibid., p. 119. | Nat. Hist. Ceylon, p. 426.
§ Wallace speaks admiringly of a species of Hestia at Singapore, “ sailing or rather floating along, and having, to my
eye, a far more striking and majestic appearance than even the Morphoa of Brazil.”—* Zoologist,’ 1864, p. 4390.
|| ‘Rambles of a Naturalist,’ p. 182. { ‘Gardens of the Sun,’ p. 260.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 7
centre of cell, and a much angulated spot enclosing disco-cellular nervules; a large spot on each side of
the base of the lower median nervule, followed by a discal oblique series of irregular spots, the upper two
near costa fused and subquadrate, the remaining six more or less oblong or rounded, in straight oblique
series between the nervules; a submarginal series of large duplex spots, terminating in a spot at end of
each: nervule, and a marginal series of pyriform spots. Posterior wing with a spot in centre of cell, and
two beneath it,a discal series of eight irregularly rounded spots, two of which are between the costal and
subcostal nervures, a submarginal series of large duplex spots, terminating in a spot at end of each
nervule, but becoming irregular, much broken and partially effaced towards anterior angle, and a marginal
row of pyriform spots. Head and thorax above black, spotted and streaked with white; abdomen black
above, with the sides and under surface white; palpi beneath, undersides of trochanters and femora white ;
sternum black, broadly streaked with white. Underside of wings marked as above.
Exp. wings, 147 to 180 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Malacca.—Sumatra (Brit. Mus.).—Java
(colls. Brit. Mus. and Moore).—Borneo (colls. Brit. Mus. and Godm. & Salv.).
This species appears to be peculiar to, and dominant in, the trne Malayan region. It is
extremely variable in size and also in hue, the amount of fuliginous shading being inconstant,
and some specimens are very much paler than the melanic form here figured. It also varies
in the size of the black macular markings.
Two varieties have been elsewhere figured :—
Var. a. Pap. idea, Stoll (nec. Linn.), Suppl. Cram., t. 42, fig. 1 (1787—1791).
Var. b. Hestia idea, Doub. & Hew., Gen. Diurn. Lep., t. 18, fig. 1 (1847).
2. Hestia linteata. (Tab.4., fig. 1).
Hestia linteata, Butler, Trans. Linn, Soc., ser. 2, i., p. 586, pl. Ixix., fig, 6 (1879).
Male and female. Wings semihyaline, creamy white, neuration black. Anterior wing above with a
pitchy basal costal streak, and the following black macular markings :—a much waved and angulated spot
about centre of cell which reaches the subcostal nervure, and is contiguous to a smaller spot situated above
that nervure ; a large angulated spot, enclosing disco-cellular nervules; a large spot on each side of the base
of the lower median nervule, followed by a diseal oblique series of irregular spots, consisting of four
suboval spots in a waved line situated between the nervules near apex, and a straighter more oblique
and broken series on and between the median nervules; a submarginal series of duplex spots terminating
in a thickened streak at end of each nervule, and a marginal series of obovate spots. Posterior wing with
a spot in centre of cell, and two beneath it; a discal series of eight irregularly rounded spots, two of which
are between the costal and subcostal nervures; a submarginal series of duplex spots terminating in a
thickened streak at end of each nervule, which become exceedingly irregular, broken, and partially
eradicated near anterior angle, and a marginal row of large obovate spots. Head and thorax above
black, spotted and streaked with white; abdomen black above, with the sides and under surface white;
palpi beneath, undersides of trochanters and femora white; sternum white, streaked with black. Under-
side of wings marked as above.
Exp. wings 145 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.).—Malacea (colls. Brit. Mus. and Moore).
Hi. linteata 1s allied to H. belia, Westw., a Javan species, to which Mr. Moore also
compares his H. malabarica from 8. India. It appears to be constant in form, and I have
seen no dark specimens. It is probably quite confined to the southern portion of the Malay
Peninsula.
8 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Genus IDEOPSIS.
Ideopsis, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. E.LC., i., p. 183 (1857).
Danats, Sect. 4, Doubl. Gen. Diurn. Lep., p. 90 (1847).
Antennw gradually but distinctly clavate. Wings semidiaphanous. Anterior wings lengthened,
subtriangular; costal margin arched from base; apex broad and rounded; outer margin oblique and more
or less sinuate; inner margin short and more or less coneave; costal nervure extending to more than
half its length; subcostal with first nervule emitted at some distance before end of cell and anastomosed
with costal nervure. Posterior wings elongate, more or less regularly obovate; costal margin oblique
and moderately straight; apex and anal angle rounded; costal nervure short; subcostal nervules not
widely separated and subequal in length. Claws of middle and posterior legs long and slightly curved ;
pulvilli absent or obsolete. Male without sexual mark or scent-gland to posterior wings.
Larve and pupe apparently undescribed.
About seven species of this genus are now known to exist, and its recorded area includes
the Malay Peninsula, extending throughout the Archipelago to Waigiou and Mysore Islands.
It has also been received from China. It is not found in Ceylon, and appears to be also
absent from the lepidopteral fauna of the Nicobar and Andaman Islands. One species only
is found in the Malay Peninsula.
Snellen, in writing on Celebesian butterflies," places one of the above seven species in
the genus Hestia; the differential generic characters, however, here given, prevent my
following that author in so doing.
1. Ideopsis daos. (Tab. L, figs. 37 & 4¢.)
Idea Daos, Boisd., Spéc. Gén. Lép., i., t. 24, fig. 8 (1836),
Hestia Eudora, Gray, Lep. Ins. Nep., p. 10, t. 9, £. 8 (1846).
Ideopsis Daos, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. E.1.C., i., p. 184 (1857).
lilea Thardi, Voll., Tijd. Ent., iil, p- 44, t. 2, f. 4 (1860).
Male. Wings semihyaline and more or less pale fuliginons; neuration dark fuscous. Anterior wings
above with the costal area black, and with the following black macular markings:—a broad irregular
patch at each subcostal nervule; a large spot at end of cell; a narrow streak at each diseoidal nervure
(sometimes coalescing); an oblique submarginal series of irregular spots, situated between the nervules,
the lower three largest, and a marginal series of large spots, placed on the nervules, those at apex
smallest; between the marginal spots are faint longitudinal streaks, and a thickened streak on apex of
submedian neryure. Posterior wing with a large spot at apex of cell; a discal series of six irregular spots
between the nervules (that near submedian nervure somewhat indistinct), and a marginal row of
spots (at end of nervules these are somewhat obovate, and between which they are pyriform). Head and
thorax above black, spotted and streaked with white; abdomen pale fuscous, white beneath; palpi
beneath, undersides of trochanters and femora white; sternum black, spotted with white. Underside
of wings marked as above.
Female. Differs from the male in having the anterior wings broader, and less deeply sinuate
externally.
Exp. wings, ¢ 88 to 104 millim.; 9? 92 to 112 millim.
* Tijdschr. Ent., xxi., p. 5 (1878).
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 9
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Penang (colls. Brit. Mus. and Moore); Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.).—
Malacca (colls. Brit. Mus. and Moore); Singapore (coll. Brit. Mus.).—Sumatra (Gray).—Borneo (coll.
Brit. Mus.).—China; Hong Kong (coll. Brit. Mus.).
This species, even in the male sex, varies much in the shape of the anterior wings, and
affords thereby an illustration of the caution necessary before such a character can be used
as of differential value in separating species.
The nearest allied species is /. gawra, Horsf., which inhabits Java, and which, with J. daos,
I take as typical of the genus. These two species in colour and markings approximate closely
to species of Hestia; the remaining species belonging to /deopsis are more or less tinged with
yellow, have the fuscous shadings broader, and approach the true Danaids.
Notr.—Although Gray described this insect in his ‘ Lepid. Ins. Nepaul,’ he gives the
habitat Sumatra, which also applies to other insects in the same work.
Genus RADENA.,
Radena, Moore, Lep. Ceylon. p. 8 (1881).
Antenne gradually but distinctly clavate. Wings more or less opaque, thickly covered with scales.
Anterior wings subtriangular, somewhat elongate; costal margin slightly arched from base; apex broad
and rounded; outer margin oblique and more or less sinuate; inner margin more or less concave. First
subcostal nervule emitted at some little distance before end of cell, and anastomosed with costal nervure ;
second subcostal nervule emitted slightly before end of cell. Posterior wings broad, subtriangular; costal
margin nearly straight; apex and anal angle rounded; costal nervure convex at base, and extending
paralle! to margin; subcostal nervules not widely separated, first arched and longest.
Male with no specialised seent-gland.
This genus is intermediate between Danais and IJdeopsis. Agreeing thoroughly with
the first in general appearance and coloration, it yet possesses no specialised scent-gland ;
while with Jdeopsis it agrees in the position of the first subcostal nervule of anterior wing, but
differs strongly from that genus by the shape of the posterior wings.
About ten described species or varieties are known, of unequal value, some showing strong
specific differentiation, whilst others appear to be simply constant geographical races of one
species; such as ff. vulgaris, Butl., the only species received from the Malay Peninsula,
which probably, as Mr. Wood-Mason®* considers, is but a constant local race or form of
R. similis, Linn., a Chinese species, of which other constant and allied forms are found in
Borneo, Nicobar Isles, and Ceylon. The last author, however, describes the male of his var.
nicobarica as ‘provided with a distinct, though little specialised, sexual mark or scent-gland.”’
I have not seen that form, but from an examination of other species of the genus, have been
unable to discover anything similar.
The area of this genus is of wide extent. Specimens of #. vulgaris labelled ‘‘ Bengal” and
‘‘Nepaul”’ are contained in the British Museum; but Mr. Wood-Mason, writing from the
Calcutta Museum,+ considers this a mistake, and states that he has seen no specimen of it
from any region farther to the west than Upper Tenasserim. We ought therefore to accept
* Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengl., vol. L., p. 226 (1881). { Thbid.
Marcu 31, 1882. D
10 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Continental India as a questionable habitat at least; but Radena is represented in, and has
been recorded from, Ceylon, Nicobar Islands, Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo, Batchian, Gilolo,
Bouru, and Ceram in the east, and northward from Siam, Formosa and China.
The larva and pupa of A. juventa, Cram., from Java, are figured in Horsf. and Moore’s
‘Cat. Lep. Ins. Mus. E.I.C.,' i., pl. v., figs. 4nd 4a, and Dr. Horsfield (p. 123) states that the
larva there feeds on a plant bearing the native name of ‘‘ Simbukan-rambat.”
1. Radena vulgaris. (Tab. L., fig. 8.)
Danais vulgaris, Butl., Ent. Month. Mag., xi., p. 164 (1874).
Danais melissa, Doubleday (nee Cramer), List Lep. Brit. Mus., 1, p. 49 (1844); Gen. Diurn. Lep., p. 92,
n. 28 (1847.
Danais similis (part), Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Ins. Mus. E.LC., i., p, 122, n, 287 (1857).
Danais similis, Linn., race vrwygaris, Butl. Query.
Male and female. Wings above fuscous, with pale bluish markings. Anterior wings above with
a long narrow basal streak between costal and subcostal nervures followed by three elongate spots; a large
gradually widening streak in cell, deeply notched externally and transversely broken before apex, followed
by two elongate spots; two long and linear fasci# beneath cell, united at base, one running subparallel to
submedian nervure, the other directed parallel to median nervure and deflexed before third median
nervule; a diseal oblique series of five spots, the first and upper one elongate, third smallest, and fourth
and fifth largest; a submarginal row of seven spots placed between the nervules, and a marginal row of
small spots which tend to become obsolete at apex. Posterior wings with two elongate fasciw in cell
joined together at base, but widely divergent at apex, where there is a linear slightly curved intermediate
spot; a long curved linear fascia commencing from beneath base of cell and deflected before third median
nervule, followed by a discal series of five limear spots; a submarginal series of about eleven small spots
and a marginal series of smaller ones—all these spots and fasciw pale bluish; two long greyish streaks on
each side of internal nervure along abdominal margin. Underside of wings paler; anterior wing with an
additional eighth spot to submarginal series, and the cellular streak quite divided before apex; other markings
of both wings generally as above. Head and thorax above black, with a linear marginal series of
white spots, and a central discal thoracic white streak. Abdomen fuscous above, much paler beneath ;
sternum black, spotted with white; legs black; fore tibim and intermediate and posterior femora
streaked with white.
Exp. wings 78 to 85 millim.
Hazs.—Continental India; Nepaul and Bengal ?? (Brit. Mus.).—Tenasserim (coll. Moore).—Malay
Peninsula; Provinee Wellesley (coll. Dist.).—Penang, Malacca, Singapore (Brit. Mus.).—Java.—Borneo
(colls. Moore and Brit. Mus.).
Mr. H. G. Smith" gives this species as an inhabitant of Sumatra, which is doubtless
correct; he, however, also adds its pseudo-parent form D. similis, from the same locality,
which has hitherto only been recorded from China and Formosa.
Although, as previously stated, this is probably but a constant geographical race of
R. similis, I have treated it here, with this reservation, as a distinct species, and shall follow
this qualified course where necessary throughout. The question of species and varieties can
only be properly estimated by breeding, and it is hoped that some Malay entomologist in
whose way this work may fall will add to our knowledge by so doing. At present we can only
* In Bock. ‘ Head Hunters of Borneo,’ Append. V.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 11
fall back upon the dictum of Mr. C. Darwin, that ‘in determining whether a form should be
ranked as a species or variety, the opinion of naturalists having sound judgment and wide
experience seems the only guide to follow. We must, however, in many cases, decide by a
’ majority of naturalists, for few well-marked and well-known varieties can be named which have
not been ranked as species by at least some competent judges.” *
Genus DANAIS.
Danais, Latreille, Ene. Méth., ix., p. 10 (1819); Boisd., Lec. Lep. Am. Sept., p. 183 (1883); Doubleday, Gen.
Diurn. Lep., p. 89 (1847); Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Austr., p. 84 (1862); Godm. & Salv., Biol. Centr. Am.,
Rhop., p. 1 (1879).
Danaida, Latr., Hist. Nat. Crust, Ins., xiv., p. 108 (1805).
Panaus, Latr., Gen. Crust. Ins., iv., p. 201 (1809).
As some modern writers do not use this old and well-known name for the genus, it is
perhaps necessary, before giving a diagnosis of the same, to state the reasons why they have
discarded it, and why it is still used here. Latreille, finding his earlier name Danaida
preoccupied in Botany, supplanted it (1809) by the title Danaus. Mr. Scudder} argues that
as the first name is only used in Botany it ought to be restored. But Mr. Butler? has
remarked that ‘‘ Danaida”’ is but the ‘‘plural form’’ of Danais, a term first used by Godart § and
systematically more euphonious than Danaus, which last is, however, adopted in preference by
Mr. Kirby in his supplementary Catalogue (1877). Mr. Crotch || traces the name to Linnzus, {
who used it, however, only as a division of his genus /’apilio; and therefore Mr. Moore’s
objection** that Danaus was adopted in a generic sense by Esper in 1777 and Panzer in 1801
for species of Picrine, and therefore cannot be retained in this group of butterflies, is an
argument that has not, at least hitherto, secured universal acceptance.
Antenne gradually but distinctly clavate. Wings more or less opaque and thickly covered with
scales. Anterior wings subtriangular, somewhat elongate; costal margin slightly arched from base; apex
broad and rounded; outer margin oblique and more or less sinuate; inner margin more or less concave.
First subcostal nervule emitted at some little distance before the end of cell; second emitted sometimes
immediately before the end of cell, but generally not before termination of the same. Posterior wings
broad, subtriangular; costal margin nearly straight or slightly curved; apex and anal angle rounded;
costal nervure and nervules variable.
Male with one or more specialised scent-glands.
It is difficult to definitely assess the exact number of known species and varieties of this
widely represented genus, but probably there are now about eighty distinct forms described.
Its distribution is almost universal, and if is found in both the warm-temperate and tropical
zones. One, an almost cosmopolitan species, is found in South-Eastern Europe, and others are
particularly abundant throughout the Malayan Archipelago, Papua, and the Pacific Region.
* ‘Origin of Species,’ 6th ed., p. 37. + Proc. Am. Acad. Arts & Scienc., p. 153 (1875).
| Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., vol. xiv., p. 291. § Enc. Meth., ix., p. 172 (1819).
|| Cist. Ent., i., p. 60 (1872). "| Syst. Nat., ed. x. (1758).
** Lep. CeyL, p. 1, uote (1861).
12 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Besides this species, which is found in Europe, and which does not oceur much above
41°N., there is also an American species, which extends throughout the length of its tropical
regions, and is found as far north as Canada. Mr. Bates* acutely observes that it is
interesting to find that this, the only genus of the Danaine which is common to the three
tropical regions, is the sole one of the subfamily that occurs in high latitudes. And further
that ‘the only means of communication between the intertropical lands.of America and Asia
seems to have been a circuitous route by the north (or south); and the essentially tropical
forms do not appear to have passed along it.” This American species, however, has in quite
recent times, become (and the process seems still going on) distributed through many of the
Pacific Islands, to New Guinea and Australia, and has even been found in Europe, which
its previous appearance at the Azores had somewhat rendered probable. A few years ago +
I endeavoured to trace the course and cause of this migration, and had reason to come to the
conclusion that its distribution was apparently governed by the range of its food-plants, which
are species of Asclepias, and that the directing causes were probably due to the accidental
agency of man in the first place, and possibly also to prevalent winds and currents.
It has been well pointed out by Mr. Wallace that the most widely distributed species are
probably the most ancient, and it will particularly apply here, if we qualify that statement by
the proposition made by Dr. Buchanan White,{ that unless circumstances (not necessarily
or always some form of human agency, as Dr. White apparently relies upon) have been
exceptionally favourable, species which have the widest distribution are probably of greater
antiquity than those whose distribution is less extensive. The most widely distributed species
of Danais is D, chrysippus, the species to which we have alluded as even occurring in §.E,
Kurope, and which is of a similar tawny hue to the American D, plexippus, which has also an
exceedingly wide habitat (though probably recent in extent of distribution), and likewise occurs in
high latitudes. All the tawny species of the genus with which I am acquainted have, also, but
one subcostal nervule emitted distinctly before the end of the discoidal cell; and therefore, if
we accept these tawny species as representing the original colour of the genus, we may also
accept this as the primitive neuration. This view receives apparent confirmation from
observing that it is amongst the green-spotted species that we find the second subcostal
nervule emitted before the end of the cell, thus leading on to Radena, Ideopsis, and Hestia in
that respect; but which last-named genera take a fresh departure in having the first subcostal
nervule anastomosed with the costal nervure. This also appears concurrent testimony to the
views of Miiller to the same effect, and which we have previously endeavoured to convey (ante,
p. 3). Ina curiously marked East African species in which the tawny and green-spotted facies
are combined, and which was lately described by Mr. Godman,§ a fresh departure is taken
from the ordinary type by the first and second subcostal nervules being anastomosed.
The males possess on the posterior wings one or more dull-coloured patches, situated on
or in the neighbourhood of the third median nervule and submedian neryure. These were
long known only as ‘sexual spots,” but Miiller|| has ably and strongly shown that they are
really scent-producing organs. ‘They are, indeed, glands or pouches, but as they open only by
* Trans. Linn. Soc., vol. xxiii., p. 495 et seg. (1862). + Trans. Ent. Soc., 1877, p. 98.
| ‘Entomologist,’ vol. xiv., p. 270 (1881). $ Proc. Zool. Soc., 1880, p. 183.
|| Trans. Ent. Soe., 1878, p. 213.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA., 15
a narrow slit, Miller remarks that odours could hardly be freely emitted. He therefore
hazards the speculation that the anal tufts of hair might be introduced into the pouches, to
be impregnated there with odoriferous matter. A proposition like this, though probable,
necessarily requires verification, which an observer of such exactitude and patience as Miiller
will doubtless endeavour to supply. It is possibly towards such at present unproyed postulates
that Karl Semper, quoting Jaeger," remarks that enough has been done in the way of
philosophising by Darwinists, and that the task that now hes before us is to apply the test of
exact investigation to the hypotheses we have laid down.
This genus represents, with the other members of the Danaine, a ‘* protected” group of
insects, which, from distastefulness or other causes, enjoys an immunity from the attacks
of birds and other enemies. ‘The testimony to this fact 1s undoubted and too voluminous to
insert here; but even in tenacity of life Danais is remarkable, and Mr. Trimen} records how
South African specimens, caught, pinched and pinned by his native collectors, would nearly all,
on the withdrawal of the pins, ‘fly off in a ‘nonchalant’ manner, as if nothing had befallen
them.’’ Mr. Meldola} was disposed to consider (and with good reason) that these insects
possess an immunity after death from the attacks of mites and other museum pests. He had
in his possession a box of old Indian insects, the greater part of which had been demolished by
mites; the only surviving specimens, in addition to a Papilio, beng Danaids. This view, however,
will require further confirmation, as in some Hast African insects which have lately passed through
my hands, specimens of D. dorippus have the bodies nearly destroyed by these attacks.
Seven species alone are at present known from the Malayan Peninsula. Criiger,§ in a
short notice of Malaccan Lepidoptera, refers to another species, D. aylea, but this may prove
to rest on a mistaken determination.
A. Anterior wings with the second subcostal nervule emitted a little before the end of discoidal cell,
a. Male possessing two distinct scent-glands on posterior wings.
b. Posterior wings with costal margin slightly curved, and with the first subcostal nervule curved
and longer than the second,
1. Danais aspasia, var. crocea. (Tab. I., fig. 7.)
Papilio aspasia, Fabricius, Mant. Ins., u., p. 15, n. 145 (1787); Ent. Syst., iii., p. 170, n. 626 (1793).
Danais cracea, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1866, p. 57, n. 58, pl. 4, fig. 5; Trans. Linn. Soc., ser. 2, Zool.
vol. i., p. 536, 7 (1877).
Danais uspasia, Gutl., Cat. Fabr, Lep., p. 7 (1860).
Bahora aspasia, Moore, MS.
Male. Anterior wings above black or fuscous, with the following pale hyaline markings :—three
subcostal spots, the inner one situated between first and second subcostal nervules; beneath these are two
elongated streaks, followed by four small subapical spots placed in slightly curved oblique series, the upper
one very indistinct; two irregularly shaped spots above first median nervule, three between first and
second median nervyules, three between second and third median nervules, the inner one large and
subquadrate; a very large spot (tinged with yellow) occupying basal two-thirds of area between third
median nervule and submedian nervure, followed by a small irregular spot; and a marginal series of small
* ‘Animal Life,’ (Preface, 1881). + Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. iv., p. 217. { Proc. Ent. Soc., 1877, p. xii.
§ Verhandl, d. Ver. f. naturwissensch. Unterh. z. Hamb., iii., p. 29 (1878),
Mancu 31, 1882. E
14 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
spots placed in pairs between the nervules, which become obsolete towards apex. Cell with either the apex
only or whole discal centre more or less pale subhyaline. Posterior wings above black or fuscous, with the
space between costal nervure and first subcostal nervule; the whole of cell, followed by two elongated spots,
situated beneath bases of first and second subcostal nervules, and two near bases of median nervules;
basal two-thirds of submedian interspace acutely dentate at apex, and basal two-thirds of internal area
pale yellow; a diseal row of small pale spots divided by the nervules, and a submarginal series of much
smaller, irregularly shaped and arranged spots, both series becoming obsolete towards anal angle.
Wings beneath generally as above, but with the spots much more distinct, and with a marginal series
to hind wings. Head and thorax above spotted and streaked with white. Abdomen fuscous above, white
beneath. Sternum black, spotted with white; legs black; femora streaked with white.
Posterior wings with two distinct spatular scent-glands, largest on third median nervule and smallest
on submedian nervyure.
Female. Larger than the male, with the apex of the anterior wings much broader, and the cell clearer
and paler; marginal spots to hind wings clearly visible above.
Exp. wings, ¢ 70 to 78 millim.; 9? 86 millim.
Han.—Continental India; Assam (Warwick, Brit. Mus.).—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll.
Dist.) ; Malacca (colls. Moore and Brit. Mus.); Singapore.—Sumatra.—Java.—Borneo (colls. Moore and
Brit. Mus.).
The form designated by Butler as D). crocea, which he originally described as distinet, but
which he afterwards * submitted as a var. of D. aspasia, seems to be a dominant, larger, brighter
and somewhat more melanie race of the Fabrician species. A very closely allied species or
race, D. philomela, Zink., is found in Java.
I have been unable to examine and measure more than one female, a specimen which
I captured myself in Province Wellesley.
bb. Posterior wings with costal margin nearly straight, and with the first subcostal nervule curved and
longer than the second.
2. Danais melaneus. (Tab. I., fig. 6.)
Papilio melaneus, Cramer, Pap, Exot., i., t. 80, fig. p (1775).
Danais melaneus, Godart, Ene. Méth., ix., p. 192, 58 (1819 ); Doubleday, List Lep. Brit, Mus., pl. 1, p. 50 (1844);
Doubl. & Hewits., Gen. Diurn. Lep., p. 93, n. 36 (1847); Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C., i.,
p. 128, n. 242 (1857); Butler, Proc. Zool. Soe., 1866, p. 65, n. 47; Trans. Linn. Soe., ser. 2, Zool.,
vol. i., p. 536, 6 (1877); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1878, p. 822.
Caduga melaneus, Moore, M8.
Male and female. Wings dark fuscous, with pale bluish semihyaline spots and markings. Anterior
wing dark fuscous, with the following pale bluish markings:—three small elongate subcostal spots, the
first commencing just beyond first subcostal nervule; beneath these spots are two elongated streaks,
followed by a subapical oblique series of three small and rounded spots; nine irregularly sized and shaped
spots on disk, situated two above and three beneath first median nervule, three between second and third
median nervules, and one near posterior angle a little beyond a large streak (generally but not always
longitudinally divided) which occupies about basal two-thirds of interspace between third median nervule
und submedian nervure, and a submarginal series of small spots which become obsolete and obliterated
towards apex; discoidal cell with a large discal streak (this is very irregular in size in different specimens).
* Cat. Fabr. Lep., p. 7 (1869).
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 15
Posterior wings dark fusecous, with the following pale bluish markings:—a large basal subcostal streak,
followed by a small elongate spot; the interior of discoidal cell followed and apically surrounded by five
elongate spots situated between the nervules, of which the two interior are each followed by a smaller and
rounded spot; four long, basal, longitudinal streaks, two situated before median nervure and connected
at base, and two on abdominal margin; two or three subdiscal spots, situated between the nervures near
apex, and a submarginal series of small spots, which are obsolete and obliterated near apex and anal angle.
Wings beneath generally as above, but with the submarginal spots continuous and -distinct, and the
subdiscal series of three spots, as seen above, continued in regular but smaller series to near anal angle.
Head and thorax above dark fuscous, spotted and streaked with bluish white; abdomen fusecous above,
testaceous beneath; sternum black, spotted with white ; undersides of palpi, femora, and trochanters white.
Male with two linear scent-glands on posterior wings, the longest situated on submedian nervure near
apex, the smaller one near apex of internal nervure.
Exp. wings 79 to 92 millim.
Has.—Burma; Moulmein (coll. Moore).—Upper Tenasserim (coll. Wood-Mason).—Malay Peninsula;
Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Penang; Malacca (Brit. Mus.); Singapore (coll. Hewits.).—Java (coll.
Dist.).—Sumatra.*—Formosa (Brit. Mus.).
This species varies much in amount of melanism, and also in the size of the pale markings ;
some males have also the apex of the anterior wings more produced than in other specimeus of
the same sex, thus further illustrating the little specific value of such characters. About six
species with similar structural characters and common facies are allied to this species, as
pointed out to me by my friend Mr. Moore, who has specially studied the Danainw. These
form a group which are represented in Continental India, Java, Phillipine Islands, and Japan.
8. Danais agleoides. (Tab. I., fig. 5.)
Danais aglevides, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon., iv., p. 898, 0. 17 (1860); Moore, Proc. “Zool. Soc., 1877, ]). 581;
Wood-Mason & Nicéville, J. As. Soc. Beng., vol. 1., p. 224 (1881).
Danais qrammica, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1866, p. 55, n. 44; Trans, Linn, Soce., ser. 2, Zool, vol, i., p. 536, u.
(1877), nec. Boisd.
Parantica ayleoides, Moore, MS.
Male and female. Wings dark fuscous, with pale bluish semihyaline spots and markings. Anterior
wings above dark fuscous, with the following pale bluish markings :—a basal longitudinal streak, situated
between costal and subcostal nervures, followed by three subcostal spots, the first situated immediately
after first subcostal nervule, beneath which are two short linear streaks, divided by upper discoidal
nervule; nine irregularly shaped discal spots situated two above and three beneath first median nervule,
three beneath second median nervule, and one near posterior angle a little beyond two narrow fascie,
joined at base, the first running parallel to median nervure, and then deflexed subparallel to third median
nervule, the other running subparallel to submedian nervure; a narrow fascia commencing at base and
extending along about half the length of submedian nervure; two long discal streaks in discoidal cell, the
upper one straight and divided, the lower more or less recurved; a submarginal row of seven irregular
spots, and a marginal row of very small spots placed in pairs between the nervules, becoming obsolete
and obliterated towards apex. Posterior wings above dark fuscous, with the following pale bluish
markings :—a long basal streak between costal and subcostal nervures, followed by a small elongate spot;
two fasciz in cell, united at base, and from thence running subparallel to subcostal and median nervures,
between apex of each is a short intermediate streak ; following and surrounding apex of cell are five irregular
* Smith, in Bock, ‘Head Hunters Borneo,’ Append. V.
16 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
aud elongate spots, the first situated above second subcostal nervule, the others between the nervules, the
last two of which are followed by two irregularly shaped spots; two long narrow fasciw, united at base, the
upper of which runs parallel to median nervure, and is then deflexed along inner side of third median
nervule, the lower parallel to submedian nervure; two long fasci# on abdominal margin, divided by
internal nervure; a waved submarginal row of small spots (obsolete near base in male and continuous in
female), and a marginal row of small spots, inconstant in size and distinctness. Underside of wings
somewhat paler; marginal rows of spots to both wings, and submarginal row to posterior wings,
continuous and distinct. Posterior wings with two basal spots before precostal nervure, and a curved
basal fascia above costal nervure, which is hidden above by the inner margin of anterior wing. Head and
thorax above spotted and streaked with white; abdomen fuscous above, white beneath; sternum black,
spotted with white; undersides of palpi, trochanters and femora white.
The posterior wing of the male is provided with two spatular scent-glands, the largest situated on
third median nervule, and the smallest on submedian nervure.
Exp. wings, 69 to 76 millim.
Har.— Nicobar Islands (Caleutta Mus.).— Burma; Moulmein (Brit. Mus.).— Malay Peninsula;
Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Malacca (coll. Brit. Mus.).—Sumatra. (Smith.)
A female form is here figured. By a curious accident the specimens of this species in the
Collection of the British Museum have hitherto stood in the name of D. yrammica, and probably
this error may have had somewhat wide circulation, by collectors having accepted the Museum
name without the necessary certification by reference to Boisduval’s figure.
B. Anterior wings with the second subcostal nervule not emitted distinctly before the end of diseoidal cell.
e. Male provided with one scent-gland on poatertor wings.
d. Posterior wings with costal margin slightly curved, and with the first subcostal nervule not longer
than the second.
4. Danais septentrionis. (Tab. L., fig. 9.)
Danais septentrionis, Butler, Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. xi., p. 168 (1874; Trans. Linn. Soe., ser. 2, Zool., vol. i.,
p. 586, 4 (1877); Moore, Proc. Zoal, Soc., 1878, p. 822; Semper, Journ. Mus. Godefir,, vol. xiy.,
p. 140, tab. 8, fig. 7 (1879).
Tirumala septentrionis, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, vol. i., p. 5, pl. 1, fig. 2 (1881).
Male and female. Wings above dark glossy fuscous, with pale bluish spots and markings. Anterior
wings above dark glossy fuscous, with the following pale bluish markings :—a longitudinal basal streak in
cell, followed near its apex by a transverse irregular and much sinuated fascia; beyond cell are three elongate
and linear subcostal spots, the inner two placed close together near end of cell; beneath these are three
linear streaks, the first and smallest situated above and the second and largest beneath the first discoidal
nervule; thirteen irregular spots on diseal surface, upper three divided between discoidal nervules, and the
remainder thus situated—four between first and second median nervules, three between second and third
median nervules, and three between third median nervule and submedian nervure, which nervure is also
preceded by a subparallel linear basal streak; and a marginal series of small spots irregularly sized and
placed. Posterior wings above dark glossy fuscous, with the following pale bluish markings :—two long
fasci@ in cell, broadly united at base, and widely divergent at apex; the cell is followed and surrounded by
the following streaks or fascis :—a narrow linear and outwardly thickened one above subcostal nervure, three
which are much broader divided by lower subcostal and diseoidal nervules, two which are very narrow,
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 17
linear, and dentate separated by second median nervule, and two united at base between median and
submedian neryures ; two long linear streaks on abdominal margin divided by internal nervure, and a narrow
linear streak on inner side and about centre of submedian nervure; a discal and much waved series of
fourteen irregularly sized spots (in some specimens the inner two are united to the two abdominal-marginal
streaks), and a much waved marginal series of smaller spots. Underside of wings much paler, markings
as above, and two spots at base of posterior wings divided by precostal nervure. Head and thorax above
dark fuscous, spotted and streaked with white; abdomen above brown, ochraceous beneath; sternum black,
spotted with white; legs black; under surfaces of palpi, trochanters and femora white.
Male with a large and distinct scent-gland situated between third median nervule and median nervure.
Exp. wings 82 to 108 millim.
Has.—Continental India ; Cachar ; Nepaul (Brit. Mus.).— Ceylon (colls. Moore and Dist.) —Tenasserim
(Limborg.)—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Brit. Mus.).—Java (coll. Moore).
Males from the Malay Peninsula exhibit probably the maximum of size, and are in strong
contrast, in that respect, to some Ceylon specimens. Mr. Butler appends to his description the
very applicable remark that “ there can be no doubt that this is the Indian representative of the
Australian species D. hamata, M‘Leay.” All the differential characters relied upon by Butler
are found in Malayan specimens, but certainly do not apply so strongly to all the Ceylon forms,
some of which in size and markings approximate much more closely to the Australian species.
G, Semper, in a valuable paper, ‘“ Beitrag zur Rhopaloceren-Fauna von Australien,’ * has
urged that D. septentrionis and some other described forms are probably “local forms” of
D. hamata, which really agrees with Butler’s views, already quoted, that the first-named may be
considered the ‘Indian representative” of the Australian species. It is necessary that these
qualitative views and potentialities should be clearly understood, as they afford pregnant
illustration to the conclusions of Gabriel Koch.+ This author, from an examination of the
species found in the South Asiatic and Australian Regions, concludes that in many cases the
differences between what are generally considered as distinct species are merely variations
consequent upon a change of habitat. (It is doubtless implied that the surrounding conditions
are also different.) This, however, with the manifold readings of the much-vexed term
“species,” is unimportant. He, however, considered that these facts warranted a belief in an
Indian or South Asiatic fauna, which included the warmer parts of Asia, Malasia, Polynesia,
and Australia, and Prittwitz,{ in a notice of Koch’s results, supplemented by his own
examination of Vollenhoven’s Pieride derived from the Dutch East Indian Possessions, agrees
with Koch in formulating the existence of an Indo-Australian Region. Koch, however, in
1870,§ modified his views, dividing this proposed fauna into two parts,—a South Asiatic or
Indian and an Australian and Polynesian fauna, which last he considers, without doubt, has
been derived from the Indian by migration, the principal agents of which are the prevalent
monsoons. He then, however, seems to infer that the greatest modifying agent in the formation
of new species is the influence of climate. Oscar Schmidt, || after a study of Koch’s labours,
* Journ. Mus. Godefir., vol. xiv., p. 198.
+ ‘Die Indo-Anstralische Lepidopteren-Fauna’ (1866).
} Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1866, p. 259.
§ ‘Die geographische Verbreitung der Schmetterlinge iiber die Erde,’ Geogr. Mitth, (1870).
|| ‘The Doctrine of Descent,’ p. 227.
Marca 51, 1882. FP
18 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
summarises his agreement in the statement that butterflies “‘which are an easy prey to
currents of air, defy geological barriers, and, above all, that important partition which from
the tertiary era has been erected, or rather excavated, in the bottom of the sea, between
Australia and India.”
5. Danais genutia. (Tab. 2, figs. 2, 3.)
Papilio genutia, Cramer, Pap. Ex., iii., t. 206, 0, D (1782).
Papilio plexippus, Fabr., Byst. Ent., p. 481, n. 170 (1775); Mant. Ins., p. 27, n. 281 (1787), nec. Linn,
Danais plexippus, Godt., Enc. Méth., ix., p. 186, n. 35 (1819); Butler, Cat. Fabr. Lepid., p. 6, mn. 10 (1869) ;
Trans, Linn. Soc., 2 ser., Zool,, vol. i,, p. 686, 0.1 (1877); Wood-Mason & Nicéville, Journ. A. 8. Bengl.,
vol. L., p. 226 (1881).
Salatura genutia, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i., p. 6, pl. iv., figs. 2, 2@ (1881).
Male and female. Wings above fulvous-red; neuration, apex of anterior and margins of both wings
dark fuscous, spotted and marked with white. Anterior wings fulvous-red; costal margin, apical third,
outer and inner margin, nervures and nervules dark fuscous; the fuscous portion contains the following
white markings :—a small subcostal spot before end of cell, three somewhat larger spots just beyond end of
cell, and a transverse subapical series of six large spots, the upper two smallest and divided by second sub-
costal nervule, fourth and fifth largest divided by second discoidal nervule, sixth much smaller and rounded,
on the outer side of which is a smaller spot followed below by two still smaller ones; and a marginal
series of small spots, becoming indistinct and obliterated towards apex. Posterior wing fulvous-red ;
nervures, nervules, and outer margin dark fuscous, the median nervules very broadly so; a submarginal
and marginal series of small white spots, and abdominal margin much paler. Anterior wings beneath
generally as above, but with a distinct white spot on inner side of fuscous margin between second and third
median neryules; a distinct and continuous marginal and snbmarginal series of spots, and with the dark
shading paler and brownish, beyond the large transverse subapical spots. Posterior wings very much
paler than above; the nervures and neryules margined with very pale greenish, and with a distinct costal
spot near apices of costal nervure and first subcostal nervule. Head and thorax above dark fuscous,
spotted and streaked with white; abdomen fulyous-red above, a little paler beneath; sternum black,
spotted with white; legs black ; under surfaces of palpi, trochanters, and femora white.
(A variety in which the posterior wings haye the fulvous-red much suffused with white is not
infrequent, and is represented by fig. 3).
Male with a broad suboyate scent-gland situated on posterior wing adjoining third median nervule.
Exp. wings 73 to 90 millim,
Has.—Continental India; Bengal; Cachar (Brit. Mus.).—Nicobar Islands.—Ceylon (coll. Moore).—
Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (colls. Moore and Brit. Mus.); Singapore (coll.
Moore).—Java.—Siam,—N. China; Hong Kong; Hainan.—Formosa (eolls. Moore, Dist., and Brit. Mus.).
This species has until quite recently been recognised by the name of D. plexippus, Linn.
It has, however, been shown by Hermann Strecker,* and also by Godman and Salvin, +
that the name and description given by Linneus really applied to a well-known and widely
distributed species, which for a long time had passed under the designation of D. archippus.
As if is impossible for two species in one genus to be known under the same name, that of
Cramer must henceforth be applied to this insect. The only Javan specimen in my collection
* Butt. N. America, p. 105. + Biol. Centr. Am. Rhop., p. 2.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 19
is the smallest of the series, and the darkest in coloration. Capt. de la Chaumette* states that in
India the insect is common throughout the year, frequenting fields, gardens, and woods alike.
Mr. Biggs + speaks of it as circling in the sunshine “round a lantana bush” or resting in damp
shady spots on the pale blue flowers of a small plant which the Malays call “ bulalei gajah”
(Elephant’s trunk).
6. Danais melanippus, var. hegesippus. (Tab. IL., fig. 1.)
Papilio melanippus, Cramer, Pap. Exot., ii., t. 127, A, B (1779).
Danais melanippus, Godt., Enc. Méth., ix., p. 189, n. 48 (1819); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C., i.,
p. 125, n. 247 (1857); Butl., Trans. Linn. Soc., ser. 2, Zool., vol. i., p. 586, n. 2 (1877).
Var. Papilio hegesippus, Cram., Pap. Exot., ii., t. 180, A (1779); Fabr. Sp. Ins., p. 56, mn. 248 (1781); Mant.
Ins., p. 27, n. 287 (1787); Ent. Syst., iii., p. 52, n. 160 (1798); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Ins. Mus.
E. I. C., p. 125 (1857); Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1866, p. 49.
Danais hegesippus, Godt., Ene. Méth., ix., p. 189, n. 42 (1819); Gray, Lep. Ins. Nepaul, p. 10, t. 9, f. 1
(1846); Snellen, Tijd. Ent., xx., p. 66 (1877).
Danais melanippus, var. hegesippus, Suellen, Tijd. Bnt., xix., p. 144 (1876).
Salatura hegesippus, Moore, MS.
Male and female. Anterior wing fulvous-red, nearly apical half, the costal margin, inner margin,
nervures and nervules dark fuscous. J'uscous portion with the following white spots :—two small subcostal
spots divided by first subcostal nervule, almost beneath which are two others, more rounded and placed
just beyond cell; a transverse subapical row of five larger spots, upper two smallest and divided by second
subcostal nervule, fourth and fifth largest divided by lower diseoidal nervure ; a discal row of two small spots
divided by second median nervule; a submarginal series of three or four spots about centre, and a
marginal series which become almost effaced between third median nervule and submedian nervure, and
also towards apex, where, however, they are denoted by a much larger spot preceded by one or two smaller
ones. Posterior wing white; nervures and nervules broadly infuseated and with fuscous marginal border,
in which are placed a marginal and submarginal series of small white spots. Underside of wings as above,
but anterior wings possessing a distinct marginal and submarginal series of small spots at apex; posterior
wing with the nervures and nervules much less strongly infuscated, but margined with very pale greenish.
Head and thorax above dark fuscous, spotted and streaked with white. Abdomen above dull ochraceous,
with the base black; underside pale ochraceous. Sternum black, spotted with white ; legs black. Under
surfaces of palpi, femora, and trochanters white.
Male with a distinct subovate scent-gland on posterior wings, placed on inner side and adjoining
third median nervule.
Exp. wings 70 to 85 millim.
Has.—Andaman Islands (coll. Moore).—Burma; Moulmein (colls. Moore and Brit. Mus.).—Malay
Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Malacca (colls. Moore and Brit. Mus.).—Sumatra (Snellen,
coll. Moore).—Java (Snellen and Brit. Mus.).
In considering this form as only a variety of D. melanippus, Iam in agreement with Messrs.
Moore, Butler, and Snellen, who have at least at one time published that view (see supra).
The chief difference between the two forms is that the ground colour of the posterior wings in
D, melanippus is fulvous-red, whilst in D. hegesippus it is white, and the four small spots near
the end of cell of anterior wing of the last named are considerably effaced in D. melanippus.
* Ent. Mo, Mag., vol. ii., p. 37. + Month. Pack., vol. ii., p. 188 (1881).
20 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
However, we have already seen in the closely allied D. genutia that such variation does take
place, and the only peculiarity in this case seems to be that the white variety has become the
dominant race in the Malay Peninsula, whilst the form D. melanippus is, as far as I am aware,
absent. Such being the case, it is necessary to notice that Mr. Butler, in his paper on the
“ Butterflies of Malacca,” * in enumerating D. melanippus, Cram., as belonging to that district,
has by an oversight referred also to the illustration of Cramer, which depicts the typical
coloration, not found in Malacca, as the specimens in the British Museum testify.
7. Danais chrysippus. (Tab. I., fig. 10.)
Papilio chrysippus, Linneus, Mus. Ulr., p. 268 (1764); Syst. Nat., i., 2, p. 767, n. 119 (1767); Fabr. Syst. Ent.,
i, p, 482, n. 172 (1775); Sp. Ins., p. 56, m, 245 (1781); Mant. Ins., p. 27, n. 284 (1787); Ent. Syst.,
iii., p. 50, n. 154 (1793); Cramer, Pap. Ex., ii., t. 118, B, 0 (1779); Herbst, Naturs,. bek. Ins. Schmett.,
vil., pl. 155, figs. 1 & 2.
Fuplea chrysippus, Hiibn., Verz. bek. Schmett,, p. 15, t, 138, figs. 678 & 679 (1916),
Danais chrysippus, Godt., Enc. Méth., ix., p. 187, n. 88 (1819); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Ins. Mus, E. I. C.,
i, p. 126, n. 249 (1857); Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Austr., p. 88, n. 56 (1862); Butler, Proe. Zool. Soc.,
1866, p. 46, n. 14.
Salatura chrysippus, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, p. 7 (1881).
Male and female, Anterior wing above fulvyous-red, with the costal margin, apical third, and outer
margin dark fuscous. On the fuscous portion are the following white markings:—a small subquadrate
spot beneath costa before end of cell; an elongate subcostal spot near end of cell, beyond which is a much
angulated and oblique fascia, composed of transverse spots, commencing beneath first subcostal nervule and
terminating at first median nervule; at end of cell are two (sometimes but one) small spots, and a larger
one on disk between first and second median nervules; a submarginal series of spots consisting of two
between first and second median nervules, and one near apex (in some specimens these are connected by a
series of very small spots); and a marginal series of spots, generally absent, but sometimes obsoletely present
near apex. Posterior wing fulvous-red, with a fuscous marginal border, containing a marginal series of
white spots; a fuscous spot margined with white on costal margin, above first subcostal nervule, and
a small spot above costal nervure; three irregular fuscous spots (the middle one smallest) at end of cell,
situated at bases of second subcostal, discoidal, and first median nervules. Underside of anterior wings
as above, but beyond the subapical fascia to near margin the fuscous is replaced with ochraceous, and
between second and third median nervules a small white spot is visible; underside of posterior wings much
paler than above; marginal white spots larger, and two fuscous costal spots visible above first subcostal
neryule. Head and thorax above black, spotted and streaked with white; abdomen above fulvous-red,
beneath much paler; sternum black, spotted with white; legs black; under surfaces of palpi, trochanters,
and femora white.
Male with a large fuscous-coloured scent-gland on posterior wing, on inner side of third median
nervitle.
Exp. wings 58 to 86 millim.
Has.—8.E. Europe.—Western and Southern Africa.—Madagascar.—Rodriquez.—-Island Johanna.—
Mauritius.—Socotra.—Turkey in Asia.—Afghanistan ; Candahar.—Continental India.—Ceylon.—Burma.
Upper Tenasserim (colls. God. & Salv., Moore, and Brit. Mus.).—Malay Peninsula; Penang; Province
Wellesley; Singapore (coll. Dist.)—Java.—Malay Archipelago; Lombock; Kaiéa Islands (coll. Dist.).—
Siam (coll. Godm. & Saly.).—China; Hong Kong; Hainan-(colls, Moore and Brit. Mus.).
* Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., 2 ser., Zool., vol. i., p. 536 (1877).
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 21
A female specimen from Province Wellesley is here figured. The smallest specimen
which I possess (58 millim.) is from West Africa, although ordinarily sized specimens are
venerally received from that district; the largest specimens in my collection are from Northern
India and Southern Africa, though no rule can be postulated in this respect. Figures of both
the larva and pupa of this insect have been given (ante pp. 2 & 3).
The larva in Ceylon feeds on Culotropis gigantea and Aselepias curasavica;* in Java,
according to Dr. Horsfield, on the first named, called by the natives ‘‘ Widuri"’; in Continental
India on Calotropis sp.;} and in §. Africa on Gomphocarpus fruticosus and Asclepias sp. |
This species is not only remarkable for its wide distribution, but also for the extraordinary
phenomenon of its being mimicked by six or eight other butterflies and moths, a fact which
will be treated more fully subsequently when describing some of the mimicking species.
Genus KEUPLOSA.
Euplea, Fabricius, Nliger’s Mag., vi., p. 280 (1808); Doubl., Gen. Diurn. Lep., p. 86 (1847); Trimen, Rhop.
Afr, Austr., p. 88 (1862).
Antenne gradually clavate. Wings opaque and dark coloured. Anterior wings more or less triangular
and varying much in shape, but in the male sex generally having the inner margin more or less produced
and convex, and covering some basal portion of the posterior wings; in the female sex the inner
margin is non-produced and sometimes slightly emarginate.$ First subcostal nervule emitted at some
little distance before the end of the cell, second emitted at end of cell; upper disco-cellular nervule shortest.
Posterior wings broad and subtriangular; costal nervure somewhat short, and curved near base.
Males usually provided with one or more psendo-scent glands or brands on anterior wings, and very
frequently with a pale diseoidal patch to posterior wings.
Awaiting Mr. Moore’s intended enumeration and revision of the genus Euplwa (as formerly
and in this work understood), wherein many new species are to be described, it would prove
misleading to give any approximate estimate as to the number of species comprised in this very
extensive genus. |
Euplwa is widely distributed throughout the Malayan Archipelago and Polynesia; in fact,
we may accept these regions as tlie head-quarters of the genus. It is likewise found
throughout the warmer parts of Asia (including its neighbouring islands) and Australia; it
also inhabits the islands of Mauritius, Bourbon, and Madagascar. Trimen|| gives South
Africa as the habitat of a species (£. youdotii, Boisd.), from specimens contained in the British
Museum. As, however, Butler, in his two subsequent papers on the genus,’ does not give
that habitat for the Museum specimens, South Africa may be considered for the present as
a doubtful locality.
The short vittw so frequently found on the anterior wings of the males, have been,
* Moore, Lep. Ceylon, p. 7. | Lang., Ent. Mo. Mag., i., p. 1815 and De la Chaumette, ibid., ii., p. 37.
| Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Austr., p. 00.
§ This sexual difference in the shape of the anterior wings is found in all the species here described.
| Ithop. Afr. Austr, p. 84 (1862),
“ Proe. Zool. Soc., 1866, p. 301, and Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., vol. xiv., p. 298.
Manca $1, 1882.
22 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
judging from analogy, considered as scent-producing organs, and I have alluded to them here
as pseudo scent-glands or brands. On the other hand, they may serve for purposes of
‘strigillation,” as proposed by Butler,* being impressed upon that portion of the anterior
wings which comes in contact with the anterior margin and prominent costal nervure of the
posterior wings.
Like other genera of the Danaine, and especially Danais, this genus enjoys an immunity
from the ordinary enemies of butterflies, and hence may be deseribed as possessing a strongly
“protective” character. In tropical America, the widely distributed and extensive genus
Heliconius was first shown to enjoy this protection or immunity by Bates,+ a fact subsequently
and amply confirmed by Belt. Wallace, who enjoyed the unusual opportunity of observing both
these genera in a state of nature and in their widely separated habitats, writing from Singapore,
states, ‘* The Huplwas here quite take the place of the Heliconide of the Amazons, and exactly
resemble them in their habits.” §
I at present only include seventeen species of Euplaa as found in the Malay Peninsula,
though it is probable that more remain to be discovered, particularly in the Northern and
Kastern districts.|| These species (in whatever way we may define that term) are also of
very unequal value. What appears to be three distinct and constant local forms of one species
frequently occur, of which we have three instances in this fauna. Thus /. malayica and
H. midamus have distinct and constant representatives both in Java and Borneo (of the last named,
the Bornean representative is reported as having been received from Malacca), and F. diocletianus
possesses distinct and representative forms both in North India and Borneo.
A. Males neither provided with a pseudo scent-gland or brand té anterior wings, nor with pale discoidal
patch to posterior wings.
a. Males with the inner margin of the anterior wings much produced and convex.
1. Euploca malayica. (Tab. IL., fig. 7.)
Crastia malayica, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. xiv., p. 297, 8 (1878).
Puplad ochsenheimert, var. (b), Butl., Proce. Zool. Soc., 1866, p. 271.
Kuplea ochsenheimeri, Butl., Trans. Linn. Soc., ser. 2, Zool., vol. i., p. 585, mn. 2 (1877).
Adiqama malayica, Moore, MS.
-
Male. Wings above dark shining brown, spotted with white. Anterior wings with the following white
spots :—one before and one after second subcostal nervule; one in cell a little before lower disco-cellular
nervule; a waved discal series of six spots placed between the nervules, the upper three of which are largest,
and the upper one placed above first disco-cellular nervule, the last and most linear one being below third
median nervule ; a submarginal series of eight spots, the upper and innermost one of the series being situate
between third and fourth subcostal nervules, the lower one placed between third median nervule; and
& marginal series of smaller spots. Posterior wings with a marginal and submarginal series of small white
spots. Wings beneath marked as above, but posterior wings possessing in addition seven small white discal
* Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., vol. xiv., p. 292. + Trans, Linn, Soe., vol. xxiii., 1862, p. 495 ef seq.
} Proc. Ent. Soe., 1866, p. xly., and ‘ Naturalist in Nicaragua,’ p. 316. § ‘ Zoologist,” p. 4996 (1854),
|| Butler (Journ. Linn. Soe., Zool., vol. xiv., p. 295, 41) gives another species, E. egyptus, as having been received
from Singapore. That Singapore specimen, however, no longer remains in the National Collection under that name, and
was probably so recorded in error.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 23
spots, one in and near end of cell, and six surrounding apical portion of cell and placed between the
nervules. Head and thorax above black; head and anterior portion of thorax spotted with white. Abdomen
above dark fuscous, spotted with pale bluish beneath. Head beneath, sternum and legs black; palpi,
sternum and extreme base of wings spotted with white.
Female. I have not seen this sex, but Butler describes it as having on the posterior wings “a spot in
the cell, followed by three complete series.’ This probably could be somewhat expressed by saying,
posterior wing of the female above marked as underside of the same wing in male.
Exp. wings, ¢ 110 to 115 millim.
Har.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca; Singapore (Brit. Mus.).—Sumatra
(coll. Moore).
This is but a constant local race of EH. ochsenheimeri, Moore, a species which Butler
considers is probably the FE. gyllenhalii, Lucas,* and is apparently confined to Java. The
Bornean form has also been separated, under the name of F. scudderi.
i. malayica is in itself variable, as in a second male specimen which I possess the spots
on the upper surface are much smaller, and the submarginal spots to the posterior wings are
very faint and obscure towards the anal angle.
2. Euploea bremeri. (Tab. II., fig. 4.)
Euplea Bremeri, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon., iv., p. 898, 0, 16 (1860); Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1866, p. 277, 28 ;
Trans. Lin. Soc., ser. 2, Zool., vol. i., p. 535, n. 6 (1877).
Crastia Lremeri, Butl., Journ. Linn. Soe., vol. xiv., Zool., p. 298, n. 9 (1878).
Tronga Bremeri, Moore, MS.
Male. Wings above dark olivaceous-brown, becoming somewhat darker towards base. Anterior wings
with the following white spots:—one near costa between first and second subcostal nervules, one beneath
end of cell, between first and second median nervules (in some specimens there is an additional spot in and
before end of cell and another between second and third median nervules); a submarginal series of eight
spots, the upper three divided by third and fourth subcostal nervules, fourth and fifth much the largest,
eighth placed between second and third median nervules; and a marginal row of small spots. Posterior
wings with a marginal and submarginal row of small white spots. Wings beneath pale olivaceous-brown ;
anterior wings spotted as above, but with four additional discal spots, one in and near end of cell, one
beyond end of cell, and one on each side of third median nervule ; posterior wings spotted as above, but also
with six or seven discal spots, one in and near end of cell, and six (in some specimens five) surrounding
apical portion of cell, placed between the nervules. Head and thorax above black; head and anterior
portion of thorax spotted with white. Abdomen dark fuscous, spotted with bluish beneath. Head beneath,
sternum and legs black; palpi, sternum and extreme base of wings spotted with white.
Exp. wings 90 millim.
Has,—Continental India; Assam (Warwick, Brit. Mus.); Burma (coll. Moore).—Malay Peninsula;
Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Malacea (Brit. Mus.).
I have not as yet received the female of this species, nor did I capture one myself in
Province Wellesley. As will be seen by the above description, which agrees with Felder’s
original diagnosis, the discal spots on the anterior wings are variable in number.
* Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. xiv., p. 207 (1878).
24 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
B. Males not provided with a pseudo seent-gland or brand to anterior wings, but possessing a pale
discoidal patch on posterior winga.
b. Mates with the inner margin of the anterior wings much produced and convex.
3. Eupleea castelnaui. (Tab. IL, fig. 6.)
Fuplea castelnani, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep., ii., p. 815, n. 427 (1665).
Euplea phelus, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1866, p. 270, n. 3; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1874, p. 108, 1; Butl.,
Trans, Linn, Soc., ser. 2, Zool,, vol. 1,, p. 585, 1 (1877).
Selping (Macroplea) pheius, Butl., Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. xiv., p. 202, 3 (1878).
Male. Anterior wings olivaceous-brown, becoming gradually paler towards apex, and with the
following pale spots:—one in cell, a little before lower disco-cellular nervule, two near costa, divided by
second subcostal nervule, followed by a curved discal series of six spots placed between the nervules,
a submarginal series of eight spots, of which the upper and innermost one is placed between the third and
fourth subcostal nervules, and a marginal series of smaller and more linear spots. Posterior wings dark
olivaccous-brown, with a large pale diseoidal patch situated near costal margin, and indications of two
submarginal and a marginal series of pale spots, which are somewhat distinct near apex, but become
obsolete towards anal angle. Underside of wings generally as above, but anterior wings with the discal
series of spots larger posteriorly, the marginal series to posterior wings more continuous and distinct
towards anal angle, and the posterior margins of anterior wings mucli paler, especially towards anal angle.
Head, thorax and abdomen blackish; head and anterior portion of thorax spotted with white; underside
of head, sternum and legs black; palpi and sternum spotted with white.
Female. Somewhat larger and paler, with the discal series of spots to the anterior wings more
obscure, and of the submarginal series those near apex have large pale inner reflections. Posterior wings
with a distinct marginal and submarginal series of spots, the last preceded by an inner and more
obseure series.
Exp. wings, ¢ 120 millim.; ? 125 millim.
Hav.—Burma; Moulmein,—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Penang (coll. Dist.
and Brit. Mus.); Malacea (Brit. Mus.).—Siam (coll. Godm. & Salv.).—Java (coll. Dist. and Brit. Mus.).
A female specimen is here figured.
As Mr. Butler has himself admitted the identity of his 2. phebus and EF. castelnaui, Feld.,*
of which there can be no doubt, it becomes necessary to use the earlier and Felderian name to
this insect, though Butler still retains his own designation.| Some uncertainty appears to have
arisen as to the exact date of Felder’s descriptions of species of Huplwa, Kirby giving 1867! as
the year of publication. Felder’s plates bear date 1865, though the text is stated to have
been published from 1864 to 1867, and as Butler himself§ gives 1865 as the date of a
subsequent description by Felder, it is difficult to see why the apparent law of priority cannot
in this case be followed.
bb. Males with the inner margins of anterior wings slightly produced and convex.
4. Euplea midamus. (Tab. IL, figs.8 ¢ & 9 2.)
Papilio midamus, Linneus, Mus. Ulr., p. 261 (1764); Syst. Nat., ii, p. 765, n. 108 (1767).
Danais midamus, Godt., Enc. Méth., ix., p. 179, n. 12 (1819).
‘uplea midamus (part), Butl, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1866, p. 204, n. 76.
* ‘Trans. Linn, Soc., ser. 2, Zool., vol. i, p. 585, 1 (1877).
{ This author has (Trans. Ent. Soc., ser. 3, vol. v., p. 471) argued that Felder's work was antedated.
| Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep. § Trans. Linn, 5oc., ser, 2, Zool., p. 535, 3 (1877).
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 25
Finplea midamus, Butl., Trans, Linn, Soe., ser, 2, Zool., vol, i., p. 685, n. 9 (1877).
Trepsichrois midamus, Butl., Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., vol. xiv., p. 297, 8 (1878); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc.,
1878, p. 828.
Male. Anterior wings above dark violet-blue, with bright blue reflections towards apex, and with the
following pale spots :—a small one between first and second subcostal nervules (this is sometimes absent) ;
one in cell before lower disco-cellular nervule, two beneath cell situate on each side of second median nervule,
three beyond cell divided by discoidal nervules, a submarginal series of about seven irregularly shaped
spots, and a marginal series of very small spots which become obsolete towards apex. Posterior wings dark
brown, with the costal and apical third pale brown and subgranulose, and with a small pale patch in cell.
Underside of wings pale brown; anterior wings spotted generally as above, but with the apical marginal
spots more distinct and continuous; posterior wings with five small white discal spots, one in and near end
of cell, and four surrounding apical portion of cell, situated between the nervules; a marginal series of
small spots of the same colour, and a submarginal series which only extends about half-way from apex (in
one specimen from Province Wellesley this series is continuous) to anal angle. Head and upper part of
thorax black; head and anterior portion of thorax spotted with white; abdomen dark fuscous, spotted and
marked with pale bluish beneath. Head beneath, sternum and legs black; palpi, sternum and extreme
base of wings spotted with white,
Female. Anterior wings pale brown, with a paler longitudinal streak in cell, a similar one between
third median nervule and submedian nervure, a large ill-defined but bright blue patch on apical
third of wing, and spotted with white as in male. Posterior wings pale brown, with a long white streak
on each side of cell, and an intervening and shorter one of the same colour at its apex; three narrow
white streaks following cell, divided by the lower subcostal and discoidal nervules; a submarginal series of
narrow elongate spots, which at basal half of wing are continued upwards and united in pairs near median
nervure ; two narrow longitudinal streaks on abdominal margin, the outer one of which is broadly bifurcate
posteriorly, and a marginal series of smaller white spots. Underside of wings pale brown, marked and
spotted with white as above; on the anterior wings, however, the two pale longitudinal streaks above are
distinet and wlute beneath.
Exp. wings, @ 90 to 96 millim.; 9? 96 millim.
Has.—Continental India; Khasia Hills; Nepaul; Silhet.—Burma; Moulmein.—Upper Tenasserim
(coll. Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Penang; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Malacea (Brit. Mus.).—Siam
(coll. Godm. & Salv.).—Sumatra (Brit. Mus.).
This widely-spread, abundant, and protected species is mimicked by several other
butterflies belonging to different and non-protected families. In particular it is mimicked by
Papilio paradoxza and P. wniqgma, and Mr. Wallace* states that he often captured those species
under the impression that they were simply the more common F. midamus.
5. Euploea mulciber. (Tab. ITL., figi1 ¢, 2 ¢.)
Papilio wutciber, Cramer, Pap. Exot., ii., t. 127, C, D (1799).
Fuplea midanus (part), Butl., Proe. Zool. Soc., 1866, p. 204,°76; Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep, Dus. Mus. E. I. C.,
i., p. 188, n. 265 (1857).
Trepsichyots muleiber, Butl., Journ. Linn. Soe., Zool., vol. xiv., p. 296, 2 (1878).
Male. Closely allied to the male of FE. midamus, but smaller, with the apical portion of the anterior
wings less prominent, the submarginal spots above smaller, and the marginal spots absent; the reflections
towards apex of the same wing are more violet than bright blue as in the other species. Beneath
* Contribut. to Nat, Seleet., p. 87.
Maren 31, 1882. H
26 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
the anterior wings have the marginal spots faintly indicated; the posterior wings have the discal spots as
in E. midamus, but the marginal and submarginal spots are obsolete or absent.
Female. Smaller than corresponding sex of E. midamus; the blue reflections to anterior wings much
less prominent and more violaceous, and the white markings on both wings smaller and less prominent.
Exp. wings, ¢ 87 millim.; 9? 87 to 94 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Malacea (Brit. Mus.).—Borneo (Brit. Mus.; colls. Moore and Dist.).
E. muleiber is only here included on the strength of a female specimen, described as from
Malacca, and contained in the British Museum. Ihave seen no other specimen from the Malay
Peninsula, and it has hitherto been considered as the constant Bornean race or form of
E.. midamus, and peculiar to that island.
6. Euplcea ledereri. (Tab. II., fig. 10.)
Fuplea ledereri, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon., iv., p. 397, n. 14 (1860); Reise, Nov. Lep., i1., p. 917, n. 481, t. 40,
f. 6, 6 (1865); Butl., Proe. Zool. Soe., 1666, p. 291, 66.
Euplea inguinata, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1866, p. 291, n. 65; p. 268, fig. 2.
Calliplea ledereri, Butl., Trans. Linn. Soe., ser. 2, Zool., vol. i., p. 586, 3 (1877); Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. xiv.,
p. 295, 1 (1878).
Male. Anterior wings olivaceous-brown, becoming darker with dark blue reflections towards apex,
and marked with the following bluish spots :—one between first and second subcostal neryules; one beyond
cell above upper discoidal nervule; one above first median nervule; another in cell a little before lower
diseo-cellular nervule; and a submarginal row of five spots, of which the upper and subapical one is very
large and irregularly shaped. Posterior wings with the base olivaceous-brown; remainder much paler, and
with a pale discoidal patch. Underside of wings pale olivaceous-brown; anterior wings marked generally
as above, but the spots white and smaller, the submarginal series having the large subapical spot above only
indicated by a small spot beneath, and a more or less distinet (varying in different specimens) marginal
series of very small spots. Posterior wings with the following white spots :—a submarginal series, of which
the upper three are the largest, and which with the fourth are placed singly between the nervules, and a
marginal series which does not extend to apex. Head and thorax above blackish ; head and anterior portion
of thorax spotted with white. Abdomen dark fuscous, spotted with bluish beneath; underside of head
sternum, and legs black; palpi, sternum, and immediate base of wings spotted with white.
Exp. wings, ¢ 72 millim.
Has.—Continental India ; Assam (Warwick, Brit. Mus.).—Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (coll.
Dist.) ; Perak (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (colls. Moore and Brit. Mus.).
I have not yet received a female specimen of this species, and both Felder and Butler
described male specimens. It appears to be almost confined to the Malay Peninsula, especially
if there should be any error in the locality of Assam as given by Mr. Warwick to the British
Museum. According to Smith, it is also found in Sumatra.*
ec. Males provided with a pseudo acent-gland or brand to anterior wings, and with a pale discoidal patch
to posterior wings.
7. Eupleea vestigiata. (Tab. II1., fig 64,7 2.)
Fuplea restiytata, Butler, Proe. Aool. Boc., 1866, I'- YsR, Tl. 58, iE:
Calliplea vestigiata, Butl,, Trans. Linn. Soc., ser. 2, Zool., vol. i., p. 6385, 2 (1877).
* Bock, ‘Head Hunters of Borneo,’ Appendix V., p. 836.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 27
Salpine vestigiata, Butl., Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., vol. xiv., p. 298, 12 (1878).
Var. Salpinn leueogonis, Butl., Trans. Linn. Soc., ser. 2, Zool., vol, i., p. 586, 1, t. 68, £. 6* (1877).
Male. Anterior wings above very dark velvety blue, with the following pale bluish spots:—one
between first und second subcostal nervules, one beyond cell between second discoidal and first median
nervules; a submarginal series of five spots placed one above and one below fourth subcostal nervule, one
above and one below upper discoidal nervule, and the other beneath lower discoidal nervule; a small and
indistinct spot between second and third median nervules, a still smaller and more indistinct one beneath
third median nervule, and an oblong streak of the same colour (which denotes the pseudo scent-gland or
brand) placed beneath third median nervule. Posterior wing pale olivaceous-brown, much darker towards
base, with a pale discoidal patch and three faintly indicated submarginal spots near apex, placed between the
nervules. Underside of wings olivaceous-brown ; anterior wings with the following pale bluish white spots :—
one between first and second subcostal nervules; two beyond cell, divided by lower discoidal neryule; one
large and subovate between second and third median nervules; three small and subapical, placed obliquely,
which are apparently the commencement of a submarginal series, faintly indicated near median nervules; and
a very faint, indistinct, and broken marginal series of small spots. Wing below third median nervule much
paler. Posterior, wings with a submarginal series of bluish white spots, the upper four of which are
placed singly between the nervules, and a marginal series commencing near anal angle and not continued
beyond first median nervule.
Female. Anterior wing above spotted as in male, but wanting the diseal spot beyond cell, and with
the costal base and inner margin slightly suffused with rufous. Posterior wings as in male, but wanting
the pale discoidal patch, and possessing a marginal series of small spots near anal angle. Wings beneath
generally as in male, but possessing only one spot beyond cell, and with the marginal and submarginal
series of spots to anterior wing somewhat more distinct.
Male and female. Head and thorax above black; head and anterior portion of thorax spotted with
white ; head beneath, sternum, and legs black: palpi, sternum, and immediate base of wings spotted with
white; abdomen dark fuscous, spotted beneath with bluish.
Exp. wings, ¢ and 9 98 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Brit. Mus.); Sumatra (colls. Moore
and Brit. Mus.); Java (coll. Dist.).
This appears.to be a variable species, and is probably a race of the E. novarw, Feld.
Felder clearly defines this variability in his deseription ; in fact, with the qualifications he there
admits in the markings of several varieties, these Province Wellesley specimens (here described
and figured) might almost be considered as agreeing with some of his Nicobarian types. This
Malay form somewhat differs from Javan specimens of FE. vestigiata, and appears to be inter-
mediate between some varietal forms of /. novare and typical specimens of EF. vestigiata, which
Mr. Kirby + was probably correct in considering a variety of Felder’s species. The Salpinx
leucogows, Butl., im my opinion, is a small female variety, but in Mr. Moore’s collection, and
tlso im the British Museum, I have seen males of H. vestiyiata at least agreeing in the matter
of size.; When one is able to examine a long series of specimens, which is but seldom possible,
modifications in specific conclusions generally ensue, which would otherwise have not been
considered probable.
* Butler's figure is somewhat misleading, the marginal spots to posterior wings having been enlarged and exaggerated
by the artist, compared with those on the type specimen in the collection of the British Museum, which I have examined,
t Syn. Cnt. Diurn, Lepid., p. 18 (1871).
| Sinee writing the above the small male of #. vestigiata eoutained in the British Museum, and placed by Butler as
belonging to that species, has been, in agreement with the advice ef Moore, replaced as the male of HL. leweogonis. ‘This
affords further illustration of the close community of these forms.
28 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
8. Euploea diocletianus. (Tab. IV., fig. 4 ¢ and 5 2.)
Papilio diocletianus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst., ili., 1, p. 40, n. 118 (1793).
Danais diocletianus, Godt., Ene. Méth., ix., p. 181, n. 16 (1819).
Kuplea rhadamanthus (part), Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C., i., p. 126, n. 250 (1857); Butl., Proc.
Zool. Soc., 1866, p. 296, n. 81.
Euplica diocletianus (part), Butl., Cat. Fabr. Lep., p. 2, n. 5 (1869).
Calliplea diveletianus, Butl,, Trans. Linn, Soc., ser. 2, Zool., vol, i., p, 535, mn. 1 (1577).
Salpina dioeletianus, Journ, Linn. Soc., Zool., vol. xiv., p. 204, n. 27 (1878).
Danisepa diocletianus, Moore, MS.
Male. Anterior wings dark indigo-blue, with pale reflections towards outer margins, and with the
following white spots :—two subcostal and linear, divided by first subcostal nervule, the immer one much the
longest (in some specimens the last is preceded above by a narrow linear spot, situated above costal
nervure, which is absent in the form figured); a very large and irregularly-shaped spot occupying apical
portion of cell, followed by a small one placed between first and second median nervules (in some specimens,
as in the one figured, this is preceded inwardly by a small pale bluish spot); a submarginal series of seven
pale bluish spots, four subapical placed between the nervules, and three, which are very small, near anal
angle; these are preceded by a large subquadrate spot between second and third median nervules, with a
small one beneath it, both of which are also pale bluish, which is also the colour of the pseudo scent-gland
or brand, situated beneath and parallel to third median nervule. Posterior wings dark indigo-blue, with the
discoidal and costal area olivaceous-brown, and with the following pale bluish spots:—three submarginal
near apex, the upper one small and somewhat indistinct (sometimes absent), a small spot at end of cell
(in some specimens there are three), a marginal series of small spots near anal angle, preceded by two .
(and sometimes four) slightly larger spots; four elongate white fascie commencing near base, and situated
two between third median neryule and submedian nervure, and two on abdominal margin. Underside of
wings paler and more olivaceous, the bluish spots much paler, a large additional white spot between second
and third median nervules, and with the pseudo scent-gland concolorous. Posterior wings marked as
above, but with the submarginal spots more numerous and continuous ; a long white streak and two linear
spots in cell, and four linear white spots surrounding apical portion of cell. Head and thorax above black ;
liead and anterior portion of thorax spotted and streaked with white. Abdomen dark bluish or fuscous
above, the sides paler and spotted with pale bluish beneath. Underside of head, sternum, and legs black;
palpi, sternum, and immediate base of wings spotted with white.
Female. Paler and more olivaceous above. Anterior wings with the submarginal spots much paler,
the spot beneath apex of cell very large, and followed beneath second median nervule by a larger and more
irregular spot, which is connected with the one near margin. Posterior wings with a marginal aud
submarginal series of very pale bluish spots; three large white streaks in cell, the apex of which is
surrounded by five white spots, the two lower ones being longest, and with the four basal and adbominal
fasciw as in male. Underside of wings olivaceous-brown, marked and spotted generally as above, but with
the two spots between second and third median nervules of anterior wing not united.
Exp. wings, ¢ 78 to 80 millim.; ? 75 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Penang; Malacea; Singapore (colls.
Moore and Brit. Mus.).—Sumatra (coll. Moore).
This is evidently a Malay race of FB. rhadamanthus, Fabr., a species which I follow Moore
and Butler in considering as typically represented in Northern India. It possesses also another
and very distinct Bornean race, described as FE. Lowii. The principal difference between these
three species or races is that of a gradually increasing melanism, which is least in the North
Indian HE. rhadamanthus and greatest in the Bornean form FE. Lowi.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 29
9. Euploea crassa. (Tab. V., fig. 8.)
Euplea erassa, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 278, n. 31,
Salpine crassa, Butler, Journ. Linn, Soc., Zool., vol. xiv., p. 295, 0. 88 (1878); Moore, Proe. Zool. Soc. 1878,
p. $22.
Male. Wings above olivaceous-brown, darker and with somewhat bright reflections at base. Anterior
wings with a small white spot between first and second subeostal nervules; a submarginal series of five
white and somewhat quadrate spots, with narrow, obscure, paler evanescent surroundings, placed between
the nervules, the first and uppermost one of which is situated between the third and fourth subcostal
nervules, and the lower one between the second discoidal and first median nervules: of these the third is
the largest, and with the fourth and fifth more or less coalesce with a marginal series of smaller white
spots, which are placed in pairs between the nervules, becoming smaller towards posterior angle, and
(in the specimen described and figured) represented only by a single spot between first and second median
nervules. Posterior wings with a pale ochraceous discoidal patch, extending through upper portion of
cell, and «with a marginal and submarginal series of white spots. Wings beneath slightly paler than
above; anterior wings, in addition to the white spots between first and second subeostal nervules as
seen above, with two small white spots beyond end of cell on each side of lower discoidal nervule, and with
a larger spot of the same colour between second and third median nervules; the submarginal series are
much smaller, but with the pale evanescent surroundings appearing larger; posterior wings marked as
above. Head and thorax above very dark fuscous; head and anterior portion of thorax spotted with
white; abdomen fuscous above, with the sides and under surface slightly paler; head beneath, sternum,
and legs dark fuscous; palpi, sternum, and immediate bases of wings spotted with white.
Male with a short and somewhat obscure pseudo scent-gland or brand on anterior wings, between
third median nervule andisubmedian nervure.
Exp. wings 93 millim.
Has.—Continental India; Darjeeling (coll. Moore)—Burma; Pegu; Moulmein (coll. Moore).
Tenasserim (Limborg).—Malay Peninsula; Quedal (coll. Dist.).—Siam (Brit. Mus.).
Upper
It seems at least uncertain whether this species is not identical, and if so synonymic, with
FE. erichsonii, Felder,* as so considered by Mr. Kirby.+ Felder’s habitats ‘‘ India Septentrionalis,
Cochin,” would also favour this view. Mr. Butler, however, has identified a closely-allied form
as EH. erichsonii, and as Felder has not figured his species, and his types are not easily accessible
for comparison, I have provisionally followed this view here and adopted Butler’s name.
It is probable that this species does not extend farther south than Quedah, from which our
collectors obtained a single specimen. I did not meet with it myself when collecting in Province
Wellesley, nor have I seen it in any collections from that district or Malacca.
10. Eupleea dejeani. (Tab. IV., fig. 1.)
Tscmica Dejeanii, Moore, MS.
Maple chive, var. 2?
Male. Wings above olivaceous-brown, durker towards base. Anterior wings with a small whitish
marginal spot, situate beneath third median nervule. Posterior wings with a pale coloured patch near
basal costal margin, which is almost entirely hidden by inner margin of anterior wings, and with a
marginal and submarginal series of white spots. Underside of wings a little paler than above; anterior
* Reise Nov. Lep. ti. p. du4, n. 444. { Seu. Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 11, n. 88 (1871),
JuNE 30, 1882. i
30 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
wings with the following pale bluish spots:—a small spot between first and second subcostal nervules ;
a somewhat larger spot in cell, a little before lower disco-cellular nervule; a similar one between first and
second median nervules, and an irregular subovate patch between second and third median nervules;
faint indications of a marginal and submarginal series of whitish spots, distinct and prominent at anal
angle, again visible above first median neryule, and totally wanting at apex. Posterior wings beneath with
the marginal and submarginal spots as above, and with five small and indistinct spots surrounding apical
portion of cell, and situate between the nervules. Head and thorax above black. Head and anterior portion
of thorax spotted with white. Abdomen fuscous, spotted with pale bluish beneath. Head beneath,
sternum, and legs black; palpi, sternum, and extreme base of wings spotted with white.
Anterior wings provided with an elongate pseudo scent-gland or brand, situate between third median
nervule and submedian nervure.
Exp. wings 86 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacea (coll. Godm. & Salv.).—Sumatra (coll. Oberthur).
It is quite possible that this form may be but an extreme variety of /. chloe. I have seen
but two examples—one from Malacea, in the collection of Messrs. Godman and Salvin, which
is here described and figured; the other from Sumatra, in the collection of Mon. Oberthiir,
which had been forwarded to Mr. Moore for identification, and for which that entomologist had
proposed the name which I have used here.
Note.—In the figure here given (Tab. IV., fig. 1) the pseudo scent-gland or brand on
anterior wing has failed to appear in the last chromatic impression.
11. Eupleea chloe. (Tab. IV., fig. 23. Tab. IL, fig. 59.)
Fuplea Chloe, Guerm, Deless. Souy. Inde, ii. p. 71 (1843); Butl., Proce. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 271, n.7; Trans.
Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 585, n. 5 (1877).
Salpina chloé, Butl., Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. xiv. p. 295, n. 37 (1878).
Isamia chloe, Moore, MS,
Male. Anterior wings above dark olivaceous-brown, basal half much darker, with obscure violaceous
reflections; a subapical, arcuated series of five white spots, the upper two divided by the fourth subcostal
nervule; third and largest situated beneath fifth subcostal nervule; fourth and fifth smallest, with the
upper discoidal nervule intervening (beneath these are faint indications of a submarginal series of small
spots), and a marginal series of small white spots, becoming obsolete towards apex. Posterior wings above
olivaceous-brown, with a submarginal and marginal series of small white spots, the submarginal series
much obliterated, but in some specimens distinct and continuous. Underside of wings pale olivaceous-
brown; anterior wings with the following bluish white markings on disk :—a small spot between first and
second subcostal nervules (sometimes this is accompanied by one or two others, as in the female); a similar
spot in cell, before lower disco-cellular nervule; a spot between first and second median nervules, and a
large irregularly shaped streak between second and third median nervules; marginal and submarginal spots
as above, but larger, more distinct, and continuous. Posterior wings with a pale discoidal patch near basal
costal margin, which is for the most part hidden by inner margin of anterior wings; spotted as above, but
with the submarginal spots distinct and continuous, and haying five additional and distinct discal spots,
which surround the apical portion of cell. (In some specimens there is a very small but distinet spot in
and before end of cell, and sometimes a sixth surrounding spot situated above first subcostal nervule.)
Head and thorax above black; the head and anterior portion of thorax spotted with white. Abdomen
fuscous, spotted with pale bluish beneath. Head beneath, sternum, and legs black; palpi, sternum, and
extreme base of wings spotted with white.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 51
Anterior wings above provided with an elongate pseudo scent-gland or brand, situate between third
median nervule and submedian nervure.
Female. Generally larger in size, with the marginal and submarginal spots more distinct above.
Wines beneath marked generally as in male, but with three central spots on anterior wing near costal
margin. Posterior wings having the spot in cell distinct, and also the sixth surrounding spot to apieal
portion of cell.
Exp. wings, ¢ 88 to 96 millim.; ? 103 to 110 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Malacea (coll. Godm. & Salv., and Brit.
Mus.).—Singapore (Brit. Mus.).—Sumatra.—Java (coll. Moore).
From an examination of a series of specimens, collected in the Malay Peninsula, much
macular variation is apparent, and it is probable that the constancy of these characters have
been much over-estimated in discriminating species of Euplea. In the male specimen here
figured from Malacca (Tab. IV., fig. 2) the marginal and snbmarginal spots are much obliterated
on the upper surface of the wings. In some male specimens, however, from Province Wellesley
these spots are as prominent and distinct above as in the female figured (Tab. I1., fig. 5).
12. Eupleea margarita. (Tab. IV., fig. 3.)
Huplaa margarita, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 279, n. 34; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p- 105, n. 6;
Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Zool. vol. 1. p, 585, n. 4 (1877). |
Salpine maryarita, Butl., Journ, Linn. Soe. vol. xiv. p. 294, 1. 84 (1878); Moore, Proe. Zool, Soc. 1878, p. 823.
Isamia margarita, Moore, MS.
Male. Anterior wings with about basal four-fifths of area deep violaceous, from thence to outer margin
ferruginous; a small bluish spot near costa, between first and second subcostal nervules, and one in and
near end of cell; indications of a marginal but obsolete series of small spots, denoted by one or two near
anal angle and sometimes two pale submarginal obscure spots, situate on each side of second discoidal
nervule. Posterior wings ferruginous, with a marginal and submarginal series of white spots, and a pale
discoidal patch near costal base, which is almost hidden by the inner margin of the anterior wings.
Wings beneath pale ferruginous. Anterior wings with the following pale bluish spots and markings :—
a small spot between first and second subcostal nervules, and a larger one before end of cell (as above) ;
beneath the last is a similar spot between the first and second median nervules, and a long subovate
streak between second and third median nervules; a much obliterated marginal and submarginal series of
very small spots. Posterior wings marked as above, with the addition of a diseal series of six small spots,
one in and near end of cell, and five surrounding apical portion of cell, divided by the nervules. Head and
thorax above black; anterior portion of thorax and head spotted with white; abdomen dark fuscous,
spotted beneath with bluish white; head beneath, sternum, and legs black; palpi, sternum, and extreme
base of wings spotted with bluish white.
Anterior wings above provided with an clongate pseudo scent-gland or brand, situate between third
median nervule and submedian nervure.
Female. Completely resembling other sex, but in my specimen possessing on upper surface of
anterior wings two additional small bluish spots beneath apex of cell, and divided by second median
nervules,*
Exp. wings 86 to 102 millim,
Han.—Burma; Moulmein (coll. Moore).—Upper Tenasserim (Limborg).—Malay Peninsula; Penang;
Malacca (Brit. Mus.).—Siam (coll. Godm, & Saly.).
* It is very probable that these discoidal spots on upper surface of anterior wings are variable in number in both sexes.
32 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Mr. Butler, in his original description of this species, gave its habitat as ‘‘ Kast Indies.”
It has probably, however, but a limited area of distribution, possibly not extending above
Burma in the north, nor beyond the confines of the Malay Peninsula in the south.
Messrs. Godman and Salvin possess a curious male variety of this species from Malacca,
which has on the upper and under sides of the anterior wings a submarginal series of seven
white spots placed between the nervules, and has the marginal series of spots continuous
and moderately distinct; the spot in the cell beneath is also visible above. I possess a female
form in my own collection (unfortunately without a locality) which agrees with the same.
D. Males provided with a pseudo scent-qland or brand to anterior wings, but not possessing a pale discoidal
patch ta posterior wings.
13. Euploea distanti. (Tab. V,. fig. 9 #.)
Crastia Distantit, Moore, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. V. June, 1882, p. 458.
Male. Wings above dark olivaceous-brown; anterior wings with the basal area darker and with the
following white spots :—a submarginal series of eight spots, of which three are small, subcostal, and placed
between the second, third, fourth and fifth subcostal nervules, fourth and fifth largest and situate on each
side of upper diseoidal nervule, the following three smaller, rounded, and placed one above and one below
first median nervule, and one below second median nervule, and a marginal series of smaller spots placed
in pairs between the nervules. Posterior wings more uniformly and palely olivaceous-brown, with a
submarginal and marginal series of small white spots, the first becoming indistinct and obsolete towards
anal angle. Wings beneath olivaceous-brown, Anterior wings marked as above, with the addition of four
discal and very pale violaceous spots, one between first and second subeostal nervules, one in and before lower
end of cell, one beneath end of cell between first and second median nervules, and the fourth largest and
elongate between second and third median nervules. Posterior wings with the submarginal and marginal
series of spots continuous and distinct, and with the following small and very pale violaceous spots :-—one
in and before end of cell, and six surrounding apical portion of cell, divided by the nervules. Head and
thorax above blackish; head and anterior portion of thorax spotted with white; abdomen dark fuscous
above, somewhat paler beneath; head beneath, sternum, and legs blackish; palpi, sternum, and extreme
base of wings spotted with white.
Male with a dark elongate pseudo secent-gland or brand on upper surface of anterior wings, between
third median nervule and submedian nervure.
Female. Wings above paler and more unicolorous olivaceous-brown; anterior wings with the
marginal and submarginal spots as in male, but larger and with a ninth submarginal spot beneath third
median nervule; there are also three very small discal spots, one between first and second subcostal
nervules, one between first and second median nervules, and one in and a little before lower end of cell (there
is also a faint indication of a fourth between second and third median nervules); posterior wings with the
submarginal and marginal spots much larger than in male. Wings beneath spotted as in male, but the
marginal and submarginal spots much larger, and with an additional narrow streak or spot between first
and second subcostal nervules, and a similar one beyond end of cell, between lower discoidal and first
median nervules of anterior wings.
Exp. wings, #84 millim.; ¢ 85 millim.
_ Han.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.)—Sumatra (coll. Moore).—Java (coll. Dist.).
I have only procured one male specimen from Province Wellesley, and my solitary female
example is from Java. The male has a very considerable superficial resemblance to F. bremeri,
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. oo
but the presence of the pseudo scent-gland or brand to anterior wings will at once separate
it from that species. It is at least a question whether the term ‘“‘ mimiery’’ should be used
here, both species belonging (as I consider, and most entomologists till recently considered) to
the same genus. All the species of Euplwa with which we are acquainted, and as Mr. Wallace has
informed us, have, with the remaining Danaine of the Old World tropics, the ‘* same protective
odour.’’"* In this ease, if we adopt the explanation of mimicry for the resemblance of these
tivo species, we must presumably consider E. distanti as the mimicked species, as it possesses a
pseudo scent-gland, which may reasonably be considered as adding to its protective or uneatable
character, and which is absent in L. bremert. We thus have the ‘‘ mimicking” very much more
abundant than the ‘‘mimicked”’ species, which is contrary to the usually observed phenomena,
though Fritz Miller has recorded some similar exceptions as occurring in Brazil,| and the
same observer has also endeavoured to show that there is an advantage in two nauseous species
resembling each other, as occurs between two American species, both of which belong to genera
which are protected from birds and other enemies by distasteful qualities. { Such propositions
are of course at present hypothetical, and are at least supplementary to the carefully observed
facts on which Mr. Bates originally disclosed and argued the admirable doctrine of ‘ mimicry,’”’§
which accounted for the strange external resemblances, long known to entomologists, which
existed between insects belonging to distinct genera, families, and even orders, between which
there was no real affinity. In the great genus Papilio we certainly have species mimicking each
other, but these belong to different sections of the genus, many instances of which have been
pointed out by Mr. Wallace, || and other examples have been recently given by Mr. Wood-Mason
of species belonging to scentless groups mimicking those which are strong-scented and inedible.
But in the genus Euplea we have at present no knowledge of non-nauseous or non-protected
species, and therefore the probability of the species ‘‘ mimicked”’ being FE. distanti, because of
its possession of a pseudo scent-gland, and hence presumably protective advantage, is somewhat
negatived by the fact that some HMupleas without these glands are mimicked by other and very
divergent species, as notably EL. midamus by Papilio paradoza and P. enigma. The possession
of these glands does not therefore appear necessary for distastefulness and protection; and
hence, until further observations are made by careful observers, it seems at least rash to
predicate ‘‘mimiery,’”’ in the sense used by its discoverer, as the explanatory cause of these
resemblances amongst the species of Huplea. The original argument that butterflies which
were known by observation to be uneatable or protected were mimicked in appearance by different
butterflies which did not possess distasteful qualities for the sake of a similar protection, does
not warrant the conclusion that because two or more butterflies or other insects (of not or the
* Contrib. to Nat. Select. p. 85 (1870),
+ Ann. & Mag. Nat, Hist. ser. 5, vol. i. p. 157 (1878); ‘Kosmos,’ 1879, p. 100; and Proe. Ent. Soo, 1879, p. xxiv.
{ Miiller’s views have since been amplified aud approved by Mr. Wallace, which gives them no inconsiderable strength
(‘ Nature,’ vel. xxvi. p. 86).
§ This word seems to have been first used in a biological sense by Prof. Henfrey, in his translation of Schouw's ‘ Earth,
Plants, ond Man’ (1852), and in reference to Botany. In diseussing “ repetitions in the vegetable kingdom" he remarks (p. 61),
“There is still another kind of repetition which I might call ‘habitual repetition,’ or denominate ‘mimicry,’" Both author
and translator, however, missed its philosophical application.
|| Contrib. to Nat. Select. pp. 87, 83. Ann. & Mag, Nat. Hist. ser, 5, February, 1882, pp. 104, 105,
Jung 30, 1882. K
34 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
sume genus) resemble each other, therefore, without observation of the fact, it is proved that one
must be protected or uneatable and the other or others are mimickers.
14. Eupleea godarti. (Tab. III., fig. 8.)
Kuplea Godartii, Lucas, Rev. Zool. 1858, p. 319; Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc, 1866, p, 275, n. 22; Journ. Linn. Soe.,
Zool, vol, xiv. p. 801, n. 37 (1878); Moore, Proce. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 824..
Kuplea stamensis, Felder, Reise Nov, Lep. il. p. 341, n. 473, t. 41, f. 6 (1865); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874,
p. 108, 5.
Urastia godartii, Moore, Mh.
Male. Anterior wing olivaceous-brown, darkest towards base, and with the apex broadly lilaceous.
Posterior wings olivaceous-brown, with a marginal and submarginal row of pale spots. Wings beneath
wlivaceous-brown ; anterior wings with four pale whitish diseal spots, the first situated between first and
second subcostal nervules, the second in cell a little before lower disco-cellular nervule, third between first
and second median nervules, and fourth and largest between third median nervule and submedian nervure ;
a few marginal white spots near anal angle (in a second unlocalised male specimen in my collection there —
are traces of a submarginal row of spots, distinct near apex and anal angle). Posterior wings with the
marginal and submarginal spots as above, but much paler; a small bluish white spot in and near end of
cell, and a series of four spots of the same colour beyond cell and placed between the nervules (in some
specimens there are six of these spots). Head blackish; thorax above and abdomen fuscous. Head and
anterior portion of thorax spotted with white; underside of abdomen spotted with bluish white. Head
beneath, sternum, and legs blackish; palpi, sternum, and extreme base of wings spotted with white.
Anterior wings provided with an elongate pseudo scent-gland or brand, situate between third median
nervule and submedian nervure.
Female. I have as yet been unable to examine a female specimen from the Peninsula, and as
the male here described is of a somewhat varietal character I hesitate to give the diagnosis of the other sex
from a different habitat.
Exp. wings, ¢ 86 millim.; ? 94 millim.
Has.—Burma; Moulmein.—Upper Tenasserim (coll. Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Singapore (coll.
Godm. & Salv.)—Siam (Brit. Mus.); Chentaboon (coll. Godm. & Salv.)—Cochin (coll. Feld.)}—Philippines
(Brit. Mus.)
The specimen here figured and described is contained in the Godman and Salvin collection,
is labelled “Singapore,” and was received from Mr. Druce. It is the only example of the
species I have yet seen from the Malay Peninsula. As will be seen from the description,
it is a somewhat varietal form, but until we have seen more specimens from the locality,
it would be extremely hazardous to consider it constant in that respect, especially as we have
already seen that these macular characters are generally of an inconstant and variable nature
in other species.
15. Euploeea ménetriesi. (Tab. IIL, figs. 47 &5 ¢.)
Euplea Ménétriésii, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. iv. p. 898, n. 15 (1860); Butl, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 275,
n. 18; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 103, n. 4; Butl., Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool, vol. 1, p, 535,
n.7 (1877); Journ, Linn. boc., Zool., xiv. p. B01, n. 44 (1878).
Penoa ménétriési, Moore, MS.
Male. Anterior wings dark pitchy brown, with velvety reflections, and becoming very slightly paler
at outer margins. Posterior wings olivaceous-brown, much darker near base, and with a very faint and
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 36
obscure series of narrow, elongate submarginal spots, followed by a marginal series of smaller, somewhat
rounded, and equally obscure spots. Wings beneath pale olivaceous-brown, somewhat darker towards base.
Anterior wings with the following bluish white spots :—one above and one beneath second subcostal nervule,
and another beneath the origin of third subcostal nervule (these last two spots are present in the specimen
fieured, but, judging from my other examples, are more frequently absent); a spot in cell before lower
disco-cellular nervule; a similar one between first and second median nervules, and a larger and more
elongate spot between second and third median nervules; near posterior angle are sometimes a few very
small and indistinct white marginal spots. Posterior wings with the obscure marginal and submarginal
spots distinct and white beneath, and with the following pale bluish discal spots :—one in and near end of
cell, and five (in some specimens six) surrounding apical portion of cell and situated between the nervules.
Head, thorax, and abdomen above blackish; head and anterior portion of thorax spotted with white; body
beneath and legs blackish; palpi, sternum, and extreme bases of wings spotted with white; abdomen
beneath spotted and subannulated with bluish white.
Male with an elongated pseudo scent-gland or brand on anterior wings, between third median nervule
and submedian nervure.
Female. Wings above paler than in male, olivaceous-brown, and unicolorous; posterior wings with
the submarginal and marginal series of spots distinct and white above. Wings beneath pale olivaceous-
brown; anterior wings spotted as in male, but with an additional submarginal series of smaller spots.
Posterior wings spotted and marked as in male sex, but with the marginal and submarginal series of spots
somewhat larger and extending to apex.
Exp. wings, ¢ 80 to 85 millim.; ¢ 90 millim.
Has.—Continental India; Assam (Warwick, Brit. Mus.)}—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll.
Dist.); Malacca (Brit. Mus.)—Siam; Chentaboon (coll. Godm. & Salv.)—Sumatra (Hewits.; Smith).—
Borneo (coll. Dist.)
The males are somewhat inconstant in size, and have frequently the marginal and
submarginal spots on the upper surface of the lower wings almost obsolete, and sometimes
nearly as distinct as in the female.
16. Eupleea pinwilli. (Tab. U1., fig. 9 g, & var. fig. 10 ¢.)
Fuplee Piuwilli, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool, vol. i. p, 685, n.8, pl. Ixix. fig, 9 (1877); Journ, Linn,
Soc., Zool. vol. xiv. p. 301, n. 48 (1878),
Penoa Pinwilli, Moore, MS.
Male. Anterior wings aboye dark pitehy brown, with very slight and obscure purplish reflections.
The pseudo scent-gland, situated between third median nervule and submedian nervure, large, silky, and
paler in hue. Posterior wings much paler and olivaceous-brown, with a marginal and submarginal series
of whitish spots, the marginal ones small and rounded, the submarginal series becoming much larger and
elongate from first median nervule to anal angle, where they are also paler in hue. Underside of anterior
wings much paler than above, with the following violaceous spots :—one between first and second subcostal
nervules ; one in cell a little before lower disco-cellular nervule; two beyond end of cell, one on each side of
first median nervule, and a larger, more elongate, and whitish spot between second and third median
nervules. There are also a few white dots near posterior angle, and in some specimens, as the one here
figured, one near apex. Underside of posterior wings with the marginal and submarginal series of spots
much more distinct, paler, and slightly larger than above, and with the following small pale violaceous
spots on disk, one in and a little before end of cell, and six (in some specimens seven) surrounding apical
portion of cell, and placed between the nervules. Head and thorax above blackish; abdomen fuscous,
56 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
spotted with white beneath; head beneath, sternum, and legs blackish; head above, anterior portion of
thorax, palpi, sternum, and extreme base of wings spotted with white.
Exp. wings, 3 92 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Brit. Mus.)
This species varies much in the colour of the marginal and submarginal series of spots
to the upper surface of the posterior wings, as occurs in the preceding species. In some
specimens these are white, as in the variety figured. It is closely allied to . ménétriési, from
which its constantly larger size appears to be the strongest differential character. Butler
describes it as being darker than E. ménétriési, but this does not apparently obtain when series
of both species from the Malay Peninsula are compared.
E. Males provided with two pseudo scent-qglands or brands to anterior wings, but not possessing a pale
discoidal patch to posterior wings. *
17. Eupleea grotei. (Tab. LI., fig. 3.)
Kuplea grotei, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 889, n. 470, t. 41, fig. 7 (1865); Butl., Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2,
Zool. vol. i. p. 635, 8 (1877).
Stictoplea grote’, Butl., Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. xiv. p. 802, 4 (1878); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878,
p. 824.
Male. Anterior wings dark violaceous, with a submarginal row of eight small pale violaceous spots
situated between the nervules, and a marginal row of small spots which are almost white near posterior
angle, and do not extend more than half way between that angle and apex. Posterior wings ferruginous,
with a submarginal and marginal row of white spots, of which the first are the largest and become fused
with the marginal series near anal angle. Wings beneath pale ferruginous; anterior wing with two small
bluish spots near end of cell, the first situated between first and second subcostal nervules, the second
above first discoidal nervule; three larger spots of the same colour on disk, the first inside and a little
before end of cell, remaining two beneath cell and on each side of second median nervule; marginal and
submarginal spots as above, but smaller, paler and becoming obsolete towards apex. Posterior wings with
a discal series of eight small pale bluish spots, situate two beneath costal nervure, followed by five
surrounding apex of cell, and divided by the nervules, and one in and near apex of cell; marginal and
submarginal spots as above. Head and thorax blackish; anterior portion of upper surface of thorax
and head spotted with white; abdomen blackish, spotted with bluish beneath; sternum and legs black ;
palpi, sternum, and extreme bases of wings spotted with bluish white.
Anterior wings above, with two long and subparallel pseudo scent-glands or brands situate between
third median nervule and submedian nervure.
Exp. wings 80 to 95 millim.
Has.—Burma; Moulmein (coll, Moore).—Upper Tenasserim (Limborg).—Malay Peninsula; Malacca
(Brit. Mus.)}—Cochin (coll. Felder).
This species appears to be somewhat scarce in the Malay Peninsula, The British
Museum possesses Malaccan specimens collected by Capt. Pinwill; but I neither captured
it myself in Penang or Province Wellesley, nor have I yet received examples from those
localities. Its area appears to be comprised between Cochin and Burma in the north, and
extending probably almost throughout the Malay Peninsula in the south.
. * Lam much indebted to my friend Mr. Moore for having drawn my attention to the value of these characters; which
I have here used for the purposes of sectional division.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. oT
Subfam. SATYRIN AG.
Satyrine, Bates, Journ, Ent. ii. p.176 (1864); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 18 (1881). + esl
Satyride, Swains., ab. Oyel. pp. 86, 98 (1840); Westw., Gen. Dinvn. Lap. 0. Tarot aoe, (eo
p. 852 (1851); Trimen, Rhop. Afr, Austr. p. 164 (1862).
Furytelida (part), Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 405 (1851).
Klywniine, Herr.-Sehitf., Prodr, Syst. Lep, i. p. 15 (1864).
Elymniing, Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 112 (1871).
I “4
a
Diseoidal cell of the hind wing closed. Palpi of the imago generally
compressed and fringed with long hair-scales. Larve smooth and spineless,
with the tails bifid. (
This widely dispersed and cosmopolitan subfamily possesses
several characters of both interest and importance, as demonstrative ,. 4 naa sbuwiite aaty at
of its distinctive position. magnified) of Melanitis iemenc,
The smooth spineless larve, with bifid tails, are also found in the allied subfam. Brassolinw,*
and likewise oceur in the subfam. Nymphaline, of which the genera Apatura and Charaxes may
serve as examples. ‘These larval coincidences in the different subfamilies may be well observed
by a study of Dr. Horsfield’s classification, that author having, on similar but less rigid larval
characters, founded his ‘I'hysanuriform group.+ Mr. Newman, dealing with the same affinities, t
described these larve as “‘slug-shaped caterpillars"’ (Limaciformes ), and as examples figured those
of Apatura iris and two species of Satyrine. Dr. Weisman has also noticed this incongruence. §
This form of larva, however, is constant throughout the Satyrine, thus exhibiting—to use the
good English equivalent given for a German term of Dr. Weisman—a ‘ congruence” of larval
characters. ‘They are almost all feeders on various grasses, to which their green,coloration and
markings assimilate them, thus affording a good example of ‘protective coloration.” In an
evolutionary sense there are also ample grounds for considering them as exhibiting a very
primitive form. Dr. Weisman has made the most profound and philosophical study of larval
characters, principally as found in the Sphingide, a family which strongly exhibits more or less
specialised larval markings. He considers the oldest Sphinx larve as being without markings
and probably protected only by adaptive coloration and a large caudal horn, &c. It is at least
probable that the bifid tails of the Satyrine fulfil an analogous protective function with this
caudal horn in the Sphingide, or with the forked horn at the tails of the larve of some genera
of moths. With the next stage of Sphingid evolution, where the larve have become longi-
tudinally striped, we may almost apply Dr. Weisman’s very words to the Satyrinw :—‘ The
caterpillars thus marked must have been best hidden on those plants in which an arrangement
of parallel linear parts predominated; and we may venture to suppose that at this period most
of the larve of the Sphingide lived on or among such plants (grasses).”’ ||
* This subfamily is confined to Tropical America, + Deserip. Cat. Lep. Ins. pp. 21-2.
| ‘ British Butterflies,’ pp. 19 & 20).
§ ‘Studies in the Theory of Descent,’ p. 458 (Eng. ed.). Dr. Weisman, however, errs in stating that the imagines of
the genera Apatura and Nymphalis differ from those of the Satyring chiefly “in the absence of an enlargement of certain
veins of the fore wings, an essential character of the Satyrine,” as the enlargement of these vems is not p constant charneter,
whilst the more or less atrophied disco-cellular nervules of the posterior wings in all the genera of the Nymphalin is a
constant and easily observed character to separate that subfamily from the Satyrine,
|| ‘Studies in the Theory of Descent,’ p. 381.
JuNE 3O, 1882. L
38 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA,
As regards the distribution of the Satyrine, Prof. Westwood has calculated that the number
of the European species is considerably greater than one-third of the whole number of European
Rhopalocera,* whilst Mr. Kirby estimates them as nearly a third.+ It is in this region that the
lower forms of grasses are very abundant, for, as Meyen has pointed out, these (the grasses which
form meadows and pastures) are peculiar to the colder regions and to the colder half of the tem-
perate regions; they are replaced by larger arborescent forms in the subtropical zone and within
the tropics. This large percentage of Satyrine to the whole Rhopalocerous fauna probably
extends throughout the Palearctic region, § but of the butterflies of Northern and Central Asia we
still know very little. Even in China, Mr. Pryer, giving the results of a short entomological
excursion, says, “‘ The commonest butterfly was one of the Satyridw, which subsequently turned
out to be not only a new species, but a new genus.’’|| It cannot, however, be postulated that the
average numerical distribution of the grasses is in proportion to the average numerical distribution
of the Satyrine, for whereas, according to De Candolle’s statistical review, the Old World and Asia
especially is richer in grasses than the New, for though in the latter the grasses rarely amount to
as much as ten per cent. of all the flowering plants in the various districts, usually only nine,
occasionally only seven per cent., they generally amount to ten and often to twelve per cent. in the
Eastern Continents.{{ I found from an estimate made from Mr. Kirby’s Catalogue (1871) that
the approximate equivalence in the number of genera and species as found in the Old and New
Worlds ** was exceedingly close and quite surprising in that respect. However, the number of
genera peculiar to Tropical America are greater than those which are peculiar to any other region,
the Oriental Region being next in that respect, but only to less than half the extent. ++
According to Dr. Thwaites,{{ the Ceylonese specimens of Satyrine are inactive and fly
near the ground, amongst grass and close to the margins of woods. ‘heir movements,
however, are more lively in the early morning and evening during their amatory gambols. §§
They have also been observed on the Amazons by Mr. Wallace, |||; and in South Africa by
Mr. Trimen,/{] whose record of their flight is similar to that of Dr. Thwaites, and agrees with
my own observations in Province Wellesley. Mr. Wallace adds to his Amazonian account that
he did not remember to have ever seen any species rise four feet from the earth, whilst the
greater number of them did not exceed as many inches; and Mr. Trimen noticed that those
species which did not possess the basal inflation of the nervures of the anterior wings possessed
greater powers of flight and a more robust structure generally.
The colour of these butterflies is generally of a sombre hue, dull brown being the usual tint of
the upper surface, though exceptions to this rule, as might be expected, are not infrequent. There
often appears to be some correlation between obscure colours above and ocellated spots beneath.
* Doubl. & Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep, vol. ii. p. 352. + ‘European Butterflies,’ p. 45.
| ‘ Botanical Geography’ (Ray Soc.), p. 107.
§ These statistics do not apply to the Nearctic Region, for Mr. Scudder, in discussing the disparity in numbers of the
Nymphalide of Europe and N. America, remarks that such ‘is almost wholly due to the vast number of Satyrs, or Meadow
Growns in Europe—it has seventy-seven species—while we have but nineteen.”—* Butterflies,’ p. 264.
|| Ent. Mo. Mag. xiv. p. 54. ‘| Quoted by Peschel, ‘The Races of Man,’ p. 412.
** The Satyrid faunas of the Nearctic and Neotropical Regions were compared with those of the Palearctic, Ethiopian,
and Oriental Regions.
++ Wallace, Geogr. Distrib, An. vol. u. p. 471. {} Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 18.
§§ Mr. Swinton, who has paid much attention to this branch of Entomology, states that many butterflies pair at
noontide when the sky is overcast (‘Insect Variety,’ p. 92).
\\|| Trans. Ent. Soc. 1857, p. 261. “4 Rhop. Afr. Austr, p. 185.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 39
Mr. Grant Allen has advocated the view of a correlation between the colours of animals
and the food on which they feed. ‘* Where bright blossoms are common insects are brilliant,
while where most blossoms are inconspicuous most insects are dingy.’’* ‘In short, the
immense majority of animals which do not feed on bright-coloured food are of plain hues, é&e.’’
Mr. Allen has greatly relied on the brilliancy of flower-frequenting butterflies in support of his
theory, which might also have been assisted by a reference to the generally sombre-hued
Satyrine, whose home and sustenance are the wind-fertilised grasses, with their obscure and
degenerate flowers. {
Seven genera only can at present be included in this fauna, which is doubtless an insuflicient
enumeration.
SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.
1. First and second subcostal nervules of anterior wings emitted before
end of cell.
A. Posterior wings with their outer margins more or less waved and
obtusely angulated.
a, Median nervules of anterior wings with their bases widely separated.
Wig dbs’ estar ina Aeelenthe b. Costal nervures of anterior wings not dilated,
ismene, Showing median nervules, ec. Nervules of posterior wings all well separated at their bases.
d. Lower disco-cellular nervule of posterior wings distinctly
longer than the upper ome. - - -~— - - Menanrris.
bb. Costal nervures of anterior wings dilated towards base.
é. Wings beneath provided with perfect ocelli.§
ce. First and second median nervules of posterior wings with
a common origin at apex of cell.
Fic. 11. Post. wing, Lethe europa,
showing median nervules, dd. Disco-cellular nervules of posterior wings about or
almost subequal in length.
| : J. Antenne distinetly clavate. - : - - Lerue.
SS Jf. Antennw slender, the apical portion gradually but
slightly thickened.
Fro. 12. Post. wings, Erites angu- ddd. Lower disco-cellular nervule of posterior wings distinctly
laris, showing median nervules. longer than the upper one. - - - - - CaeLrres.
ecc. First and second median nervules of posterior wings
approximating, but considerably separated at their
origi; the first only at apex of cell. - - - Erires.
ac. First and second median nervules of anterior wings with a
coInmon origin at apex of cell.
ee. Posterior wings without (or sometimes provided
with imperfect) ocelli.
Fro. 13. Anterior wing, Melanitis cece. First and second median nervules of posterior wings with
innuene, showing median nervules. a common origin at apex of cell. =, = - f: E.LYMNIAS.
ee B. Posterior wings with their outer margins sometimes more or less
waved, but not angulated or tailed.
bbb. Costal and sometimes also median and submedian nervures
dilated at base.
g. Males provided with long hair-covered pseudo
Fro. 14. Ant, wing, Elymnias casi- scent-glands. - - - - - - Mycauzsrs.
phone, showing median nervules. 9, Wirgt subcostal nervule only of anterior wing before end of cell. - Yprrura.
* “The Colour Sense," p. 160. + Ibid. p. 181.
| The story of degeneracy of these flowers has been recently well told in the ‘St. James's Gazette’ (May 8, 1882),
under the title of “The Flowering of the Grasses,” by a skilful biologist, using the nom de plume of ‘ Colin Clout.’
§ I here use the term “ocelli” for brevity, preferring that of “ocellated spots,” as elsewhere applied in the text,
Although the first term is used by many excellent lepidopterists, still it has an earlier and distinct entomological definition,
especially in Rhynchota,
40 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Genus MELANITIS.
Melanitis, Fabricius, Illiger’s Mag. vi. p. 282 (1807); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. 1. p. 14 (1881).
Hipieo, Hitbn., Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 66 (1816).
Cyllo, Boisd., Voy. Astrol. Lep, p. 140 (1832); Faune Mad. p. 57 (1833); Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 360
(1851); Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Austr. p. 186 (1866).
Anterior wings short and broad, with the costa strongly arched and convex, and with the apex produced
and usually angulated about lower diseoidal nervule, beneath which the outer margin is distinctly
excavate; inner margin nearly straight; first and second subcostal nervules emitted before the end
of cell; upper disco-cellular nervule strongly produced and directed outwardly, abruptly deflexed and
convexly bent at apex; lower disco-cellular abruptly curved inwards near commencement, and then,
and for its greatest length, slightly directed outwardly. Posterior wings irregularly subovate, with the
outer margin waved and produced into an obtuse angle or tail near first median nervule; nervules all well
separated at their origins; lower diseo-cellular nervule distinctly longer than the upper. Eyes naked.
Palpi clothed beneath with short scaly hairs placed close together—squamose. Antenne more or less
incrassated at apex.
This genus is widely distributed, being found in Western, Southern, and Eastern Africa,
throughout Continental India, and extending eastward through the whole of the Southern
Oriental Region, including the Malay Archipelago; it is also extensively spread amongst the
Pacitie Islands, and as far south as Australia.
It is, however, difficult to assess the number of known “species” of Melanitis, owing to
the very conflicting views of different authorities, and the empirical condition of our knowledge
on that point. Forms which a few years ago were estimated as varieties only, have since, on
further consideration by the same authors, been promoted to specific rank. Thus, in 1867,
Mr. Butler published* short diagnoses and references to forty-one different forms of M. leda
contained in the British Museum, of which he summarised the habitats as “Java; Oceania;
Australia; Africa,”” and stated that the variation was so gradual that it was impossible to
determine the exact limits of the two extreme forms. In 1868} he formulated these into nine
distinct varietal forms, but since that time has had reason to treat most, if not all, of these
once-considered varieties as distinct species, in which he is in agreement with several modern
authors.
The question, however, is far from solved, and the two species here included as such,
in accordance with good authorities, have more often been considered as varietal forms, and
should still be so if the following is accepted as conclusive.
Mr. Darwin, in diseussing the variability and formation of the ocelli or egg-like spots on
the plumage of birds, has made great use of these ‘‘ varieties’’ of MW. leda, from drawings
made by Mr. Trimen and reproduced by him.{ From an examination of the figures and a
consideration of Mr. Trimen’s remarks on the subject,§ Mr. Darwin states that “in some
specimens large spaces on the upper surface of the wings are coloured black, and include
irregular white marks; and from this state a complete gradation can be traced into a tolerably
perfect ocellus, and this results from the contraction of the irregular blotches of colour. In
* Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. xix. p. 51 (1867). + Cat. Satyride, pp. 1—3.
| ‘The Descent of Man,’ ed. 2, pp. 428-9, § Rhop. Afr. Austr. p. 186.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 41
another series of specimens a gradation can be followed from excessively minute dots,
surrounded by a scarcely visible black line, into perfectly symmetrical and large ocelli.”
1. Melanitis leda. (Tab. IV., fig. 10.)
Papilio Leda, Linmeus, Syst. Nat. 1. 2, p. 778, n. 151 (1767); Drury, Ex. Ins. i. t. 15, f. 5, 6 (1778); Cram.
Pap. Ex. i. t. 196, C, D. (1780).
Oreas (marnwrata) Leda, Hibner, Sammi. exot. Schmett. (1806-1816),
Melanitis Leda, Fabr., Uliger’s Mag. vi. p. 282 (1807); Moore (part), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 222, n. 461
(1857); Butl, Cat. Satyr, p. 1, n. 1 (1868); Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 9, n. 1 (part), (1869); Trans. Linn.
Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. 1. p. 587, n. 1 (1877); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 15, pl. 10, f. 1 a, 6 (1881).
Hipio Leda, Hibn., Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 56, n. 538 (1816).
Satyrus Leda, Godart, Ene. Méth. ix. p. 478, n. 4 (18238).
Cylla leda, Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 361, n. 1 (1861); Butl., Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist, ser. 8, vol. xix. p. 52
vars. 1, 2, 8, 36,4, 5 (1867); Snellen, Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 145, n, 9 (1876); ibid. xx. p. 66 (1877);
ibid. xxi. p, 6, n. 17 (1878).
Male and female. Wings above fuliginous-brown. Anterior wings with a subapical blackish spot
situated beyond end of cell, containing two whitish spots (one on each side of first median nervule), and
bordered inwardly more or less distinetly with fulvous. Posterior wings with one, two, three, or even
four submarginal black spots, with white centres and narrow pale margins, the largest of which is situated
between second and third median nervules. Underside of wings varying from pale variegated lilaceous (as
in specimen figured) to pale variegated ochraceous, covered with numerous darker strige. Anterior wings
with three transverse dark fascim, the first and most indistinct crossing cell about one-third from base,
the other passing through about centre of cell and the third a little beyond cell, and not quite reaching
inner margin (these fascie are very inconstant, two being seen distinctly on specimen figured, but on some
others they are barely distinguishable), and three, four, or five subapical black ocellated spots, with white
centres and yellowish margins, situated between the nervules, of which the largest is placed between
the first and second median nervules; in dark lilaceous specimens the space between the third median
nervile and submedian nervure is more or less ochraceous. Posterior wings with a more or less distinct
dark fascia, continuous with the centre one of anterior wings and not reaching abdominal margin, and with
six submarginal ocellated spots, varying in size in different specimens, but the largest of which are the
first and upper one, situated between, and sometimes extending beyond, the subcostal nervules, and the
fifth, which is placed between the second and third median nervules; the last one is also sometimes duplex,
as in the specimen figured. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
In female specimens the spots on the upper surface of the wings are usually larger and brighter.
Exp. wings, ¢ 66 to 72 millim.; 2 77 to 84 millim.
Han.—Continental India; Bombay (coll. Dist.); Central Provinces; Khasia Hills (coll. Moore).—
Ceylon (coll. Moore, & Brit. Mus.)—Andaman Islands (Caleutta Mus.* and coll. Moore).—Burma; Moulmein
(Brit. Mus.)—Malay Peninsula; Penang; Provinee Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacea (Brit. Mus.)—Sumatra
(Snellen).—Java (coll. Moore and Brit. Mus.); Batavia (Snellen).—Borneo (coll. Godm. & Salvy.)—Bali (coll.
Moore).—Celebes (Snellen and Brit. Mus.)\—Siam; Chentaboon (coll. Godm. & Salvy.)—Formosa.—North
China (coll. Moore).
This species varies in the shape of the anterior wings, sometimes having the apex distinetly
faleate, as in the specimen figured, or indistinctly and scarcely recognisably so, as in a Bombay
specimen in my own collection. As observed in Celebes it is crepuscular in habit, flying in the
* Wood-Mason, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. vol. L. p. 244 (1881).
JUNE 30, 188%, #
49 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
evening at twilight, and also at early dawn.* Mr. Trimen also records the crepuscular habits of
this species (or a local form of it) at Mauritius, and states that there it could always be found ‘in
the dark alleys between the rows of sugar-canes.’”’+ In Continental India, at Saugor, Capt.
de la Chanmette describes this and an allied species as flying ‘‘at sunset under the Neem trees,
resting for a long time motionless on the ground, and will not move until you almost tread upon
them, when they will fly away in great haste and return to the same spot, chiefly some favourite
stone.” } In North-Western India, according to Capt. Lang, these same species were found
“always flitting about under the shade of trees or lurking in long grass.’’$ In Ceylon
Mr. Hutchison also describes its flight as taking place at dusk of evening and at dawn. ||
The larva (which I have figured at p. 37), was reared by Capt. Lang on ‘* Saccharum ravenne.”
2. Melanitis ismene. (Tab. 1V., figs. 9, 11 & 12.)
Papilio Ismene, Cramer, Pap. Ex. i. t. 26, A, B (1774).
Melanitis Hanksia, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. EK. 1. C. i. p. 222, n. 462 (1857).
Cylla Leda, Butl, (part), Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist, ser. 3, vol. xix. p. 562 (1867).
Melanitis Leda, var. Jsmene, Butl,, Cat. Satyr. p. 2 (1868).
Melanitis Ismene, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 824; Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 14, pl. 10, f. 2,4, b (1881); Wood-
Mason & de Nicéville, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. vol. i. p. 244, n. 8 (1881).
Male and female. Wings above either pale or dark fuliginous-brown. Anterior wings with the
apical area darker, and possessing a subapical blackish spot, situated beyond end of cell, containing two
whitish spots (one on each side of first median nervule), and bordered more or less distinctly above and
inwardly with fulvous-red. Posterior wings with one, two, and sometimes three or four, very small
submarginal white spots, with black margins; the most distinct of these spots is situated between the
second and third median nervules, and the whole are sometimes practically obsolete as in the var. figured
(fig. 11). Wings beneath variable in hue and markings, as follows :—
Var. a, fig. 9 ¢. Dull greyish, with a lilaceous tinge, more or less irregularly spotted with fuscous,
exhibiting on disk the broken remains of three dark fascim; anterior wings with a distinct white-centred
spot between first and second median nervules, above which and first median nervule is a much more
obsolete and indistinct spot; there are also indications of two apical spots situated on each side of upper
diseo-cellular nervule. Posterior wings with a more or less obsolete series of six submarginal ocellated spots,
of which the first and upper, situate between the subcostal nervules, and the fifth, placed between second
and third median nervules, are the largest and most distinct, being black with white centres and yellowish
margins. This is the typical form of Ismene as figured by Cramer.
Var. b, fig. 12¢. Wings much darker and more lilaceous, the fuscous markings absent; anterior
wings with four distinet brownish fascim, three in and one just beyond end of cell, the first and second of
which are continued on posterior wings, where they are curved, but do not reach abdominal margin. Both
wings spotted as in var. a.
Var. c, fig. 1192. Wings pale ochraceous, the fascia, as seen in var. b, much fainter; anterior wings
with the apical area paler and spots absent; posterior wings with the spots very faint or obsolete.
Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Female. Larger, with the general colour both above and beneath brighter, and the subapical
markings to the anterior wings above much more distinct and vivid.
Exp. wings, ¢ 70 to 72 millim.; ¢? 78 to 82 millim.
* M. C. Piepers, Tijd. Ent. xix. pp. xviii. to sxiv., and English translation by Kirby, ‘Entomologist,’ x. p. 267; Snellen,
Tyd. Ent. xix. p. 145.
+ Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 8, vol. v. p,. 386. } Ent. Mo. Mag. vol. ii. p. 87.
§ Ent. Mo. Mag. vol. i. p. 182. || Moore's Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 15.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 43
Han.—Continental India; Bombay (coll. Dist.), Neilgherries; Calcutta; Nepaul; Cashmere (coll.
Moore).—Ceylon (coll. Moore)—Andaman Islands (Calentta Mus.)\— Burma; Moulmein.— Tenasserim
(Limborg).—Malay Peninsula; Penang; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) —Sumatra.—Java.—Borneo (eoll.
Moore, Dist., and Brit. Mus.).
This is a very variable form beneath, but the three varieties described appear to represent
the species in the Malay Peninsula. In other habitats different varieties are found.
The larva and pupa as found in Ceylon are described and figured in Moore’s ‘ Lepidoptera
of Ceylon,’ from drawings made by the Bros. de Alwis. The shape is that of the larva of
M. leda, the “head large, surmounted by two short pubescent red processes, last segment also
with two processes; pale green with longitudinal rows of whitish dots; dorsal and lateral line
darker green; head bluish, face striped with white and black. Pupa green, cylindrical; head
and thorax obliquely flattened.” *
Its habits in Continental India were described with those of J/. leda by Capt. Lang and
Capt. de la Chaumette (ante p. 42); and, in the neighbourhood of Monghyr, Mr. Lockwood tells
us that when ‘the toddymen cut the date trees,” hundreds of this species ‘collect to feed upon
the sweet sap, in company with many yellow-banded wasps and ants.”’ +
Genus LETHE.
Lethe, Hibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 56 (1816); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, p. 16 (1881).
Delis, Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 858 (1851).
Anterior wings short and broad, with the costa strongly arched and apically convex, and the apex
rounded; outer margin slightly waved and concave; inner margin straight; costal nervure dilated at base:
first and second subcostal nervules emitted before the end of cell; upper diseo-cellular nervule short,
directed outwardly at base and then somewhat coneavely bent and directed outwardly along its greatest
length ; lower disco-cellular nervule nearly straight and directed outwardly. Posterior wings irregularly
subovate, with the outer margin waved and produced into an obtuse angle or tail near first median nervule;
first and second median nervules with a common origin about apex of cell; disco-cellular nervules about
or almost subequal im length. Eyes prominent and hairy. Palpi clothed beneath with fine long semi-ereet
hairs, (istinetly separated—setose. Antenn@ more or less incrassated at apex.
Above forty species of this genus have been described. It is strongly represented in
Continental India, is not uncommon in the true Malayan Region, and is found as far north as
China and Japan.
Only one species has at present been received from the Malay Peninsula, and is here alone
included.
1. Lethe europa. (Tab. V., fig.5 3,69.)
Papilio Furopa, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 500, 1. 247 (1775).
Oreas marmorea Europa, Hiibn., Sammi. exot. Schmett. (1606—1816),
Lethe Europa, Hithn., Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 56, u. 634 (1816); Butl., Cat. Satyr. p. 114, n. 2 (1868); Cat.
Fabr, Lepid. p. 29, n. 2 (1869); Trans. Linn. Soc. ser, 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 587, n. 1 (1877); Moore,
Proc. Zool, Soc. 1877, p. 582; Wood-Mason & de Nicéville, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengl. vol. xlix. p. 226,
n. 5 (1880),
* Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 14. + Nat. Hist. Sport and Travel,’ p. 226.
44 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Satyrus Europa, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 478, n. 6 (1828),
Delis Europa, Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 859, n.1 (1851); Hewits., Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. vill. p. 148
(1865); Snellen, Tijd. Ent. xx. p. 66 (1877).
Papilio Beroé, Cram., Pap. Ex. i. t. 79, C, D (1779).
Papitio Arete, Cram., Pap. Ex. iv. t. 813, B, F (1782),
Lethe Arcuata, Butl., Cat. Satyr. p. 114, n. 4, t. 2, f. 8 (1868),
Male. Wings above fuliginous-brown. Anterior wings with a very indistinct transverse pale fascia
across centre of cell (this is frequently quite obsolete), and with an oblique, broader, more distinct, and
paler fascia just beyond end of cell, commencing on costa, where it is broadest, and terminating about
third median nervule, where it is narrowest; two obscure whitish spots near apex, the upper one more or
less duplex and situated at about base of fourth and fifth subcostal nervules; and with a submarginal pale
waved line at outer margin, the fringe of which is also greyish. Posterior wings with a few submarginal
and irregular darker spots, which are most distinct near apex, and with a pale submarginal waved line,
which is inwardly and irregularly bordered with very dark brown. Wings beneath dark shining brown.
Anterior wings with a narrow white fascia crossing the cell about centre and extending to about inner
margin; an oblique, wider and more ochraceous fascia beyond end of cell, commencing at costa and
terminating at about third median nervule, where it becomes fused in a waved series of six continuous,
amalgamated spots, which extend from near costa to inner margin, and are lilaceous, with their centres
fuscous and their immer and outer margins pale ochraceous; between these spots and the outer margin,
which has a paler narrow submarginal band outwardly bordered with black, the ground colour becomes
more ochraceous. Posterior wings with a narrow white fascia commencing at costa, a little distance from
base, and terminating a little before centre of abdominal margin; a submarginal series of six large,
subovate, continuous, amalgamated spots, which are pale brownish, and have the outer and inner margins
lilaceous; the first and largest is situate on the two subcostal nervules, and has a large and rounded
black centre, dusted with a few white spots; the remaining five are more elongated and compressed, fused
together at the nervules, and have the centres more or less irregularly black, dusted with white, the sixth
terminating at submedian nervure; posterior margin ochraceous, with a pale narrow submarginal band,
bordered outwardly with black. Body, antenne, and legs fuliginous-brown.
Female. Larger than the male. Anterior wings above with the oblique fascia at end of cell white,
very broad, and terminating a little below third median nervule, followed by a white spot at posterior angle,
the apical spots white and three in number, the upper two close together on each side of fifth subcostal
neryule, the lower one distinctly preceded by the upper of two fuscous spots, situate one on each side of
lower disco-cellular nervule, both being margined with paler brown. Posterior wings above as in male.
Anterior wings beneath with the broad white fascia as above, which obliterates the fifth and part of the
sixth submarginal spots, which are all paler and brighter than in the other sex. Posterior wings beneath
asin male, but with all the markings larger and brighter.
Exp. wings, ¢ 65 to 70 millim.; ¢ 75 millim,
Han.—Continental India; Neilgherries; Malabar; Khasia Hills (coll. Moore); Bombay (coll. Dist.) ;
Silhet (Brit. Mus.)}—Andaman Islands (Calcutta Mus.)—Burma (coll. Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Penang
(coll. Dist. and Brit. Mus.); Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacea (Brit. Mus.)\—Sumatra (Snellen).—
Java (Brit. Mus.)—Celebes (Snellen).—Siam (Mouhot)—China; Hong Kong (Brit. Mus.); Formosa;
Hainan (coll. Moore).
The habits of this species appear to be much the same as those of Mel. leda. Mr. Bigg,
at Penang, deseribes the * Lethes’’ (he refers to L. beroé and L. arcuata as two species) as
** appearing in the padi-fields and ditches, especially at dusk"’;* and in Celebes, Piepers saw it
+ Month. Packet, vol. ii. p. 191 (1881),
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 45
flying in the morning twilight.* As observed in North-Western India by Capt. Lang, it was
found on grassy slopes in the shade or near hedges, ‘* constantly pitching under bushes or at
roots of trees, and lying perdue.”’ +
Genus COZLITES.
Cwlites, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 367 (1851),
Anterior wings long and subtriangular, with the costa more or less notched at base and slightly
arched, the apex depressed and rounded; outer margin slightly emarginate and scalloped, sometimes
somewhat concave about centre; inner margin but very slightly dilated and nearly straight; costal nervure
strongly diktted at base; first and second subcostal nervules emitted before the end of cell; upper disco-
cellular nervule very much shorter than the lower one, which is more or less concave. Posterior wings
more or less ovate, with the outer margin very slightly waved (as in (. nothis) or distinctly waved and
obtusely angulated or tailed near first median nervule (as in C’. enptychioides); first and second median
nervules emitted close together about apex of cell; upper disco-cellular nervule short and curved; lower
one longest and more or less oblique. Kyes naked. Antenne very slender, the apical portion gradually
and slightly thickened.
This is a genus of small extent, and apparently confined to Continental India and the true
Malayan Region. Five species have been described, but it is possible, when due allowance has
been made for local variation, that not more than three are really known to Science at the
present time.
I have neither seen nor received any species of Culites myself from the Malay Peninsula,
but in 1867 Mr. Butler described and figured a specimen, which was collected in Malacca by
Lieut. Roberts. As the type is in the collection of that gentleman, who, I am informed, is
now absent from England, I have simply reproduced Butler's figures and description here. '
1. Coelites euptychioides, var. humilis. (Fig. 15.)
Catites euptychivides, Felder, Reise Noy, Lep. iii. p. 499, n. 865 (1866).
Calites Humilis, Butler, Aun. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, vol. xx. p. 408, t..8, f. 8; t. 9, £. 2 (1867),
Colites enptychioites, var, /aonilis, Bath, Cat. Satyr. p. 112, 1. 4 (1868),
Female. Wings above fuscous; external area
of the anterior wings somewhat more obscure, of the
posterior wings paler; both wings with an obscure
marginal line. Posterior wings with a subanal and
very indistinct blind “ ocellus,”” margined with pale
ochraceous; mternal margin paler; body above fus-
cous; anenne ferrugmous.
Wings beneath paler and ochraceous; a medial
fascia and another submarginal one on which the
“‘ocelli’ are generally distributed, violaceous: a discal
clouded fascia, fuscous; two irregular marginal lines Fig, 15,
0 4
=
* Tijd. Ent. xix. pp. xviii. to xxiv., and Eng. Trans, by Kirby, * Entomologist,’ x. p. 271.
+ Ent, Mo. Mag. vol. i. p. 181,
: The original diagnosis is in Latin, but for the auke of uniformity I have given a more or less literal translation
of the same.
Juxe 80, 1882. ‘
46 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
distinctly fuscous; anterior wings with a small subapical ocellus; posterior wings with five “ ocelli,” the
third and fourth smallest and the fifth largest; all of these are black, surrounded with fulvous, the outer
margin of which is fuscous, and with very small white pupils. Body beneath ochraceous,
Exp. wings, 31 in.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca.—Ayerpanas (coll. Roberts).
I have followed Mr. Butler in considering his C. humilis as but a local form or var. of
('. euptychioides, Peld., and Mr. Kirby* considers it but a synonym of that species. Felder’s
typical C. Muptychioides was from Borneo, and Bornean specimens are contained in the British
Museum. It has also been recently recorded from Sumatra. +
Genus ERITES.
Satyrus, subg. rites, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 892 (1851).
Anterior wings somewhat elongate and narrow, with the costa arched and slightly convex at its apex,
the apex rounded; outer margin nearly straight, or very slightly waved inwardly about middle; inner
margin nearly straight; costal neryvure very strongly dilated at base: first and second subeostal nervules
emitted before the end of cell; upper disco-cellular nervule very short, directed a little outwardly at base,
and then somewhat concavely in its greater length to apex; lower disco-cellular nearly straight, and very
slightly directed either outwardly or inwardly. Posterior wings irregularly subovate, with the outer margin
waved and produced into an obtuse angle or tail near first median nervule; nervules well separated at their
origin; diseo-cellular nervules about or almost subequal in length, the upper one coneaye, the lower one
almost straight. Eyes prominent and naked. Palpi clothed beneath with fine long semi-erect hairs,
somewhat separated and placed in tufts. Antenne slender, the apical portion slightly and gradually
thickened,
Four species represent our present knowledge of this genus, and its distribution is limited.
We have no record of its having been discovered in Continental India; one species is apparently
confined to the Malay Peninsula, extending, however, as far north as Upper Tenasserim; two
have been received from Borneo, and another is found in Java.
1. Erites angularis. (‘T'ab. V,. fig. 3.)
rites angularis, Moore, Proe. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 825.
Male. Wings above semiliyaline, pale smoky ochraceous, the basal halves mottled with narrow,
darker strigw. Anterior wings crossed by two dark oblique fascia, the first of which is nearly straight and
passes from costal nervure through apical angle of cell to about middle of submedian nervure; the seeond
commences about the bases of fourth and fifth subcostal nervules, touches cell at its lower apex, and is
then distinetly bent inwardly and terminates on submedian nervure; three very obscure subapical
ocellated spots, divided by the discoidal neryules, with extremely faint and minute white centres,
margined outwardly with ochraceous, and with the extreme margin pale fuscous; a very large ocellated
spot situated on second and third median nervules, with a whitish centre and ochraceous margin, which is
widest outwardly, and there and above also margined with fuscous; and with two waved fuscous marginal
lines, the inner one becoming somewhat obsolete towards posterior angle; the marginal fringe also fuscous.
Posterior wings crossed by two very angulated dull ochraceous fascie, of which the margins are somewhat
fuscous; the inner commencing at costa in a line with the corresponding one of anterior wing, curved and
* Cat. Dinrn, Lep, p. 45, 3 (1871). + Smith, in Bock, ‘Head Hunters of Borneo,’ Appeni. V.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 47
angularly dentated in cell, and from thence transversely directed to about middle of abdominal margin ; outer
fascia much waved, dentated inwardly near base of disco-cellular nervule, and more strongly and less regularly
outwardly on first median nervule, from thence transversely concave to abdominal margin; a submarginal
series of five ocellated spots, of which the fourth and fifth are largest and brightest, and situate between the
median neryules; the upper three smaller, much more indistinct and situate between the neryules; these
spots are fuscous, with a yellowish rim and fuscous margin; and two waved yellowish marginal lines,
bordered outwardly and inwardly with fuscous. Underside of wings somewhat paler and more violaceous,
but with the markings brighter and more distinct; the large ocellated spot to anterior wing with a large
silvery centre and its margin pale yellowish. Posterior wings with the two discal fascim much more brightly
ochraceous, the outer one becoming somewhat fused with the central spots, and its outer margin only
bordered distinctly with fuscous at abdominal margin; spots with distinct pale centres; the third and
fourth smallest and very widely margined with ochraceous. Body above pale fuscous; abdomen ochraceous
beneath; legs pale ochraceous.
Exp. wings 55 millim.
Has.—Tenasserim (colls. Moore, Wood-Mason, and Brit. Mus.)—Malay Peninsula; Perak (coll.
Godm. & Salv.)
The specimen figured was collected by Dr. Townsend in Perak, and is to the present time
the only one I have seen from this district. This species is very distinct, differing from the
other three with which we are at present alone acquainted by the more apically produced
anterior wings, and by the inner fascia of the posterior wings being acutely dentate at its
centre; if also structurally differs in having the lower disco-cellular nervule of the anterior
wing slightly directed inwardly.
Genus MYCALESIS.
Mycalesis, Hithner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 54 (1816); Westw., Gen. Dinrn. Lep. p. 392 (1851); Trimen, Rhop.
Afr. Austr. p. 206 (1866),
Wings short and broad. Anterior wings with the costa strongly arched and with the apex rounded ;
the outer margin generally slightly convex ; inner margin slightly dilated, especially in the males. Costal
nervure and sometimes also median and submedian nervures swollen at base; first and second subcostal
nervyules emitted before end of cell; lower diseo-cellular nervule much longer than the upper. Posterior
wings ovate, with the outer margin sometimes more or less waved; first and second median nervules
either emitted close together at end of cell, or with their bases approximating, but distinctly separated ;
diseo-cellular nervules more or less transversely closing cell. Males provided with one or sometimes two
pseudo scent-glands covered by tufts of hair to posterior wings, and sometimes with one of the same to
anterior wings.
The distribution of this very extensive genus extends over a wide area. It is not found in
either America or Europe, but is abundant in Africa, is found in Madagascar and the neigh- .
bouring islands, and is very extensively represented in Tropical Asia, and on that continent is
found as far north as China. It also occurs throughout the length and breadth of the Malayan
Archipelago, including Papua, and from thence south to Australia. Of these Eastern species
(excluding Africa), “hitherto described under the genus Mycalesis,” Mr. Moore, in a recent
revision,” has enumerated eighty-six species, which he has arranged in twenty-three genera,
* Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 155,
48 RHOPALOCEHA MALAYANA.
twenty-one of which are there described for the first time. I am considerably indebted to these
for the characters which I have here used as sectionally dividing the species of Mycalesis found
in the Malay Peninsula.
As in the genera Danais and Huplewa, the males (as Mr. Moore has pointed out) are provided
with a glandular pouch (probably a scent-secreting organ"), covered by a tuft (or tufts) of hair,
which is either in some species found on both wings, or in others on the posterior wings only.
In Java a species possesses two of these appendages to the posterior wings, but according to
our present knowledge no species in this fauna possesses more than one.
I have here included seven species, which account for all that have been referred to from
this region by other writers, though in some eases I have formed .conclusions as to specific
value which are not in unison with those of some authorities. In all cases, however, I have
endeavoured to show where and why this divergence of opinion takes place.
A. Males possessing a pseudo scent-gland on both anterior and posterior wings.
1. Mycalesis maianeas, (Tab. VIL., fig. 4 9.)
Miycalesis Maioneas, Hewitson, Exot, Butt. iii, p. 87; Mye. t. 6, £. 27, 28 (1864); Butl., Cat. Satyr. p. 131,
n. 18 (1868).
Satoa Mataneas, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 157.
As I have not received this undoubted Malaccan species, I have here reproduced Hewitson's
figure, and add the description of that author :-—
“Upper side. Male dark brown; the outer half nearly of the anterior wing, and the outer margin of
the posterior wing, rufous-brown. Anterior wing with a tuft of hair near the inner margin; the margins
of both wings where they meet silvery white.
“Under side dark brown to the middle, rufous-brown beyond; the outer margin and two submarginal
lines dark brown. Anterior wing with three ocelli, two near the apex minute and touching, the third below
the middle, large; posterior wing with seven, the first (touching the costal margin), the fourth and fifth
large, the rest smaller, all black, with pupil white, and iris rufous-orange.”
‘Female like the male, except that it has an orange band on botli sides of the anterior wing, and has
but one ocellus, near the apex, on the underside of the anterior wing.”
Exp. wings, ¢ lf in.;+ 2 2i in.{
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Malacea (coll. Hewits.)—Sumatra.§—Borneo; Sarawak (coll. Hewits.).
This species is peculiar in having, by its superficial characters, at least, a strong aftinity
with the species of an African group of the genus. Mr. Moore has proposed a new genus
(‘Sutoa) for its reception.
Nore.—In faithfully reproducing Hewitson’s figure, our artist, Mr. H. Knight, must not be held
responsible for the imperfect neuration of the same.
* As with the genus Muploa, | have used the term “pseudo scent-gland,” because, though the probability of these
being scent-producing or scent-secreting organs, as in the genus Danais, is eminently and distinctly probable, still the evidence
in its favour, unlike that of Danais, requires locn! verification.
+ 48 ynillim. | 55 millim. £ Smith, in Bock, ‘ Head Hunters of Borneo,” Append. V,
RHOPALOCHETRA MALAYANA., 49
a. Costal, median, and sulbmedian nervures dilated at base,
2. Mycalesis orseis. (Tab. V., fig. 4.)
Mycalesixy Orseis, Hewitson, Exot. Butt, ii, p. 89; Myc. t. 6, £ 86,37 (1864); Butl., Cat. Satyr. p. 186, n. 85
(1868); Drnce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 18738, p. 339, n. 1.
Suralaya Orseis, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soe. 1860, p. 159.
Male. Wings above brown, strongly suffused with bright violaceous. Anterior wings with about
apical third paler, on which are three obscure ocellated spots, the upper two smallest and situate on each
side of upper discoidal nervules, the third and largest between second and third median nervules, and with
two obscure dark marginal lines. Posterior wings much paler towards apical margin, with two dark
marginal lines, and with a submarginal waved, narrow, dark fascia. Wings beneath pale ochraceous,
both wings crossed by a very broad, slightly darker fascia, the margins of which are pale fuscous;
on anterior wings its outer margin is at some little distance beyond end of cell, and on posterior wings it
passes about apex of cell; beyond this fascia the colour is paler and tinged with violaceous. Anterior
wings with a submarginal series of five ocellated spots, black with white centres and yellowish margins,
surrounded with pale fuscous, of which the third and fourth are smallest and the fifth largest (sometimes
the upper four are of equal size); these spots are placed between the nervules, the first above upper
discoidal nervule, and the fifth between second and third median nervules; a sixth very small and obscure
spot is sometimes found beneath the third median nervyule; a strongly waved, narrow, pale fuscous
submarginal fascia, and two fuscous marginal lines. Posterior wings with seven ocellated spots similar to
those of anterior wings, of which the second, third and fourth are smallest, and the fifth largest, as in the
specimen figured, but the upper four are variable in size; these, with the exception of the last, are all
placed between the nervules, the first between the subcostal nervules, and the seventh on submedian
nervure; a narrow submarginal fascia and two marginal lines as on anterior wing. Body and legs more
or less concolorous with wings.
Male possessing a long tuft of dark hairs at subcostal base of posterior wings, and with an indistinet
glandular patch covered with short hairs about centre of submedian nervure of anterior wings, obscure
above but distinct beneath.
Exp. wings, 50 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Singapore (Kirby*).—Sumatra (coll. Hewits.)—Borneo (colls. Moore and
Godm. & Saly.)
This species appears to possess the usual variation m macular markings, and is included
among the butterflies of this fauna, on the authority of the Singapore specimen in the
Hewitsonian collection. I have not seen it myself in any other collection from the Malay
Peninsula, nor have I been able to examine a female specimen.
aa. Costal nercure only dilated at base.
3. Mycalesis medus. (Tab. IV., fig. 8.)
Papilio medus, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 488, n. 198 (1775).
Papilio Hesione, Cram. Pap, Exot. i, t. 11, 0, D (1775).
Myealesis hesione, Hitbn., Verz. bek. Sclimett. p. 65 (1816); Hewits., Journ. Linn. Soe., Zool. vol. viii. p. 146
(1865); Butl., Cat. Satyr. p. 138 n. 50 (1868); Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 34, n. 11 (1869); Trans. Linn. doc.
ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 587, n. 4 (1877); Snellen, Tijd. Ent. xx. p. 66 (1877).
Orsotriane Hesione, Wallengr., Kongl. Vet. Akad. Foérh. xv. p. 80 (1858); Moore, Trans. Ent, Soe, 1880, p. 160+
* ‘Cat. Diurn. Lep. formed by W. C. Hewitson,’ p. 128 (1879).
JuNE 30, 1882. o
50 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Papilio Doris, Cram. Pap. Exot. iv. t, 862, 0 (1782).
Papilio Hamilcar, Herbst, Naturs. Sechmett. vii. p. 73, t. 193, f. 3 (1796),
Mycalesis cinerea, Butl., Ann, Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. xx. p. 401, t..8, f.9 (1867); Cat. Satyr. p. 188, n. 49 (1868).
Muycalesis (Orsotriana) medus, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. A. 8. Beng. vol. v. p. 280, n. 11 (1881),
Male. Wings above fuliginous-brown, with a narrow, obscure, paler fascia crossing both wings
beyond cells, but nearer the apex of cell of posterior than that of anterior wings. Wings beneath fuliginous-
brown, crossed by a narrow pale white fascia, commencing near costa between upper apical angle of cell
and apex of anterior wings where it is narrowest, and terminating a little before anal angle of posterior
wings. Anterior wings with two large submarginal ocellated spots, black with white centres, margined
respectively with ochraceous and fuscous, with an extreme outer border of pearly grey, the first and smallest
of which is situate on the discoidal nervules, and the lower and largest on the second and third median
nervules. Posterior wings with three submarginal ocellated spots of the form and colour of those of anterior
wings, the first and smallest of which is placed between the subcostal nervules, contiguous to the second
and much larger spot, and both enclosed by one outer pearly grey margin (in some specimens each has a
separate pearly outer margin); third and largest spot on second and third median nervules; both wings
possessing two narrow pale waved marginal lines, those of the posterior wings much more distinct. Body
and legs concolorous with wings.
Male with a tuft of long hairs, covering the base of a glandular pouch, situate between and near the
bases of third median nervyule and submedian nervure, and with a tuft of long hairs near base of median
nervure of posterior wings.
Exp. wings, ¢ 42 to 49 millim.; ¢ (one spec.) 57 millim.
Has.—Continental India; Gangetic Plains (coll. Moore); Silhet (Brit. Mus.)—Ceylon ?* (coll. Dist.)—
Nicobar Islands.—Brit. Burma (coll. Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Penang; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ;
Malacca (Brit. Mus.)—Singapore (coll. Moore).—Sumatra (Snellen).—Java (Brit. Mus.)—Borneo (coll.
Godm. & Salv.)\—Celebes (Snellen); Macassar; Flores; Timor (coll. Moore).—Gilolo (coll. Dist.).
A male specimen is here figured. As with other species of the genus, considerable variation
ensues in the size of the ocellated spots on the under surface of the wings.
B. Males possessing a pseudo scent-gland on posterior wings only.
b. Costal, median, and submedian nervures dilated at base.
¢. Males with a single tuft of hairs at subcostal base of posterior wings.
4. Mycalesis mineus. (Tab. IV., fig. 133, 14 ¢.)
Papilio Mineus, Linnwus, Syst. Nat. i. 11, p. 768, n. 126 (1767); Fabr., Syst, Ent. p. 488, n. 197 (1775).
Papilio Justina, Cram., Pap. Exot. iv. t. 826, C (1782).
Mycalesis Justina, Hitbn,., Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 55, n. 524 (1816); Snellen, Tijd. Ent. vol. xix. p. 145, n, 9
(1876); tb. vol. xx. p. 66 (1877).
Satyrus Mineus, Godt.. Ene. Méth. ix. p. 510, n. 97 (1828).
AMycelesis Mineus, Butl., Cat. Satyr. p. 195, n. 31 (1868); Cat, Fabr. Lep. p. 834, n. 8 (1869); Trans, Linn.
Soe. ser. 2, Zool, vol. i. p. 587, n. 1 (1877); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 825; Wood-Mason and
de Nicéville, Journ. A. 8. Beng. vol. xlix. p. 226, n. T (1880).
Calysisme Justina, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 161.
Calysisme mineus, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 162; Lep. Ceyl., p, 22, t. 11, £. 4, a, b (1881).
* IT have an undoubted specimen of this species labelled “Ceylon,” which is my reason for giving that habitat.
Mr. Moore, however, has not included it in his ‘ Lepidoptera of Ceylon,’ but only an allied species. I have therefore felt
a little doubt as to whether I really possess a Ceylon specimen.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 51
Male. Wings above fuliginous-brown. Anterior wings with a faint, pale, straight fascia, which passes
u little beyond end of cell, and from which to outer margin the colour is slightly paler; a black spot with
“a white centre and a faint ochraceous margin between first and second median nervules, and two
inarginal fuscous lines, the innermost of which becomes faint and obsolete towards apex; fringe smoky
ochraceous. Posterior wings with two distinct marginal lines, on each side of which the colour is dull
ochraceous (in some specimens a minute white-centred fuscous spot between second and third median
nervules). Wings beneath with the colour brighter and paler; both wings crossed by a narrow fascia, on
anterior wings passing somewhat beyond, and on posterior wings about end of cell; anterior wings with
two submarginal ocellated spots, which are black, with white centres and yellow margins, the first and
smallest situate on the discoidal nervules, and perfectly surrounded by a pale greyish line, the second
and largest placed on the second and third median nervules, with a pale surrounding greyish line, which
terminates inwardly on the transverse white fascia (both these spots sometimes throw off a smaller one,
the upper one generally posteriorly and the lower one usually anteriorly, as shown in the female figure
here given); two pale greyish marginal lines, the inner one waved, and the fringe also pale greyish.
Posterior wings with seven submarginal ocellated spots of a similar pattern and colour to those on anterior
wings, of which the second and third are minute, the whole series being surrounded by a much waved pale
ereyish fascia, which in some specimens tends to coalesce and perfectly surround the sixth and seventh
spots; two pale greyish marginal fasci#, the inner one most strongly waved, and the marginal fringe also
pale greyish. Body and legs concolorous with wings.
Male with a tuft of long pale hairs situate near costal base of posterior wings.
Female. Larger than male; anterior wings above with the ocellated spot larger and brighter;
posterior wings above with two more obscure ocellated spots situate on the second and third median nervules
(there are sometimes indications of the commencement of a third spot between the third median nervule and
submedian nervure). Wings beneath as in male, but with all the spots and markings larger and brighter.
Exp. wings, ¢ 42 to 45 millim.; ? 60 millim.
Var. a. Miycalesis cepheus, Butl., Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xx. p. 402, pl. 9, f. 3, 4 (1867); Cat. Satyr.
p. 134, n. 50 (1868).
Mycalesis blasius, var. Cepheus, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep. pp. 89, 90, n. 29 (1871).
Calysisme Cephens, Moore, Trans, Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 168.
Male. This variety differs on the underside of the anterior wing in having an additional spot in front
of lower ocellated spot, and enclosed by the same pale greyish line; and on the underside of the posterior
wings in having the second and third submarginal spots a little longer, which render the series apparently
a little more arched, as Butler describes.*
This specimen was collected in Penang by Lieut. Roberts.
Var. b. (Tab. IV., fig. 7.)
Male. Differs from typical specimens on the underside of the wings by the lower ocellated spot of the
anterior wing haying a smaller one attached or non-attached to it beneath, but which is also enclosed by
* T am possibly in agreement with Mr. Butler in estimating his M. cepheus as but a varietal form of M. mineus, as in
his “Tabular View of the Butterflies of Malacen” (Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 564, 1877) he does not enumerate
it, though he ineludes others which were not collected by Capt. Pinwill. That writer correctly remarked in his description
that it was allied to M. mineus, and I cannot agree with Mr. Kirby in considering it as a variety of M. blasius. Mr. Butler
has also included M. polydecta in his Malaccan species. The form he has figured (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. xx.
pl. ix. f. 6 & 6), however, does not agree with Cramer's figure of that species, and from an examination of the Malaccan
specimens thus identified in the British Museum I certainly incline to the opinion that such are but varieties of M. mineus,
and that the true M. polydecta, Cram., cannot as such be at present included in this fauna.
52 tHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
the same surrounding pale greyish line;* posterior wings with the second and third small ocellated spots
of typical specimens totally absent. (In the figure here given the seventh and smallest spot has been
omitted.)
This variety | have received from Province Wellesley.
Has.—Continental India; Bombay (colls. Moore & Dist.) ; Silhet (Brit. Mus.)—Ceylon (coll. Moore),—
Andaman Islands (Calcutta Mus.)—Tenasserim (Limborg).—Malay Peninsula; Penang; Province Wellesley
(coll. Dist.); Malacea (Brit. Mus. and coll. Godm. & Salv.)—Sumatra (Snellen).—Java (coll. Moore).—China ;
Hong Kong (colls. Moore and Brit. Mus.).
I have compared the two specimens figured (Tab. IV., figs. 13, 14) with the Linnean
typical specimens in the possession of the Linnean Society of London, and have satisfied
myself as to their identity. This is a very variable species, but not more so than we might
expect, when we remember analogous cases of Satyrid variation in Europe. Fiven in England
Hipparchia hyperanthus affords a good example, and an inspection of the figures of the six varieties
of that species, as given by Mr. Newman, } will convince any one of the little specitic value afforded
by either the size or number of these ocellated spots in that species. Had a Malayan descriptive
entomologist been dealing with these British varieties, as occasionally received by him, there is
little doubt that some at least of them would have been deseribed as distinct species. In my
opinion the operation has only been reversed with respect to J/. mineus, and this must frequently
occur with us all when describing unique specimens from abroad. It is only when many
specimens are accumulated that the strength of this varietal view of the value of ocellated spots
can be fully apprehended, as has been abundantly shown in the American genus Euptychia by
Messrs. Godman and Salvin, { and as Mr. Darwin had taught us to expect.§ Linneus himself
can also be adduced as a witness to the varietal character of his species. Dr. Aurivillius, of
Stockholm, has very kindly forwarded me a coloured copy of a figure in the unpublished
‘Teones’ of Clerck, below which, as Dr. Aurivillius informs me, ‘‘ Linné himself has written
‘84 Mineus,’ and which therefore may be relied on as typical.’’ This figure apparently represents
an extreme variety (female), in which the ocellated spots of the underside of the wings are very
small, and the area in which they are placed very pale.
5. Mycalesis blasius. (Tab. VIL., fig. 7.)
Papilio Blasius, Fabricius, Ent. Syst., Suppl. p. 426, n. 468-489 (1798).
Mycalesis Blasius, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 720, fig. 4; Cat. Satyr. p. 137, n. 40 (1868); Cat. Fabr.
Lep. p. 84, n. 10 (1869); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 825.
Mycalesis lurida, Butl., Trans. Ent. Soc. 1879, p. 3.
Calysisme Blasius, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc, 1880, p. 162; Lep. Ceyl. 1. p. 21, t. xi. f. 2, 2a (1581),
Male. Wings above fuliginous-brown; in some specimens the anterior wings have a small obscure
white-centred spot near bases of fourth and fifth subcostal nervules. Wings beneath fuliginous-brown ;
both wings crossed by a narrow, pale, whitish fascia, which passes a little beyond the apices of the discoidal
cells. Anterior wings with four submarginal ocellated spots, black with white centres and ochraceous
* Mr, Moore (Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 22) describes a like varietal form ag not uncommon in Ceylon, and which is indicated
in his figure, Plate XIL., f. 4b.
+ ' British Butterflies,’ p. 05. | Biol. Centr, Am. Rhop. p. 87. § ‘Descent of Man,’ ed. 2, p, 427 et seq.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 53
margins placed between the nervules; of these the second and third are smallest and obscure, and the
fourth, situate between the second and third median nervules, largest; the first or upper one is place:
between the discoidal nervules; two marginal waved pale lines. Posterior wings with seven submarginal
ocellated spots similar to those of anterior wings, and which, with the exception of the sixth and seventh,
are placed between the nervules, and are all encircled by a narrow pale greyish fascia; of these the second
and third are smallest, the first is situate between the subcostal nervules, and the sixth and seventh are
placed between the third median nervule and submedian nervure; two marginal, waved, pale greyish lines.
Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Male with a tuft of long pale hairs situate near costal base of posterior wings.
Exp. wings, 42 muillim.
Var. «a. Muycalesis samba, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. i. p. 233, n. 498 (1857).
Myeatesis biasius, var, samba, Butl., Cat. Satyr. p. 137, n. 40 (1868),
Calysisme samba, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 1638.
This variety appears to differ chiefly in having but two ocellated spots on the under surface of anterior
wings, and was deseribed as from “‘ N. India.”
Var, b. Myecalesis lalassis, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. iii. p. 89; Myc. t. 6, f. 35 (1864).
Mycalesis esis, var, lalassis, Butl., Cat. Satyr. p. 187, n. 40 (1868),
Calysisme lalassis, Moore, Trans. Ent, Soc, 1880, p. 168.
This form differs, as Butler states, in having the “ distinct subanal spot of the front wings above.”
Mr. Hewitson himself" subsequently considered it as the equivalent of the MW. samba, Moore, and in this
view Lagree. Hewitson’s specimen was received from Gilolo.
Harn.—Continental India; Cachar (Brit. Mus.)—Ceylon (coll. Moore).—Burma; Pegu (coll. Moore).—
Upper Tenasserim (Limborg).—Malay Peninsula; Perak (coll. Godm. & Salv.); Singapore (coll. Moore).—
Java.—Philippines.—Formosa (coll. Moore).
This, like M. mineus, appears to be a protean species, though the differences are only what
may be expected by those who take an evolutionary view of the origin of the ocellated spots,
and consequent variability of the same. Mr. Butler+ has inadvertently shown this variability,
as in comparing the form samba with typical blasius he states that the Fabrician species has
‘three ocelli on the underside of the front wings,’’ whilst, comparing it with the form lulassis,
he states that blasius has but two.
I have not been able to examine a female specimen, which, however, Mr. Moore‘ describes
as being similar to the male.
The specimen figured was collected in Perak by Dr. Townsend.
6. Mycalesis fusca. (Tab. V., fig. 1 ?.)
Dasyommea fuseum, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. iv. p. 401, n. 27 (1860),
Mycalesix fuscum, Butl., Cat. Satyr. p. 144, n. 79 (1868); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 339, n, 7.
Muyealesis fusca, Butl, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol, i, p. 537, n. 5 (1877),
Myealesis Diniche, Hewits., Ex. Butt. ii, p. 85, Myc. t. 4, £. 28 (1862); Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. yol. viii.
p- 146 (1865).
Mycalesis maryites, Hewits., Ex. Butt. v. Myce. t. 9, f. 69 (1874).
Muydosama fuseum, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 170.
Male. Wings above fuliginous-brown. Anterior wings with an indistinct dark fascia, crossing them
at end of cell, but not extending much beyond third median neryule; an ocellated spot, which is fuscous
* Ex, Butt, vol. iii. p. iv. + Cat. Satyr. p. 137. | Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 21.
Jung 30, 1882.
54 RHOPALOCENA MALAYANA.
with an indistinct white centre and yellowish and fuscous margins, situate between second and third
median nervules; a submarginal, narrow, waved, obscure fascia; and with two fuscous marginal lines, the
inner one bordered on each side with ochraceous. Posterior wings with two submarginal ocellated spots,
the first smallest, imperfect and obscure, between first and second median nervules; the second and largest
between second and third median nervules; marginal markings as on anterior wings. Wings beneath
ochraceous, both crossed by two pale reddish fascim, the first passing through the centres of both cells, the
second a little beyond their apices. Anterior wings with four submarginal ocellated spots, brighter than
those on upper surfaces, but marked and coloured in the same manner, the upper three smallest and placed
close together, divided by the discoidal nervules; the fourth and largest situate on the second and third
median neryules; a distinct, waved, narrow, fuscous submarginal fascia and two fuscous marginal lines.
Posterior wings with a submarginal series of seven ocellated spots, margined inwardly with pale reddish,
the first five placed singly between the nervules, the sixth and seventh close together between the third
median nervule and the submedian nervure, and of which the fourth, fifth and sixth are largest; two fuseous
marginal lines and a submarginal fuscous line, strongly waved near apex. Body and legs concolorous with
wings. Antenne ochraceous, the club dark fuscous near apex.
Male with a tuft of long pale hairs, covering a glandular pouch, near base of first subcostal nervule
of posterior wings.
Female. Larger and brighter than male; posterior wings above with the outer margin broadly
ochraceous, and with the seven ocellated spots of the under surface visible above, the first two very faintly,
but the remaining five bright and distinct; on the anterior wings the three upper ocellated spots of the
under surface are denoted by small, obscure, fuscous spots. Wings beneath generally as in male.
Exp. wings, ¢ 47 millim.; ¢ 53 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (coll. Dist. and Brit. Mus.)—Singapore (Brit. Mus.)—Sumatra (coll.
Moore).—Borneo (colls. Dist.; Godm. & Salv.).
This species is the type of the genus MWydosama, Moore, which that author has founded for
a group of twenty species which are distributed over an area commencing in the Malay
Peninsula, and extending throughout the Malayan Archipelago to Australia.
ec. Males with a double tuft of hairs at subcostal base of posterior wings.
7. Mycalesis janardana. (Tab. V., fig. 2.)
Mycalesis Janardana, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. 1. C. i. p. 284 (1857); Butl., Cat. Satyr. p. 186, n. 87 (1868);
Snellen, Tijd. Ent, xix. p, 146, n. 14 (1876); Butl., Trans. Linn, Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 537,
n. 8 (1877).
Mertanda Janardana, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 169.
Wings above fuliginous-brown; apex and outer margin of anterior wings somewhat paler. Posterior
wings with the apical half somewhat paler, and with two submarginal, small, obseure and impressed
fuscous spots, placed one on each side of second median neryule. Both wings with two narrow fuscous
marginal lines, the marginal fringe greyish. Underside of wings somewhat paler, but mottled with darker
brown; both wings crossed by a narrow grey fascia, passing beyond end of cells, but not reaching costa of
anterior wings nor anal angle of posterior wings. Anterior wings with a submarginal row of six ocellated
spots, fuscous with faint whitish centres, and with ochraceous and fuscous margins, the extreme
outer margin being obscure greyish; these are situate between the nervules, the first above the upper
discoidal nervule, and the sixth beneath the third median nervule, the first being smallest and the fifth
largest; the basal portion beneath cell is also pearly grey, and there are two fuscous marginal lines, the
inner one being bounded on each side with dull ochraceous; marginal fringe pale greyish. Posterior wings
with a submarginal row of seven spots of like pattern to those of anterior wing, the first five of which are
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 55
placed singly between the nervules, and the sixth and seventh together are situate between the third
median nervule and submedian nervure, and are surrounded by one outer greyish margin; marginal lines
and fringe as in anterior wings. Body and legs concolorous with wings; antenn dull ochraceous, narrowly
fuscous beneath; elub brighter and paler, broadly black beneath near apex.
Male with two long tufts of pale hairs situate at subcostal base of posterior wings.
Exp. wings 44 millim.
Har.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Brit. Mus.}—Java (colls. Moore and Snellen).—Sumatra (coll.
Moore).
This species appears to have a somewhat restricted area of distribution. Mr. Butler has
described and figured,* under the name of Mycalests nautilus, a form which he justly states is
‘closely allied to M. janardanu.” This insect was taken in Malacca (where M. janardanu is
found) by Lieut. Roberts, in whose collection the type remains.
Genus YPTHIMA.
Ypthima, Hibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p, 68 (1816); Westw., Gen. Diurn, Lep. p. 894 (1851); Trimen, Rhop.
Afr. Austr. p. 205 (1866); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 24 (1881).
Wings short and broad. Anterior wings subtriangular, with the costa arched and the apex rounded ;
the outer margin entire and slightly convex ; inner margin nearly straight; costal nervure strongly
swollen at base; first subcostal nervule only emitted before end of cell; upper disco-cellular nervule angled
inwardly near base, from thence concave, lower one also concave; median nervure slightly swollen at base.
Posterior wings ovate, the costa strongly rounded and deflexed to apex, the outer margin entire; median
nervules well separated at their bases, the first emitted from about end of cell; disco-cellular nervules
oblique, slightly concave, the lower one longest.
This genus has a wide area of dispersal; it is found in Western, Southern, and Eastern
Africa (as far north as Abyssinia), is represented in Madagascar, is not uncommon in Tropical
Asia, and found on that continent as far north as Japan, distributed throughout the Malayan
Archipelago, and extending to Australia. Our knowledge of the genus is slowly increasing.
Prof. Westwood, in 1851,+ could enumerate only ten species; in 1865 Mr. Hewitson | mono-
graphed the genus, and included twenty-four species therein; since that time many more have
been described, and the present number of reputed species is little short of forty. We know
little of their habits. According to Capt. Lang, § the Himalayan species are “of very feeble
flight, frequenting banks, hedges, and grassy land.”” In Ceylon Mr. Hutchison || describes one
species as taken only in long grass on borders of coffee-plantations at an elevation of 3000 feet,
and another as being very common among the roadside grasses and weeds, its flight short,
‘‘constantly settling down on leaves, or in grass.”
1. Ypthima corticaria. (Tab. VI., fig. 8.)
Yptlima corticaria, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 637, n. 8 (1877).
Mule and female. Wings above fuliginous-brown. Anterior wings with a large subovate paler fascia,
placed transversely on apical half, and on which is a large ocellated spot, which is black, with two inner
* Ann, & Mag. Nat, Hist. xx. p. 402, pl. ix. f, 7 (i867). + Gen. Diorn. Lep. pp. 395, 596,
| ‘Trans. Ent. Soe. ser. 3. vol. ii. p. 288. § Proce. Zool, Soc. 1865, p. 502.
| Moore’s Lep. Ceyl. i. pp. 24, 25.
56 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
bluish white spots, and the outer margin ochraceous; this is also somewhat narrowly and obseurely
outwardly fuscous; the spot is situate a little beyond end of cell, and rests on the two discoidal
and the first median nervules; a submarginal waved fuscous fascia, and two marginal fuscous lines.
Posterior wings with a broad paler submarginal fascia, on which are three ocellated black spots with
yellow margins and bluish white centres, the largest of which is situate between the second and third
median nervules, and the second and third are smallest, fused, and surrounded by the same yellow margin
and situate near anal angle and outer margin between the third median nervule and submedian nervure ;
a submarginal fascia and marginal lines as on anterior wing. Wings beneath pale greyish, mottled with
brown, and crossed by two ill-defined central subparallel brownish fasciw; ocellated spots as above, but
more distinct and brighter, and posterior wings having an additional and similar ocellated spot, situate on
the subcostal neryules. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings 43 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Brit. Mus.)—Sumatra (coll. Moore).
This species also exhibits the inconstancy of ocellated macular markings. In the type
species described by Butler there was only one spot on upper surface of posterior wings, near
anal angle, whilst beneath the duplex one of the specimen here described was single. In
another Malaccan specimen in the British Museum there is a fourth very small ocellated spot
below the one at apex. |
Tis nearest allied species is Y. nareda, Koll., generally received from North-Eastern India,
but probably with a much wider distribution.
2. Ypthima methora. (Tab. VI., fig. 9.)
Yphthima methora, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc, ser. 3, vol. ii. p, 291; t. 18, f. 20, 21 (1865),
Ypthime methora, Butl., Cat. Satyr. p. 149, n.8 (1868); Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 587, 1, 2 (1877);
Moore, Proc. Zool. Soe. 1878, p. 825.
Male. Wings above fuliginous-brown, somewhat mottled with greyish towards outer margins, and with
a distinct fuscous submarginal line. Anterior wings with a large and somewhat oblong ocellated spot, situate
a little beyond end of cell and placed on the lower discoidal and first median nervules; this spot is black,
with an ochraceous margin, and with two inner silvery spots. Posterior wings with a broad paler
submarginal fascia, on which are two large submarginal ocellated spots placed between the median
nervules, and with faint indications of a third situate above discoidal nervule; these spots are black, with
ochraceous margins, and with an inner central silvery spot. Wings beneath pale greyish, mottled
with brown, both wings crossed by two waved, irregular, narrow brown fasciw, the inner one obseure and
passing through discoidal cells, the outer one distinct and erossing at cellular apices (there are sometimes
faint indications of a third inner basal fascia). Anterior wings with the ocellated spot as above and with
a fuscous submarginal line. Posterior wings with six submarginal ocellated spots, of which the two central
ones are largest and the lower ones smallest; the upper two are placed on each side of second subcostal
nervule, the third and fourth between median nervules, and the fifth and sixth near anal angle between
third median nervule and submedian nervure; the upper two are also farthest removed from outer margin,
and the sixth and seventh are nearest to the same. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Female, Hewitson described and figured a female specimen (from ‘ North India") in which the
posterior wings exhibit on the upper surface five distinct ocellated spots. It would also appear to be much
larger than the male.
Exp. wings, ¢ 36 millim.; ? (Hewitson’s type) 2 in.*
Haz.—Continental India; “ North India” (coll. Hewit. and Brit. Mus.) —Tenasserim ; Naththoung to
Paboga (Limborg).—Malay Peninsula; Malacea (Brit. Mus.).
* $0 millim.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 57
The specimens taken by Capt. Pinwill in Malacca, and which were presented by him to
the British Museum, are the only examples I have seen from this region.
38. Ypthima newboldi. (Tab. IV., fig. 6 2.)
Yphthima Newboldi, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. ix. p. 896 (1882).
Wings above pale brown. Anterior wings with a large subovate pale fascia, placed transversely on
apical half, and on which is a large black ocellated spot, with a yellow margin and with two small bluish
tale-like centres; this spot is placed a little beyond end of cell, its upper margin extending a little above
first disecoidal nervule, and its lower margin reaching the second median nervule. Posterior wings with a
broad pale submarginal fascia, on which are three ocellated black spots, with yellow margins and bluish tale-
like centres, the first and smallest of which is placed between the second subcostal and discoidal nervules,
and the other two, which are largest and placed close together, are situate nearer to the outer margin
and between the median nervules. Underside of wings pale greyish, mottled with brown; ocellated spots
as above, but posterior wings having two additional smaller spots placed close together near anal angle,
and between the third median nervule and the submedian nervure ; the small spot, as seen above, is much
larger beneath. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, 40 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.).
This species not only differs from Y. methora in having five, and not six, ocellated spots
on the under surface of the posterior wings (a possible varietal difference only), and also a paler
and more unicolorous hue beneath, but also by the shape of the ocellated spot on anterior
wings, which is not only larger, but rounder and less oblong; the wings are also longer, the
costal margin of the posterior wings being distinctly longer than the outer margin.
I have as yet seen but one specimen, which I captured myself in Province Wellesley.*
4. Ypthima hubneri. (Tab. VIL., fig. 5 2.)
Ypthima Huimeri, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 95, n. 18 (1871); Snellen, Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 145, n. 11 (1876);
ibid., xx. p. 66 (1877); ibid., xxi. p. 7, n. 19 (1878).
Ypthima philomela, Hiibn. (nec, Linn.), Autr. Ex. Schmett. f. 88, 84 (1818); Hewits., Trans. Hint. Soc. ser. 8,
vol. . p. 284, n.4 (1865); Butl., Cat. Satyr. p. 152, n. 18 (1868); Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i.
p- 687, u. 1 (1877).
Male and female. Wings above bright, glossy, smoky ochraceous. Anterior wings with a large, ovate
ocellated spot placed a little beyond cell, and situate on the two discoidal and first median nervules; this
spot is dark fuscous, with two central pale bluish white spots, and outwardly margined with pale ochraceous ;
outer dark submarginal and marginal lines. Posterior wings with two or three prominent submarginal
ocellated spots, of which two are always present and placed between the median nervules, the inner one
being largest, and the third and smallest (sometimes absent) is situate between the third median nervule
and submedian nervure; these spots are similar in colour to that of the anterior wing, but more rounded,
with single pale bluish white central spots, and the area on which they are situate is paler and more or
less greyish (the third when present is always more or less imperfect); between the subeostal nervules
a spot on the under surface is faintly and obscurely visible above. Wings beneath pale greyish, mottled
with slender pale fuscous strige; anterior wings with the large spot are above, but brighter, and its outer
* T have named this species after Capt. Newbold, author of the useful and well-known ‘ Political and Statistical Account
of the British Settlements in the Straits of Malacca.’
SEPTEMBER 30, 1882, Q
58 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
margin wider and paler; marginal and submarginal lines as on upper surface; posterior wings with four
ocellated spots, the upper of which is placed between the subcostal nervules, the second and third as
above, the fourth broad (apparently duplex), with two pale centres and bright outer margin between the
third median nervule and the submedian nervure (the artist has slightly misplaced this last spot on the
figure). Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, 27 to 88 millim.
Has.—Continental India; Cachar (Brit. Mus,)—Malay Peninsula; Malaeca (Brit. Mus.)—Sumatra
(Snellen) —Java; Batavia (Snellen)—Celebes (Snellen).
A female Malaccan specimen in the British Museum, which was collected by Oapt. Pinwill,
is here figured. The species appears principally to vary in the size and prominence of the
ocellated spots on the upper surface.
I follow Mr. Kirby, and adopt his name for the form figured by Hiibner as Y. philomela,
but which is not the species deseribed under that specific name by Linneus, and which evidently
belongs to this genus.
.
Genus ELYMNIAS.
Elymnias, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmoett. p. 837 (1816); Butl. Proe. Zool. Soc. 1871, p.619; Moore, Lep. Cey).
i. p. 25 (1881).
Melanitis, part, Fabr., Tiger's Mag. vi. p. 282 (1807); Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep, p. 408 (1851).
Biblis, part, Latr., Ene. Méth, ix. p. 10 (1819).
Anterior wings short and broad, with the costa strongly arched and convex from base, the apex more
or less acutely angular; outer margin somewhat oblique and emarginate, sometimes waved and dentated ;
inner margin slightly dilated or convex; costal nervure strongly dilated at base; first and second subcostal
nervules emitted before the end of cell; upper disco-cellular neryule shortest, strongly angulated at base of
first discoidal nervule and very slightly concave along its greatest length; lower disco-cellular strongly
concave; first and second median nervules with a common origin, and emitted at lower end of cell
Posterior wings irregularly subovate, with the outer margin more or less waved and generally produced into
an obtuse angle or tail near first median nervule; first and second median nervules with a common origin
about apex of cell; upper disco-cellular nervule suberect and much shorter than the lower one, which is
concave. Hyes naked. Palpi very long and slender, clothed beneath with short compressed hairs, and
above with longer, slender, and distinctly separated hairs. Antennm slender, slightly and gradually
thickened towards apex.
I have included this genus in the Satyrine, in which subfamily it possesses a somewhat
unique position, not only in general coloration and markings, but also by its neuration, the
first and second median nervules of the anterior wings having a common origin. ‘The term at
one time used by Mr. Butler, “ Aberrant Satyrine”’ * seems therefore very appropriate. Mr. Kirby +
followed Herrich-Schiiffer in the opinion that these differences were sufficient to establish a
distinct subfamily of the Nymphalidw, but he also has recently included Elymnias in the
Satyrina.}
In this genus the species possess an almost universal mimicry in colour and markings to
protected or inedible species mostly belonging to the Danainw, but they may, however, be readily
* Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 38. + Syn. Cat. Diurn, Lep. p. 112 (1871).
| Zool. Record, 1881; Ins. p. 138.
RHOPALOCENA MALAYANA. 59
distinguished from the imitated genera, as Mr. Kirby has remarked,* by their dentated and
often angulated wings.
In Hlymnias also we find a departure from the typical Satyrine in the partial or complete
elimination of the ocellated spots usually found on the wings beneath, to which there is a
generally corresponding increased brilliancy of coloration above. The sexual coloration and
markings of the few species which occur in this fauna afford several perplexing features to a
philosophical explanation. In E. discrepans we have the male resembling the corresponding sex of
FE. undularis, and its female having a partial resemblance to the same sex of that species, thus
appearing as an Imperfect mimic of a tawny Danaid. In Ff. nigrescens both sexes considerably
resemble each other, and afford no clue to a mimicked species. In EF. penanga, however, it is
the male which is a strong mimic of a species of Euplea, whilst the female closely resembles
nothing but its near ally EH. sumatrana, both being almost unique in pattern and hue. But in
kj. casiphone, and probably &. saueri (of which only the male is at present described), both
sexes mimic the corresponding sexes of species belonging to the Midamus group of Euplea.
Consequently no theoretical conclusions seem at present possible, based on examination of
cabinet specimens alone, but the facts should prove suggestive to an enquiring and observing
naturalist who could study the habits of the living species in connection with their natural
environment.
With the exception of two African species, the members of this genus are found in the
Indo- and Austro-Malayan Regions, and, as Mr. Wallace has observed,} these last form two
somewhat distinct groups; those from the Austro-Malayan Islands, beimg ‘ distinguished by a
regular and somewhat rounded outline of wings, and resembling in coloration some of the
broad-winged Huplew, or the genus Drusilla; while the species of India and the Indo-Malayan
Islands are almost always characterised by a more irregular outline, waved, toothed, or even
caudate, and generally coloured like species of Danais, or the more elongate forms of Huplwa.”
Mr. Butler} subsequently divided the species of Elymnias, as hitherto understood, into two
genera, Which, with a few exceptions, agree in the main with Mr. Wallace’s groups.
The genus is of considerable extent, above forty species having been described, but
about half of these are now usually placed in the genus Dyctis.
Of their life-history we know little. ‘The larva and pupa of the Javan race of 1. undularis
are figured by Horsfield,§ who states|| that the larva “feeds on the Gobbang (Corypha umbra-
culifera), May.’"] In Moore’s ‘ Lepidoptera of Ceylon,’ the larva and pupa of E. fraterna are
figured, from drawings made by the Bros. de Alwis, and the larva is there described as feeding
on “ Palmacew.”’
Mr. Wallace deseribes these butterflies as “ forest-haunting insects, frequenting chiefly
damp places, where there is a dense herbaceous vegetation. Their flight is slow, resembling
that of the Satyride and Morphidw.” **
I am at present able to enumerate seven species as belonging to this fauna.
* ‘Entomologist,’ vol. x. p. 200. {+ Trans, Ent. Soe. 1869, p. 321. | Proc. Zool, Soc, 1871, p. 418,
§ Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Ins. Mus. E.1.C. i. pl. vi. f. 7, Ta. | Ibid. p. 287.
1 Capt, de la Chaumette (Ent. Mo, Mag. ii. p. 38) describes the perfect insect of this species at Calcutta, os “ setiling
on the tounicn of the Corypha.”
** Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 321.
60 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA,
A. Upper diseo-cellular nervule of posterior wings suberect, and usually slightly aud obliquely directed
iuvcardly.
a. Outer margins of wings dentate and sinuate, posterior wings produced into a more or less well-developed
caudate prolongation at apex of jirst median nervule.
1. Elymnias discrepans. (Tab. VI., fig. 24,3 2.)
Elipmnias diserepans, Distant, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol, ix. p. 397 (1882).
Male. Anterior wings above blackish, with the following bright bluish markings :—a short portion of
costal area about apex of cell continued in a subapical oblique fascia to lower discoidal nervule, and followed
by four submarginal spots, placed between the nervules; outer margin shaded with castaneous-brown.
Posterior wings blackish, but somewhat paler than the anterior wings, and with a broad castaneous-brown
marginal band. Wings beneath castaneous-brown, thickly mottled with pale strigw; anterior wings with a
more or less distinct pale apical area, which is continued along outer margin; posterior wings with a more
or less distinct pale, broad, and irregular submarginal fascia, and with a very pale bright bluish spot near
costa, situate between the subcostal nervules* (this spot is sometimes absent). Body and legs more or
less concolorous with wings. Antenne variable in hue, sometimes stramineous, mottled with brown above
and pale stramineous beneath; or fuscous above and stramineous mottled with brown beneath, with the
apex pale stramineous,
Female. Anterior wings above as in male, but with a large ochraceous, basal area, which occupies
lower portion of cell, the greater part of the space between second median nervule and submedian nervure,
and terminates near end of cell and the bases of the first and second median nervules; the subapical fascia
and submarginal spots larger and paler blue in colour. Posterior wings pale fuscous, becoming paler and
shaded with dull ochraceous towards outer margin, and with a more or less distinct pale submarginal spot,
situate between the discoidal and first median nervules. Wings beneath much paler than in male; the
anterior wings ochraceous near inner margin; posterior wings with a very broad and well-defined pale
marginal fascia, and with a very pale bluish spot, situate as in male. Body and legs more or less
eoncolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, ¢ 53 to 68 millim.; ¢? (one specimen) 60 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Penang (coll. Dist.) ; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. and Sauer).
This form has frequently been referred to by some writers as /. undularis. Mr. Wallace
pursued this course In 1869,+ remarking, however, ‘this very variable species cannot be
separated into its local forms, or races, without much more complete materials than at present
exist.”’ Since that time such material has been procured, and as other races of this species
have received distinctive names it became necessary for me to treat this local form in the same
manner. The true /. uwndularis appears to be confined to Continental India, of which another
local race in Upper Tenasserim has been described by Mr. Moore.| In E. discrepans the greatest
amount of colour differentiation is found in the female, which also, in comparison with the
other sex, appears to be very scarce and rare. More than a hundred male specimens of this
species have passed through my hands, but the only female specimen I have received is the one
which is here described and figured. As I collected in Province Wellesley myself, where the
male is a rather common insect, and have examined several collections since my return, this
sexual disparity is very perceptible. It may, however, be more apparent than real, owing to the
* In the figure here given the artist has accidentally and erroneously placed this spot above the subcostal nervules.
| Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 822. { Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 826.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 61
possibility of the females having different habits to those of the other sex, and therefore being
less easily captured. *
2. Elymnias nigrescens. (Tab. VI., fig. 1°, and Tab. IX., fig. 1 2.)
Elymnias nigrescens, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 520, n. 2, pl. xlii. f. 1; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878,
p. 340, n. 2; Butl., Trans, Linn. Soc. ser, 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 587, n. 1 (1877); Godm. & Salv., Proc.
Aool. Soc. 1878, p, 638, n. 11.
Male. Wings both above and beneath resembling those of the male of HW. diserepans, but with the
bluish subapical fascia and submarginal spots considerably larger.
(In some specimens, and notably a Bornean one in the collection of the British Museum, the posterior
wings have the pale submarginal spots, as found in most females; these are very faintly visible in Malaccan
male specimens in the same collection.)
Female. Anterior wings above dark, glossy fuscous, with the basal area more or less suffused with
castaneous-red, with the bluish subapical fascia and submarginal spots as in male, but which are much
lurger and paler in colour. Posterior wings fuscous, becoming paler towards outer margin (the outer
murgin is sometimes dull ochraceous as in the specimen figured Tab. IX., f. 1), and with a submarginal
row of four white spots placed between the nervules, of which the first and smallest is placed above the
discoidal nervule, and the fourth is situate between the second and third median nervules (a fifth small and
faintly marked spot is found in some specimens between the third median nervule and submedian nervure).
These spots are very inconstant, being practically obsolete in the specimen figured (Tab. VI., f. 1).
Wings beneath similar in pattern and coloration to those of the same sex of LZ, diserepans.
Exp. wings, ¢ 68 millim.;+ 9 72 to 77 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Provinee Wellesley (colls, Dist. & Sauer); Malacea (Brit. Mus.)—Billiton
(coll. Godm. & Salv.)\—Borneo (Brit. Mus.)
This species or race is one which affords much difficulty and doubt as to its distinctive
position. I have neither seen nor received any male specimens from Province Wellesley,
though females are not uncommon from that district. The British Musenm, however,
possesses several male specimens which were collected by Capt. Pinwill in Malacca, but these
do not altogether agree with the Bornean typical specimen described by Butler. The difference
is principally that of faintness or partial obliteration of the submarginal white spots to the
posterior wings, but as this is a variable character in female specimens, collected in such a
limited area as Province Wellesley, evidence of which is afforded by the two figures here given,
I naturally predicate the same amount of variability in the other sex. Another peculiarity of
E. nigrescens is the considerable similarity of the sexes.
Are E. discrepans and E. nigrescens but seasonal varieties of one species? This is neither
impossible nor improbable, but can only be denied or affirmed by some local student who will
carefully breed both forms. It is the want of this information that makes the present study
and classification of exotic Lepidoptera of so empirical a character.
* Mr. Bates has also stated that in a number of species of butterflies which he observed on the Upper Amazons the
males were more numerous than the females, in the proportion of a hundred to one. However, no universal rule in this
respect obtains in the Rhepalocera, and the whole subject has been exhaustively discussed by Mr. Darwin, in his * Descent
of Man’ (2nd edit. p. 250),
+ Butler's type expanded “ une. 2, lin. 10."
SEpTeMBeR 30, 1882. BR
63 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
3. Elymnias lutescens. (Tab. VI., fig. 4%, 52%.)
Elymnias lutescens, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, vol. xx. p. 404, t. 9, f. 10 (1867); Wall, Trans, Ent.
Soc. 1969, p. 828, n. 4; Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 621, n. 6; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878,
p-. 840, n. 4.
Elymnias. Panthera, var. Lutescens, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 112, n. 4 (1871),
Male. Wings above dark glossy fuseous; anterior wings with the outer margin somewhat broadly
and slightly paler; posterior wings with a broad, pale greyish submarginal fascia, the inner margin of
which is somewhat scalloped between the nervules; this is broadest near anal angle and narrowest at
apex, and contains a series of prominent fuscous spots placed between the nervules, two between third
median nervule and submedian nervure, the others placed singly (these spots are variable in number, not
being found above first median nervule in the specimen figured, but in other specimens continued towards
apex). Wings beneath pale ‘castaneous, mottled with numerous greyish strigm, and with a more or less
well-defined broad submarginal fascia, which is broadest and most clearly defined on posterior wings, and
there possesses six dark blue rounded spots, with pale blue centres, which are continued in streaks beyond
their inner margins; these spots are placed between the nervules, the first above discoidal nervule and the
fifth and sixth together between the third median nervule and submedian nervure; a pale and bright bluish
spot between the subcostal nervules. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Female. Larger than male; the wings above paler and more ferruginous ; anterior wings with a broad
and well-defined outer ferruginous fascia; posterior wings with the pale submarginal fascia broader and
less scalloped inwardly than in male, and with five or six fuscous spots with paler centres placed between
the nervules. Wings beneath paler than in male, but with the posterior wings spotted as in that sex.
Norr.—The tail-like prolongation of the posterior wings at the apex of the first median nervule is
longest in the female. In the male specimen, however, here figured, the prolongation of the left posterior
wing has its apex mutilated.
Exp. wings, ¢ 65 to 73 millim; 2? (one specimen) 78 millim.
Harn.—Malay Peninsula; Penang; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. & Sater); Malacea (coll. Moore) :
Ayerpanas (coll. Roberts); Singapore (coll. Roberts)—Sumatra (Wallace)—Borneo (coll. Godm. & Salv.;
Brit. Mus.). :
As regards the variation of this species, especially of the females, Mr. Wallace writes,* “The
female from Sumatra has less red on the upper wings, one from Borneo has the pale bands
almost obsolete, while another has them more distinet, especially across the apex of the
anterior wings.”
4. Elymnias lais. (Tab. IX., fig. 2¢.)
Papilio Lais, Cramer, Pap, Ex. ii. t, 114, A, Gb (1779); Fabr., Sp, Ins. p, 102, n. 448 (1781); Mant. Ins.
p. 65, n. 543 (1787); Ent. Syst. ii. p. 55, n. 182 (17938),
Biblis Lais, Godt., Ene, Méth. ix. p. 826, n. 4 (1819).
Melanttis Lais, Doub. & Westw., Gen. Diurn, Ley. p. 404, n. 1 (1651).
Elymnias Lais, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. Bi. 1. 0. i. p. 287, n. 610 (1857); Wall., Trans, Ent. Soc. 1869,
p. 325, n.11; Butl., Cat. Fabr. Lepid. p. 38, n. 4 (1869); Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 622, n. 10;
Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. $40; ibid., 1874, p. 104, un. 2; Godm, & Salv., Proc. Zool, Soc, 1878,
p. 638, n. 12.
Male. Wings above dark chocolate-brown, variegated with greenish markings. Anterior wings with
the costal area (particularly the basal portion) irrorated with numerous greyish spots and strige; a large
* Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 328. As Mr. Wallace examined other collections with his own very extensive one of
Elymniads, and combined in himself a knowledge of their habits in nature with cabinet discrimination, I feel always satisfied
to quote his remarks.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 63
greenish fascia in cell, narrowest at base, and widened and somewhat truncate near apex, and with the
following longitudinal fasciw of the same colour placed between the nervules :—the upper two are placed
above and below the first discoidal nervule, and are very faint and slender, with their apices broad and
macular; the third above first median nervule is slender, but macular at both ends, and inwardly approaches
the disco-cellular fascia; the following three separated by the median nervules are broadest at base,
narrowing at apical portion, but macular at apex, and the last runs along the inner margin. Posterior wings
with similar longitudinal fascim as on upper wings, and which are also placed between the nervules, but
are broken near their apices, which thus appear as a submarginal series of spots; of these fasci« the
inner two (placed on each side of the submedian nervure) are longest, and the upper two (placed on each
side of the discoidal nervule) are the faintest; there is also a very faimt disco-cellular streak.
Wings beneath dull greyish, suffused with fuscous, and mottled with dark strige; on anterior wings
these become more or less confluent and dark chocolate in colour, forming an irregular spot in cell, a larger
irregular spot or fascia at end of cell, and appearing very prominent towards outer margin; on posterior
wings these darker shadings do not extend beyond basal half of wing, but again appear as a more or less
well-defined outer submarginal fascia. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Female. Somewhat larger than the male, the fascie and spots of the upper surface being creamy in
hue, and with the outer margins of both wings distinctly and somewhat brightly castaneous. Beneath the
wings are much paler, and the numerous shadings are of like pattern but fainter impression.
Exp. wings, ¢ 63 to 72 millim.; 9? 82 millim.
‘Has.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Sauer)— Sumatra (Wallace) — Billiton (coll.
Godm. & Salv.)—Java (colls. Horsf. & Dist.)\—Borneo (Druce)—Siam; Nahconhaisee (coll. Godm. & Salv.).
The only specimen of this species which I have seen from the Malay Peninsula, and which
is here figured, is contained in the collection made in Province Wellesley by Mr. Saiier.
A Javan male specimen in my own collection is smaller, and with the markings above more
decidedly green; this character, however, is not constant, as Mr. Wallace writes,* “the Java
specimens (Cramer’s types) agree very closely with those of Sumatra and Borneo in the
males.”
an. Outer margins of wings slightly sinuate; posterior wings without a well-deceloped caudate prolongation
at apex af Jirst median nercule.
5. Elymnias penanga. (Tab. VIL., tig. 6¢; Tab. VI., fig. 11 2.)
Melanitis Penanya, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 405, n. 1, note (1851),
FElynmias Penanga, Wall., Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 825, n. 9; Butl., Proe. Zool. Soe. 1871, p. 621, n. 8.
Melanitis Mehida, Hewits., Ex. Butt. tii. Melunitis, t. 1, f. 2, 8 (1863).
Klymnias Mehida, Wall, Trans. Ent. Soe. 1869, p, 828, u. 5; Butl, Proce. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 623, n. 16;
Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i, p. 588, n. 2 (1877).
Male. Anterior wings above purplish brown, with very strong bright blue reflections, which become
more fixed and distinct on apical half, and with five pale blue elongate spots, of which the upper two are
longest, and are situate on each side of lower discoidal nervule; the remaining three being much smaller,
and divided by the median nervules. The bluish reflection does not extend to the outer margin, which is
distinctly purplish brown. Posterior wings purplish brown, with bright bluish reflections, but less intense
than on anterior wings. Wings beneath castaneous-brown, much mottled with paler strige, which on
anterior wings form a more or less distinct subapical space, widest at costa and narrowing downwards
beneath cell; space beneath third median nervule much paler; posterior wings with the basal portion to a
* Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 325,
bt RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
little beyond apex of cell dark castaneous, remainder much paler and thickly irrorated with the pale strigm,
and with two or three small but distinet dark submarginal spots situate between the median nervules;
somewhat large pale stramineous spot, near costa, placed between the subcostal nervules. Body and legs
more or less concolorous with wings. |
Female. Wings above obscure bluish brown, as in the specimen figured, or with brighter indigo
shadings, as in other specimens. Anterior wings crossed by a broad subapical white fascia, commencing
at costa and terminating about second median nervule. Posterior wings slightly paler on disk. Wings
beneath generally marked as in male, but with the ground colour much darker (this is somewhat variable,
being little paler than above, as in the specimen figured, or more shaded with castaneous, as in other
specimens), and with the subapical whitish fascia of anterior wings above, more diffused towards apex
beneath. The pale subcostal spot on the under surface of posterior wings of the male is generally absent
in the female, though present in the typical female form of the species contained in the British Museum.
Exp, wings, ¢ 65 to 68 millim.; ? 70 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. & Sater); Malacca (Brit. Mus.)—Singapore
(coll. Hewits.).
The male form here described and figured (Tab. VII., fig. 6) was deseribed by Mr. Hewitson
under the name of J/. mehida, whilst the female form (Tab. VI., fig. 11) is the typical M/. penanga
of Prof. Westwood. Mr. Hewitson appended to his description of M. mehida the remark, ‘‘ This
and MM, penanga are very probably the sexes of one species.” The form, however, which he
figured as M. penanga* was a closely allied but distinct Sumatran race, which Mr. Wallace has
very properly separated under a distinctive name. +
The two forms, however, are sufficiently similar to show that Hewitson exhibited acumen
in making that remark. Having found all the specimens I have examined to exhibit sexual
constancy with the different coloration, and as the underside of the two forms are so very
similar, | I have felt constrained to consider the descriptions of both Westwood and Hewitson
as referring to the sexes of one species, and Westwood’s name has therefore priority.
This race or species appears to be quite confined to the Malay Peninsula. A recent writer §
has included it in a list of Sumatran butterflies, but all the Sumatran specimens which I have
seen in collections represent the HE. sumatrana, Wall. |
B. Upper disco-cellular nercule of posterior wings obliquely directed outwardly.
6. Elymnias casiphone. (Tab. VI., fig. 102.)
Klynnias casiphone, Hihner, Sammi. ex. Sclimett. ii. (1816-1824); Wall., Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 825, n. 12
Butl., Trans. Ent. Soe. 1870, p. 488; Proce. Zool, Soe, 1871, p. 522, n. 14,
Melanitis casiphone, Doubl. & Westw., Gen, Diurn, Lep, p, 404, n, 3 (1851).
Male. Wings above pale chocolate-brown. Anterior wings with the apical area much suffused with
violaceous and with the following pale greyish macular markings; a number of irregularly-sized and
shaped spots on costal area, gradually increasing in size from base; a rounded spot just beyond end of
cell; two diseal spots divided by the second median nervule, and a submarginal series of six spots, divided
* Exot. Butt. iii. Melanitis, t. 1, £ 1, 4 (1863). + Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 325, n. 10.
; The female example of EF. penanga, here figured, is probably that of a somewhat faded specimen, as the under
surface of the wings is generally of a warmer tint, and more concolorous in hue, and similar in markings with the
corresponding surface of the wings in male specimens.
§ Smith in Boek., ‘Head Hunters of Borneo,’ Append. V,
RHOPALOCENKA MALAYANA. 65
by the nervules, the first and innermost of which is placed above the upper discoidal nervule, and the sixth
between the third median nervule and submedian nervure. Posterior wings with a submarginal series of
obscure greyish spots, preceded by a few discal spots of the same colour. Wings beneath pale ferruginous,
mottled with numerous and irregularly-sized chocolate strigw. Anterior wings with a costal series of pale
greyish spots ; four larger pale discal spots situate one beyond end of cell, two divided by the second median
nervule, and the fourth placed between the diseoidal nervules; there are also faint indications of a
submarginal series of spots placed between the nervules, of which the two most prominent are placed above
and beneath the third median nervule. Posterior wings with some dark and confluent strige principally
distributed on basal half, and with a promiment dark submarginal fascia, which is preceeded by pale
greyish, and followed by several narrower, waved, and somewhat fused dark marginal fascie®. Body and
legs more or less concolorous with wings. ,
Exp. wings, ¢ 65 millim.
Female. I have not been able to examine this sex, but Mr. Butler* has described a female specimen
as of this species, which was collected in Singapore by Lieut. Roberts, as follows:—‘*?. Above, same
pattern as FE. timandra, 2, Wallace,+ but the whole apical area pale violet, and the rest of the ground-
colour of a browner tint than in that species. Below, markings the same as in the male, but ill-defined,
the hind wings whitish.”’
Exp. wings, 8} inches.”
Has.—Malay Peninsula.—Singapore (Butler).—Java (Wallace, and coll. Godm. & Saly.).
I have enumerated this species entirely on the anthority of Mr. Butler's determination of
the specimen collected at Singapore by Lieut. Roberts, in whose collection it remains, and
which I have not seen.
7. Elymnias saueri. (Tab. IX., fig. 3 7.)
/lynias setieri, 1. 8p.
Male. Anterior wings dark violaceous, with paler suffusions on apical area, and with the following
very pale violaceous spots :—three discal; one large, placed between first and second median nervules, the
others exceedingly small and indistinct, and situate between the discoidal nervules and between the second
and third median nervules; five large submarginal spots, divided by the nervules, of which the two upper,
inner, and largest are contiguous and separated by the lower diseoidal nervule, the fifth being situate
between the third median neryule and the submedian nervure; there is also a very faint indication of
a spot at end of cell. Costal area with basal third minutely spotted with greyish, remaining portion with
three or four pale bluish spots. Posterior wings castaneous, with the basal area fuscous. The extreme
margins of both wings are alternately fuscous and white, Wings beneath pale ferruginous, thickly mottled
with dark chocolate-brown strigw, irregular in shape and size. Anterior wings with a number of pale
greyish spots on costal area; the upper portion of cell and apical area somewhat paler in hue, and with
indications of a dark waved fascia near end of cell. Posterior wings somewhat darker, the strige being
more numerous and contiguous, with indications of a much-waved and irregular dark fascia crossing wings
about end of cell, and a more or less distinet, broad, submarginal fascia, followed by several waved, broken,
and indistinct lines. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, 85 millim.
Haz.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Satier).}
* Trans. Ent. Soc. 1870, p. 488.
+ This is a closely allied or local form of /. lais, and is found in Burma anid Silhet.
| Since this description was written a specimen collected by Capt. Bingham in Tenasserim, has been presented to
the British Museum.
SEPTEMBER 30, 1882. s
66 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
This fine species is somewhat intermediate between EH. casiphone and E. leucocyma,* agreeing
best with the last above, and with the first beneath. It appears to be a mimic of a species of
Euplea belonging to the midamus group, though the female still remains to be discovered.
It was captured in Province Wellesley by Mr. Saiier, an enthusiastic collector of the Lepidoptera
of the beautiful region in which he at present resides, and after whom I have named the
species.
Subfam. NYMPHALIN A.
Nymphaline, Bates, Journ, Ent. ii, p, 176 (1864); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p, 26 (1881),
“S| Nymphalidae and Furytelida, p., Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep. pp. 148, 408 (1851-2).
| Morphide, p., Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 332 (1861).
Morphing, Godm. & Salv., Biol. Centr, Am. Rhop, p, 118 (1881),
Discoidal eell of the posterior wing open, the lower disco-cellular nervule being
Fre. 16,—Post, wing of more or less atrophied. Larve variable in form.
Discophora tullia, J.
Most authors treat the Nymphaline and Morphine as separate subfamilies, but though
I have endeavoured, by studying the views of my contemporaries, to find characters that
would enable me to follow that course, I can only subscribe to the dictum of the founder of
the Nymphaline, that the genera grouped under the Morphing as a subfamily “ exhibit no good
character whereby they may be distinguished from the Nymphaline.” | Most authors who have
followed the opposite course have also doubted the classificatory value of the Morphine. Prof.
Westwood, when he diagnosed the fam. Morphide,! clearly stated that he followed the views of
Mr. E.. Doubleday, a course the more necessary owing to the plates illustrating the work having
been already inscribed with the “distinct family headings.’” In his very exhaustive paper,
“On the Oriental Species of Butterflies related to the Genus Morpho,” a memoir which
particularly applies to this fauna, Prof. Westwood has also expressed the view § that he found
it ‘next to impossible to draw any (even an artificial) line of separation” between some of the
genera, which are thus divided in subfamiliar estrangement, an opinion further strengthened by
earlier argument.|| Mr. Kirby, who enumerates and uses the subfamily Morphine, in his
‘Synonymic Catalogue,’ subsequently qualifies that course by stating, ‘The Morphine are a
group of butterflies perhaps only artificially separated from the Nymphaline ;" and to add to
the perplexity he has referred the foundation of the Worphine (under that name) to Mr. Butler,**
who has (at least where quoted) given neither diagnosis nor reason for such division. On the
other hand, however, Messrs. Godman and Salvin, without entering into the argument of
classification, ‘‘ think that these butterflies have associated characters of sufficient number and
value to allow them to stand as a separate subfamily Morphinw.” +4
It is here proposed to separate the Nymphaline into two groups, principally based on the
characters of the palpi.
* A species received from Silhet. + Bates, Journ. Ent. ii. p. 177.
| Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 332, § Trans. Ent, Soc. vol. iv. N.5. p. 169.
|| Introd. Mod. Class. Ins. ii. p. 353. {| * Entomologist,’ vol. x. p. 200.
*t Cist. Ent. i. p. 8. +4 Biol. Centr. Am. Rhop. p. 118.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 67
Group MORPHINA.
Palpi slender, the anterior margins not dilated.
Larvee (as at present described) with a more or less developed bifid tail.
Corey it: ilk i
AN ( Mi i A UAY TG, Hes
SY Sh i ise AW | i
acon i FS eg eee) eee oe
a agit
=
* i a —
ae —" —eee od Ce ae es oe ee i, = 1th
—
2 =- * a ae Poy ae Sore age ae
Po ES, iy ri Cnty jay “4 : a = ! * i i | 4 aa NV i NTS i = me
pee =| NA Nh | reney ii ay A NaN
Fre. 17.—Head, showing palpi of Fic. 18 cataita of Amathusia phidippus (from Horsf. Cat. Lep, Mus, E.1,C.)
Amathusia phidippua. Fie. 1.— ,, Discophora celinde : .
This division corresponds with the subfamily Morphine of many authorities (ante p. 66), and
includes not only some of the largest Nymphalinous butterflies, but also (especially in the
American genus Morpho) examples of the most beautiful species to be found in the whole
Rhopalocera. The genus Morphe is, in fact, the type of this division, and also its sole repre-
sentative in the American tropics, whilst nine other genera are distributed throughout the tropical
regions of the Kast. The genus Morpho is remarkable for the resplendent blue coloration or
tints of the wings of its species, and possesses as its nearest ally in the East the beautiful
genus Thawnantis. It was an eloquent remark of Humboldt, when comparing the plants of
Equinoctial America with those of Europe, that ‘‘ when Nature does not present the same species,
she loves to repeat the same genera ;’’* and some of the older entomologists + described Oriental
species as belonging to the genus Morpho which have subsequently, and more correctly, been
placed in that of Thaumantis.
The presence of these two closely allied genera Morpho and Thaumantis in such widely
separated areas as the Neotropical | and Indo-Malayan regions is possible of explanation by a
slight reference to other corresponding biological faets. Thus, in Mammalia, the genus T'apirus has
a somewhat similar distribution, and, although restricted in the number of species, is also only
found in these regions. But it is known that in Tertiary times, both Miocene and Pliocene, the
Tapir inhabited Europe, and its fossil teeth are, even in this country, found in the Norfolk and
Suffolk crag deposits, whilst in the Pleistocene period in North America it extended as far
north as the Valley of the Mississippi. The geological argument is, however, too extensive for
discussion here, but Mr. Wallace has attentively studied it, and can be quoted :—* North
America was evidently in very early times so far connected with Europe and Asia as to
interchange with those continents the higher types of animal life as they were successively
* ‘Person. Narrative,’ Bolin’s edit., vol. i. p. 424. + Godart and Zinken-Sommer.
| The Neotropical region of Dr. Sclater inclndes all South America, the Antilles, and tropical portion of North America.
The tropical portions of this region are here alone referred to.
68 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
developed in either hemisphere.”* And the same author, in a popular manner, has drawn
attention to the migration of characteristic South American mammals to North Ameriea in
the Post-Pliocene epoch. +
Now facts point to a similar conclusion respecting this distribution of the butterflies. In
the European Eocene formations at Aix, in Provence, five fossil butterflies have been discovered
and deseribed. Of these two belong to the Satyride (to which the Morphine are allied), and
Mr. Seudder, who has written an excellent monograph on Fossil Butterflies and particularly
studied these fossils, thus concludes:—‘‘ Three out of the five Aix butterflies therefore find
their nearest living allies in the Indo-Malayan region, one is most closely related to forms now .
found in Tropical America, and one is at home in its own resting place."’t Mr. Thiselton-Dyer
has pointed out similar coincidences with plants, especially in the tropical order Ternstramiacea,,
*Out of thirty-two genera as many as five are represented in the Indo-Malayan and South
American floras,”’ § and he inclines to the view of a transverse connection between the different
branches of the tropical flora in the northern hemisphere during the early part of the Tertiary
period. ||
This group possesses considerable affinity with the Satyrinw, not only by the ocellated
spots on the under-surfaces of the posterior wings, but also in the larval form, as shown by
the two figures (figs.18 & 19). Both of these possess bifid tails, {J as in that subfamily, though
one only has the head bicornuted.** The details of the larval forms of the different species in
this group are much desiderated.
Six genera are found in the Malay Peninsula.
* ‘Tropical Nature,’ p. 539.
+ Ibid. The whole discussion is carried out more fully in the same author's ‘Geogr. Distr. Anim.”
' “Fossil Butterflies,” Mem. Am. Ass. Adv. Scien. 1875, p. 77. An excellent reswmé and description of the fossil
entomology of Aix has been given by Mr. Herbert Goss, in ** The Insect Fauna of the Recent and Tertiary Periods,” Proc.
Geol. Assoc. v, n. 6, p. 20 (1877).
& “On Plant-Distrib. as a Field for Geogr. Research.” From Proce. Geogr. Soc. vol. xxii. n. 6, p. 80 (1878).
|| Ibid. p. 24.
Nore.—It has been generally assumed that a land-connection existed in Tertiary times between Europe and America,
Thos Prof. Boyd Dawkins, one of the latest exponents, declares (‘Early Man in Britain,’ p. 20), “* The chief botanists of the
present time—Hooker, Dyer, Saporta, Dawson, and Asa Gray—are agreed that the north polar region was the centre from
which the Tertiary floras have been dispersed over the New and Old Worlds;" and the same author (ibid. p. 23) considers
that there is evidence to prove the existence of a great Eocene continent, which including Britain (then connected with
Western France) extended to America by way of Iceland and Greenland, and was continuous with Norway and Spitzbergen.
“ This great north-western continent, or northern Atlantis,” existed through the Eocene and Miocene ages, * offering a meana
of free migration for plants and animals, and it was not finally broken up by submergence” till the beginning of the Pliocene
age. Mr, A. Tylor (Geol. Mag. vol. ix. p. 458), arguing that “the elevation of the Alps in the Miocene period must have been
accompanied by a much larger movement of depression,” thinks that probably “at the time a Miocene island or continent
(near Plato's Atlantis) in the Atlantic was suddenly depressed."
An alternative hypothesis to that of now submerged land-connection has been formulated by Mr, A. Tylor (Geol,
Mag. vol. ix. 892), that in the Glacial period the ice-cap at the Poles was sufficient to reduce the leyel of the sea by at
least 600 feet; and Mr. Belt (' Naturalist in Nicaragua,’ p. 266) was willing to propose a lowering of the level of the sea
to 1000 feet.
| The larve of Morpho laertes and M. epistrophis, as figured by Dr. Burmeister (Deserip. Physiq. de la Republ. Argent.
—Buenos Ayres—vol, v. Atlas, pl. vii. f. 1, 2, 8, 4), have the candate anal appendages rudimentary, but still distinct. In the
representation of the larva of Morpho achilles by Mme. Merian (Metamorph. Insect..Surinamens. pl. vii.), the structural
details of which have not been criticised by Dr. Burmeister in his reference to the same, these “ bifid tails” are prominently
developed.
** Dr. Burmeister in the text of the above quoted work (p. 189), in the diagnosis of his section Morphide of his subfamily
Morphoides, writes ““Chenilles sans cornes sur la tete,” which, though true of the genus Morpho, is certainly contrary to the
structure of the larva of Amathusia phidippus as here figured.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.
1. Discoidal cell to posterior wings partly closed by an atrophied
lower disco-cellular nervule
= aks A. Subcostal nervules of anterior wings free.
a a. Diseoidal nervules of anterior wings well separated at
their origin.
Fic. 20.— Post. wing, Amathusia
Lariat closed. by atrophied ner- lated near base.
Wile.
c. Anterior wings with inner margin nearly straight,
and apical angle not acute.
d. Anal angle of posterior ss produced in caudate
prolongation. - : = - E
AA. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings anastomosing
with costal nervure.
bb. First median nervule of anterior wings strongly angu-
lated near base, emitting a short oblique nervule,
which connected with a fold of the wing gives the
appearance of an additional median nervule.
Fie, 21.—Ant. wing, Amathusia
phidippus, showing subcostal cc. Anterior wings with inner margin dilated and convex
nervules, bases of diseoidal ner- in ¢, and apical angle acute. - - - -
vulea and base of first median . « . a . :
nervule, 2. Discoidal cell to posterior wings open, lower disco-cellular
nervule entirely absent.
aa. Diseoidal nervules of anterior wings with their bases
contiguous.
bbb. First median nervule of anterior wings slightly arched,
aan but not angulated near base.
Sites ea ecc, Anterior wings with inner margin nearly straight, and
—<_ Wits apieal angle acute.
mens = dd. Outer margin of posterior wings obtusely Bueeeest
Fre. $9.—Ant wing. Zeunidia ame. at apex of first median nervule. -
thystus, showing base of first @aa. Discoidal nervules of anterior wings well separated at
median nervule, with oblique their origin
supplementary nervule attached : Or Z .
to fold in wing (dotted line). bbbb. First median nervule of anterior wings strongly arched,
but not angulated near base.
ecee. Anterior wings with inner margin nearly straight, and
apical angle not acute.
ddd. Anal angle of posterior wings rounded, or some-
times produced in caudate prolongation. - -
B. Subcostal nervules of anterior wings free, the second, third
and fourth emitted moderately close together and equi-
distant.
ine ie Ant wing, Discophora bbbbb, First median nervule of anterior wings neither pro-
aubscitak wiaeaiias oat Gaeee ot minently arched nor angulated near base.
discvidal nervules. ececc. Anterior wings with inner margin slightly dilated at
base in ¢, the apical angle rounded.
dddd. Posterior wings ovate, the anal angle rounded.
é. Bifurcation of subcostal nervules and apparent
NS base of upper disco-cellular nervule to pos-
terior wings contiguous. - - - -
BB. Second and third median nervules of anterior wings emitted
some distance apart.
Fic. 24.—Post. wing, Clerome gra-
cilia. sbuwlan Weieaiin ak eots dddidd. Posterior wings subovate and subelongate.
costal nervules and apparent base ee, Bifurcation of subcostal nervules and apparent
of upper disco-eellular nervule, base of upper disco-cellular neryule to pos-
terior wings remote. - - -
Surremser 30, 1882.
AMATHTSIA.
AEUZIDIA,
DiscopHora.
THAUMANTIS.
CLEROME.
A
69
- XANTHOTENTA,
70 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA,
Genus AMATHUSITA.
Amathusia, Fabricius, Illiger’s Mag. vi, p, 270 (1807); Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 826 (1860).
Mitocerus, Billb., Enum. Ins. p. 79 (1820); Scudd. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts & Se. x. p. 220 (1875).
Anterior wings subtriangular, the costal margin strongly arched, the apex not acute and very slightly
rounded. First subcostal nervule emitted before end of cell at three-fourths of its length, remaining
subcostal nervules emitted close together on apical fourth of wing. Upper disco-cellular nervule shortly,
obliquely, and outwardly directed at base, and suberect along its greater length; lower disco-cellular
suberect and slightly concave at base and then directed obliquely outwards for its greatest length. Discoidal
nervules well separated at their origin. First median nervule with its base directed obliquely upwards in a
line with the median nervure, and then abruptly deflexed to outer margin. Posterior wings subtriangular ;
costal margin arched; outer margin rounded and scalloped; anal angle produced into a broad, spatulate,
tail-like prolongation between the apices of the third median nervule and the submedian nervure. Discoidal
cell partly closed by an atrophied and curved disco-cellular neryule, In male specimens these wings possess
two tufts of hair, probably concealing scent-secretory glands or pouches, the first in the neighbourhood of
the submedian nervure, and the second and smaller tuft between that nervure and the third median nervule.
The terminal joints of the abdomen are also furnished with tufts of hair.
This genus is of moderate extent, including some eight or nine species. It has a somewhat
restricted area, which extends from Continental India to a little beyond the Indo-Malayan
region. At present but one species is known as inhabiting the Malay Peninsula.
1. Amathusia phidippus. (Tab. VI., fig. 63,7 2.)
Papilio Phidippus, Linneus, Syst. Nat, 1, 2, p. 762, n. 87 (1767); Joh. Ameen. Acad. vi. p, 402, n. 52 (1764);
Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 455, n. 62 (1775); Sp. Ins. p. 21, n. 85 (1781); Mant. Ins. p. 11, n. 97 (1787);
Ent. Syst. ili, p. 71, n. 220 (1793); Cram. Pap. Ex. 1, t. 69, A, B (1779).
Morpho Phidippus, Godt, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 489, n. 2 (1823),
Amathusia Phidigyus, Doubl, Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep, t. 54, f. 2 (1850); Horsf. & Moore, Cat, Lep, Mus, E. L C,
p. 209, n, 428 (1857); Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 45, n. 2 (1869); Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i.
p. 638, nm. 1 (1877); Druce, Proc, Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 840, n. 1; ibid. 1874, p. 104, n. 1; Moore, Proce,
Zool. Soc, 1877, p. 588; ibid. 1878, p. 826; Godm. & Salv. Proe. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 688, n. 18;
Snellen, Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 147, n. 21 (1876); ibid. xx. p. 66 (1877); thid. xxi. p. 11, n. 42 (1878).
Male. Wings above dark fuliginous-brown. Anterior wings with the costal and outer margins
somewhat paler, and with a distinctly paler submarginal fascia. Posterior wings with the outer margin
paler and with a distinctly paler submarginal fascia, the marginal fringe ochraceous and the anal-angular
caudate prolongation somewhat paler, with two sublunate black spots, outwardly margined with white ;
these spots are placed near the apices of the third median nervule and submedian nervure. Wings
beneath greyish, crossed by numerous fuscous fascim of varying width and hue; the first commences
near costal base of anterior wings, and is continued on posterior wings, narrowing and becoming somewhat
evanescent a little beyond the middle of submedian nervure; the second crosses the cells of both wings
about their centres, and terminates on inner side of third median nervule at about half its length; the third
is short, crossing cell, but not passing median nervule of anterior wings; the fourth is pale, with its margins
darker, waved, and deflexed beneath the third fascia on anterior wing, passing a little beyond the second
on posterior wing, and becoming confluent and terminating with that fascia beneath the median nervure ;
the fifth is wide and darkest, crossing both wings at cellular apices, and terminating a little beneath second
median nervule; the sixth is widest, somewhat paler, with darker margins, outwardly sinuate and placed a
little beyond the fifth ; this sixth fascia is followed by three narrow fasciw, which terminate on the abdominal
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 71
margin of the posterior wings, one being marginal and two submarginal, the middle one darkest and the
inner one palest. The posterior wings possess two large submarginal ocellated spots, which are ochraceous,
speckled with fuscous, possessing white centres and black outer margins, the inner borders of which are
narrowly ochraceous; the lower and larger spot has the white centre somewhat Iunate, and is followed
posteriorly by a broad blackish suffusion; the upper of these spots is situate between the subcostal nervules,
and the lower one between the second and third median nervules. The anal-angular prolongation of the
posterior wings is spotted as’ above and has a large central castancous suffusion. Body and legs more or
less concolorous with wings.
The male possesses four long, curved tufts of hair on each side of the terminal segments of the
abdomen. A somewhat similar tuft is situate about the centre of the abdominal margin to the posterior
wings, on the inner side of the submedian nervure; and between the submedian nervure and third median
nervule within a fold of the wing are also a few long hairs. Both of these, judging by analogous reasoning,
are probably the coverings of scent-glands or pouches.
Female. Larger than the male; wings above paler, with an ochraceous diseal fascia crossing both
wings, widest near costa of anterior wings, and very narrow on posterior wings; the sulmarginal fascim as
in male, but concolorous with the ochraceous margins. Wings beneath as in male, but much paler.
Exp. wings, ¢ 96 to 101 millim.; ¢ 108 to 112 millim.
Has.—Andaman Islands (colls. Moore and Cale. Mus.) — Tenasserim; Meetan (Limborg).— Malay
Peninsula; Penang; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. and Sater); Malacca (Brit. Mus.)—Sumatra (coll.
Moore).—Billiton (coll. Godm. & Salv.)—Java (Horsf. Coll. Brit. Mus.)—Borneo (coll. Godm. & Salv.);
Banjermasin (coll. Dist.)—Celebes (Snellin).—Siam ; Chentaboon (coll. Godm. & Salv.)
This species varies in the depth and intensity of hue possessed by the fuscous fascim@ on
the under surfaces of the wings, as exhibited in the male and female forms here figured, and
which may be taken as typical of the varietal extremes.
It is also of crepuscular flight. In Java and Celebes, according to Piepers, ‘‘ the sun has
scarcely set before we see everywhere”’ this and a few other species of like habits; but the same
author remarks, ‘‘I never saw these species wandering about at night in the moonlight, or
entering lighted rooms, like the true night-moths, which are very numerous, although, like the
latter, they sit still and repose all day, and if disturbed only fly a little way and settle again
directly.”" Mr. Collingwood speaks of these butterflies in the Bornean island, Labuan, as making
“their appearance near sunset, when, from their large size, they might be almost mistaken for
small bats.” + In the Malay Peninsula A. phidippus possesses the local name of * cocoa-nut
moth,” and, as Mr. Bigg writes, “it delights in shady places, and is especially found about
attap-sheds and on dead cocoa-nut leaves.” } ‘The dull coloration of this species especially
assimilates it to such an environment, and affords a very fair example of what is understood by
“protective resemblance,” or, as if might also be expressed, assimilative coloration, §
* Tijd. Ent. xix. pp. xviii. to xxiv., and English transition by Kirby, ‘ Entomologist,’ x. p. 271.
t ‘Rambles of a Naturalist,’ p. 188. } Mouth. Packet, vol. ii. p. 191 (1881).
3 Although the theory of “protective resemblance”, in animal life owes its elucidation to the labours and insight
of Wallace and Darwin, it, like other similar fnets, had not escaped the attention of the older naturalists of teleological
tendencies. Thus St. Pierre (* Studies of Nature,’ Hunter's transl. vol. ii. p. 175, 1809) relates:—*“ In the month of March lust
I observed, by the brink of the rivulet which washes the Gobelins, « butterfly (moth?) of the colour of brick, reposing with
expanded wings on a tuft of grass. On my approaching him he flew off. He alighted at some pnees distance on the ground,
which at that place was of the same colour with himself. I approached hima second time; he took n second flight, and
perched again on a similar stripe of earth, In a word, I found it was not in my power to oblige him to alight on the grass,
theugh | made frequent attempts to that effect, and though the spaces of earth which separated the turfy soil were narrow
and few in number.” Ay late friend D.G. Rutherford recorded somewhat similar habits in an African butterfly, Aterica
meleagris, the colour of whose wings beneath, when at rest, #0 assimilated with the colour of the soil on which it settled as to
mike its detection a matter of the greatest difficulty (Proc. Ent. Soc. 1878, p. xlii); and Mr. Jenner Weir has exhibited
1 saree of Hipparchia semele which also showed a tendency to vary beneath in accordance with the nature of the soil in
e different districts in which they had been found (ibid. p. xlix).
72 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
The larva (fig. 18) is from a drawing made in Java by Dr. Horsfield, who states that it
there ‘‘ feeds on the young leaves of Coccos nucifera, from December to April.” *
Genus ZBUXIDIA.
Aenvidia, Hibner, Samml. Ex. Schmett. (1816-1824); Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 327 (1851),
Anterior wings subtriangular, with the costal margin strongly arched, and the apex acute, the inner
margin in the male dilated and convex. First subcostal nervule emitted before the end of cell at about
three-fourths its distance from base, anastomosing with costal nervure for some little distance and then
reflexed to costa;+ the second emitted near end of costal neryure; remaining subcostal nervules emitted
near apex. Disco-cellular nervules generally as in Amathusia, and discoidal nervules well separated at
their bases, as in that genus. First median nervule strongly angulated at base, as in Amathusia, but
throwing off a short, oblique and disconnected nervule directed upwards, but not reaching the lower
discoidal nervule, and connected with a fold in the wing, which gives the appearance of a fourth median
nervule. Posterior wings subtriangular; costal margin strongly curved and convex; cell partly closed, as
in Amathusia; anal angle attenuated and produced into a caudate prolongation between the third median
nervule and the submedian nervure. In male specimens this wing possesses two large and prominent
glands or pouches (probably scent-secreting), both of which possess a central tuft of hairs, one situate
between the costal nervure and first subcostal nervule, { the second in discoidal cell. There is also a smaller
tuft covering an apparently small glandular pouch in the neighbourhood and near base of the submedian
nervure,
The area of this genus is limited, and corresponds generally with that of Amathusia.
It comprises eight or nine species, one of which is at present alone known in this fauna.
1. Zeuxidia amethystus. (Tab. VIL. fig. 13,29.)
Acuxidia amethystus, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 485, n. 6; Trans. Linn, Soc., Zool, ser. 2, vol. i, p. 588,
n, 1 (1877).
Aeuzidia Wallacei, Feld. Reise Nov. Lep. iii. p. 461, n. 777, t. 62, f. 8 (1866); Druce, Proc. Zool. Boc. 1873,
p. 841, n. 2.
Male. Anterior wings rich chocolate-brown, crossed by a large bluish subapical fascia, with purplish
reflections ; this fascia commences at costal margin, where it is broadest, and terminates near apex of third
median neryule, where it is narrowest; it is outwardly convex and inwardly (where it crosses about the end
of cell) irregularly concave. Marginal fringe narrowly pale bluish white. Posterior wings rich chocolate-
brown, with a large bluish anal-angular pateh with purplish reflections; this patch extends upwards, and
somewhat convexly, from anal angle, and terminates near first median nervule; anal-angular caudate
prolongation distinctly marked with white on each side, and marginal fringe narrowly pale bluish white.
Wings beneath pale brownish. Anterior wings with four irregular brown fasciw crossing cell, which are
continued on posterior wing and terminate at the median nervule; both are also crossed by a slightly
waved fascia, the outer margin of which is distinctly darkest, commencing at costa of anterior wings,
crossing cellular apices of both wings, and terminating very obscurely near the submedian neryure; both
wings have a very much waved and sinuated narrow brown fascia between apex of cell and margin,
* Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep., Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 210.
+ I am somewhat at variance with Prof. Westwood in the diagnosis of this nervule. That excellent authority (Gen.
Diurn. Lep. p. $28) has described “ two slender oblique veinlets” connecting the costal nervure with the costa. The second of
these is present, exactly as described by Westwood in one male specimen of Z. amethystus in my own collection, but as it is
absent in other specimens of the same species, and also generally throughout the genus, I look upon it as an aberration only.
The first veinlet I also consider as but the termination of the first subcostal nervule, after some lateral anastomosis with the
costal nervure.
| Fritz Miiller considers the dilatation and prolongation of the inner in of the anterior wing over the costal area of
the posterior wing “‘a never-failing indication of the presence of a scent-secreting organ” at that spot (*‘ Kosmos,’ Jan. 1897,
p. 285 ef seg., and Abstr. by Meldola, * Nature,’ vol. xix. p. 587).
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 73
followed by two more obscure and much straighter fasciw, one submarginal and the other marginal. Posterior
wings with three ocellated spots with white centres and whitish and black margins, the upper and largest
of which is situate between the subcostal nervules, the second and smallest is placed between the lower
subcostal and discoidal nervules, and the third between the second and third median nervules. Both wings
have also a few whitish suffusions, and the anterior wings are shaded with dark brown beyond the apex of
the cell, and beeome more or less fuscous beneath the second median nervule; caudate prolongations
marked with white on each side as above. The sexual tufts and margins of glands paler than wing.
Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Female. Wings above pale brownish, Anterior wings becoming chocolate-brown beyond apex of
cell, and there possessing the following pale stramineous markings :—a waved fascia commencing on costal
margin a little beyond cell and terminating above first median nervule, where it is outwardly followed by a
small spot; beneath are six spots placed three above and three beneath the second median nervule; and
near apex there is also an indication of a pale spot. Posterior wings with the outer marginal area more or
less ochraceous, on which is a submarginal waved and broken dark chocolate fascia, becoming in some
specimens (as the one figured) obsolete towards anal angle; on inner side of this ochraceous area is an
ill-defined darker apical patch or suffusion, on which are three pale ochraceous spots, two above and one
beneath the diseoidal nervule; there is also a similar but much fainter spot beneath the first median
nervule (in one Malaccan specimen now before me these spots are nearly obsolete) ; anal caudate prolongation
marked with white on each side. Wings beneath generally as in male, but the smaller ocellated spot on
posterior wings in male absent, and the whitish suffusion more distinct.
Exp. wings, ¢ 90 to 96 millim.; ? 110 to 120 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Satier); Malacca (Brit. Mus.)—Sumatra (Brit.
Mus.)—Borneo (coll. Godm. & Salv.).
Z. amethystus does not probably extend north of the Malay Peninsula, as here faunistically
treated, as from Tenasserim a closely allied species has been described.* Considerable variation
in depth of coloration is observable both above and beneath amongst male specimens.
This species affords a striking example of sexual dissimilarity in coloration and markings,
in explanation of which several theories have been advanced, which are at least suggestive, if
not conclusive. As in this case, where dissimilarity exists, it 1s usually, though not invariably,
the male which is the most showy and brightly coloured, and Mr. Darwin considers that this is
due to “sexual selection,” or, in other words, “the females for many generations having
chosen and paired with the more attractive males,’ + and certainly much of the argument which
he applies to the sexes of the American genus picalia will apply to Zeuzidia. It is probable,
at least on this view, that the female form represents more or less the ancestral type of the
genus, for not only are all the female forms of Zeuzidia with which I am acquainted coloured in
this manner, but similar sexual forms occur in the American genus Morpho, of which a striking
example is the Papilio mareus of Schaller, which, judging from the somewhat indifferent figure,
Mr. Kirby quite reasonably placed in the genus Zeuzidia, but which, by the acquisition of a
Guianan specimen, I was subsequently enabled to show was the female sex of Morpho adonis,{ and
almost simultaneously Mon. C. Oberthiir figured the closely allied female sex of Morpho eugenia.§
We have already alluded to the natural affinities of these genera, and the geological evidences
which minimise their present geographical estrangement, and when we observe that in each
* 4. masont, Moore. + ‘Descent of Man," 2nd edit. p. 318.
{ Trans. Ent. Soc, 1881, p. $97. § ‘Etudes d'entomologie,’ liv. 6me, t. vi. f. 1.
SEPTEMBER 30, 1682. U
74 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
case the male character depends upon the colour blue for its brillianey, the remarkable affinity
of these female forms of Morpho and Zeuzidia are most suggestive. If we allowed ourselves to
generalise, it would seem that in Morpho and Tropical America the brilliant blue character of
the male has reached its maximum, and has there descended in the majority of instances
to the female as a secondary sexual character, whilst in Zeuzidia the females still retain their
primitive coloration.
Mr. Wallace, however, rejects the theory of sexual selection, and substitutes several
propositions to account for varying sexual phenomena. One of the principal of these is the ‘*need
of protection, repressing in the female those bright colours which are normally produced in both
sexes by general laws." 'The observation of the habits of both sexes of Zeuzidia would greatly
assist this theory. Mr. Wallace has also proposed ‘‘ Colour as a means of Recognition” for
butterflies, ‘‘in which the females of closely-allied species in the same locality sometimes
differ considerably, while the males are much alike.” | This, however, would not apply to
4. amethystus, as it possesses a close ally in the female of Z. doubledayi. {
Genus. DISCOPHORA.,
Discophora, Boisduyal, Sp. Gén. i, t. 12, f. 8 (1836); Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 329 (1851); Moore, Lep.
Ceyl. i. p. 85 (1881).
Anterior wings subtriangular, with the costal margin very much arched and the apex acute; the inner
margin nearly straight. First subcostal nervule emitted a little before the end of cell, anastomosing with
costal nervure for some little distance, and then apparently reflexed to costa; the second pursuing a like
course a little before apex of costal nervure; remaining nervules emitted beyond costal nervure and near
apex. Discoidal nervules with their bases contiguous. First median nervule slightly arched, but not
angulated beyond apex of cell. Posterior wings subtriangular; disk of costal margin nearly straight; outer
margin of wings, especially in the female, more or less prominently and obtusely angulated at apex of first
median nervule. Discoidal cell quite unclosed at apex.
The males possess a silky oval patch of raised scales on the upper surface of the posterior wings at the
bases of the median nervules.
This genus comprises some eight or nine species, spread over an area which in the main
corresponds with that of the two preceding genera, Discophora is found in Continental India,
Ceylon, Andaman Islands, Burma, Tenasserim, the Malay Peninsula, and onwards throughout
a large portion of the Malayan Archipelago.
‘Two species are at present included in this fauna,
1. Discophora tullia. (Tab. VIL, fig. 83,92.)
Papilio Tullia, Cramer, Pap. Ex. i. t. 81, A, B (1779); Fabr. Sp. Ins. p. 76, n. 887 (1781); Mant. Ins. p. 88,
n. 394 (1787); Ent. Syst. i. p. 98, n. 805 (1793).
Morpho Tullia, Godt, Ene. Meth, ix. p. 446, n. 19 (1828),
Discophora tullia, Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 381, n. 1 (1851); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep, Mus, E. I. C. i.
p. 211, n. 431 (1857); Moore, Proe. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 767; ibid. 1878, p. 826; Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep.
p. 45, n. 1 (1869); Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 5388, n. 2 (1877); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc.
1873, p. 841, n, 1.
* Tropical Nature,’ p. 193. t Ibid. p. 196.
| The subject has also been treated by Fritz Miiller (‘ Kosmos,’ 1879, p. 285 et seq.), with reference to an Ameri
butterily, but his views do not apply to our present discussion. £ a aa ae
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 75
Male. Wings above fuliginous-brown; posterior wings with a silky patch of raised seales at bases of
meédian nervules.
Notre.—In all male specimens as yet examined from the Malay Peninsula the anterior wings are
unspotted, but in specimens from Continental India there are usually three discal rows of pale spots
between the end of cell and outer margin. The ground colour also varies in intensity of hue.
Wings beneath dull ochraceous; basal half of both wings dark ochraceous, remaining outer portions
pale ochraceous, with three more or less waved darker fascie, one marginal and two submarginal; posterior
wings with two ocellated spots with white centres and white and black margins, the first situate between the
subcostal nervules, the second between the second and third median nervules (this lower second spot is
absent in the specimen figured). Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Female. Wings above pale chocolate-brown. Anterior wings with the outer diseal portion dark
chocolate-lrown; an obscure ochraceous spot in and before end of cell, and a smaller but more distinet
spot of the same colour beyond end of cell; a like spot beneath cell and between second and third median
nervules (absent in specimen figured); an inner discal series of six white spots placed between the nervules,
the largest, upper, and innermost two contiguous, and separated by the upper discoidal nervule; the sixth,
with its posterior margin tinged with ochraceous, is situate between the third median nervule and submedian
nervure; this is outwardly followed by a series of five spots, the upper one bluish and amalgamating with
the second inner spot, second and third bluish, and fourth and fifth ochraceous; and a submarginal row of
five ochraceous spots placed between the nervules in a line with the other two series; costal and outer
margins very pale brownish. Posterior wings with the outer discal portion dark chocolate-brown, and with
three discal series of ochraceous spots placed between the nervules, the two inner series not passing the
third median nervule, the outer series having an indistinct spot beyond that nervule; the intermediate
series are more or less distinctly sublunate, and the outer series are inwardly margined with very dark
chocolate-brown ; outer margin very pale brownish. Wings beneath as in male, but paler, the basal portion
with a few seattered dark rounded spots near base; a waved, continuous, narrow dark fascia crossing the
centres of both cells, and a dark spot at the upper disco-cellular nervule of anterior wings; ocellated spots
to posterior wings smaller than in male, but varying in size.
Long. ¢ 70 to 75 millim.; ? 90 to 98 millim.
Han.—Continental India; Darjeeling (Horsf. & Moore); Silhet (Brit. Mus.)—Tenasserim; near
Ahsown (Limborg).—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. & Saiier); Malacea (Brit. Mus.)—
Borneo (coll. Godm. & Salv.).
The females of this species vary in the prominence of the apical angles of the anterior
wings, thus approximating towards the specimens described by Prof. Westwood as a distinet
species, under the name of Discophora Zal, but which may probably prove to be merely a variety
of this species.*
The larva is figured in Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. (pl. xii. fig. 15), from the
original drawing made by Mr. A. Grote, then of Calcutta, and is stated to feed on ‘* Bambusa.”’
It apparently agrees in structure with the larva of D. celinde, which is here figured.
2. Discophora celinde. (Tab. V., fig. 10 7,11 2.)
Papilio Celinde, Stoll, Suppl. Cram. Pap. Ex. t. 87, f. 1, 1 A (1790).
Papilio Menetho, Pabr. Ent, Syst. iii. 1, p. 83, n. 260 (1793); Donov. Ins. Ind. t. 30, f. 1 (1800),
Papilio aristides, Pabr. Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 86, n. 268 (1793).
* Mr. Moore has enumerated Discophora Za! among the Tenasserim butterflies (Proce. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 826); and
Mr. Kirby, in that lepidopterists’ vade mecum, his ‘Cat. Diurn. Lep.’ p. 646, also considers it distinct.
76 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Morpho Celinde, Godt. Ene. Meth. ix. p. 446, n. 16 (1828); Horsf. Cat. Lep. E.1.C, t. 6, £. 6 (1829),
Morpho Menetho, Godt. Ene. Meth. ix. p. 446, n. 20 (1823),
Discophora celinde, Herr.-Schiff. Ex. Schmett. f. 5, 6 (1850); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus, E. 1... i, p. 211,
n. 492 (1857); Snellen, Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 148, n. 22 (1876); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 588;
Wood-Mas. & de Nicéy. Journ. As. Soc. Bengl. xlix. p. 226, n. 10 (1880).
Diseophora menetho, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 45, n. 2 (1869); Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 588,
n. 1 (1877).
Male. Wings above olivaceous, with obseure bluish reflections. Anterior wings with the following
ochraceous spots:—one linear beyond end of cell and between the discoidal nervules, followed by
three which are divided by the diseoidal nervules (the upper of which is more frequently absent),
and a submarginal. series of which the uppermost is situate between the discoidal nervules, and the
lower one between the third median nervule and the submedian nervure. Posterior wings with a
piceous, subovate, silky patch of raised seales at basal area of median nervules, the outer margin of which
is pale brownish. Wings beneath reddish ochraceous, mottled with numerous dark strigw, and crossed by
a distinct broad darker oblique fascia, passing at about cellular apices of both wings, which have also
two narrow submarginal waved fasciw, at the area of which (especially on anterior wings) the colour is
paler, and between which and the oblique fascia the colour is darkest. Anterior wings with three waved
and sinuated fascis crossing cell. Posterior wings with two discal ocellated spots, with white centres and
yellow and black margins, the first of which is situate between the subcostal nervules, and the second
and smallest between the second and third median neryules. Body and legs more or less concolorous
with wings. Antenn# brownish above and pale ochraceous beneath.
Female. Wings above pale chocolate-brown. Anterior wings becoming darker towards apical area,
where they are crossed by a very broad ochraceous subapical fascia, which commencing at costa passes a
little beyond end of cell, is outwardly widened beneath the lower discoidal nervule, to near margin, and is
inwardly narrowed between the first and second median nervules till it terminates between the third median
nervule and submedian nervure; this fascia is preceded by a small ochraceous spot between the second and
third median nervules, and is followed by a narrow outer marginal ochraceous fascia. Posterior wings with
an outer marginal ochraceous fascia, which beyond the discoidal nervule towards anal angle is only
represented by a few spots between the nervules; a submarginal series of four ochraceous spots placed
between nervules, and two diseal spots divided by the lower subcostal nervule. Wings beneath as in male,
but munch paler, and with the fascis much less distinctly defined.
Exp. wings, # 85 to 93 millim.; ¢ 100 millim.
Hazn.—Continental India ; Darjeeling* (Horsf. & Moore, and coll. Dist.) ; Nepaul (Brit. Mus.)—Andaman
Islands (colls. Moore and Cale. Mus.)—Malay Peninsula; Pyrovinee Wellesley (colls. Dist. and Sater);
Malacca (Brit. Mus.)}—Java (coll. Horsf.) —Borneo (coll. Dist.)
The above descriptions apply to the form of the species as found in the Malay Peninsula.
That of the male agrees with the figures of Stoll and Herrich-Schiiffer, and is widely distributed,
a Darjeeling specimen in my own collection being in no way different. But in some Malayan
specimens the spots on the anterior wings are almost white, and the upper two of the three
discal spots are obliterated. As the males agree with the typical form as figured by Stoll, and
also with the male specimens arranged as D. celinde in the British Museum, I cannot agree
with Mr. Butler, who has placed a Malaccan female specimen, generally agreeing with the one
* This is an unsatisfactory habitat. Mr. H. J. Elwes (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. vii. p. 468) has pointed out
that it is the central station and only town in Brit. Sikkim, and being the centre to which all native collectors bring their
cpecaens for disposal, species found in Brit. and Native Sikkim, and the adjoining parts of Bhotan, Tibet, and Nepaul, from
level of the plains up to 18,000 or 19,000 feet, are thus labelled “ Darjeeling." The Neotropical habitat “ Bogota" has
been shown to be equally unsatisfactory, if not often fallacious (see Birchall, ‘ Zoologist,’ p. 9512),
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. ye
here figured, with a Nepaulese male* to represent the D. menetho, Fabr., as a distinct species,
especially as the Fabrician type is not contained in the British Museum. Moreover, the same
author + has given Donovan’s figure as agreeing with the D. menetho, Fabr., but this is unlike
the female Malaccan form, and if such wide variation is allowed (as appears only reasonable
and just) it is difficult to understand how the distinction of the two proposed species can be
maintained,
The larva is figured by Horsfield (ante, p. 67, fig. 19), and is described as feeding, nm Java,
on the young leaves of Coccos nucifera from December to January.! This is the larval food-plant,
according to the same authority, of Amathusia phidippus.
Genus THAUMANTIS.
Thawnentis, Hiibner, Sammi. Ex. Schmett, (1816—1824); Blanch. Hist. Nat. Ins. ii. p. 455 (1840); Westw.
Gen. Diurn, Lep. p. 385 (1851); Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2, vol. iv. p. 170 (1858).
Anterior wings subtriangular; costal margin very much arched, the apex more or less rounded, the
inner margin nearly straight. First subcostal nervule emitted a little before the end of the cell, anastomosing
with the costal nervure for some distance, and then apparently reflexed to costa; the second pursuing a like
course a little before apex of costal nervure; remaining nervules emitted before or near apex of costal
nervure. Discoidal nervules well separated at their origin. First median nervule strongly arched, but not
angulated beyond apex of cell. Posterior wings more or less ovate, the anal angle sometimes moderately
produced; disk of costal margin nearly straight. First median nervule strongly arched and angulated
towards discoidal nervule. Disecoidal cell with the apex quite unclosed.
. Thaumantis is a genus which is found in Continental India, Tenasserim, the Indo-Malayan
Region, Siam, and as far north as Shanghai, and comprises at the present time about a dozen
described species. Allusion has already been made to its striking genetic affinity with the
American genus Morpho, and, as in that genus, T'hawmantis also possesses two typical forms of
coloration, which may roughly be described as the blue and the tawny types.
A good example of the blue species of Thawmantis is afforded by T’. lucipor (Tab. IX. f. 8 & 9),
which approximates towards the predominating facies of Morpho, while T. pseudaliris (Tab. VIL.
f. 3) and 7’. louisa (a Tenasserim species) reflect more or less faithfully the features of that portion
of the genus Morpho which is represented by M. metellus and allies.
Three species only have, as yet, been received from the Malay Peninsula. §
1. Thaumantis lucipor. (Tab. IX., fig. 8 7,9 ¢.)
Thaumantis Luctpor, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 337, n. 5, note (1851); Trans. Ent. Soc. ser, 2, vol. iv.
p. 173, n. 5, t. 19 (1858); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep, Mus. B. 1.0. i. p. 216, n. 448 (1857); Druce,
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 841, n. 2.
Male. Wings above pale chocolate-brown, the disks of both wings darker, and with dark and resplendent
bluizh reflections, which do not extend to the costal area and wide outer margin (diminishing from apex) of
* T possess a male from Borneo which greatly resembles this specimen. + Cat. Fabr. Lep. p, 45, n. 2,
| Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. i. p. 212.
§ In the ‘Cat. of Dinrn. Lepid. formed by W. C. Hewitson,' p. 108 (1879), T. aliris, Westw., is stated to have been
received from Malacea. This, however, from examination, proves to be an erroneous habitat, as the Malaccan specimens
represent the T. pseudaliris, Butl., which is here described. Although Mr. Kirby compiled the catalogue he is in no way
answerable for the identifications, having followed those of Hewitson throughout.
SEPTEMBER 30, 1882, x
78 RHOPALOCERKA MALAYANA,
the anterior wings, nor to the abdominal or outer margin of the posterior wings. Wings beneath chocolate-
brown, with the outer margins of both wings broadly and distinctly paler. Anterior wings with three very
indistinct and irregular pale fasciw crossing cell; an oblique distinct pale fascia commencing about costal
nervule a little beyond apex of cell, and terminating about third median neryule near the pale outer margin,
which possesses a submedial and much waved darker line, on inner side of which the colour is much suffused
with greyish; beneath the third median nervule the colour is pale brownish. Posterior wings with the basal
area much suffused with greyish, on which is a large, irregular and curved fascia, which is broadest on
costal margin and narrowest at its termination near the submedian nervure. At the boundary of the pale
outer margin the colour is much darker, and between the third median nervule and submedian nervure
appears as a suddenly bent and reflexed fascia; this area contains two ocellated spots, the first and uppermost
of which, situate between the subcostal nervules, is dark with slightly paler margin, and its inner third
white; the lower is situate between the second and third median nervules, and has its inner margin white.
The outer pale margin possesses a submedial and much-waved darker line, on inner side of which the
colour is much suffused with greyish, and between the third median nervule and submedian nervure is an
oblong black spot with an outer white continuation. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
The male possesses two basal patches of pale hairs* near costal base of upper surface of posterior
wings, which probably denote seent-secretory organs.
Female. Larger and with the wings above slightly paler than in male, with similar blue sanadtinne
as in that sex, but which do not extend beyond the basal halves of both wings. Anterior wings with the
blue reflection outwardly bounded by a more or less distinct pale oblique but broken fascia, commencing
above the first discoidal nervule and terminating near the third median nervule; two small subapical
ochraceous spots on each side of fifth subcostal nervule, followed by a much-waved and sinuated submarginal
ochraceous fascia, commencing near first discoidal nervule and terminating near outer angle. Posterior
wings with a much-waved and sinuated fuscous submarginal fascia, commencing near apex of first subcostal
nervule and terminating near anal angle; between the subcostal nervules this fascia is outwardly bordered
by a pale ochraceous marginal spot. Wings beneath somewhat paler and brighter than in male, excepting
the dark shadings, which are as intense as in that sex; the posterior wings are crossed by a narrow
undulating dark fascia, commencing near costa, crossing near apex of cell, and terminating at third
median nervule (this is faintly discernible in male); the submedial waved fascie to pale outer margins of
wings are also very distinct.
Exp. wings, ¢ 87 to 94 millim.; ? 98 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Satier)—Borneo (colls. Dist. and Godm. & Salv.);
Sarawak (Brit. Mus.)
This beautiful species has been hitherto only known in collections as from Borneo; it is,
however, contained in Mr. Saiier’s collection, which was formed in Province Wellesley.
3. Thaumantis noureddin. (Tab. VII., fig. 3 ¢; and Tab. IX., fig. 7 2.)
Thaumantis Noureddin, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 887, n. 6, note (1851); Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2, vol. iv.
p. 175, n. 6, t. 20 (1858); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. 1. C. p. 215, n. 444 (1857); Druee, Proe.
Zool. Soc. (1873), p. $41, n. 8; Butl. Trans, Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p, 588, n. 1 (1877).
Male. Wings above dark fuscous-brown; the outer margins of both wings broadly paler. Anterior
wings with the pale outer margin much waved inwardly, and there denoted by a row of more or less
distinet whitish spots placed upon the nervules; the costal area and basal portion of cell also somewhat
paler. The posterior wings have the paler outer portion much less well defined, broadest at anal angle,
* These in the typical specimen were deseribed as black by Prof. Westwood, and therefore probably vary in hue.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA., (i)
and terminating on abdominal margin. Wings beneath pale castaneous; both wings crossed by an almost
straight submarginal dark castaneous fascia, bordered outwardly with greyish. Anterior wings with a pale
waved fascia crossing cell near its centre; a narrow oblique greyish fascia beyond cell, commencing near
costal nervure, and terminating at first median nervule, beyond which it is continued and indicated by a
narrow dark line only; between these pale fasciw the colour is somewhat darker, and is thus continued in
a waved and narrower form on posterior wings, where it terminates in a faint and indistinct manner about
centre of abdominal margin. Posterior wings with two ocellated spots on inner side of submarginal fascia ;
these spots are inwardly margined with white, and are situate one between the subcostal nervules, and one
between the second and third median neryules; apical angle with a fuscous spot, bordered on each side
with greyish.*
The male is provided with two tufts of long dark hairs near base of upper surface of posterior wings,
covering the disks of two distinct pseudo scent-glands or pouches.
Female. Larger than male; wings above with distinct basal resplendent bluish reflections. Anterior
wings with a diseal, curved, and outwardly convex series of five ochraceous spots placed between the nervules,
commencing between the discoidal nervules, and terminating near the third median nervule, and a straight
submarginal series of five ochraceous spots also placed between the nervules. Posterior wings with a
waved fuscous marginal fascia. Wings beneath slightly paler than in male, the oblique greyish fascia
beyond cell of anterior wings much more distinct, broader, and continuous, the straight submarginal
fascia to both wings outwardly much more widely bordered with greyish; ocellated spots larger and anal
angle less produced than in male.
Exp. wings, ¢ 93 millim.; ? 94 to 98 millim,
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. and Sater); Malacca (Grit. Mus.)—Borneo
(coll. Godm. & Salv.)
The males of this species vary in the amount of melanism. In some specimens, as the one
figured, the submarginal series of pale spots above are scarcely visible.
3. Thaumantis pseudaliris. (Tab. VIIL., fig. 8 ¢.)
Thaumantis pseudaliris, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. xiii, p. 115 (1877); Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2,
Zool. vol, i. p. 688, n. 2, t. Lewili. fig. 1 (1877).
Thaumantis aliris, @, Westw. Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2, vol. iv. p, 176 (1858).+
Male. Anterior wings above fuscous-brown, with the base ferruginous, crossed by a pale lemon-
coloured transverse undulating fascia, which, commencing at costa above apex of cell, is then slightly
curved outwardly, passing a little beyond cell, is gradually narrowed between second and third median
nervules, and terminates in a small spot beneath the last-named nervule; two large subapical white spots,
separated by the upper discoidal nervule. Posterior wings fuscous-brown, with the base ferruginous; the
apical half from a little beyond the median nervule, and a large subquadrate apical-angular spot ochraceous,
more or less tinged with orange-red. Wings beneath crossed by a broad, irregular, and deeply sinuated
chocolate fascia; on anterior wings this fascia is abbreviated about median nervule, and is very narrow at
costal margin, where it is supplanted by the commencement of a transverse waved white fascia crossing
wing at end of cell and terminating on outer margin at apex of third median nervule; on the inner side of
the chocolate fascia the colour is obscure ochraceous, with two irregular reddish spots in cell and a smaller
one above it; beyond the white fascia the colour is reddish ochraceous, with a large diseal obscure
violaceous patch, bordered outwards with fuscous, and containing an outer white spot above upper discoidal
* These anal-angular markings have been unfortunately omitted from the figure.
+ Mr. Butler in renaming the male of Westwood's species has accidentally given a wrong reference to that author's
description.
80 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
nervule; beneath the median nervule the white fascia is inwardly and irregularly bordered with fuscous.
On posterior wings the chocolate fascia is broadest on costal margin, strongly angulated and narrowed
about discoidal nervule, outwardly angulated and rounded at base of first median nervule, and terminating
at anal angle between the third median nervule and submedian nervure where it is narrowest; it is
outwardly margined with white for its upper half; the inner area is pale obscure ochraceous, with three
reddish spots, two irregular and linear situated above and beneath cell, and one small and rounded in and
near base of cell; outer area reddish ochraceous, with two ocellated spots, the upper one mottled with
reddish und with a white centre and black margin situate between the subcostal nervules, the lower and
larger one with a large black spot inwardly bordered with white near its inner margin; outer margin black
inwardly preceded with pale ochraceous; this spot is situated between the second and third median
nervules; anda small linear marginal black spot between the third median nervule and the submedian
nervure.
Male with two large basal tufts of hair on upper surface of lower wings, the smaller near costa, the
larger at base of cell.
Female. Somewhat larger than the male; apical angle of anterior wings tinged with dark bluish,
beneath paler, brighter and more violaceous.
Exp. wings, ¢ 111 millim.; ¢ 114 millim.
Han.—Tenasserim; Thoungyeen Valley, foot of Donat Range (Bingham, Brit. Mus.) — Malay
Peninsula; Malacea (Pinwill, Brit. Mus., and coll. Hewits.).
The male specimen in the British Museum is here figured, and was captured in Malacca ;
the female to which reference is made was collected by Capt. Bingham in Tenasserim. The
first is somewhat worn, and it is possible that in fresh specimens the apical area of the upper
surface of the anterior wing is bluish, as described in the female specimen.
Prof. Westwood, when he described his 17’. aliris, apparently possessed the sexes of two
species, and as he figured the female of the Bornean species, which is GRY, it Was necessary
to rename the Malaccan male.
Genus CLEROME.
Clerame, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 838 (1851); Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2, vol. iv. p. 182 (1858),
Anterior wings subtriangular or subovate; costal margin very much arched, the apex rounded; outer
margin more or less convex; in the male the inner margin slightly dilated at base. First subcostal nervule
emitted a little before end of cell, and terminating beyond apex of costal nervule; second, third, and fourth
subcostal nervyules emitted somewhat close together, the second before the apex of the first ; fourth and fifth
with a common origin. Lower diseo-cellular nervule very long and obliquely sinuate. Discoidal nervules
distinctly separated at their origin. First median nervule not prominently arched or angulated at base.
Posterior wings ovate; disk of costal margin nearly straight; outer margin and anal angle rounded.
Discoidal nervule (the base of which is homologous to an upper disco-cellular nervule) emitted close to the
bifurcation of the subcostal nervules. Diseoidal cell with the apex quite unclosed.
The geographical area of Clerome pertains to that of the previously enumerated Malayan
genera of Morphina. From Continental India in the west it extends eastwards through
Tenasserim, the Malay Peninsula, a little beyond the confines of the Indo-Malayan portion of
the Archipelago, and as far north as China.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 51
About fourteen species are described, two alone of which have at present been received
from this region; these, however, represent respectively the smallest and most beautiful species
of the genus.
1, Clerome gracilis. (Tab. VIIL., fig. 12.)
Clerome yracilis, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. xx. p. 401, t. 8, f. 7 (1867).
Male. Wings above brownish ochraceous; posterior wings with a somewhat faint discal ocellated
spot, situate between the second and third median nervules. Wings beneath somewhat paler, and crossed
by two waved narrow fuscous fascie; the first passing through the centres of both cells, and the second
commencing about costal margin of anterior wings, passing beyond the cellular apices and terminating near
the middle of abdominal margin to posterior wings; a submarginal and strongly sinuated narrow fuscous
fascia to both wings. Between the central and submarginal fasci# are placed the following spots :—on
anterior wings a series of four small whitish spots placed between the nervules, the first above upper
diseoidal nervule, and the fourth beneath first median nervule, followed between the second and. third
median nervules by an ocellated spot, black, with a pale centre and ochraceous and black margins.
Posterior wings with an ocellated spot between the subcostal nervules, followed by three whitish spots
between the nervules, and an ocellated spot between the second and third median nervules. Body and legs
more or less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, d 53 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Brit. Mus.) ; Singapore (coll. Hewits.)—Borneo.*
I have not seen the female of this species. The typical male specimen was collected
in Malacea by Lieut. Roberts, and a specimen in the British Museum is here figured. It is
one of the smallest species of the genus, and appears to be seldom found by collectors.
9. Clerome faunula. (Tab. VIIL., fig. 2.)
Clerome faunula, Westwood, Gen, Dinrn. Lep. p. 334, n. 8, note, t. 54, f. 1 (1851).
Clerome (Melanocyma) faunula, Westw. Trans. Ent. Soc, ser, 2, vol. iv. p, 186, t, 21, f, 2 (1858),
Female. Wings above pale fuscous; posterior wings with the abdominal half beneath cell.and to about
second median nervule bright shining yellow. Anterior wings with the upper diseco-cellular nervule very
darkly infuscated and with the following dark markings :—a transverse streak across cell near apex, preceded
by a rounded spot, beneath which are two other spots situate between the base of the third median nervule
and the submedian nervure; two discal, transverse, strongly waved, and sinuated fascim, the first crossing wing
a little beyond apex of cell, and the second being somewhat submarginal, and ‘a very faint, waved, narrow,
marginal fascia, which is obsolete towards apex. Posterior wings with the following dark markings :—an
oblique fascia near base terminating about internal nervure; two very strongly waved and sinuated discal
fascis, which become united at lower subcostal neryule, the inner one then crossing wing at apex of cell
and terminating near centre of submedian nervure, the outer one somewhat submarginal and much less
strongly waved and sinuated after passing first median nervule, till it terminates at submedian nervure ;
and a waved marginal fascia becoming obsolete towards anal angle. Wings beneath pale greyish, marked
as above, but with the yellow coloration of the posterior wings richer and darker, and with all the fascia
and spots very dark fuscous; costal area of the anterior wings pale fuscous. Body and legs more or less
concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, 98 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca, Mount Ophir (D. Wallace); Singapore (Brit. Mus.)—Cambodia
(coll, Hewits.)
* *Cat. Diurn. Lep. formed by W. C. Hewitson,’ p. 108.
DEPTEMBER 30, 1882. ¥
82 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
This species appears to be somewhat rare in collections. The British Museum possesses
one female specimen, which was captured at Singapore, and which is not only here figured,
but is also the only one I have examined. Prof. Westwood* records a second specimen as
collected at Mount Ophir by Mr. D. Wallace; and a third, from Cambodia, is contained in
the Hewitsonian collection.
This is not only a beautiful but also an aberrant species, it being quite destitute of ocellated
spots, a character which Prof. Westwood was reasonably of opinion should warrant its subgeneric
separation. The wings are also semidiaphanons, thus allowing the fascia beneath to be visible
above.
Genus XANTHOTAENTA.
Nanthotania, Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2, vol. iv. p. 187 (1858),
Anterior wings subtriangular, the costal margin moderately arched, the apex rounded, the outer
margin moderately convex, the inner margin nearly straight. First subcostal nervule emitted a little
before the end of cell, and terminating a little beyond costal nervure; second and third subcostal nervules
emitted some little distance apart,+ the second a little before the apex of the first, fourth emitted a short
distance from the third, fourth and fifth with a common origin. Lower disco-cellular nervule very long
and obliquely sinuate. Discoidal nervules well separated at their origin. First median nervule not
prominently arched nor angulated at base. Posterior wings subovate and elongate, somewhat attenuated
towards anal angle, Discoidal nervule (the base of which is homologous to an upper disco-cellular nervule)
emitted some distance from the bifurcation of the subcostal nervules. Discoidal cell with the apex
entirely open.
Only one species of this interesting genus is at present known, and which is here
enumerated. The habitats of this species must therefore be taken as representing the
geographical area of the genus.
1. Xanthotzenia busiris. (Tab. V., fig. 7.)
Clerome (Xanthotenia) Busiris, Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2, vol. iv. p. 187, n. 6 (1858),
Clerome busiris, Druce, Proce, Zool, Soc. 1873, p. 341, n. 4.
Xanthotania busiris, Butl. Trans, Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 538, n, 1 (1877); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soe.
1878, p. 827.
Male. Wings above reddish ochraceous; anterior wings with an oblique, pale ochraceous fascia
crossing wings at end of cell, and terminating between second and third median nervules a little before
outer margin; beyond and beneath the apex of this fascia the colour is dark chocolate-brown, of which the
outer margin is paler; and with a pale whitish subapical spot situate above the upper discoidal nervule.
Wings beneath much paler, but variable in intensity of hue. Anterior wings marked as above, but the sub-
apical whitish spot having above a very small one of the same colour, and beneath an ocellated spot with a
white centre and yellowish margin, situate between the discoidal nervules, and two small and obscure
whitish spots, situate one on each side of the first median nervule. Discoidal cell crossed by a much-waved
and angulated dark line. Posterior wings with two strongly waved and sinuated dark lines, enclosing
a pale irregular fascia, commencing at costa a short distance from base, where it is narrowest, crossing
* ‘Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2, vol. iv. p. 186.
+ Prof. Westwood states, ‘‘the third and fourth branches of the post-costal vein of the fore wings rise a moderate distance
apart.” ‘This, however, appears to. me to be the second and third.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA, 83
apex of cell and terminating a little beyond submedian nervure; the outer marginal line is preceeded at apex
of cell with an inner marginal line, giving the appearance of a lower disco-cellular nervule ; two submarginal
waved dark lines and a narrow marginal one of the same colour; eight pale, rounded, and more or less
ocellated discal spots, the first and second largest, contiguous, and subdivided by the first subcostal nervule,
fourth and fifth divided by the first median nervule, smaller than third, which is situate above discoidal
nervule, sixth large and placed between second and third median nervules, seventh and eighth small and
together situate between third median nervule and submedian nervure; an obscure, narrow, dark fascia
extends from the inner side of the two upper spots to near the fifth or sixth spots. Body and legs more or
less concolorous with wings.
The male possesses a long tuft of fine hairs on the abdominal margin of the posterior wings,
a little before the apex of abdomen.
Exp. wings, ¢ 65 to 72 millim.
Han.—Tenasserim; Moolai, 3000—6000 ft. (Limborg, coll. Moore). — Malay Peninsula; Malacca
(Pinwill, Brit. Mus.) —Sumatra (Forbes, coll. Dist.) —Java (coll. Dist.)—Borneo (coll. Hewits.).
The female of this species is contained in the British Museum, and resembles the
male sex.
Group NY WPHALINA.
Palpi broad, the anterior margin more or less dilated.
Larve variable in form.
This group represents the subfam. Nymphaline of many authors, and
S.. the reasons for this proposed arrangement have already been submitted
\))))\ when discussing the group Morphina, though it may be added that some
Fic. 25.—Head, showing Tecent authors, as Moore* and Snellen, incorporate the two groups
palpy of Cyutiva deine. sovether. With some authorities, also, the subfam. Acreine is systematically
arranged between the two groups. Of the Acreine no example has at the present time been
either received from the Malay Peninsula, or recorded from that region; but as a species is
found in Ceylon, and more particularly as another has been lately sent home by Mr. Forbes
from Sumatra, it is quite possible that the Acreine will still prove to be represented in this
fauna.
Amongst the Nymphalina there are probably several genera which remain to be discovered
in the Malay Peninsula, but which are still absent from our lists and collections. Thus at the
present time we have received no so-called “ leaf-butterfly” belonging to the genus Kallima.
As this well-known genus is found in Continental India, Ceylon, Andaman Islands, Burma,
Tenasserim, Sumatra, and Java, it seems hardly reasonable to conclude that it is absent in
what may be considered as the intervening district of the Malay Peninsula, as here faunistically
understood. It seems difficult also to believe that no species of Herona inhabits the Peninsula, +
as that genus is represented in Continental India, Andaman Islands, Tenasserim, and
Sumatra, Of other Oriental genera not at present included in this fauna may be mentioned
* Lep. Ceylon.
+ There can be little doubt that when collections are made in the highlands of the interior and in the Native States
many species will be added to this already rich Khopalocerous fauna.
$4 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
the following :—Argynnis, though a widely spread genus, of which a species (4. niphe) is recorded
both from Ceylon and Sumatra; Symbrenthia, well represented in Continental India, and
also received from Sumatra and Java; Pyrameis, of which the ubiquitous P. cardui may remain
to be discovered; and Apatura, a very widely distributed genus, which, though absent from the
Peninsula, is still somewhat represented by the closely allied genus Eulacura. The genus
Vanessa, in the form of its species V’. C-auwreum, has been recorded from Penang by Mr. Kirby,*
probably on the strength of a specimen with that habitat attached, in the Dublin Museum, but
having seen no other specimen of that species in any of the collections I have examined, and
not having met with it myself when collecting on the spot, I have, pending corroborative
testimony, not enumerated the genus here. With these exceptions the Oriental genera of the
Nymphalina are well represented in the Malay Peninsula.
The characters on which I have relied for the separation of the Nymphalina from the
Morphina, viz., the structure of the palpi, will I think be found generally to obtain, and to be of
an easily recognisable nature. Much of the apparent dilatation of the anterior margin of the
palpi is due to the presence of a thick clothing of long hairs, irregular in arrangement and
structure, but still of sufficient constancy to render the dilated appearance of the palprat the
anterior margins uniformly and easily discernible.
Division would of course materially assist the study of this large group, especially if the
whole, and not a small faunistic portion only, were being examined; but, beyond some general
resemblances of form and colour, I have found little on which reliance could be placed for
divisional separation, and have therefore endeavoured to supply a synopsis of the genera en bloc.+
When the developmental characters of the Nymphalina are more fully worked out, natural
divisions will probably be manifest; at present, though larval coincidences do exist in small
divisions of genera, the structural characters of the perfect insects do not always agree in
a like ratio. } : :
* Cat. Dinrn. Lep. p. 181, 1 (1871).
+ Amongst others who have divided the subfam. Nymphaling, and whose views will well repay study, may be
mentioned Herrich-Schiiffer (Corresp.-Blatt. Zool.-mineral. ver. Regenab. 1864—“ Separat.” pp. 16—40, where the whole
of the then recorded genera are analyzed and grouped) and Burmeister (Deserip. Physiq. de la Republ. Argent., vol. v.,
pp- 150 ef seg., where a portion of the Neotropical fauna is alone treated).
| The uncertainty of the larval characters in this group, when taken as muterial for formulating sectional divisions, is
well shown by a reference to the views of Horsfield, who made a diligent and thorough examination of these characters for
systematic purposes. In his Thysanwriform group, as already pointed out (ante, p. 87), genera are there associated by larval
characters, which appertain not only to the Nymphaling (both Morphina and Nymphaline) but also to the Satyring, It is,
however, scarcely a satiafnctory feature in the study of Kastern ea ar that since the time of Horatfield’s epoch-making
publication, seareely anything has been published illustrative of the larvw of Oriental species, till—after an expiration of fifty
years—the drawings of the Bros, de Alwia have recently appeared in Moore's ‘ Lepidoptera of Ceylon.’ This ia the more
regretable when we remember the number of enthusiastic collectors of butterilies, specially in the Kast, whose captures,
though of high scientific value,—as increasing our knowledge of genera and species, and therefore necessarily of the
geographical distribution of the same,—could still add so much to our knowledge by careful breeding, and even more
careful deseription of the results of the same. Conchologists are now agreeing that the deseription of the outer covering of the
animal alone does not necessarily meet the requirements of biology, and the time is probably not far distant when the true
deseriber of an insect will be expected to give its life-history. In Japan Mr. H. Pryer is adding greatly to our knowledge in
this respect (see Trans. Ent. Soc, 1882, p. 485), and Mr. Hocking has lately contributed to our information of the earlier stage
of Himalayan Rhopalocera (Proc. Zool. Soc, 1882, p. 284),
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.,.
SYNOPSIS OF GENERA,
1. Costal nervure of anterior wings strongly swollen at base.
a. Middle diseo-cellular neryule of anterior wings but little
longer than the upper disco-cellular.
b. Wings somewhat slender, the outer margin of the
anterior wings more or less oblique. - - - EvurRyrena.
aa. Middle disco-cellular nervule of anterior wings much
longer than the upper diseo-eellular.
bb. Wings broad, the outer margins of the anterior wings
more or less convex. . . - : - - ERGonis.
2. Costal nervure of anterior wings often robust, but not swollen.
A. Anterior wings with the apical angles more or less faleate
and truncate.
e. Abdominal margins of posterior wings convex and
overlapping near base, and then strongly divergent
and concave to anal angle.
d. Third subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted
ZZ-— some distance before the apex of second sub-
costal nervule.
Fre, 26.—Arrangement of subcostal ¢. Outer margins of wings entire.
nerviles in ant, wings of Dolea-
halite seation: J; Posterior wings elongate and subtriangular. - DoLescHanuia.
ec. Outer margins of wings distinctly waved.
jf. Posterior wings subovate.
g. Lower disco-cellular nervule of anterior
wings slender, indistinet, or subobsolete.
hk. Antenne with the apex Greely and
moderately thickened. — - - Precis.
qg. Lower disco-cellular nervule of anterior
wings almost completely obsolete.
hi. Antenne with the apex BDEEDEAY — pro-
minently thickened. - JUNONIA.
cc. Abdominal margins of posterior wings convex and
overlapping near base, and then distinctly concave
and moderately divergent to anal angle.
dd. Third subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted
almost beneath the apex of second subcostal
a nervule.
ce. Outer margins of posterior wings prominently
Fro. 27.—Arrangement of subcostal produced in caudate elongation at apex of dis-
nervnles in ant, wings of Rhine- coidal nervule. - = = = . - RaerINopa.pa.
sla itn B. Anterior wings with apical angles elongate, rounded, or subacute.
i. Body stout, the thorax robust.
j. Third subeostal nervule of anterior wings more or less
convexly rounded towards apex.
k. Outer margins of posterior wings entire, not caudate.
Ll. Fourth subcostal nervule of anterior wings nearly straight.
m. Lower disco-cellular neryule of anterior wing
obsolete, leaving cell entirely open. — - - Evnacura.
kk, Outer margins of posterior wings caudately and nar-
rowly produced at first, and_also generally at
Fra. 28.,— Arrangement of subcostal third rasdian nervute. ;
nervules in ant. winga of Cha- U. Fourth subcostal nervule of anterior wings con-
raxes schreiberi. cavely emarginate owards apex.
Frprvuary 28, 1888, ui
85
86 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
mm. Lower disco-cellular nervule of anterior wings
present, closing apex of cell. . “ .
kkk. Outer margins of posterior wings produced in broad
and spatulate prolongation between first and second
median nervules. - - - - - -
ti. Body generally and moderately stout, the thorax not pro-
minently robust.
jj. Third subcostal nervule of anterior wings not suddenly
and convexly rounded towards apex.
n. First and second subcostal nervules of anterior wings
( tc emitted before end of cell.
“Ses o. Margins of posterior wings entire, not caudate.
p. Palpi obtusely pointed.
q. Posterior wings almost as broad as long. - -
vin: G0 Ateehetaensorecboue) qq. Posterior wings distinctly longer than broad.
nervules in post. wings of Ku. r. First subcostal nervule of posterior wings
thalia anosia, emitted close to base of subcostal nervure. -
pp. Palpi with a slender bristle-like terminal joint.
( be rr. First subcostal nervule of posterior wings
ie emitted at some distance from base of sub-
costal nervure. - - : : -
| nn. First subcostal nervule only of anterior wings emitted
Fro. 30.—Arrangement of subcostal before end of cell.
sieve pitmore. a ie 00. Margins of ae wings distinctly caudate in the
male - - - - - - :
itt. Body slender; wings delicate, generally pale and often
subhyaline.
nnn. First and second subcostal nervules of anterior wings
emitted before end of cell. = - - - - -
nnnn. First subcostal nervule only emitted before end of cell.
jj. Second and third subcostal nervules of the anterior
wings more or less suddenly ampliated and rounded
shortly after their emergence.
s. Outer margin of anterior wings distinctly longer than
interior margin,
t. Fourth subcostal nervule of anterior wing bent
and angulated near middle.
w. First and second median nervules of anterior
wings with their bases widely separated, the
Frac 8h first not rounded and slightly eurved inwardly.
—Arrangement, of median ; ‘ .
nervules in ant. wings of Par. uu. First and second median nervules of anterior
thenos gambrisive, var. wings with an apparently common origin, the
first rounded outwardly at base. - - -
ss. Outer and inner margins of anterior wings subequal
in length.
tt. Fourth subcostal nervule of anterior wings bent
Paes angulated near base.
- Discoidal nervules of anterior wings emitted at
about one-third from base of wing. - -
—————— vv. Discoidal nervules of anterior wings emitted
considerably beyond basal third of wing.
er ee a w. Third median nervule and first subcostal
ARE Ls eg Oe OWI Tot , = i ‘
dtiboostal eeeuts nea lnali hant nervule of posterior wings about subequal
near hase, in length. - - - - - -
* Gen, nov. type Cyrestie rahria, Moore.
ProrHor.
SYMPHEDRA.
EUritanta.
TANAECIA.
Evrirvs.
CYRESTIS.
CHERSONESIA. *
PARTHENOS.
LEDBADEA.
PANDITA.
LIweENITIS.
—S>))
Fig. 3:.—Costal area of post. wing to apical angle. - - - - - ATHYMA.
cota pe aia xx. Costal nervure of posterior wings not ex-
apical angle, tending to apical angle. - - - Neptts.
ttt. Fourth subcostal nervule of anterior wings not
angularly bent.
www. Third median nervule and first subcostal
nervule of posterior wings almost subequal
in length. - . - - + + Hyponmeas.
n. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted
just before or at end of cell, the second some
distance beyond,
ttt. Fourth subcostal nervule of anterior wings not
prominently bent or angulated.
vet. Discoidal nervyules of anterior wings emitted
beyond basal third of wing.
G2 > y. Wings with the outer margins sinuate and
dentate. - - - - - - - Crrnosta.
“ural in eet ince soupy yy. Wings with the outer margins slightly waved,
phalanta, that of posterior wings sometimes caudate. ATRL.
vevv. Discoidal neryules of anterior wings emitted at
about one-third from base of wings. = - - Cupwa.t
nn. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted a
Ls little before and the second at about end of cell.
=a eke oe wateeseaa ttttt. Fourth subcostal nervule of anterior wings pro-
spacey Ne winiga’or Clerc: minently bent and angulated. |
chrow orissa, z. Middle diseo-cellular nervule of anterior wings
about half the length of lower disco-cellular.
*. Posterior wings ovate and elongate. = - - Crrrocuroa.
zz. Middle disco-cellular nervyule of anterior wings
less than half the length of lower disco-cellular.
: | **, Posterior wings more or less subquadrate and
: caudate. - : - - - - ‘TeRrnos.
| nnn. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted a
We asa vines oh eee slg pace and the second immediately beyond a
end of cell. - - - - - : - CyYNTHta.
deione.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
ww. Third median nervule of posterior wings dis-
tinetly shorter than first subcostal nervule.
«x, Costal nervure of posterior wings extending
Genus DOLESCHALLIA.!
Doleschattia, Felder, Neues Lep. p. 14 (1861); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p, 38 (1881),
87
Anterior wings subtriangular, the costal margin arched from base and convex, the apical angle more
or less truncated; the outer margin sinuated, concave beneath apex, and convex towards posterior angle ;
the inner margin more or less concave.
First and second subcostal nervules emitted somewhat close
together near end of cell; third emitted beyond cell, and extending to apex; fourth and fifth bifureating at
about one-third from apex.
Upper diseo-cellular neryule short and outwardly angled; lower disco-cellular
+ This genus has been hitherto mostly known under the name of Messaras, Doubl., but has been recently shown by
Mr. Seudder to be a synonym of Cupha, Billb. (Proc. Am. Acad. Arte & Sei. vol. x. p. 149, 1875).
| The name of this genus exists in commemoration of that of Carl Ludwig Doleschall, a Hungarian entomologist, who
for a short time was numbered amongst the few workers in the Malayan Archipelago.
Best known as a Dipterist, he died of
consumption at Amboina at the age of thirty-two. His former friend and pupil, Rudolf Felder, whose name is attached
to many of the Rhopalocera described in this work, and who founded the genus Doleschallia, also died at the carly age
of twenty-nine.
88 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA,
nervule aborted, leaving the cell widely open. Median nervules widely separated, the first prominently
rounded at base; submedian nervure’ nearly straight. Posterior wings elongate and subtriangular, the
costal and outer margins convex; anal angle produced in narrow caudate elongation, which is traversed by
the submedian nervure; abdominal margins convex and contiguous near base, and from thence becoming
concavely divergent to anal angles. Costal nervure arched and extending to apex; precostal nervure
obliquely rounded and curved outwardly towards apex; discoidal nervules well separated at their origin ;
discoidal cell with the apex quite unclosed, first median nervule arched and rounded at a short distance
from base. Body short, robust; palpi large and porrect, raised above the upper margin of the head,
gradually narrowed to an obtuse point at apices, flattened beneath and covered with adpressed hairs, and
clothed above (exeluding apices) with long semi-erect and well-separated hairs.
About twelve or thirteen species are sometimes included in this genus; but of these, two
are probably not strictly congeneric, as the apical angles of the anterior wings are acute.
These two species also belong to the Ethiopian region, one being found in West Afriea, and
the other in Madagascar. ‘The remaining and more typical species inhabit an area extending
from India to Australia, and it is in the Papuan and Pacific regions that they mostly abound,
where, according to present knowledge, the number of species is rather more than double what
is found in the Indo-Malayan region. ‘he genus is closely allied to Kallima, the species of
which are commonly known as “ leaf-butterflies,"’ from the strikingly foliaceous appearance
of the under side of the wings, and whose habitat is almost exclusively the Indo-Malayan region.
Doleschallia thus appears as the extreme eastern representative of Kallima, a genus which most
probably inhabits the Peninsula, it being already recorded from Tenasserim.
The larva and pupa of the Ceylon species is figured in Moore’s ‘ Lep. Ceylon,’ from
drawings made by the Bros. de Alwis, and as described is “long, somewhat slender, purple-
black, with a dorsal and lateral series of short delicate branched blue spines” and ‘a central
row of white spots.” It is stated in Ceylon to feed on ‘“‘ Acanthads.”* The transformations
of D. bisaltide in Java have also been described by Piepers. +
One species only is at present known in the Malay Peninsula.
1. Doleschallia pratipa. (Tab. X1., fig. 8¢; Tab. [X., fig. 6 2.)
Doleschallia Pratipa, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. iy. p, 309, n, 20 (1860); Reise Nov. Lep. i. p.406, n.610 (1866);
Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p, 584; ibid. 1878, p. 828; Butl. Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i.
p- 589, n. 1 (1877).
Male. Apical angle of the anterior wings prominently faleate. Anterior wings reddish ochraceous ;
apical angle, outer margin (narrowing to posterior angle), and an irregularly shaped and sized oblique
fascia commencing near costal nervure, crossing end of cell and amalgamating with outer margin between
the lower subcostal and first median nervules, very dark fuseous, Posterior wings reddish ochraceous,
with two distinct submarginal fuscous rounded spots, situate one above the discoidal nervule and one
between the second and third median nervules, and a very pale fuseous and moderately broad marginal
fascia, with the inner border strongly waved and the outer border ochraceous, preceded by a black
line. Wings beneath dull ochraceous, strongly suffused with olivaceous; anterior wings with two
waved and sinuated transverse bright white fasci# crossing cell, and a smaller and more obseure
irregular spot beneath cell at base of third median nervule; posterior wings with three bright
* Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 39. + Tijdschr. Ent. xix. p., 161-2 (1576).
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 89
white spots near base, one near base of costal nervure, one near base of third median nervule, and
the third very obscure, in and near base of cell. Anterior wings with the costal base, cellular area
preceding the outer white fascia, an irregular fascia near end of cell, and a small costal subapical patch,
dark olivaceous, the last preceded and followed by dull whitish; both wings crossed by a discal oblique
dark olivaceous line, commencing on costa of anterior wings between end of cell and apex, where it is waved
and directed outwardly and then reflexed and oblique, terminating near anal angle of posterior wings;
between this line and outer margin there are on anterior wings five or six obscure white-centred spots
divided by the nervules, and two distinct ocellated spots with white centres between the median nervules
and on posterior wings three distinct ocellated spots situate one on each side of the lower subcostal nervule,
and the third between the second and third median nervules (a fourth and obscure spot is sometimes
visible between the third median nervule and submedian nervure); outer margin of posterior wings
distinctly paler from about the lower subcostal nervule. Body and legs more or less concolorous
with wings.
Female. Apical angle of the anterior wings not prominently faleate. Resembling male, but differing
on anterior wings by having a large subapical yellowish patch, and by the fuscous oblique fascia being only
denoted by an irregular spot at end of cell. Posterior wings with the marginal fascia only denoted by the
marginal borders as in male. Wings beneath as in male, but paler, and with the white spots much
more obscure.
Exp. wings, 3 60 to 80 millim.; ¢ (two examples), 68 to 70 millim.
Has.*—'Tenasserim (Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. and Saiier) ;
Malacca (Pinwill, Brit. Mus.)—Java (coll. Dist.)
This species varies much in the colour of the wings beneath, and is a very close ally of the
Javan species, 1). bisaltide, Cram. From this it differs principally in the female sex, which in
D, bisaltide has the pale subapical patch and also the complete oblique subapical fuscous fascia.
LD), pratipa is clearly a local race of Cramer's species, and is treated here as a distinct species,
in consonance with the previous method, and on the lines already laid down in this work.{
Genus PRECIS.
Precis, Hithner, Verz. bek, Schmett, p. 88 (1816); Feld. Neues Lep. p. 18 (1861); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p.89 (1881).
Junonia, sect. 2, Doubl, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 209 (1649).
Anterior wings subtriangular, the costal margin yery strongly arched and convex; apical angle
obliquely truncate and prominent, and together with remainder of outer margin distinctly waved ; beneath
the apical angle the outer margin is strongly sinuated and concave, after which it is convex to posterior
angle; inner margin more or less concave. Costal nervure short; first and second subcostal nervules
emitted close together near end of cell; third emitted about half-way between end of cell and apex of wing;
fourth and fifth bifurcating at about one-fourth from apex. Upper disco-cellular nervules angled at apex of
cell and concave to lower discoidal nervule; lower disco-cellular nervule slender and indistinet, or somewhat
obsolete. Discoidal nervules well separated at their base; first median nervule rounded at base, where it
* Mr. Moore (Proc. Zool. Soc., 1877, p. 584) has recorded this spécies as from the Andaman Islands, but this habitat
has not been corroborated by Messrs. Wood-Mason and De Niceville, in their Catalogue of the Rhopalocera of those islands.
Mr. Kirby, in his Catalogue (p. 193), has also given “ Molucew" as a habitat, which is clearly a misprint.
+ D. bisaltide is a somewhat rare insect; male and female specimens are contained in the Horsfield Collection which
agree with Cramer's figure. Several other specimens were confused, however, under the same name, which on examination
with Mr. Butler, proved to be both male and temale D. polibete, Cram., a species which is quite distinct and not synonymous
with D. bisaltide, as stated in Mr, Kirby's Catalogue (p. 198), D. polibete has both sexes very similar, and not distinct as
in D. bisaltide and D. pratipa; it is alxo a wide-ranging species, as | possess specimens both from Java and the Andaman
aimee In oll these species it appears that the brightest white spots on the under surfaces of the wings are developed in the
male only.
Frsrvary 28, 1883, 2A
90 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
has an apparently common origin with the second; second and third nervules widely separated. Posterior
wings subovate, the costal margin obliquely convex; outer margin very convex, waved, and produced into
a short caudate appendage at anal angle. Abdominal margins convex and overlapping at base, and then
distinctly coneave and slightly divergent to anal angles. Costal nervure arched and extending to apex;
discoidal nervule emitted a little beyond the bifurcation of the subcostal nervules; discoidal cell with the
apex entirely open; median nervules arranged much as in anterior wings. Body short; palpi long,
porrect, and pointed ; antennw# slender, gradually thickened towards apex.
This genus is of very considerable extent, and it is in Africa—tropical and subtropical—
that its greatest number of species are found; in fact, if we include Madagascar, at least three-
fourths of the present known species inhabit the Ethiopian region." Precis is also found in
Continental India, Ceylon, and onwards, and sparingly—as regards its number of species—
through the Malay Peninsula and Malayan Archipelago, and is represented in Australia.
At this time about forty species have been deseribed.
1. Precis iphita. (Tab. XI., fig. 9¢; & var. Tab. IX., fig. 5 2.)
Papilio Iphita, Cramer, Pap. Ex. iii. t. 209, 0, D (1782); Fabr. Sp. Ins. p. 86, n. 379 (1781); Mant. Ins. p. 46,
n. 457 (1787); Ent. Syst. ii. p. 109, n. 837 (1793).
Vanessa Iphita, Godt. Ene. Méth. tx. p. 314, n. 40 (1819).
Precis Iphita, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. EB. I. 0. i. p. 143, n. 290 (1857); Snellen, Tijd. Ent. vol. xix.
p. 150, n. 81 (1876); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 828; ibid. 1882, p. 289; Lep, Ceyl. i. p. 89,
pl. 21, f. 1, @, & (1881).
Junonia Iphita, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 76, n. 17 (1869); Trans. Linn, Soe. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 545, n. 1
(1877); Godm. & Salv. Proe. Zool. Soe. 1879, p. 157, n. 17; ibid. 1878, p. 646,
Precis Intermedia, Feld. Reise Noy. Lep. iu. p. 402, n. GOO (1866).
Precis Ida, yar. intermedia, Snell. Tijdsehr. Mint. vol. xxi. p. 14, n. 62 (1878).
Male and female. Wings above fuliginous-brown, variable in intensity of hue. Anterior wings with
two transverse fascim crossing cell, the margins of which are very irregular and dark fuscous, the first
situate about centre and the second near apex; the apical half of wing is somewhat paler, and inwardly
bounded by a dark fascia commencing near costa and outwardly and obliquely directed to first median
nervule, from thence reflexed inwardly and terminating near centre of inner margin; between this and
outer margin is a somewhat similar fascia, followed by two very dark submarginal lines, the outer one
more prominently waved; marginal fringe and a small subapical spot whitish. Posterior wings with the
apical half paler and with the fasci# on the anterior wings continued, the first terminating near abdominal
margin about one-third from anal angle, the second broader and more outwardly curved than on anterior
wings, and possessing on its outer edge four or five obscure ocellated spots placed between the nervules;
submarginal lines as on anterior wings, but the inner one more waved. Wings beneath paler; both wings
crossed by two somewhat broad, dark, basal fascim, the first crossing centre of cell of anterior wings, curved
inwardly on cell of posterior wings and indistinctly terminating near base of abdominal margin; the
second crossing anterior wings at apex of cell, and terminating on posterior wings a little beyond end of
cell; a similar fascia commencing near costa of anterior wings, and more or less amalgamating at median
nervules, with an oblique fascia crossing both wings, inwardly margined with a dark line commencing
near apical angle of anterior wings where it is broadest, and terminating near anal angle of posterior
© The Oriental affinities in the African fauna, or the zoological relationship between the Oriental and Ethiopian
regions, have received notice by many naturalists. Thus Dr. Stoliczka has pointed this ont in the Malayan Ornithology, and
Mr. Wallace has described the same thing in the Mammalia and birds of W. Africa,—these possessing “a special Oriental or
even Malayan element,"—and has also drawn attention to the Oriental element in the Ethiopian reptiles and amphibia,
Mr, Blanford has treated of the “ African element in the fauna of India,” particularly as regards the Mammalia, and the late
Mr. Blyth has shown the ancient date of the relationship from the evidence afforded by the Siwalik deposits. Mr. Murray
inclined to the cone that the Indo-Malayan region should be included with that of Africa, south of the Sahara. The writer
has also shown the “ Oriental affinities in the Ethiopian Insect-Fauna” (' Nature,’ vol. xvii. p. 282).
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 91
wings where it is narrowest; on the outer margin of this fascia in both wings are a series of more
or less obscure ocellated spots placed between the nervules; two submarginal lines as on upper surface,
but inner one much waved and sinuated. On some specimens there are two distinct whitish spots on
the underside of posterior wings, separated by the first subcostal nervule, the upper of which is largest.
(These are absent in the specimens here figured, though found in some Malay varieties.) Body and legs
more or less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, ¢ & 2, 60 to 70 millim.
Han.—Continental India; Nepaul; Khasia Hills; Silhet; Cashmere; Neilgherries; Bombay (colls.
Moore and Brit. Mus.)—Ceylon (colls. Moore and Brit. Mus.)—Upper Tenasserim ; Moolai (Moore).—Malay
Peninsula; Penang; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. & Sauer); Malacca (Pinwill, Brit. Mus.}—Java (coll.
Moore); Batavia (Snellen); Bantam (coll. Dist.;}—Borneo.*—Celebes (Snellen).—New Guinea (Godm. and
Saly.)—New Britain (Godm. & Salv.)
This is a variable species, both in size and hue, the specimen (Tab. XI., f. 9) being
a melanie form, whilst that represented by fig. 5 on Tab. IX. is the pale variety described by
Felder as a distinct species under the name of [. intermedia. The larva and pupa are figured
in Moore’s Lep. Ceyl.} from drawings made by the Bros. de Alwis, and they are thus described
in that work ;: }—‘*‘ Larva cylindrical, dark brown, with dorsal and lateral rows of short delicate
branched spines. Pupa short, with tubercular points on dorsal segments ; thorax broad.”
Some observations on the habits of this insect have been recorded. In the N.W. Himalaya
Mr. Hocking states that it ‘‘always pitches on the ground.”§ As witnessed in Celebes, that
inimitable lepidopteral observer Piepers has given some interesting facts. It appears to be
pugnacious. Piepers thus describes his observation :—‘‘ Around and over the blossoms of a
flowering shrub flew several butterflies (Precis iphita and some Pieride), when a butterfly of
gigantic size, in comparison with them (J/’apilio Remus, Cram.), came flying, apparently with
the object of sharing their repast. Whether the others were desirous of the company of a
guest among them whose appetite would be enormous, or not, it is certain that I saw them
attack the J’. Iiemus, drive it away, and pursue it for a short distance, till it was evident that it
had really taken to flight, when they returned to their flowers.”’ ||
The same author adds an observation bearing on the constancy of habits or memory in
this species.4/ He one evening observed a specimen of this butterfly sitting quietly on the
ceiling of the open verandah of the Harmonie Society, at Manghasar, which remained the
whole evening, despite the strong illumination of the place. For six consecutive evenings he
found this insect return faithfully to the same sleeping-place, though absent during the day.**
* Cat. Diurn. Lep,, formed by Hewitson, p. 72.
+ PL 21. f. 18. | Vol, 1. p. 40. 3 Proc. Zool, Soe., 1882, p. 250.
|| Tijd. Ent. xix., pp. xviii to xxiv, and Eng. transl. by Kirby, *utomologist,’ x. p. 200.—-In N. America Mr. W. H.
Hidwards relates seeing an introduced Papilio machaon pursued by P. ajax, ‘us if it was regarded as an intruder” (Canad.
Entomol. vol. xiv. p. 22 (1882).
© Ibid. p. 270.
** Tt is probable that many butterflies are constant and regular te fixed spots for the night's repose. Long since
Mr. P. H. Gosse (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vol. ii., pp.176—78 (1848) ) gave an exceedingly graphic account of the habits
of Heliconius charithonia as observed in Jamaica. Butterflies of this species assembled in a little swarm just before sunset,
and settled closely packed together on some leafless stems of a creeping plant, and Mr. Gosse was assured by an “ observant
young friend" that they assembled in this manner every evening,
Mr. A. W, Bennett (Proc. Brit, Ass,, York, 1881), in a paper “On the Constancy of Insects in visiting Flowers," stated
that he lad observed three flights of the “ painted lady” butterfly (Pyrameia cardui), and that it settled six, three, and ten
times respectively, always confining itself to the same species of flower. The result of his observations on the common
English butterflies was that P. cardui and the “ small tortoise-shell" (Vanessa urtica) were very consistent in their floral
tustes. Mr. Powell, however (‘Nature,’ vol. xxiv., p. 509), observed a specimen of the last-named butterfly which exhibited
no constancy in this respect.
92 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
2. Precis ida. (Tab. XI., fig. 10 ¢.)
Papilio Ida, Cramer, Pap. Ex. i. t. 42, C, D (1776); ib. iv. t. 874, C, D (1782).
Apatura Tragia, Hibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 35, n. 295 (1816).
Vanessa Jdamene, Godt. Enc. Méth. ix, p. 315, n. 41 (1819),
Preeis ida, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. EB. 1. C. i. p. 142, n. 289 (1857).
Junoma ida, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soe, 1878, p. 842, n. 8; Godm. & Salv. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 639, n.17 (1878).
Male and female. Closely allied to the preceding species, but paler and more rufous both above and
beneath; wings above marked as in P. iphita, but anterior wings having a more or less well developed
and distinct series of ocellated spots, placed between the nervules and occupying the centre of the pale
apical portion. Posterior wings with a very distinct and well developed series of ocellated spots placed
between the nervules, and continuous with those of anterior wings. Wings beneath as in P. iphita, but
paler and more rufous.
Iixp. wings, ¢ and 2, 60 to 70 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Penang (Brit. Mus.); Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.)}—Billiton (Godm. and
Salv.)—Java (coll. Moore).—Borneo (colls. Moore, Godm. & Salv., and Dist.)—Celebes (coll. Dist.)
Herr Snellen * is of opinion that this insect and P. iphita may be but seasonal forms of the
same species. As, however, P. ida does not appear to be recorded from Continental India,
where P. iphita is a not uncommon species, there seems reason to doubt what would otherwise
seem to be a probable supposition. Although paler in ecloration than P. iphita, a Celebesian
specimen In my own collection is melanic and approaches somewhat to that species in hue;
the series of ocellated spots on the upper surface of the anterior wings, however, prevents
confusion.
Genus JUNONTA.
Junonia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. pp. 84, 85 (1816); Feld. Neues. Lep. p. 18 (1861); Moore, Lep. Ceyl.
i. p. 40 (1881); Godm. & Saly. Biol, Centr. Am. Rhop. p. 219 (1882).
Junonia, sect. 1, Doubl. Gen. Diurn. Lep. pp. 206, 208 (1849),
Alcyoneis, Hiibn, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 85 (1816).
This genus is very closely allied to the preceding, the general shape and venation of the wings being
similar and almost identical. It principally differs in having the lower disco-cellular nervule of the anterior
wings completely obsolete, thus leaving the apex of the cell entirely open. The club of the antenna is also
more abruptly and prominently incrassated. :.
This genus is of considerable extent and of wide distribution. It is found in the warmer
parts of America, the tropical and subtropical portions of Africa (including Madagascar), Asia,
eastwards from Continental India, throughout the Malayan Archipelago, and onwards amongst
the islands of the Pacific; it is also represented in Australia. Probably a little over twenty
species are known, and though more have been described they are now generally considered
as of a varletal character only.
Junonia, unlike [phita, is most strongly represented in the Oriental region, only about
a third of its species being Ethiopian, whilst its representatives in America are reduced
to three by Mr. Kirby, + and again considered as but two by Messrs. Godwin and Salvin. {
* Tijd. Ent. xix. p, 150 (1876). + Cat. Diurn, Lep. pp. 187-8 (1871).
{ Biol. Contr. Am. Rhop. p 219 (1882).
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 93
1. Junonia atlites. (Tab. XI, fig. 11 ¢, 12 2.)
Papitia Attites, Linnweus, Cent. Ins. p. 24, n. 72 (Amoen. vi. p. 407) (1763).
Papilio Laodamia, Clerek, Ieones Ins, iii. (ined.), t. 7, f. 5 (1764).
Papilio Laomedia, Linn, Syst. Nat. ed. xii, p. 772, n. 145 (1767); Drury, Ill. Ex. Ins. i. p. 12, t. 5, £.8
(1770); Mill, Naturs. v. i. p. 603, n. 145 (1774); Cram. Pap. Exot. i. t. 8 F,G (1775); Fabr. Syst.
Ent. p. 494, n. 219 (1775); Spee. Ins. ii. p. 74, n. 838 (1781); Ent. Syst. i. 1, p. 98, n. 302 (1793) ;
Sulz. Gesch. Ins. p, 144, t. 16, f. 10 (1776); Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. 5, p. 2208, n. 145 (1790); Herbst,
Nat. Schmett. vii. p. 144, n. 49, t. 174, f. 1, 2 (1794).
Temenis Laomedia, Hibn. Vera. bek. Schmett. p. 84, n. 283 (1816).
Vanessa Laomedia, Godt. Ene. Meth, ix, p. 822, n. 59 (1819); Lucas, Lep, Exot. p. 112, t. 68, f. 8 (1845).
Junonia laomedia, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 140, n. 288 (1857); Butl. Cat. Pabr. Lep.
p. 77, n. 19 (1869); Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 645, n. 2 (1877); Druee, Proce. Zool.
Soc. 1878, p. 342, n. 1; ibid. 1874, p. 105, n.2; Snellen, Tijd. Ent. xix. p, 151, n. 38 (1876);
ibid. xx. p. 66 (1877); ibid. xxi. p. 14 (1878); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1878, p. 828; Godm. & Salv.
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 639, n. 16; Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J. A. 5. B. vol. u. p. 288, n. 20 (1881) ;
ibid. vol. li. p. 16, n, 22 (1882).
Precis laomedia, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 40, t. 21, f. 2 (1881).
Junonia atlites, Aurivill. Kong). sv. vet. Akad. Handl., Band. 19, p. 80 (1882).
Male. Wings above lilacinous. Anterior wings with two waved black lines crossing centre of cell,
and two similar ones at end of cell; a very waved and sinuated fuscous line crossing wings a little beyond
cell, and between this and outer margin are two waved fuscous lines (the inner one somewhat faint),
between which the colour is distinctly paler, and is marked with a series of six ocellated spots placed between
the nervules, of which the first is situate above the upper disecoidal nervule, and the first, second and fifth
are largest and most brightly coloured; the first is also preceded by an irregular whitish spot placed at the
bifurcation of the fourth and fifth subeostal nervules; fuscous marginal and submarginal lines. Posterior
wings with two waved fuseous lines crossing end of cell, and remaining markings similar and continuous to
those on anterior wings, but with five distinct ocellated spots only (a sixth sometimes obsoletely present
between third median nervule and submedian nervure), and of which the first, second, and fifth are largest
and most brightly coloured. Wings beneath very pale; cell crossed by the fuscous lines as above, but
fainter, and the two central ones continued on lower wings and terminating near median nervure ; a distinct
fuseous line crossing both wings, commencing near costa a little beyond end of cell, where it is angularly
waved to first median nervule and then obliquely and more straightly continued across both wings to near
anal angle of posterior wings; ocellated spots of upper surface more or less distinctly visible, their outer
marginal line present, but the marginal and submarginal lines (in the specimen figured and described)
absent; posterior wings with the two fuscous lines crossing end of cell as above, and with a small fuscous
spot near anal angle. body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Female. Larger in size and generally darker in colour than the male, the ocellated spots above
larger and more distinct, with the area on which they are placed much paler, the fuscous lines deeper in
hue; beneath the wings are also slightly darker than in the male, and the ocellated spots and markings
much more distinct, and with the marginal and submarginal lines often distinguishable.
Exp. wings, ¢ (one spec), 48 millim.; 9? 59 to 65 millim.
Han.—Continental India; Cachar (Brit. Mus.); Caleutta; Malabar (coll. Moore)—Ceylon (coll.
Moore).—Nicobar Islands; Nankowri; Kamorta; Katschall (Wood-Mas. & de Nic.)—Burma; Moulmein.—
Tenasserim; Nathoung; Paboga (Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Malacea
(Brit. Mus.)—Sumatra (Snellen).—Billiton (Godm. & Salv.)—Java (coll. Moore and Brit. Mus.); Batavia
Frprvary 28, 1883. 2B
94 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
(Snellen).—Borneo (Brit. Mus.) —Siam; Chentaboon and Nahconchaisee (Layard—coll. Godm. & Saly.)—
China (Brit. Mus.)—Hainan (coll. Moore).
The principal variation in this widely-spread insect is in depth of intensity in hue. The
species has hitherto been almost universally known as J. laomedia, Linn., but as Dr. Aurivillius
has recently shown that Linnwus had previously described it under the name of P. atlites, the
law of priority must therefore be followed. ‘The larva and pupa of this species are described
and figured by Horsfield,* and the larva in Java is stated to feed on a species of Achyranthes, +
bearing the native name of Arema.
2. Junonia asterie. (Tab. XI., figs. 129 & 2¢.)
Papilio Asterie, Linnens, Syst. Nat. ed. x. p. 472, n. 90 (1758); ibid. ed. xii. p. 769, n. 183 (1767); Houtt.
Naturl. Hist. i. 11, p. 284, n. 90 (1767); Mull. Naturs. v. 1, p. 600, n, 138 (1774); Fabr. Syst. Ent.
p- 490, n. 206 (1775); Spec. Ins. ii. p. 69, n. 812 (1781); Mant. Ins. ii. p. 384, n, 363 (1787); Ent.
Syst. Nat. iti, 1, p. 89, n. 279 (1793); Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 5, p. 2291, n. 183 (1790); Herbst, Naturs.
Sehmett. vii. p. 191, n. 42, t. 172, £8, 4 (1794).
Papilio Almana, Clerck, Ieones Ins. iii. (ined.), t. 5, f. 8 (1764); Thunb. Mus, Nat. Ups. xxiii. p, 8 (1804).
Aleyonets Astorie, Hibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 85, n. 292 (1816).
Vanessa Asterie, Godt. Ene. Méth. ix. p. 821, n. 58 (1519).
Junonia Asterie, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. BE. 1.0. i. p. 142, n. 287 (1557); Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 72,
n. 1 (1869); Trans. Linn. Soc, ser. 2, Zool. vol. i, p. 545, n. 6 (1877); Druce, Proce. Zool. Soc. 1874,
p. 105, n. 8; Snellen, Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 151, n. 35 (1876); ibid. xx. p. 66 (1877); ibid. xxi. p. 14,
n. 66 (1878); Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J. A. 5. B. vol. xlix. p. 227, n. 18 (1880); Moore, Lep. Ceyl, i.
p- 43, t. 22, £. 2 (1881); Anurivill. Kongl. sv. yet. Akad. Handl. Band. 19, p. 79 (1882).
Junonia asterie, var. nikobariensis, Feld. Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. xii. p. 482, n. 110 ( 1862) ; Wood-Mas. & de Nic.
J. A. 8. B. vol. x. p. 283 (1881).
Junonia asterie, var, Javana, Feld. Verh, Zool. Bot, Ges. xii. p. 487, n. 136 (1862),
Male and Female. Wings above warm ochraceous, with the basal areas of both wings slightly
infuscated, and with the following markings :—anterior wings with the costal area pale fuscous and with an
irregular fascia denoted by black margins crossing centre of cell, and a similar one with its internal area
infuseated at end of cell; this is followed by a somewhat similar but darker fascia, which terminates at
base of first median nervule, between which and apex is a subtriangular black patch more or less enclosing
two ocellated spots divided by the upper discoidal nervule; a large ocellated spot placed on the centre of
the second and third median nervules, with a white centre and black outer margin and a marginal and two
submarginal black lines, the inner one of which is generally the palest, and the spaces between which are
usually more or less infuscated. Posterior wings with a very large ocellated spot, purplish with two whitish
inner spots, an outer black patch and yellow and black margins, the upper surface of which rests on the
first subcostal nervule, and its posterior margin is situate between the discoidal and first median nervules,
and a smaller one between the second and third median nervules;;} marginal and submarginal lines as on
anterior wings, but the inner one darkest. Wings beneath pale obscure ochraceous; the three basal costal
fascism as on upper surface of anterior wings, but their internal areas not infuscated, and the outer margin
* Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep, Mus. E.1.C. i. p. 140, t. v. f. 4, 4a.
+ In Continental India a species of Achyranthes (A. aspersa—apamarga) is deseribed as having medicinal properties,
‘the dried plant applied locally for infantile colic, also prescribed internally as a laxative pr eet a: secretion; the ashes,
containing much potash, suitable to prepare alkaline medicines and caustic pastes, as detailed by Datt. (F. BR. Hogg, M.D.,
‘Indian Notes,’ p, 209, 1880).
} In some specimens this is practically obsolete.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 95
of the third continued in an oblique line across both wings, terminating near anal angle of posterior wings,
this line being inwardly and broadly margined with white; a slender, fuscous, irregularly rounded line at
base of posterior wings, crossing cell; ocellated spots as above, but paler, the large discal spot on posterior
wings being compressed, irregularly subovate and bipupilate,* the lower spot usually larger than above ;
marginal and submarginal lines as above, the inner terminating in a small black spot at anal angle.
Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, ¢ and ?, 48 to 58 millim.
Hax.—Continental India; Nepaul, Caleutta, Bombay, Neilgherries (coll. Moore).—Ceylon (coll. Moore
and Brit. Mus.)—Andaman Islands.—Nicobar Islands; Kar Nicobar (Wood-Mas. & de Nie.) —Burma (coll.
Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Provinee Wellesley; Penang (colls. Dist. and Saiier); Malacca (Brit. Mus.)—
Sumatra (Snellen).—Java (coll. Moore); Bantam (coll. Dist.); Batavia (Snellen).—Celebes (Snellen).—
Philippine Islands (Brit. Mus.)\—Siam; Naheonchaisee (coll. Godm. & Salv.)\—Formosa (coll. Moore).—
Japan (Brit. Mus.)—N. China (Brit. Mus.) ; Shanghai (Pryer +).
Although the female forms of this species are usually the largest, the rule does not
universally apply, as the female specimen figured (Tab. XI., f. 1) bears witness.
The larva and pupa of this insect, as observed in Java, are described and figured by
Horstield;{ the larva is stated to feed ‘‘on a species of Justicia bearing the native name of
Keji- Vangu,—March.” °
In Ceylon this butterfly is stated to. be ‘found all the year round,” and to be “ very
abundant about September to November” (Mackwood). §
3. Junonia wallacei, || n.sp. or var. (Tab. XI, figs. 83¢ and4 ¢.)
Papilio Orithya, Linn., var. ?
Male. Anterior wings with the basal portion shining fuscous; costal area—excluding base and apex—
very pale ochraceous; cell crossed by two reddish fascim, one near centre, the other near termination ;
a little beyond cell, commencing near subcostal nervure, is an oblique and inwardly much excavated pale
ochraceous fascia which reaches outer margin near apices of the median nervules; beyond this is a smaller
and shorter fascia terminating at upper discoidal nervule, and a fainter and less continuous submarginal
fascia of the same colour; two ocellated spots, the first broadly surrounded with reddish between the
discoidal nervules, the second and larger situate between the second and third median nervules; beneath
this spot and near outer angle is a small pale bluish patch. Posterior wings pale bluish, abdominal margm
pale fuscous, base and an irregular patch oceupying lower half of cell, very dark fuscous or black; two
ocellated spots, one black, with an obscure paler centre between the lower subcostal and discoidal
nervules, the second and largest red, with a large pale bluish centre and black margins situate between
the second and third median nervules; a marginal and two submarginal waved black lines, between
whieh the colour is more or less distinctly pale ochraceous. Wings beneath pale but warm ochraceous ;
anterior wings with the base of cell, and two broad irregular fascim crossing cell, reddish ochraceous,
the one at end of cell continued and terminating a little beneath third median nervule—this is
followed by a narrow waved black fascia; remaining markings as above, but the ocellated spots much
as * me a Javan variety of my own colleetion this spot is round, but much smaller than above, and with a single whitish
inher spot.
| Elwes (Proe. Zool. Soe. 1881, p. 896). , Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. i. p. 142, t. v. £6, Ga,
§ Moore's Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 48.
| The name of A. R. Wallace is here once more affixed to an insect of that Malayan region with which he will always
be remembered, and for a knowledge of which we are so much indebted to him. ‘The range of J. wallacei is probably
circumscribed by ** Wallace's line,” and does not extend farther castward.
96 RHOPALOCERA MALAYVANA,
darker. Posterior wings darker ochraceous, crossed by several waved and scalloped darker lines,
with a wide, distinct, slightly darker submarginal fascia on which are placed the two ocellated spots as
above, and a third and much more indistinct spot situate between the subcostal nervules; marginal
and submarginal lines as above, but fainter and much paler, Body and legs more or less concolorous
with wings.
Female. Wings above marked and spotted generally as in male, but brownish ochraceous, the blue
colour being absent, the ocellated spots larger. Wings beneath almost precisely as in male, but the ocellated
spot with larger pale margins, and posterior wings possessing some irregular reddish ochraceous fascia
crossing cell,
Exp. wings, ¢ 40 to 50 millim.; 9? 50 to 52 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. and Satier); Malacea (Brit. Mus.)—Java
(coll. Dist.)
This form is evidently a local race of J. orithya,* Linn., a well-known species in Con-
tinental India and elsewhere. It differs from typical forms of that species by the tawny colour
of the female, and the absence of the blue and black markings to wings of the same. The male
almost exactly resembles Hiibner’s figure of J. ocyale.+ It is another of the many distinct
‘local races’’ found in the Malay Peninsula and neighbouring islands.
4. Junonia lemonias. (Tab. XI., fig. 5 ¢.)
Papilio Lemonias, Linnwus, Syst. Nat. ed. x. p. 478, n. 98 (1758); ibid. ed xii. p. 770, n. 136 (1767); Clerek,
Icones Ins. iii. (ined.), t. 7, £ 2 (1764); Houtt. Naturl. Hist. 1.11, p. 286, n.93 (1767); Miill. Naturs.
y. i. p. 601, n. 136 (1774); Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 490, n. 207 (1775); Spee. Ins. i. p. 70, n. 814 (1781);
Mant. Ins, ii. p. 84, n. 865 (1787); Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 90, n. 282 (1798), (pert); Sulz. Geach. Ins.
p. 144, t.16, f. 7, et 11 (1776); Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. 5, p. 2292, n. 136 (1790); Herbst, Naturs. Schmett.
vil. p. 158, n. 59, t. 177, f. 8, 4 (1794); Thonb. Mus. Nat. Ups. xxiii. p. 9.
Papilio Aonis, Cram. Pap. Exot, i. p. 55, t. 35, D F (1776).
Hamadryas Lemonias, Hitbn. Sammi, Exot. Schmett. i. t. 50 (1806-16).
Junonia Aonis, Hiibn. Verz. bek. Behmett. p. 84, n. 284 (1816),
Vanessa, Lemonias, Godt. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 811, n. 31 (1819).
Junonia Lemonias, Horsf, & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C, i, p. 199, n. 281 (1857); Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep.
p. 74, n. 9 (1869); Trans. Linn, Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 645, n. 3 (1877); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc.
1874, p. 105, n. 1; Moore, Proce, Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 828; Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 41, t. 21, £ 3, 8a (1881);
Aurivill, Kongl. sy. vet. Akad, Handl., Band. 11, p, 82 (1882),
Male and Female. Wings above pale brownish ochraceous. Anterior wings with the cell crossed by
the following markings :—a slender waved black line near base, two waved black lines enclosing a pale
ochraceous fascia a little beyond centre, and a similarly coloured and enclosed fascia at about end of cell;
beyond this the ground colour is somewhat darker and marked with the following pale ochraceous spots :—
a discal series of six crossing wing and divided by the nervules, the upper spot beneath subcostal nervure
and with the second and third forming a slightly oblique series; fourth and fifth directed inwardly, and
sixth again deflexed outwardly beneath the third median nervule; this series is followed by another
containing seven spots of the same colour, of which the upper three are divided by the fourth and fifth
subcostal nervules; the fourth and fifth are separated by the first median nervule, and the sixth and
* Under this name, as Dr. Aurivillius has recently shown (Kongl. av. vet. Akad. Handl., Band. 19, pp. 82-3 (1882),
have been included three distinct forms or species, Junonia ocyale, Hiibn., J. orithya, Linn., and J, orfhosia, Godt, neither
of which are found in this fauna.
+ Sammi. Exot. Schmett. ii. t. 85, f. 3, 4.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. OT
seventh—which are small and somewhat indistinct—are placed on each side of the third median nervule ;
an indistinct submarginal series of spots placed between the nervules, and two ocellated spots, the first
and smallest situate between the discoidal nervules, and the second and largest situate on the second and
third median nervules. Posterior wings with a large elongated and duplex ocellated spot, the smaller
portion of which is situate between the subcostal nervules, the larger portion extending over the discoidal
nervule, and a very small and indistinet ocellated spot between the second and third median nervules,
a broad fuscous submarginal line and two marginal lines of the same colour. Wings beneath pale and dull
ochraceous. Anterior wings with the cell crossed by fasciw as above; other markings generally as above ;
the upper ocellated spot indistinct. Posterior wings with several irregular, darker, basal fasci#, and with
a broad submarginal fascia enclosing five dark spots placed between the nervules, of which the second,
situate above the discoidal nervule, and the fifth, placed between the second and third median nervules,
are largest; marginal and submarginal lines as above. Body and legs more or less concolorous with
wings.
Exp. wings, ¢ and ?, 52 millim.*
Has.— Continental India; Seinde, Bombay, Caleutta, Neilgherries (coll. Moore).—Ceylon (coll.
Moore).—Burma; Moulmein (Brit. Mus.)—Tenasserim ; Meetan, Taoo, Naththoung to Paboga (Limborg—
Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. and Sater).—Malacea (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.—
Siam; Chentaboon and Nahconchaisee (Layard—Druce).—Hainan (coll. Moore).—Formosa (coll. Moore).—
China; Hong Kong (Brit. Mus.) +
In North-Western India Capt. Lang reported having reared the larva of this species
on Barleria prionites.{ The larva, as found in Ceylon, has been described by Mr. Moore,
*‘gylindrical, smoky black, with a pale dorsal band and paler lateral lower shade; each
segment with eight small branched spines.” §
Genus RHINOPALPA. ||
Rhinopalpa, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. iv. p. 399 (1860); Neues, Lep. p. 49 (1861).
Furhinia, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. p. 405 (1866).
Anterior wings subtriangular, costal margin very strongly arched and convex, apical angle obliquely
truncate and very prominent, beneath which the outer margin is deeply excavated and concave; inner
margin more or less concave. First and second subcostal nervules emitted close together near apex of cell,
o * This measurement is that of a limited series only, and variation in size doubtless exists as in other species of
the genus.
+ Tt has also been recorded by De l'Orza from Japan, as pointed out by Mr. Elwes (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 85).
; Ent, Month. Mag. i, p. 1832.
_§ Lep. Ceyl.i. p. 41. The larva is not figured, but it is probable that Mr. Moore has relied on the information or
drawings of some local observer.
_ || Felder appears to have subsequently substituted the name Furhinia in place of that of Rhinopalpa, which he
originally proposed for the genus, and this without comment. Scudder, in his * Historical Sketch,’ and revision of generic
names (Proc. Am. Acad. Arts & Sei. vol. x. pp. 178 and 262), decides that this course should be followed, on the suggested
grounds that the original name was probably a hybrid one. This, however, seems to me a retrograde step, placing the name
of the thing before the thing itself, and is not warranted by the “ Stricklandian Rules,” which tlus deal with the question :—
i Compound words whose component parta are taken from two different languages are great deformities in nomenclature,
and naturalists should be especially guarded not to introduce any more such terms into Zoology, which furnishes too many
examples of them already” (Rules Zool. Nomenel, by H. E. Strickland, 1878, p. 15). ‘This does not warrant the alteration of
the name, and in these days when the whole subject is being rendered incomprehensible (except to a few specialists) by the
alterations, substitutions, and divisions of the whole generic names, a conservative course wherever possible is to be
commended. As Packard well remarks, ‘'The work of the systematic biologist often amounts to little more than putting
Nature in a strait-jacket" (Monogr. Geom. Moths, or Phalen. Un. States, p. 42).
Frsrvary 28, 1883. 2¢
98 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.,
third emitted beneath apex of second and extending to apex of wing, fourth and fifth bifurcating at about one-
fourth from apex. Upper disco-cellular nervule short and aborted ; lower disco-cellular absent, the cell widely
open. Median nervules widely separated, the first prominently rounded at base. Posterior wings subovate,
the costal margin obliquely convex, the outer margin waved and sinuate, and produced into a prominent
caudate elongation at apex of discoidal nervule. Abdominal margins convex and overlapping near base,
and then distinctly concave and slightly divergent to anal angle. Costal nervure arched and extending to
apex; discoidal cell with the apex unenclosed; first and second median nervules with a common origin
and subparallel, the first slightly rounded. Body short, robust; palpi large and porrect, well separated at
their bases, rising considerably above the upper surface of the head, flattened beneath, and terminating in
a long, robust, obtuse point. :
This is a genus of small extent, of which about eight described species are known, and
these of unequal value, several of them being considered by many lepidopterists as varieties
only of other species. Its geographical area does not appear (according to present knowledge)
to occur west of Tenasserim, and it is recorded from Java, Celebes, Philippines, Amboina,
and Papua.
1. Rhinopalpa fulva. (Tab. XI, fig. 1 ¢, 22.)
Fihinepalpa fulva, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. iv. p. 399, n. 21 (1860); Butl, Trans. Linn, Soc. ser. 2, Zool.
vol. 1. p. 545, n. 1 (1877).
Male. Anterior wings above reddish ochraceous, with a broad fuscous outer marginal border, which
is inwardly slightly concave; marginal fringe greyish. Posterior wings reddish ochraceous, with a broad
fuscous outer marginal border, narrowing and terminating about discoidal nervule, between which and the
anal angle are two submarginal fuscous lines, the outer one broadest and both preceded by three round
fuscous spots, situate two between the median neryules, and one between the first median and the discoidal
nervules—the colour at the area of these spots is distinctly darker; extreme margin fuscous, with the
fringe greyish and a fuscous spot at anal angle posteriorly surrounded with an obovate violaceous margin.
Wings beneath fuscous, the basal halves darkest, where they are crossed by two irregular almost concolorous
faseim, denoted by their margins, which are pale bluish and much waved, sinuated and broken; about
centre the wings are also crossed by three contiguous, much-waved and sinuated pale bluish lines, the
outer one of which is broken and somewhat indistinct—between these lines the colour is paler, and they
are outwardly bounded by a waved fuscous line, which in some places becomes confluent with them; these
are followed by a broad irregular dark fascia, and a submarginal row of large rounded ocellated spots with
blue and black centres and black margins, and situate between the nervules, six on anterior and five on
posterior wings (the lower spot on anterior wings is usually bipupillated); two fuscous submarginal waved
lines, which are preceded near costal margin of anterior wings by an irregularly shaped whitish spot, and
the inner one of which is margined on each side with pale bluish; beyond these the colour is somewhat
dull red, and the marginal fringe is black, interspersed with greyish; on anal angle of posterior wings,
which is reddish, is a looped black spot. Body more or less concolorous with wings, legs fuscous, and the
underside of the palpi and tibie and tarsi obscure ochraceous.
Female. Larger and much paler in coloration than the male; above with the black marginal border
of anterior wings broken towards posterior angle, and on the posterior wings not reaching outer margin;
the basal third of both wings also appears distinctly darker. Beneath the wings are much paler than in
the male, being dull reddish ochraceous at base, and then shading into creamy white and pale ochraceous ;
the markings are similar to those of the other sex, but of paler and altogether different hue.
Exp. wings, ¢ 58 to 62 millim.; ¢ 72 millim,
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 99
Han.—Tenasserim; Houndrau (Bingham—Brit. Mus.)—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (colls.
Dist. and Sauer); Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.)
The female form here described was collected by Mr. Saiier, and is the only specimen of
that sex which I have yet been able to examine. The species is very closely allied to the
Javan F. polynice, Cram.
Rhinopalpa? eudoxia. (Tab. XVII, f. 6.)
Vanessa ewloxia, Guerin, Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 44; Deless. Souv. Inde, p. 73, t. 20 (1843).
Preeis eudoxia, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn, Lep. p. 191, n. 26 (1871).
This insect is only known to me by Guérin’s figure, which has been copied in this
work, and I have been as yet unable to find a specimen in any collection. The original type
was acquired by M. Adolphe Delessert from Malacca during his eastern voyage from 1834 to
1839. Several other insects described by Guérin, which were collected at the same time and
locality, are not unfrequently received from the Malay Peninsula, and it is probable that the
present species is of a rarer character, being either restricted in locality or of obscure habits,
such as of an entirely jungle life.
Its structural appearance (as figured) allies it to the genus Rhinopalpa, in which I have
placed it; but of course, without examination of its neuration, it can only be placed provisionally
in that genus.
I have thought it best to add the very careful description of Guérin Méneville, as originally
published :—
“Ses ailes supérieures son# d'un jaune-fauve couleur d’ocre, fortement concaves et dentées au bord
externe, d'un brun pile a la base, avec l'extrémité noiratre. Les inférieures sont dentées, elles ont une
petite queue au milieu du bord externe et un petit prolongement arrondi ad l'angle anal. Leur couleur
est semblable a celle des supérieures, avec la base également brune et l‘angle supérieur externe noiratre.
Elles ont, prés du bord, deux lignes sinueuses, précédées de gros points noirs & contour plus pale que le
fond, dont les deux plus externes touchent la tache apicale noire. On voit sur le milieu du lobe de l’angle
anal une petite strie oblique bleue. Le dessous est d'un brun jaunatre; la base des ailes, d'un jaune plus
pale au milieu, augmente de ton vers les bords, avec des lignes en zigzag blanches a reflets violaces et
d'autres lignes brunes et transversales. Les lignes blanches du milieu et celles qui longent le bord externe
sont plus larges et mieux marquées. I] y a, en outre, au cote interne des lignes blanches du bord des
quatre ailes une ligne d’yeux brun bordé de noir et pupillé de bleu. On compte six de ces yeux aux ailes
supérieures et cing aux inférieures. La frange est alternativement noire et blanche des deux cotes. Le
corps est d'un brun jaunitre, les antennes noires.”
“Hab. la cote Malaye.”
Genus HULACURA.
Mulaceiira, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 726.
Hulaceura, Seudd. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts & Se. vol. x. p. 170 (1875).
Mulacura, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 541 (1877).
Anterior wings subtriangular and elongate, the costal margin slightly arched and convex, the apical
angle produced and rounded, beneath which the outer margin is sinuated and concave; inner margin
*
100 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
nearly straight. First and second subcostal nervules emitted close together near end of cell, the second
much longer than the first; third emitted some distance before the apex of the second and extending to
apex, before which it is prominently curved and rounded; fourth and fifth bifureating at about one-fourth
from apex; upper disco-cellular nervule short and angled; lower disco-cellular absent, leaving the apex of
the eell entirely open; first median nervule strongly curyed near base, where it has an apparently common
origin with the second. Posterior wings subovate, the costal margin nearly straight, the outer margin
convex and slightly waved; abdominal margins well separated, slightly convex towards base and then
obliquely divergent to anal angles. Costal nervure sinuated and curved upwards near base, and then
continued to apex. Discoidal cell open; discoidal neryule emitted a short distance from base of second
subcostal nervule; first median nervule curved and rounded near base, where it has a common origin with
the second; both first and second are considerably shorter than the third. Body short, the thorax robust ;
antenna long, slender, the club compressed.
This genus is a Malay representative of the large and widely-spread genus Apatura,* to
which it is somewhat closely allied. But one species is at present known, and its geographical
range appears limited.
1. Eulacura osteria. (Tab. XII, fig. 5 ¢, and 6 ¢.)
Apatura Osteria, Westwood, Gen. Diurn, Lep. p. 805, n. 19, note (1850),
Eulaceiira Osteria, Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 726; Druce, ibid. 1878, p. 346, n. 1.
Fulacura osteria, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 541, n. 1 (1877).
Male. Wings above dark glossy fuscous. Anterior wings with a discal oblique series of five white
spots, the uppermost and smallest situate above the first median nervule, remaining four larger, contiguous
and only separated by the median nervules and submedian nervure. Posterior wings with a corresponding
but broader oblique series of subquadrate spots, which form a continuous fascia, although apparently
divided by the nervules and terminating about centre of abdominal margin, the basal two-thirds of which
is pale greyish; a submarginal row of obscure rounded fuscous spots placed between the nervules, and two
narrow fuscous marginal lines. Wings beneath pale silvery bluish, both wings crossed by the pale discal
oblique series of spots, forming a more continuous fascia than above, and silvery white inwardly margined
with ochraceous ; two narrow ochraceous fascie crossing cell of anterior wing ; outer margins of both wings
and apex of anterior wings bordered and suffused with ochraceous, and two ocellated spots (ochraceous with
bluish and black centres), the first on anterior wing situate between the second and third median nervules,
the second spot situate between the second and third median nervules of the posterior wings. Body and
legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Female. Pale brownish. Anterior wings with two dark fascim crossing cell and with a very broad pale
submarginal fascia, the outer margin of which is denoted by a series of lunulate white spots, and the inner
margin—which is directed outwardly from subcostal nervure to first median nervule and then obliquely
reflexed—is marked by a series of irregular white spots; and an indistinct ocellated spot between the second
and third median nervules. Posterior wings with a narrow pale oblique macular fascia (continuous to the
Inner margin of the broad fascia of anterior wings) obscurely terminating about middle of submedian
nervure; an ocellated spot between second and third median nervules, and a waved and strongly lunulated
ochraceous submarginal fascia, inwardly enclosing obconical fuscous spots, excepting between the second
and third median nervules and from thence to anal angle; two fuscous marginal lines and basal area of
* By the name Apatura I allude to the genus as hitherto almost universally understood, and not as recently
applied by Messrs. Scudder anil Moore to species of Hypolimnas. Where an earlier generic name is clearly found to have
priority the law should unhesitatingly be applied; but where a certain amount of doubt exists, and the evidence is not
convincing, the name generally used should remain unchanged.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 101
abdominal margin pale as in male. Wings beneath a little darker and more ochraceous than in male;
other markings generally the same.
Exp. wings, ¢ 65 millim.; ? 63 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. and Sater); Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.) ;
Singapore (Westw.)—Java (Westw. *)—Borneo (Druce).
Genus CHARAXES.,
OCharaxes, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 18 (1816); Feld. Neues Lep. p. 39 (1861); Moore, Lep. Ceyl.
i. p. 28 (1881).
EFribea, Hibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 46 (1516),
Eulepis, Dalm. in Billb, Enum, Ins. p. 80 (1820); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. 1. p. 29 (1881),
Nymphalis, Westw. (nec. Latr.), Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 806 (1850).
Haridra, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, p. 30 (1881).
Anterior wings subtriangular, the costal margin arched and convex, the apex elongately produced and
rounded or subacute, the outer margin deeply concave and slightly and irregularly waved, the mner margin
nearly straight. First and second subcostal nervules emitted close together near end of cell, third a short
distance beyond end of cell and extending to apex, where it is slightly rounded and convex, fourth and fifth
bifureating at about one-third beyond end of cell, the fourth suddenly deflexed and slightly concave near
apex. Upper disco-cellular short and angled, the lower slender and curved. Median nervules situate wide
apart, the first strongly curved and rounded near base. Posterior wings subovate, the costal margin
strongly curved and convex, the outer margin convex, regularly and distinctly waved and produced in
more or less well-developed narrow caudate prolongations at apices of first and third median nervules
(in some specimens the last is either but rudimentary or practically obsolete). Abdominal margin strongly
and convexly angulated at base, and then obliquely divergent to anal angle. Costal nervure strongly
curved and extending to apex; precostal nervure suberect, its apex more or less curved; bases of subcostal
nervules and discoidal nervule about equally wide apart; discoidal cell imperfectly closed at apex with a
more or less aborted and indistinct disco-cellular nervule (in some specimens this is practically obsolete,
and the cell completely open). First median nervule strongly curved near base (in some specimens the
first and second median nervules are wider apart than the second and third). Body short; thorax very
robust; antennw stout and prominently clavate at apex.
The genus Charaxes, from its wide distribution, and the beauty of its species, combined
with their strength of wing and body, forms one of the most interesting genera of the
Nymphaline.
One species is found in Europe, round the shores of the Mediterranean, which has a
very close ally in an Abyssinian species. The genus also inhabits Eastern, Western, and
the warmer portions of Southern Africa. It is apparently in Western Tropical Africa that
Charaxes is found in its maximum of size, beauty, and abundance of species, though the neigh-
bourhood of Delagoa was recently pronounced by Mr. Hewitson to be the ‘‘ head-quarters” of the
gsenus.| Madagascar possesses some very distinct species, and travelling eastward the genus
* Gen. Diurn. Lep, p. 305.
{ Ent. Month. Mag. xiv. p. 81. In estimating what is really the “head-quarters” of a genus, we may apply the
axiom of that excellent mammalogist, Mr. J. A. Alle nm, vic.:—"* The largest species of a group (genus, subfamily, or family
as the case may be) are found where the group to which they severally belong reaches its highest development, or where
it has what gra be termed its centre of distribution” (Bull. U.S. Geol. & Geogr. Surv. ii. p. 310). These conditions sre,
for Charaxes, fulfilled in Western Tropical Africa.
Frprvuary 28, 18838. 2p
102 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
has recently been discovered in the Island of Socotra by Prof. Balfour. It is common in
Continental India, found in Ceylon and the Andaman Islands (it has not yet been recorded
from the Nicobars), occurs throughout Burma, Tenasserim, and the Malay Peninsnla,
Kastern Asia, as far north as China, and through the length and breadth of the Malayan
Archipelago. Its distribution in the Pacific Islands appears at present very limited, but
it is found in Australia.
The species possess strong flight and frequent lofty positions in trees. In South Africa
Mr. Trimen describes them as delighting “to settle on the stems of lofty twigs of timber
trees,’’* and the male of a species in Ceylon, according to Mr. Wade, is “‘ most frequently found
perched high up on acacia trees.” +
Another peculiarity is recorded from widely separated habitats. Thus the European
species 1s stated to have *‘a great preference for the same spot or twig, and you may find it
day after day, when at rest, on its favourite twig or branch.”’ | This is corroborated by
Mr. Trimen in 8. Africa, where he relates that species, ‘‘even when roughly scared from their
seat,’’ will return to the same position. §
The smooth spineless larve with bifid tails ally
Charaxes superficially with the Satyrinw, as already pointed
out (anie, p. 37); but our present knowledge of the ———
transformations of the genus is confined to three or four
species only. ps Ie.
Based on the views of Mr. Scudder, proposals have el ORAS Lee eM |
recently been made to split this large and widely distri- Moore's Lepid, Coy.
buted genus into a number of less well-defined “ genera.”
If the end of the study of Rhopalocera was merely to attain an artificial method of cabinet
arrangement by means of a surcharged nomenclature, then, however difficult to a non-specialist,
the course would have to be adopted, and there could be little objection to a farrago of generic
names. But if, on the other hand, such action would tend to obscure our knowledge of the
real affinities and geographical distribution of a genus as at present understood,—and this
particularly applies to Charaxes,—what is the advantage of such systematic dissection ? ||
The objection particularly apples when a widely distributed genus like Charaxes undergoes
this generic splitting process in one geographical group of its species only. For instance, if
this is done with the Oriental species alone, without reference to those of the Ethiopian and
Australian regions, all ideas as to geographical distribution are reduced to chaos. Hither
these new genera founded on Oriental species do or do not also contain species found in the
other regions, and I think it would not be a vexatious rule to require that when a hitherto
well-known genus is broken up into other genera, the systematist who undertakes the work,
should also examine the other species of the genus,—as then understood and from whatever
* Rhop, Afr. Austr. p. 166. {+ Moore’s Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 30.
| Quoted on the authority of W. F. de V. Kane in Kirby's ‘ Europ, Butt. & Moths,’ p. 26.
§ Rhop. Afr. Austr. p. 166.
| That veteran entomologist, and more especially coleopterist, Dr. Le Conte, has remarked this disturbing element
in the study of his own order, and, to use his own words :—*In all entomological investigations relating to geographical
distribution we are greatly embarrassed by the multitude of species, and by the vague and opinionative genera founded upon
characters of small nuportance” (Proce, Am. Ass., Detroit, 1879, p. 7).
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 103
region,—and state the specific extent and range of his proposed new genera. The few facts of
geographical distribution which we possess, and which have been formulated on the labours
and decisions of the systematist, with the general concurrence of specialists, ought not to
be invalidated by the hasty erection of new genera for a few species without reference to
the whole.*
A. Outer margins of posterior wings caudately and prominently produced at apices of first and third
median nervules.
1. Charaxes echo. (Fig. 38.)
Charazes Echo, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser, 3,
yol, xx. p. 400, t. 8, figs. 5, 6 (1867); Druce,
Proe. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 846, No. 1.
Nywphalis fabius, var. C, Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 269
(1871).
As this species is only known to me by an
uncoloured figure, which is here reproduced, it is
better to give the original Latin diagnosis of its
describer :-—
Fra. 34,
‘Ale supra nigro-fusce, ad basin paulum viridescentes: antice serie macularum septem decre-
scentium fulvarum discali; maculis duabus pone cellam oblique positis punctisque tribus marginalibus
analibus fulvis: postice fascia tenui media, punctis septem ovalibus submarginalibus undecimque
angularibus marginalibus fulvis; margine interno fuseo-grisescente: corpus thorace nigro-fusco, abdomine
fusco: antennis nigris.
‘Als subtus roseo-albicantes, extus paulum fuscescentes: antice lineis tribus discoideis duabusque
infra cellam nigris; maculis discalibus velut supra, intus autem nigro limitatis; macula superna pone cellam
extensa fasciolam formante; maculis submarginalibus serie positis (apud angulum ani solum distinetis),
omnibus flavis; maculis duabus tribusve, cum iis subanalibus junctis, ovalibus, nigris, anali geminata:
postice areola basali et fascia media albidis nigro limitatis, hac quoque argenteo intus marginata; maculis
septem lunulatis ferrugineis, tribus inferioribus majoribus magis rufescentibus, omnibus intus cyaneo-albo
cinctis et nigro limitatis; linea subanali nigra; maculis septem marginalibus ceruleis nigro lineatis
extus fulvo et intus albo limitatis: corpus ochraceum, thoracis medio palpisque albicantibus; antennis
nigris.
“Exp. alar. une. 2."
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Singapore (coll. Roberts).—Borneo (Druce).
* The artificiality of many genera has been well pointed out by Weismann, who also observes, “If we see two
species of butterflies quite dissimilar in form of wing and other characters, we should be inclined, in spite of many points
uf agreement between them, to place them in entirely different genera. But should we then find that not only did their
adult larve agree in every detail of marking, but also that the entire phyletic development of these markings, as revealed
by the ontogeny of the larve, lind taken precisely the same course in both species, we should certainly conclude that they
possessed a near blood-relationship, and should place them close together in the same genus” (‘ Stud. in Theory of Descent,’
Kogl. Tranal., p. 170).
Erroneous views have obtained in Anthropolorzy as to the stage of culture denoted by a recognition of a “genus” of
natural objects. Thus Dr. Peschel (‘The Races of Man,’ p. 6) writes, ‘“In nations which have remained at a low stage
of civilization, we find numes for different species of oaks, but none for the genus oak.” This lms been refuted by Dr. Hector
(Brit. Ass., Bristol, 1875), who testified that the Maories have not only distinct names for nearly all their plants, but
generic names by which they grouped plants according to their affinities, in a way impossible to most people who were
not educated botanists.
104 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
This is a so-called ‘‘ variety,” or more correctly designated ‘local race,” of C. fabius, Fabr.,
a species found in Continental India and Ceylon. Several other of these closely allied forms
or “local races” have been deseribed,* and although the exigencies of cabinet arrangement
and systematic nomenclature may require that these forms should be capable of reference under
distinct names, it is surely disguising a certain fact in Nature if we do not admit that they
must have had a common progenitor, and that their fixity in local races or species is due to
dispersion and isolation. (When we use these two words a difference of the surrounding
conditions is naturally postulated.) Of course other local and somewhat intermediate races
may have failed to sufficiently establish themselves, and have early succumbed to unfavourable
conditions. As Blumenbach observed, ‘‘ Every paving-stone in Gdttingen is a proof that
species, or rather whole genera, of creatures must have disappeared.” +
2. Charaxes schreiberi. (Tab. XIII., fig. 24.)
Nymphalis Schreiber, Godart, Ene. Méth. ix. Suppl. p. 825 (1823).
Paphia Schreibers, Horsf. Cat. Lep. BE. 1. C. t. 6, f. 3, 3a (1829).
Nymphatis Schreiberi, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 205, n. 418 (1857).
Charaxes Schreiberi, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 346, n. 2; Snellen, Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 147, n. 20 (1876);
Butl. Trans. Linn. Soe. ser, 2, Zool. vol. 1. p. 539, n. 8 (1877); Godm. & Balv. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878,
p. 640, n. 22.
Male. Wings above dark fuscous, the basal third somewhat tinged with bluish; disk of both wings
crossed, by a central discal white fascia, commencing on anterior wings immediately beneath first median
nervule and terminating on posterior wings in a subacute point near the first median nervule; on anterior
wings this fascia is narrowly margined with pale bluish from beneath the third median neryule, and from
the same nervule is outwardly very broadly and somewhat dentately margined with the same colour;
on posterior wings the white fascia terminates in a pale bluish fascia which is inwardly straight and
outwardly emarginate, and crosses the wing, terminating very narrowly at anal angle; anterior wings with
a white spot placed between the discoidal nervules, and posterior wings with a submarginal series of small
whitish spots placed between the nervules, two between the third median nervule and submedian nervure,
and a pale bluish narrow submarginal but broken fascia commencing at about discoidal nervule, which
become ochraceous at anal angle; abdominal margin pale greyish at base. Wings beneath pale silvery
white; both wings crossed by a dull ochraceous fascia margined with blue; on anterior wings this fascia
crosses the end of cell, where it is outwardly bifurcate and terminates, obtusely rounded a little beneath
the third median nervule; on posterior wings the fascia commences at costa and terminates a little beyond
third median nervule; anterior wings with two dark bluish spots in cell; an irregularly shaped carmine
spot beyond the central fascia between the lower diseoidal and the second median nervules; a submarginal
series of somewhat lunulate spots placed between the nervules, which are obsolete near apex, and suffused
with black near outer angle, the lower three being preceded by a lunulate dark line, and the outer margin
broadly infuscated; posterior wings with a broad submarginal pale fuscous fascia, on the inner margin of
which are a series of carmine lunulate spots, the upper three of which have a pale area and are preceded by
a continuous bluish line, and the lower and larger three are inwardly margined with white and blue, the
one at anal angle being preceded by a transverse dark bluish streak, and a marginal ochraceous fascia, the
borders of which are bluish. Body more or less coneolorous with wings; posterior and intermediate
femora much suffused with blackish shadings; tibiw and tarsi ochraceous.
* One from Celebes and two from unknown localities.
+ ‘Anthropological Treatises,’ Engl. transl. p. 288 (1865).
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 105
Female. Resembling the male, but with the central white fascia to the wings above only faintly
and slightly margined and followed by pale blue, and the marginal fascia to posterior wings more
ochraceous and continued to apex; on anterior wings is an additional small white subapical spot placed
above the upper discoidal nervule.
Exp. wings, ¢ and ?, 95 to 98 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (eolls. Brit. Mus. and Dist.)—Billiton (Godm. & Salv.)—Java (coll.
Horsf. and Brit. Mus.); Batavia (Snellen).—Borneo (colls. Dist. and Godm. & Salv.)
This species appears to be confined to the true Indo-Malayan region. It has not yet been
recorded from Tenasserim, and probably does not extend northward or westward of the area
here faunistically treated.
8. Charaxes delphis. (Tab. XV., fig. 1 ¢.)
Charaxes Delphis, Doubleday, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1848, p. 217, 1. 7.
Charaxes Coneha, Voll. Tijd. Ent. iv. p. 162, t. 10, f. 1, 8 (1861).
Male and Female. Wings above pale stramineous. Anterior wings with the costal area slightly
infuseated ; a small black streak on upper portion of diseo-cellular nervules, and the whole apical third
black; the inner margin of this black area is much waved, and commencing at costa near end of cell
really and narrowly terminates at apex of third median nervule, but is apparently continued by two
elongate spots, which do not pass the submedian nervure, and do not quite reach the outer margin.
Posterior wings with a submarginal series of greenish lunulate spots placed between the nervules,
continued as streaks to the apices of the nervules, especially prominent and distinct along the three
median nervules. (Some markings of the under surface show more or less distinetly near posterior
angle of the anterior wings, and on disk of posterior wings.) Wings beneath pale silvery white; anterior
wings with the apical third somewhat darker (reflecting the black area of the upper surface); two small
and irregularly shaped bluish black spots in cell; a lunulate blue spot with black margins at end of cell,
outwardly followed by a contiguous black streak; a narrow black streak above and beneath the upper
diseoidal nervule; a rounded blue spot with blackish margins beneath cell and between second and third
median nervules, and an outer submarginal series of lunulate bluish markings, outwardly followed by a
series of ochraceous spots. Posterior wings with a blue spot with blackish margins on about centre of
costal area, three curved blackish lines (diminishing in size) in and near end of eell, a short linear mark
of the same colour on each side of the third median nervyule, and two similar ones on abdominal margin,
about one-third from anal angle; a discal series of bluish lunulate spots placed between the nervules,
closely followed by a series of dark ochraceous spots, and again by a much-waved pale ochraceous fascia ;
a submarginal series of bluish elongate and linear spots placed between the nervules, and a marginal
corresponding series of rather larger ochraceous spots; caudate appendages streaked with bluish. Body
above with the abdomen more or less concolorous with wings, the thorax and head infuscated; thorax
beneath concolorous with wings, the legs dull greyish. Antenne fuscous.
Exp. wings, ¢ 95 millim.; 9 100 millim.
Has.—Continental India; Silhet; Assam (Brit. Mus.)—Tenasserim (Bingham—coll. Moore).—Malay
Peninsula ; Malacea (Biggs—eoll. Gosse).—Borneo; Labuan (Brit. Mus.)
I have not seen this fine species in any of the Province Wellesley collections that have
passed through my hands; but Mr. Gosse possesses both sexes from Malacca, collected there
by the Rey. L. Biggs, the male specimen of which I have been allowed to figure here.
Feprvuary 28, 1883. QE
106 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
4, Charaxes athamas, var. samatha. (Tab. XIII, fig. 8 ¢.)
Papilio Athamas, Drury, Ill. Ex. Ent. i. t. 2, f. 4 (1778); Cram. Pap. Ex. i. t. 89, C, D (1779).
Charaxes samatha, Moore, Proce. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 881.
Eulepis samatha, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 29, t. 14, f. 2, a, b (1881).
Male and Female. Wings above dark chocolate-brown; both wings crossed by a broad pale greenish
yellow fascia, commencing on anterior wing beneath the first median nervule, where it is narrowest
on that wing, and terminating narrowly and subacutely at the middle of the third median nervule of the
posterior wing; anterior wings with a pale greenish subapical rounded spot placed between the discoidal
nervules (in some specimens there is a second and smaller white spot), and posterior wings with a
submarginal series of whitish spots placed between the nervules (two distinctly surrounded with black
between the third median nervule and submedian nervure), and a narrow pale brownish marginal line. Wings
beneath olive-brown, with bright pink reflections; both wings crossed by a broad pale shining, greenish
fascia (equivalent to the one on the upper surface), inwardly margined by a narrow castaneous fascia
with blackish borders; on anterior wings this fascia is margined with castaneous above, and is outwardly
narrowly margined with the same colour, which is followed by a series of sublunulate spots denoted
by their fuscous margins, placed between the nervules, the hindmost of which, situate between the third
median nervule and submedian nervure, is largest and much suffused with black; a small black dot in cell,
and the pale greenish spot between the discoidal nervules as above, but inwardly margined with black.
Posterior wings with the fascia outwardly margined as on anterior wings, but with the accompanying spots
less regular; these consist of a small black spot at costa, an irregular black patch beneath the costal
nervure enclosing a castaneous spot, a castaneous spot above the lower subcostal nervule, and a smaller
one beneath it, an irregular black streak beneath the discoidal nervule, and a lunulate black spot on
each side of the second median nervule: these are preceded by shining greyish streaks; a castaneous spot
more or less surrounded with black near anal angle, preceded by a blackish transverse line; a submarginal
series of small fuscous spots more or less surrounded with greyish white placed between the nervules,
two being situate at anal angle between the third median neryule and submedian nervure; these spots
are followed by pale brownish, the extreme margin being fuseous. Body and legs more or less concolorous
with wings.
Exp. wings, ¢ 68 to 65 millim.; 9 * 78 millim.
Han.+—N.E. India (Brit. Mus.)—Ceylon (coll. Moore).—Burma.—Upper Tenasserim (Brit. Mus.)—
Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.).
I incline to the opinion that this form should be considered a variety of C. athamas.
Mr. Moore, in his description of C. samatha,} describes it as having the “ yellow band on both
wings one-third less in width” than in “ Indian examples of C. athamas,”’ and he afterwards
figures his species in the ‘ Lepidoptera of Ceylon.’ Now if we compare these figures with that of
Drury, § who originally described and figured C. athamas, instead of finding the yellow band of
C’. samatha “‘less in width” than in Drury’s species, it is, on the contrary, always as broad, and
at its apices on both wings absolutely broader.|| There therefore only remains its somewhat
* Ag figured in Moore's Lep. Ceyl. i. t. 14, f. 2a.
+ It is certain that the range of this variety is much more extensive than the following localities indicate; but owing
to the impossibility of knowing whether some authors who refer to C. athamas mean that species (typical) or its present
variety, it is impossible to give their habitats on the present occasion, when the var. Samatha, Moore, is alone referred to.
| Proc. Zool. Soc, 1878, p. 831. § Dl. Ex. Ent. i. t.2; f 4,
|| There is a probable explanation of this discrepancy, as Mr, Moore (well known as our highest authority on Indian
Lepidoptera) exp y refers to Indian examples of C. athamas, whilst Drury described his species as from China.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA., 107
smaller size, the frequent absence of the apical spot, and the generally (in the male) smaller
size of the subapical spot to differentiate it.
We are indebted to the Bros. de Alwis for a drawing of the larva of this species as found
in Ceylon,* which is reproduced here (ante, p. 102, fig. 88), and Dr. Horsfield had previously
given a figure+ representing the larva of the Javan form of C. athamas,{ which differs only
from the first by the absence of the “oblique yellowish white stripe” from the eleventh
segment—a difference which may or may not merely represent a different stage of growth
in the caterpillar, and hence a different stage in the developmental markings. In Ceylon it is
stated to feed on * Cersalpinia.”’ §
Of the habits of the typical form of C. athamas in N.W. India we have a few particulars
from Capt. Lang.|| It is ‘‘an insect of extremely rapid flight, flashing like lightning up
and down rocky-bedded streams in Himalayan glens (3000 to 5000 ft.). It pitches on rocks
in mid-stream, and flashes off again if approached, It is not common, and very difficult
to capture; yet one very hot day in June I saw seven individuals sitting with closed wings,
motionless, on a foul spot (by the damp sandy margin of a stream]), so close together that
I might have put my hat over all of them.” |
5. Charaxes hebe. (Tab. XV., fig. 2 2.)
Charaxes Hebe, Butler, Proe, Zool. Soc. 1865, p, 654, mn, 46, t. 87, f. 8; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 346,
n. 4; Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2; Zool. vol. i. p. 5389, m. 2 (1877).
Male and Female. Wings above very pale greenish. Anterior wings with the base, cell, and base
of costal area greyish brown; apical half blackish, with a small pale greenish spot between the discoidal
nervules; this black apical area is much waved internally, commencing near end of cell it is obliquely
and outwardly direeted, becoming prominently coneave at the median nervules, and somewhat narrowly
terminating at the posterior angle. Posterior wings with the base greyish brown, and in some specimens
(as the one figured) a darker marginal border containing a marginal series of fuscous spots inwardly marked
with white streaks placed between the nervules (the one at anal angle marked with two white spots); in
other specimens these markings are much paler and somewhat indistinct; extreme margin and margins
of caudate appendages dark green. Wings beneath reddish brown, both wings crossed by a broad pale
shining greenish fascia, inwardly margined by a narrow castaneous fascia with blackish borders; on the
anterior wings the greenish fascia commences at end of cell, immediately beneath the first median nervule,
and is broadly margined with castaneous above, which forms a subtriangular patch extending to upper
* Lep. Ceyl. i. t. 14, fig. 25. | Deseript. Cat. t. viii. f. 7.
| This Javan form of the species is probably the variety deseribed by Felder nuder the name of C. attalus (Reise Nov,
Lep. iii. p. 488, n. 711).
§ Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 30. The genus Cwsalpinia consists of trees or shrubs growing in the tropical parts of Asia, Africa,
and Amoriea, tlus agreeing roughly with the distribution of Oharaves, as in Tropical America an allied genus Megistanis
is found (some authors, as Vollenhoven, have described species of this genus under the name of Charares). Cesalpinia
includes planta possessing both chemical and medicinal properties; for example, the Oriental C. sappen, which yields the
well-known red dye; whilst, according to Dr. Hogg (‘ Indian Notes,’ p. 217), another species, “ Cesalpinia sepiaria-relme,”
the “ Mysore thorn, a prickly-hedge climber with yellow flowers,” possesses astringent wood, and its bruised leaves are applied
as a cure for burns. Mr. lh. Spruce, in his botanical investigations in the Amazon Valley, found that ‘“‘some caterpillars
seem to have a decided taste for bitters; and narcotics are rarely objected to” (Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. ix. p. 354).
|| Ent. Month. Mag. i. p. 181.
*| These are always favourite spots for Rhopalocera. Some Lepechas who in Sikkim make what they can by catching
insects and selling them to visitors, take advantage of the known partiality of butterflies for wet sand. Mr. de Niceville states
that “‘in one place upon # large flattish stone near the middle of the stream, the men had put some sand and kept it watered,
and it was surprising the number of butterflies that came to their ‘trap’ and were caught” (Journ. Asint. Soc, Dengl. vol. h,
pt. ii, p. 64 (1882). These habits may be of use to the explorer, as when Command. Cameron states that he “ always found’
butte ies in a dry country “as sure sign that water was near™ (‘Across Africa,’ vol. 1. p. 130),
108 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
diseoidal nervule, where it contains a small greenish spot; the pale fascia is outwardly narrowly margined
with castaneous, and followed by a series of castancous lunulate spots (in pale specimens the margins of
the spots only are castaneous) placed between the nervules, with an additional blackish spot above the
submedian nervure. Posterior wings with the central pale fascia narrower, outwardly concave from costa
to first median nervule, and angularly terminating at third median nervule, outwardly and narrowly
margined as on anterior wings; this margin is widened between the costal nervure and first subcostal
nervule, where it is more or less marked with fusecous, followed by a castaneous spot placed on each side
of the lower subcostal nervule, and becoming very broad at the area of the median nervules, where it
contains two whitish linear spots, and is outwardly margined with fuscous; if is then again narrowed and
continued to abdominal margin near anal angle, where it is preceded by two transverse and contiguous
blackish lines; a marginal series of small dark spots placed between the nervules, the caudate appendages
margined as above. Body above somewhat infuscated, beneath more or less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, 70 to 72 millims.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Malacea (Biggs—coll. Gosse).—Sumatra
(Brit. Mus.)—Borneo (Druce).
The specimen figured was collected by the Rev. L. Biggs in Malacca, and is contained in
the collection of Mr. P. H. Gosse. It is interesting as showing the varietal character of the
colour of the marginal spots to the posterior wings. Ina Province Wellesley specimen in my
own collection these spots are as pale as in the Sumatran type figured by Mr. Butler.*
6. Charaxes moori,+ n.sp. (Tab. XIII, fig. 32.)
Male. Wings above as in C. hebe, but anterior wings with the apex narrower and less produced, the
outer black marking narrower, not extending so far inwardly on disk and at area of median nervules, and
not prominently narrowing at posterior angle; its inner margin much waved. Posterior wings with the
dark submarginal spots with white centres as in the var. of C. hehe here figured (Tab. XV., f. 2), but
prominently widened into a large blackish patch near apex. Wings beneath as in C. hebe, but with
the central pale fascia to both wings much broader, thus approaching the outer margins much more
closely than in Butler’s species; the ground colour is also considerably tinged with steely blue.
Exp. wings, ¢ 68 millim.
Hazs.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. and Sauer).
I have seen none but male specimens of this species. I first captured a specimen myself
thirteen years since, and have lately received another from the same locality. It is also
contained in Mr. Saiier’s collection. Its natural position is intermediate between the previously
described species, C. hebe, Butl., and the following species, C. jalysus, Feld.
7. Charaxes jalysus. (Tab. XIII., fig. 4¢.)
Charaxes Jalysus, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. iii. p. 488, n. 714, t. 59, f. 5 (1866); Butler, Trans. Linn. Soe.
ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 639, n. 1 (1877).
Choraxes jalasus, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 18738, p. 846, n. 6.
Male. Wings above as in C. moori, but paler; the anterior wings with the black apical area
considerably smaller, its inner margin nearly straight. Posterior wings with the submarginal border
* Proe. Zool. Soc. 1865, t. xxxvii. f. 8.
+ This species is named after the late Mr. J. H. Moor, for some time Hditor of the ‘Malacca Observer,’ ‘Singapore
Chronicle,” and ‘Singapore Free Press,’ but better known as the industrious and competent compiler of that useful and now
searce publication, ‘ Notices of the Indian Archipelago and Adjacent Countries,’ &e.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA., 109
of spots more continuous and amalgamated, but not dilated into a distinct patch at apex. Wings beneath
paler and with the pale central fascia very broad and occupying the whole disk of both wings; on posterior
wings this fascia is almost straight outwardly, and not concave from costa to first median nervule as in
C. hebe and C. moori.
Exp. wings, 68 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (Dist.—coll. Butl.); Malacea (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.—coll.
Dist.)—Borneo (Druee).
This species appears to be moderately rare in Province Wellesley; one specimen which
I captured myself, and which is now in the possession of Mr. Butler, being the only example
I have seen from that locality. It is, however, not uncommon in Malacea.
B. Outer margins of posterior wings caudately and prominently produced at apex of first median nervule only.
8. Charaxes harpax. ('Tab. XIIL., fig. 1 7.)
Charaxes Harpax, Felder, Reise Nov, Lep. i, p, 444, n, 725 (1806); Druce, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1873, p. 847, n. 10;
Moore, Proc. Zool. Soe. 1878, p. 832.
Male. Wings above reddish ochraceous. Anterior wings with two small contiguous black spots at
upper end of cell; apex and outer margin broadly black; this black area has its inner margin sinuous
and emarginate, it is broadest inwardly and most angulated beyond cell, and commences to diminish
in width beneath the lower discoidal nervule, till it narrowly terminates at posterior angle. Posterior
wings with a submarginal row of black spots placed between the nervules (two at anal angle more or less
suffused with grey) and with a black apical pateh. Wings beneath pale eastaneous with steely reflections.
Anterior wings with the basal half crossed by four waved black Imes commencing near the subcostal
nervure, the two inner ones crossing cell about centre, and continued on posterior wings, terminating near
base of internal nervure; the third commencing a little before, and the fourth some distance beyond
end of cell (where there is a terminal black line‘and « linear ovate black marginal spot), between which the
colour is distinctly darker, and continued and terminating on posterior wings at internal nervure (between
these on posterior wings is a curved terminal line to cell) ; these are followed by a discal and much-wavyed line
of the same colour, followed on posterior wings by an oblique bluish black fascia, which becomes almost
fused with the termination of the diseal line near anal angle, where there is a large blackish spot;
anterior wings with an apical greyish spot and an indistinetly dentate submarginal greyish fascia inwardly
preceded by a few more or less distinct dark spots; posterior wings with a submarginal row of bluish spots
placed between the nervules and preceded by transverse greyish streaks (two of these spots at anal angle),
Body more or less concolorous with wings; posterior and intermediate femora thickly spotted with black.
Exp. wings, ¢ 90 millim.*
Han.—Tenasserim; near Meetan, Moolai (Moore)—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll.
Satier).—Borneo (colls. Dist., Godm. & Salv., and Brit. Mus.).
A single male specimen captured by Mr. Saiier in Province Wellesley, and which is here
figured, is the only example I have seen from that locality. It is, however, recorded by
Mr. Moore from Tenasserim, a locality from which that entomologist has deseribed a closely
alhed form under the name of C. agna,} between which and typical Bornean examples
of C. harpax the form here figured is intermediate. Consequently we must allow for variation
in these tawny Charaxes, where no distinct local race has become differentiated.
* This is the expansion of the specimen figured from Provinee Wellesley and of Bornean males in my own collection,
though I possess others (unfortunately with no locality) which are much smaller.
+ Proce. Zool. Soe. 1878, p. $32,
Frprvary 28, 1883. 2
110 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA,
Genus PROTHOE,
Prothoe, Hiibner, Samml, Ex. Schmett. (1816—1841); Westw, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 266 (1850),
Anterior wings subtriangular, the costal margin arched and convex, the apex rounded and non-
or sub-prominent, the outer margin nearly straight, or more or less conéave about the centre, and in
some species distinctly waved. Costal mervure short, somewhat suddenly reflexed to costa a little
beyond end of cell; first and second subcostal nervules emitted before the end of cell, the distance
between their bases, and that between the base of second and end of cell being subequal; third
emitted at about one-fifth beyond end of cell and extending to apex, its apical third somewhat
gibbous or convex; fourth and fifth bifureating a little beyond the base of third; the fourth deflexed
and concave beneath the convex portion of third. Upper disco-cellular nervule short and oblique,
middle diseo-cellular suberect, lower disco-cellular prominently curved and rounded inwardly at base,
and then obliquely continued to apex; median nervules situate wide apart. Posterior wings obovate,
the costal margin moderately oblique and convex, the outer margin more or less prominently “waved
and produced in a broad, spatulate, caudate, outwardly curved prolongation between the first and second
median nervules; abdominal margin ample and slightly convex at the body, and then divergent and
oblique to anal angle. Precostal nervure suberect and curved inwardly at apex; costal nervure rounded
and extending to apex; second subcostal nervule and discoidal nervule with an apparently common origin ;
dicoidal cell completely open. Palpi placed close to the face. Body small; thorax robust. Antenne with
a long and gradually formed club.
Prothoe is a Malayan genus, being found throughout the Indo- and Austro-Malayan
regions. It does not apparently occur west of Tenassernn, and is found as far east as
New Ireland (this is probably not really the eastern limit of the genus, but represents
at present the limit of our knowledge).*. Not more than some half dozen species are
described, one of which is alone here included. Another species, however, I’. franckii, Godt.,
is almost certainly found in the Peninsula, as Mr. Wallace} gives Malacca as a habitat of the
species. I have, however, been unable to find a Malaccan specimen, and though Mr. Hewitson
subsequently acquired Mr. Wallace's Rhopalocera, the species is not recorded from Malacca
in the posthumous Catalogue of the Hewitsonian collection. As it is also recorded by
Mr. Moore from Tenasserim, } the probability of its occurring in our region becomes greater.
1. Prothoe caledonia. (Tab. XIII., fig. 9 ¢.)
Nymphalis calydonia, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. i. p. 86, t. 48, f. 8, 4 (1855).
Charaxes calydonia, Butl. Proe. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 638.
Prothoe caledonia, But]. Proce. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 874.
Nymphalis? Caledonia, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 278, n. 58 (1871).
Male. Anterior wings pale sulphur-yellow, with the base very pale bluish, and with rather more
than the apical half dark shining fuscous; the inner margin of this blackish coloration commences
narrowly at base of costa, and gradually widening obliquely crosses the cell a little beyond the middle,
* Mr. Butler (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 873) recommended that an African species generally known as Charares berenice
should also be placed in this genus, It has, however, structural peculiarities which have warranted M. Mabille (Bull. Soc.
4ool. de France, 1876, p. 280) in founding a new genus for its reception, and consequently Africa cannot be considered
as a habitat of Prothoe.
+ Trans. Ent. Soc, 1869, p. 80,
i Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 832. Mr. Moore, in this paper (ibid. p. 854) gives also the Malay Peninsula as a habitat
of P. franckii, which was probably copied from Wallace, as he possesses no specimen from that locality, and, though he kindly
searched for me, could find no authority for the same in his notes,
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA., lll
and crossing the second median nervule near its base extends to near the outer margin between the
second and third median nervules, after which it is again directed inwardly and is concavely sinuated
to near apex of inner margin; an oblique subapical series of four sulphureous spots, the first near costa,
the second between the fourth and fifth subeostal nervules, the third above and the fourth beneath
the upper diseoidal nervule; a somewhat obsolete pale apical spot and a very small bright spot on the
second median nervule. Posterior wings very pale bluish, with a broad shining fuscous outer margin,
which is widest at apex and narrowly terminates at anal angle; two linear pale greyish marginal spots
near apex and apical margin of caudate appendage of the same colour; the costal disk of the wing
is somewhat suffused with sulphureous and the abdominal margin is suffused with very pale brownish.
Anterior wings beneath dull greyish, beautifully suffused and spotted with bright red and with the
following spots and markings :—four spots on costal area above cell, which contains a basal spot, two
placed a little before the middle, followed by an irregular macular fascia, and another and somewhat
similar one at apex; immediately beyond cell is a broad curved fascia commencing at costa and
terminating at apex of median nervure; a triple series of much broken and irregular fascie, the outer
margin being also fuseous; beneath the second median nervule the colour is sulphur-yellow, becoming
paler towards inner’margin, with a large irregular fuscous spot near outer angle. Posterior wings
of similar hue and. shadings, with the following fuscous spots and markings:—a small rounded spot
at base, and another near apex of precostal nervure; a short broad curved transverse fascia commencing
near base and terminating on basal edge of abdominal margin; a linear streak above and near base
of costal nervure; a subquadrate spot, followed by a larger and curved spot beneath the costal nervure ;
three spots in cell, a small rounded one near base, a similar one near origin of third median nervule,
and a transverse spot near its termination; a sinuated row of diseal spots, consisting of a small one above
and a large one beneath the first subcostal nervule, three in oblique series divided by the diseoidal
and first median nervules; a conical spot between the second and third median nervules, and an obconical
one before the submedian nervure, from which to edge of abdominal margin is a broad fascia; the apical
area of wings, which is preceded by a transverse pale fascia, is darker and shaded with greenish,
and contains some much-waved and somewhat disjointed series of transverse fuscous fascim; outer
margin sulphureous, with its extreme border fuscous, a large fuscous patch on the caudate appendage,
and a small red spot near anal angle." Body above pale bluish grey; thorax beneath more or less
concolorous with wings; legs brownish, tibim and tarsi more or less pale ochraceous; antenne fuscous
above, castaneous beneath.
Hixp. wings, ¢ 103 millim.
Har.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Wallace, and coll. Roberts)—Borneo (coll. Hewits.)—Labuan
(coll. Godm. & Salv.)
This beautiful species almost merits the enthusiastic eulogy of its describer, “‘ This glorious
butterfly is beyond deseription.’’+ It was originally discovered by Mr. Wallace, who thus
records its capture at Ayer-panas:—‘'I was one afternoon walking along a favourite road
through the forest, with my gun, when I saw a butterfly on the ground. It was large,
handsome, and quite new to me, and I got close to it before it flew away. I then observed
that it had been settling on the dung of some carnivorous animal.| Thinking it might return
* These are the most prominent markings on the posterior wings, it being impossible to describe all that the figure
fnithfully pourtrays.
+ Hewitson, ‘ Exotic Butterflies,’ i. p. 86.
} Similar substances are attractive to some of the most handsome butterflies. The beautiful Apatwra tris in this
country has been observed by Mr. Hewitson to frequent the droppings of swine, and by Mr. Sturgess to be partial to dead
stoate and weasels, &. (see Newman's ' British Butterflies,” p. 75). At St. Paulo on the Upper Amazons, Mr. Bates found
a species of the handsome genus Batesia (Pandora) to be attracted by “ offal" (Proc. Ent. Soc. 1858-9, p. 22).
112 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. |
to the same spot, I next day after breakfast took my net, and as I approached the place was
delighted to see the same butterfly sitting on the same piece of dung, and succeeded in
capturing it. . . . . I never saw another specimen of it, and it was only after twelve years
had elapsed that a second individual reached this country from the north-western part of
Borneo.” *
Genus SYMPHAiDEA.
Symphedra, Hibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 89 (1816); Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 294 (1850); Moore, Lep.
Ceyl. i. p. 34 (1881).
Adolias, sect. 10, Feld. Nenes Lep. p. 35 (1861).
Levias, Boisd. Voy. Astr. Lep. p. 125 (1832); Feld. Neues Lep. p. 86 (1861).
Anterior wings subtriangular, costal margin arched and convex, apex rounded (generally more
prominently so in the female); outer margin slightly waved and slightly concave beneath apex; inner
margin nearly straight. First and second subcostal nervules emitted before the end of cell, the second
longer than the first; third emitted some distance before the apices of first and second; fourth and fifth
bifureating at about two-thirds beyond end of cell. Lower disco-cellular nervule practically obsolete,
leaving the cell open, or sometimes slender and faintly visible; first median nervule with the basal
portion curved and rounded, and with an apparently common origin with the second at apex of cell.
Posterior wings ovate; costal margin oblique and slightly convex; outer margin slightly waved and broadly
rounded; abdominal margin nearly straight, but becoming obliquely divergent to anal angle. Neuration
generally as in Huthalia. Body stout; palpi porrect and pointed; antennz variable in length.
This genus is very closely allied to the following, and as Mr. Butler truly remarks, ‘‘ The
structural characters which separate Symphedra from Adolias+ are not very considerable, and
from their uncertainty seem almost to indicate a state of transition; the style of coloration,
however, 18 quite distinct.” |
Symphedra is found in Continental India, and throughout the Indo- and Austro-
Malayan regions. §
1. Sympheedra dirtea. (Tab. XII., figs. 77 and 82.)
Papilio Dirtea, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii, 1, p, 59, n. 184 (1798),
Adolias Boisduvalii, Boisd. Sp. Gen. i. t. 8, f. 2 (1886).
Ailolias Dirtea, Gray, Lep. Ins. Nepaul, p. 12, t. 10, f. 1, 2 (1846); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Ins. Mus.
E.1.C. i. p. 198, n. 408 (1857); Moore, Trans. Ent, Soc. ser, 2, vol. vy. p. 84, n. 48 (1859).
‘Lewias Dirtea, Feld. Wien. Ent. Mon. iv. p. 400, n. 25 (1860).
Symphedra Dirtea, Butl, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p.615, n. 8; Oat. Fabr. Lep. p. 88, n, 8 (1869); Trans. Linn.
Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 640, n. 1 (1877); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 346, n. 2; Godm.
and Saly. Proc. Zool. Soe. 1878, p. 689, n. 21.
Male. Wings above very dark chocolate-brown; anterior wings with a small whitish subapical spot
placed beneath the fourth subcostal nervule, and a greenish outer marginal fascia, which is almost obsolete
at apical angle and gradually widens to posterior angle; the inner margin of this fascia is very waved
and subdentate; posterior wings with a very broad outer bluish marginal fascia, with violaceous reflections,
occupying about half of wing, and containing a submarginal series of blackish spots placed between
* * Malay Archipelago,’ Sri edit. p. 29. + = Euthatlia. { Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. G14,
§ Mr. Kirby (Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 258 (1871) gives Australia as a habitat of 8. Avropus.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA, 113
the nervules and a marginal row of much larger subconical spots of the same colour placed upon and
divided by the nervules; this bluish area is sinuated interiorly, and becomes shaded with greenish and
violaceous at and near anal angle; apical portion of abdominal margin thickly clothed with long pale
ochraceous hairs. Wings beneath very warm and dark ochraceous. Anterior wings with a small and very
pale bluish subapical spot situate beneath the bifureation of the fourth and fifth subcostal nervules,
a cluster of irregular pale spots in cell and a long and irregularly curved one at the termination
of the same, which is followed by two very indistinct spots placed one on each side of the upper
discoidal neryule; two pale discal spots on each side of the second median nervule, and one beneath
the third median nervule; inner margin and area of the outer angle broadly suffused with fuscous,
the last with two bluish spots placed one on each side of the third median nervule; above
these are a subobsolete and submarginal series of pale spots placed between the nervules. Posterior
wings with two pale spots in cell, a curved discal series of six or seven pale spots placed between
the nervules, and a submarginal series of small fuscous spots placed between the nervules, with their
surrounding areas somewhat pale. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings; antenne
black, their apices warm ochraceous.
Female. Wings above chocolate-brown, with the marginal fringe alternately concolorous and
pale greyish, and with the following yellowish spots :—anterior wings with three spots in cell, two at its
termination, followed by two placed one on each side of the upper discoidal nervule; an oblique diseal
series of seven spots placed between the nervules, two beneath cell, situate one on each side of second
median nervule, a cluster of five irregular spots near base and between third median nervule and sub-
median nervure, and an outer submarginal series, placed between the nervules, increasing in size towards
outer angle; a small yellowish streak on inner margin near its apex. Posterior wings with the following
yellowish spots:—three beneath costal nervure, three between first and second subcostal nervules, four
between lower subcostal and discoidal nervules, three in cell (the first being only a small basal streak), three
beyond cell before the first median nervule, two beneath cell placed one on each side of second median
nervule and two on basal half of abdominal margin; and three large spots—denoted by pale bluish
margins with anterior and posterior yellowish spots—near anal angle divided by the second and third
median nervules. Anterior wings beneath greenish ochraceous, darker and somewhat bluish at area
of median nervules, marked generally as above, but spots larger and pale bluish grey, those in and at
termination of cell fused and the cluster of spots beneath base of cell obsolete. Posterior wings beneath
pale greenish, the basal half more or less suffused with ochraceous; spots as above, but much paler.
Body above chocolate-brown, with the following yellowish spots :—six thoracic (two anterior, two central,
and two posterior), and four at base of abdomen; a narrow lateral streak on each central side of thorax,
and a small spot at extreme base of wings; body beneath and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, ¢ 76 to 95 millim.; ? 92 to 109 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley, Penang (colls. Dist. and Sater); Malacea (Pinwill—
Brit. Mus.)—Sumatra (Forbes, coll, Dist.)—Billiton (coll. Godm. & Salv.)—Banca.*—Java (Brit. Mus.)—
Borneo (coll. Godm. & Salv.); Sandakan (Pryer—coll. Dist.) ; Banjermasin (coll. Dist.)
This species attains its maximum size in the Malay Peninsula; at least such is the
evidence of a long series now before me. ‘The species varies considerably in Borneo, where
male specimens occur agreeing with the one here figured from Province Wellesley, while smaller
ones are found which have the marginal spots to the posterior wings larger. +
* Coll. by M. Teysmann (Pet. Nouv. Ent. vi. p. 404 (1874).
+ Mr. Butler (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 613) has described these small and dark Bornean specimens as a “ local race" :—
* Alis minoribus obseurioribus, antennis fulvo acuminatis."" Another local race from Hainan has been specifically differentiated
by Mr, Moore under the name of S. pardalis (Proc, Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 609).
Jung 30, 1883. 26
114 RHOPALOCEKA MALAYANA.
In Province Wellesley (as I have elsewhere recorded)* old fallen fruit was an attraction
to this species, and sliced pine-apple placed at the proper season in a road which these butter-
flies frequented was generally sure to be visited by a good supply of both males and females. +
The following species is only known by its description, and, as far as I am aware,
is contained in no collection in this country. No figure exists, and therefore the description
can alone be given. It represents, like R. eudozxia (ante, p. 99), a specimen from Malacea,
collected during the voyage of M. A. Delessert. )
Symphzedra? emalea.
Arqynnis Emalea, Guérin, Deless. Souv. Inde. ti. p. 72 (1843).
Symphedra Emalea, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 259, n. 10 (1871),
“ Alis subrotundatis, anticis apice subconcavis, supra fulvis; anticis apice et lineis flexuosis, posticis
lineis flexuosis punctisque nigris, maculis costalibus duabus albis, subtus griseo-fulvis margaritaceo-
micantibus, fascia media communi-alba, maculari, extus recta, intus dentata.—Enverg. 74 cent.”
“Elle a beaucoup d'affinités avee l'Arg. Thyelia de Fabricius (God., p. 257). Le dessus de ses quatre
ailes est d'un jaune-fauve-vif, un peu plus sombre a la base. L’extremite des premiéres est noire avee
deux bandes ondées de noir paralléles au bord externe, et moins marquées prés de l'angle inferieur; elles
ont, en outre, au milieu, une bande dentelée et ondulée de noir servant de limite a la portion plus obscure de
leur base. On voit dans le milieu de la cellule discoidale une petite bande transverse et brune avec
le milieu fauve. Les inférieures ont au bord externe trois lignes noiritres flexueuses ; une ligne flexueuse
au milieu, se continuant avec celle des supérieures; et, entre cette ligne et les externes, une série de six
points noirs dont les deux anterieurs et celui de l’angle anal un peu plus forts; elles ont a la céte deux
taches blanches, de forme carrée; l'une au milieu, l'autre prés de l'extrémité antérieure. Le dessous des
quatre ailes est d'un gris-cendré-jaunitre 4 reflets violets et perlés avec les nervures fauves; elles sont
traversées au milieu et obliquement par une ligne maculaire blanc bordé de noiratre, droite du cété externe,
fortement dentée, surtout aux supérieures, du céte interne, et trés-Glargie ad la cote des supérieures.
On voit, en outre, aux ailes inferieures une série de six petits points noirs correspondant 4 ceux du dessus.
Le corps est d'un brun jaunatre, les antennes sont noires avec le cété antérieur fauve.
‘* Habite la cote Malaye.”
Genus EUTHALIA.
Euthalia, Hibner, Verz. bek. Schmett, p. 41 (1816); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 81 (1881).
Aconthea, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E. I. C. t. 8, f. 6 (1829); Zool. Journ. y, p. 65 (1830).
Adolias, Boisd. Sp. Gén. i. t. 8, f. 2 (1836); Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 289 (1850); Feld. Neues. Lep.
p. 84 (1861); Butl. Proc. Zool, Soc. 1868, p. 600,
Itanus, Feld. Neues. Lep. p. 84 (1861).
Dophla, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 83 (1881).
* Ent. Month. Mag. vol. xii. p. 207.
+ That observant naturalist Cons. E. L. Layard, writing from New Caledonia, bears witness to the fact of rotten fruit being
a very strong attraction to Lepidoptera. He writes:—‘ At this moment I have in my verandah a Shh which is daily
regaled with a portion of a banana. Every evening I see a dozen or more of the large Sphingide and Noctwe trying to effect
an entrance into the cage to get at the rotting fruit, which is generally invisible from the outside. ... . T have always found
bananas the best bait to attract the night-flyers, but only when they begin to rot” (‘ Nature,’ vol. xviii. p. 301).
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 115
Anterior wings triangular; costal margin arched and more or less convex; apex more or less
prominent, rounded, or subacute; outer margin somewhat coneave beneath apex, and uneven or slightly
waved; inner margin nearly straight. First and second subcostal nervules emitted before the end of cell,
the first some distance from and the second near end of cell; third commencing either at about one-fourth
or midway from end of cell, and extending to apex; fourth and fifth bifureating at about three-fourths
from end of cell, and terminating beneath the apex; upper disco-cellular short and angled; middle disco-
eellular acutely recurved; lower disco-cellular nervule generally obsolete, leaving the apex of the cell open,
or when present slender, oblique and slightly concave; median nervure robust; first median nervule
strongly eurved at base, where it has an apparently common origin with the second at apex of cell.
Posterior wings subovate; costal margin oblique and slightly convex; outer margin rounded, convex,
and slichtly waved (in the males of some species the anal angle is slightly acuminate or pointed). Costal
nervure curved and extending to apex; precostal nervure strongly curved outwardly; first subcostal
nervule emitted near base of subcostal nervure, the second some distance beyond. Cell with the apex
always practically open, in some species having the appearance of being closed by a slender and indistinct
lower disco-cellular nervule. Body short and robust. Palpi porrect, obtusely pointed at the apex.
Antenne long and nearly straight.
Ewthalia is a genus which belongs to the true Oriental region. It extends northward to
China, but apparently not to the north-westward of India, for though found by Mr. Hocking at
Dharmsala, in the N.W. Himalaya,* it was not collected by Major Roberts at Candahar,+ nor
by Major Swinhoe in Beloochistan;{ Dr. Stoliézka failed to meet with the genus in Yarkand, §
and it was absent from the collection made by Fedechenko in Turkestan.|| It is, however,
in North-Eastern India that the genus reaches its maximum in the size and beauty of its
species, and this should therefore be considered its head-quarters. It is found in the Andaman
Islands, Ceylon, through Burma, Tenasserim, and the Malay Peninsula, and onwards in the
Malayan Archipelago, though according to present knowledge not to the eastward of Celebes
and the Philippine Islands. About seventy species are at present deseribed.
We are now acquainted with the larve
of several species of this genus (one of which
is here figured), and which are as interesting and
peculiar as those of any genus in the Rhopalocera.
: ; 5 wats = ay :
We know, from the researches of the last few ->77773 ar wi = “Ag
4 = 1 : —e te Sy) Bay if
years,—researches kindled and stimulated by x cK ey ue Ba = we he
the teachings and infinence of ‘the late Charles a IIR
Darwin,—that when we see an abnormally deve- eae SE NN
loped caterpillar, either in colour or structure, Fr. 39.—Larva of Euthatia garude, From drawing by Gen,
" a i Hardwicke, in Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C.
we may almost certainly predicate that it thereby
enjoys an immunity or protection from the attacks of its cepa enemies.{{ We also know
that similar protection is acquired by the resemblance ‘‘ mimicry’’ which the subject possesses
* Recorded by F. Moore, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 239,
+ See Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1880, p. 403. { Dbid. 1881, p. 602.
§ ‘Scientific Results Sec. Yarkand Miss.,’ by F. Moore. Caleutta, 1879.
|| ‘Mon. Lep, collect. by Fedchenko in Turkestan,’ by N. G. Erschoff, St. Petersburg, 1874.
7 See Mr, Jenner Weir's experiments with birds, and Mr. Butler's with lizards (Trans. Ent. Soc, 1869, pp, 21 and 27).
Tho results are condensed and diseussed by Mr. Darwin (‘ Descent of Man," 2nd edit. p. 326), and by Mr. Wallace (* Natural
Selection,’ p. 117 et seq.)
116 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
to some uneatable genus or species, and this may apply im the present case. Dr. Horsfield,
who was no advocate of this theory, writing in pre-Darwinian times, and with a strong leaning
to the views (Circular and Quinarian) of MacLeay, with the thoroughness that marks all his
work, was struck by the appearance of these larve, and sought for their analogy.* This he
considered was to be found in the Myriopoda and in the genus Seutigera. On the lines of this
theory (mimicry) such a view is extremely interesting, and acquires a reagonableness which
the MacLeayian doctrine + failed to supply. |
4
A. Cell of posterior wings apparently closed by a subobsolete and slender nerrule.
1. Euthalia derma. (Tab. XIX., fig. 42.)
ldolias Derma, Kollar, Hig. Kaschm. iv. 2, p. 4396 (1848).
Adolias Eva, Feld. Reise Nov. Lep. iii. p. 482, n. 692 (1866).
« Adolias evelina, Race A. derma, Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 600,
Male and Female. Wings above fuliginous-brown; cell of anterior wings crossed by two waved
blackish lines at centre (between which is a prominent carmine spot), and two lines converging posteriorly
at extremity; cell of posterior wings with a faint blackish oblique line near centre and two prominent
black lines at apex; both wings crossed by a discal curved fuliginous fascia, commencing on anterior
wings near end of cell, where it is broadest, and terminating on posterior wings near centre of abdominal
margin, where it is narrowest; beyond the fascia the colour is slightly paler, the posterior wings
possessing a somewhat faintly darker and very narrow submarginal fascia. Wings beneath pale greenish ;
cellular markings of anterior wings as above, but with the interspaces between the pairs of lines pale
brownish; a sub-basal fuscous streak outwardly margined with white, and an irregular spot beneath
cell near base of third median nervule; cellular markings of posterior wings as above, but with an
additional curved black line beyond apex, a similar but shorter mark near and between the bases of
the disecoidal and lower subcostal nervules,—this is preceded by a rounded spot between the subcostal
nervules and a larger and partly closed one containing a carmine spot between the upper subcostal nervule
and costal nervure; there is also a small carmine spot in cell; a darker discal fascia crossing both wings
as above, a similarly coloured broad submarginal fascia commencing on anterior wings at upper discoidal
nervule and becoming obsolete on posterior wings at the median nervules, followed by a waved and
lunulate fascia broken between the nervules; the anterior wings also possess a broad, darker oblique
subapical patch, its margins and also the apical margin of posterior wings more or less infuscated.
Exp. wings, ¢ 87 to 94 millim.
Han.—Continental India; Silhet (Brit. Mus.); Assam (Felder).—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Dr.
Townsend—coll. Godm. & Salv.)—Java (elder).—Borneo (coll. Dist.) —Celebes (coll. Dist. and Brit. Mus.)
—Philippines; Luzon (Felder).
A single male specimen collected by Dr. Townsend in Perak, and which is here
figured, is the only knowledge I have of the species in this fauna. It is in itself closely
allied to A. evelina, Stoll, and has been called a local race of that species, simply, and
necessarily, because Stoll’s species was first described. Philosophically, however, as 4. derma
has an exceedingly wide range, it is probably the archaic form, and A. evelina the more or less
local race.
* Zoological Journ. v. p. 67 (1830).
+ This was admirably and seaccstng developed by Swainson, with (to use the words of Wallace) ‘‘an amount of
knowledge and ingenuity that have rarely been surpassed.” See his ‘Hist. and Nat. Arrang. of Insects,’ in which he was
assisted by Shuckard.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 117
B. Cell of posterior wings entirely open.
a. Third subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted at about one-fourth or less from apex of cell.
2. Euthalia anosia. (Tab. AIV., fig. 5 2.)
Adolias Anosia, Moore (Horsf. & Moore), Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. i, p. 187, n. 876 (1867); Trans. Ent. Soe.
ser. 2, vol. v. p. 64, n, 6, t. 6, f. 1 (1859).
Female. Wings above ashy-green. Anterior wings with the basal area from costa to a little
beneath cell, and terminating a little beyond cell, very dark ashy-green; this area is outwardly bounded
by a straight, oblique and connected series of four white spots outwardly angulated and pointed; these
are followed by two white spots directed inwardly and separated by the second median nervule; the outer
pale green area is brightest from about the centre of third median nervule to middle of abdominal margin,
which pale coloration is followed posteriorly by some very dark green marks, a similarly coloured spot
being found on each side of the upper discoidal nervule; outer margin dull, dark greenish; cell crossed
by three dark lines bordered with very pale and bright ashy-green, the first near base curved outwardly,
the second near centre straight, and the third near apex somewhat resembling the letter 8; beyond cell
are two black lines, the outer one much waved and sinuated; and beneath cell, between the bases of the
third median nervule and submedian nervure, are some dark spots and lines bordered with very pale
and bright ashy-green. Posterior wings with the outer half very much paler and with pinky suffusions,
which extend and are particularly noticeable from costa to lower subcostal nervule; this paler outer area
has its inner margin darker and concavely scalloped, and contains near its centre a series of small,
obscure, dark spots, which are margined with pale ashy irrorations, particularly the innermost spots; the
extreme base of the wings is darkest, and the cell contains two spots with pale and dark margins, the first
Bubquadrate near centre and the second sublunate near apex; a similar spot above and near base of lower
subcostal nervule, another near base of abdominal margin, and a dark spot between the bases of lower
subcostal and diseoidal nervules. Wings beneath very much paler and marked generally as above, the outer
apical margins of anterior wings distinctly fuseous. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, ? 78 millim.
Han.—Continental India; ‘‘ North India” (Moore).—Tenasserim (Brit. Mus.) — Malay Peninsula;
Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (coll. Gosse).
This species appears to be scarce in the Malay Peninsula, but one specimen (female)
being contained in my collection. The male is smaller, somewhat darker, and wanting the
white spots to the anterior wings.
3. Euthalia garuda.* (Tab. XIV., fig. 1 ¢; fig. 2 ?.)
adolias Garuda, Moore (Horsf. & Moore), Cat. Lep. Mus. BE. 1. C. 1. p. 186, n. 874 (1857); Trans. Ent.
Soc. ser. 2, vol. v. p. 64, n. 8, t. 3, f. 2 (1859); Butl. Proce. Zool. Soc, 1868, p. 608, n. 21;
Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 589, m. 2 (1877).
Euthalia Garuda, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 82, t. 16, f. 2, 2a (1881).
* When Mr. Moore applied this name to Indian representatives of the species, he doubtless used the word in its
Hindu sense, as found in the Sattvika Puranas. Compared with this, “Garuda,” as pointed out by the late Mr, J. R. Logan,
is used by the Malays in a partial signification only:—“ Garuda, or Gurda, is a monstrous bird, which Malay romancists
usually evoke for the purpose of desolating a country.” This is illustrated in the Malay poem ‘ Shair Bidasari’:—
“ Datanglih kapada suatu masa * There came upon a certain time
Meliinglah angas déri angkisi A bird flying from the heavens,
Angas Garuda burong perknga The bird Garida, a a rd y bird,
Menjadi negri rosi benasa.” Destroying and desolating the land.”
—(‘ Journ, East Ind. Archipelago,’ vol. i. pp. 41*2.)
June 30, 1883. oH
118 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Male. Wings above fuliginous-brown. Anterior wings with the basal half, excluding cell, much
darker or fuscous; cell erossed by five blackish lines, one somewhat oblique near base, the other four in
pairs, connected posteriorly, and situate two about centre and two at extremity; between these lines the
colour is much darker; immediately beneath basal half of cell are some indistinct blackish markings ;
at the extremity of the basal dark coloration is a curved series of five greyish spots placed between the
nervules, the upper three in somewhat oblique series beyond end of cell, divided by the diseoidal nervules,
the fourth and fifth curved inwardly and divided by the second median nervule ; two subapical greyish spots,
one on each side of the bifurcation of the fourth and fifth subcostal nervules, and a narrow, waved, dark
fuseous submarginal fascia. Posterior wings with the base and a broad curved discal and outwardly
dentate fascia, much darker or fuscous; cell partially crossed by two pairs of blackish lines, looped
and convexly united posteriorly, situate respectively near the centre and extremity; a submarginal series
of small blackish spots placed between the nervules, the extreme outer margin of both wings narrowly
fuscous, with the fringe more or less greyish. Wings beneath pale brownish olivaceous, cellular markings as
above, but posterior wings possessing a long ovate spot above, and a smaller spot beneath the base of the
first subcostal nervule, and a curved line on outer side of base of discoidal nervule, continuous to the lower
pair of dark lines crossing cell; greyish spots as above, but brighter, and an additional third subapical spot
between the discoidal nervules; a narrow dark submarginal fascia to both wings, becoming faint and
obsolete on posterior wings towards abdominal margin; posterior wings with the submarginal spots as
above, and the outer margin of anterior wings excluding apex, and apical margin of posterior wings, very
pale violaceous. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Female. Larger than the male, wings above paler, the markings as in the other sex, but
the submarginal fascia to anterior wings broken and indistinct, and the whole basal half of posterior
wings darker; beneath as in male, but paler, and the submarginal fascis more broken.
Exp. wings, ¢ 60 to 67 millim.; ? 76 to 80 millim.
Han.—Continental India; Silhet, Bengal, Oudh, Sind (Brit. Mus.); Bombay (Dr. Leith—coll.
Dist.) —Ceylon (coll. Moore).—Burma (Brit. Mus.)—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ;
Malacca (coll. Godm. & Salv., and Brit. Mus.)—Java (Brit. Mus.)
This is a variable species, the greyish spots on the upper surface of the anterior wings
being frequently obsolete. In all the specimens I have examimed the males are darker in hue
than the females.
The larva and pupa are figured by Horsfield and Moore* from the original drawings by
General Hardwicke, and the first has been reproduced here (ante, p. 115, fig. 39). According
to the last-named observer, the larva feeds on “* T'rophis aspera and on a species of Bryonta.”’
According to Mr. A. Grote { and the Rev. J. H. Hocking § it feeds upon the mango. ||
* Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. t. vi. f. 2, 2a. + Ibid. p. 187. } bid.
§ Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 239.
|| Another species of the genus, EH. aconthea, is also described by Horsfield as feeding on the mango (Horsf. & Moore,
Cat. Lep. Mus. E. 1.0. i. p. 185). Of the mango in Dominica, I’. A. Ober makes a curious observation :—** The mangoes are
bristling with spikes of blossome—white with them—but not a bird nor a butterfly is hovering above them, though the
surrounding trees and shrubs are alive with them. This is a fact I have long noticed, that the mango is ever deserted"
(‘Camps in the Caribbees,’ p. 21). Now we know that the mango was introduced into the West Indies, and the dramatic
circumstances under which plants from DBourbon were first introduced to Jamaica have been graphically described by
Sir Joseph Hooker (Lect. to Roy. Instit. on the ‘ Distr. of the North Am. Flora,’ 1878). Gut in the East the mango is
not deserted by birds and butterflies, for not only do the HMuthaliads frequent them to deposit the eggs which produce
the devouring 5 le but also—to quote no other author than the pleasant and versatile Phil. Robinson—there is the
“‘groen parrot” that settles “with a sereech among your mangoes,” and the “watcher,” who has “all day long to sit
and watch the iy sige. fruit, to wage a perpetual war with little beasts and little birds, every squirrel a throe, and each
finch a spasm” (‘In my Indian Garden,’ pp. 21 and 151).
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 119
4. Euthalia jama. (Tab. XIV., fig.8 ¢; Tab. XV., fig. 4 2.)
aAdvlias Jama, Felder, Reise Noy. Lep. im. p. 431, n. 690 (1866); DButl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i.
p. 639, n. 3 (1877).
Futhalia Alpheda, var. A. Jaina, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 254, n. 27 (1871).
Male. Wings above fuliginous-brown. Anterior wings with a black line crossing cell near base
and apparently continued between the median and submedian nervures, a dark brown spot crossing
centre of cell, the margins of which are black, and which is rounded and closed posteriorly; a somewhat
similar spot at end of cell; two similarly margined spots obliquely, but not quite, crossing cell of posterior
wings; a dark brown oblique fascia crossing disk, commencing near termination of cell (where there is
an indistinct bronzy area), and terminating on inner margin, about one third from base; this is followed
by a somewhat narrower oblique fascia crossing both wings, commencing near apex of anterior wings and
terminating on posterior wings near the abdominal margin at about one-third from anal angle: this
fascia is widened at inner margin of anterior wings; posterior wings with a much-waved, narrow, dark
submarginal fascia, and outer margins of both wings distinctly darker. Wings beneath pale greenish
ochraceous: cellular markings as above; anterior wings with a rounded spot beneath cell on inner side
of third median nervule and a smaller dark spot on outer side of that nervule; posterior wings with
a looped spot beneath and near the base of costal nervure, followed by a smaller rounded spot beneath
the first subcostal nervule, and a curved black line beneath the base of second subcostal nervule; fasciz
above very indistinctly and narrowly seen beneath. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Female. Pale brownish; cellular markings as in male; anterior wings with a broad pale fascia,
occupying a space equivalent to that between the extreme margins of the two discal pale fasci# in male ;—
this fascia is pale, obscure, bluish above the second median nervulé, and pale brownish beneath that
nervule, and its outer margin is brown and prominently waved and angulated: at costa it possesses an
irregularly shaped central, and a somewhat similar outer subolivaceous spot, the last almost continued
to apex above the fourth subcostal nervule; posterior wings with fascie as in male, but which are paler
and narrower. Wings beneath as above but paler; markings similar, but more indistinct; posterior wings
with the outer-cellular markings as in male.
Exp. wings, ¢ 68 millim.; ¢ 71 millim.
Has.—Continental India; Assam (Felder). — Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ;
Malacea (Castelnau and Pinwill—Brit. Mus.; Biggs—coll. Gosse).—Banca (Felder).
This is but a local race of the Javan LF. alpheda, Godt.,* and differs principally in the
female sex. Mr. Butler, from an examination of Capt. Pinwill’s collection, remarked that in
Malacea the ‘species appears-to be common,’’+ but in Province Wellesley—judging from
collections—it appears to be a scarce insect.
5. Euthalia laverna. (Tab. XIV., fig. 7 2.)
Advlias larerna, Butler (part,—9 only),{ Cist. Ent. i. p. 29 (1870); Trans. Linn, Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i,
p. 639, n. 4 (1877).
* Even its deseriber somewhat unusually remarked, ‘* Localform der javanischen A. alpheda, Godt,” (Reise Nov,
Lep. p. 431).
+ Trana. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 539 (1877).
t Some confusion is likely to arisedrom a consultation of the original description of this species. Mr. Butler (Cist. Ent.
i. p. 29, 1870) deseribed a male specimen from Borneo and a female specimen from Penang under the above name, and
afterwards figured the first in his ‘Lepid. Exot.’ (t. lx., f. 5). On subsequently receiving both sexes from Malacea,
he wrote (Trans. Linn. Soe, ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 589), “1 find that the male from Borneo figured in my ‘ Lepidoptera
Exotica’ is a distinct species,” thus electing to make the Penang female the type, of which the only description is—
“9, Omnino velut in Tanecia Pulasara colorate.”
120 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Male. Wings above fuliginous-brown. Anterior wings with the inner margin and a broad central
transverse fascia, which is outwardly dentate and anteriorly bifurcate from median nervure to near costa,
dark brown; before and a little after the upper portion of this fascia the colour is paler than the remaining
outer portion of wing, which contains a submarginal waved and broken black line not reaching posterior
angle, where there is a dark brown patch; there are also two basal black lines. Posterior wings with the
cell crossed by four black lines and a submarginal series of narrow linear black spots placed between
the nervules. Wings beneath pale greenish, suffused with ochraceous; anterior wings with the cell
crossed by some black lines and a similar waved and broken line near its apex; two spots beneath cell
divided by the third median nervule; a waved submarginal narrow black fascia starting from a subapical
fuscous patch, which contains two whitish spots, and is inwardly margined by the same colour; posterior
wings paler; cell crossed by a looped line near its centre and a curved line near its apex—above the last
is a short line beneath the base of lower subcostal nervule, a bent line above that nervule, and a looped line
beneath the base of costal nervure; two discal narrow waved ochraceous fascim, the outer one most distinct,
from which to outer margin the colour is darker. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Female. Wings above pale brownish. Anterior wings with the cell crossed by four blackish lines,
and with a curved line near apex; beneath the cell are two spots divided by the third median nervule,
the inner one largest; transverse series of contiguous, linear
greyish spots only divided by the nervules, their inner apices
conical and outwardly margined with a waved and sinuated
narrow dark brown fascia; the two upper spots divided by the
upper discoidal nervule are longest, and are preceded by a small
whitish subcostal spot, the third spot is shorter than the fourth
and fifth, and the lower one beneath the third median nervule is
short and notched internally; all these spots are more or less
suffused with pale brownish, and the first, fourth and fifth
possess an inner brown looped line. Posterior wings with two
Fro, 40, Futhatia laverna, 9. pairs of looped lines crossing cell, the transverse series of large
greyish spots as on anterior wings, but not extending to
abdominal margin, and with their outer margins defined by a more angulated and inwardly dentate narrow
fascia, which is again outwardly margined with greyish, thus dividing the outer dark margin into inwardly
angulated spots. Wings beneath with the basal halves pale ochraceous; cell of anterior wings marked as
above; cell of posterior wing with the looped lines and adjacent markings as in corresponding wing of male ;
the transverse series of spots more fused than above, the greyish eolour extending to outer margin.
Exp. wings, ¢ 50 millim.; ¢ 60 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Penang; Malacca (Brit. Mus.)
This species I only know by the specimens contained in the British Museum, the sexes
of which are here figured and described. The female, as Mr. Butler has remarked, bears a
striking resemblance to a species of the next genus,—Tanaécia pulasara (Tab. XIV., fig. 18),—
which is also found in this fauna.
6. Euthalia adonia, rar. (Tab. XIX., fig. 10 ¢; fig. 11 ¢.)
Papilio Adonia, Cramer, Pap, Ex. iii. t. 255, C,D (1782).
Nymphalis Adonia, Godt. Ene. Méth. ix. p. 400, n. 178 (1819).
eleonthea Lubentina, Horsf. (nee Cram.) Cat. Lep. BE. 1. 0. t. 5, £. 6. ia (1829).
Aidolias Adonia, Horsf, & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. i, p. 188, n. 878 (1857); Snellen, Tijd. Ent. xix.
p. 149, n. 28 (1876); Butl. Trans, Linn, Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 5389, n. 1 (1877).
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 12L
Male. Wings above dark olivaceous. Anterior wings with the basal portion of cell and posterior
outer margin greenish; cell crossed near centre by two black lines, between which the colour is reddish ;
these lines are followed by a narrow transverse white fascia, which is outwardly concave, beyond which
are two other black lines, with a reddish spot between them; three white spots beyond cell divided by
the nervules, and a waved discal series of five white spots placed between the nervules, the lowest between
the first and second median neryules; these are followed by two larger but obscure spots divided by
the third median neryule; an obseure, broken, fuscous submarginal line. Posterior wings with the cell
crossed by two fuscous lines and with a broad greenish marginal border; this greenish area contains a
central series of six blackish spots placed between the nervules, with an elongate linear spot at anal
angle; there are also three bright red spots near outer margin at apex and two of the same colour on
inner side of the green area, situate one on each side of the lower subcostal nervule,—these are outwardly
and inwardly margined with blackish and are followed by two blackish lines which do not pass third
median neryule. Wings beneath pale olivaceous-brown; anterior wings with the cell crossed as above,
but with a short basal black line and the red enclosure brighter and larger, the green shadings on
upper surface absent ; posterior wings with costa narrowly red, with the anal margin greenish, and with the
two blackish lines crossing cell enclosing two red spots; at apex of cell and on each side of lower subcostal
nervule are two similar black lines enclosing red spots, the first named preceded by a small black spot ;
a discal series of four red spots placed between the nervules, the lower one beneath the discoidal nervule ;
the submarginal series of black spots as above, but smaller, the upper three with an attached outer
red spot, and the linear spot at anal angle broken into two. Body and legs more or less concolorous
with wings.
Female. Larger than male. Anterior wings above olivaceous-brown, marked generally as in male,
but with all the white spots very much larger, the waved discal series consisting of nine spots, of which
the lower five are very large, irregularly rectangular and sinuously following the three placed beyond cell ;
a pale and obscure greenish submarginal streak at posterior angle. Posterior wings olivaceous-brown,
with a wide macular, central white fascia divided by the nervules, outwardly margined with blackish and
inwardly margined with the same colour as far as end of cell, which is crossed by two black lines; outer
margin broadly greenish from about discoidal nervule to anal angle; a submarginal series of seven
blackish spots placed between the nervules, the upper three and the seventh attached to an outer red
spot.» Wings beneath as above, but paler in hue; anterior wings with the cell marked with red as in male,
the submarginal fuscous fascia more distinct than above, and with a large white submarginal streak at
posterior angle; posterior wings as above, but paler, the costal margin narrowly red, cellular black
‘lines enclosing a red spot, a similarly enclosed red spot at end of cell, and the same above and
near base of upper subcostal nervule; submarginal spots smaller, the upper three only attached to outer
red spots; abdominal margin pale greenish.
Kixp. wings, ¢ 58 millim.; ? 70 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.)—Java (Brit. Mus.) ; Batavia (Snellen).
The figures represent two Malaccan specimens, which were collected by Capt. Pinwill and
are now contained in the British Museum. The male differs from Javan and typical forms of
the species by the darker coloration above and the fewer red spots to the posterior wings ; the
absence of the red spot at anal angle being particularly noticeable; the colour beneath is
also paler, and the red spots to posterior wings fewer and paler. ‘The female also differs
in several particulars. It is thus probable that a distinct race of H. adonia is found in the
Malay Peninsula.
June 30, 1883. 21
122 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
7. Euthalia decorata. (Tab. XIV., fig. 9 ¢.)
Adolias decoratus, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 605, n. 39, t. xlv. f. 2 & 9.
Male. Wings above fuliginous-brown. Anterior wings with the cell crossed by four dark fuscous
lines, two near base and two about apex, and one beyond extremity, waved and convex; beneath the median
nervure is a looped line on each side of the base of third median nervule, and a short line a little distance
from base of submedian nervure; a broad submarginal greyish fascia, more or less suffused with bronzy-
green, the margins of which are convexly dentate inwardly and concavely dentate outwardly, where it is
also distinctly margined with fuscous. Posterior wings with the outer half greyish, shaded with bronzy-
green from about discoidal nervule to anal angle, and containing a central much-waved and inwardly
dentate narrow fuscous fascia; eell crossed by a dark line near base and a double looped line near apex;
a small spot near bases of second and third median nervules. Wings beneath ochraceous; anterior
wings marked as above; posterior wings marked as above,
but with the following additional blackish lines :—a large
looped line above and a smaller looped line beneath the
base of the first subcostal nervule, and a curved line near
base of discoidal nervule. Body and legs more or less
concolorous with wings.
Female. I have not seen this specimen, but repro-
duce Mr. Butler's figure and deseription ;—
“9. Ale multo majores, supra fuscw, fascia multo
latiore albicante et in posticis intus magis irregulari;
subtus fascia velut supra viridi, opalescente fusco mar-
ginata; area basali flava, characteribus nigro-fuseis ; mar-
gine externo omnino ad fasciam albido opalescente ; corpus
supra fuscum, subtus album.”
Fig. 41. Huthalia decorata, 2.
Exp. wings, @ 54 to 56 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Provinee Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Singapore (coll. Roberts).
The males of this species vary in hue; specimens from Province Wellesley, of which one is
here figured, being paler than the Singapore type as delineated by Mr. Butler; the greyish
fascia to the anterior wings of the former also appears to be slightly broader than that as
portrayed in the latter.
8. Euthalia ramada. (Tab. XIX., fig. 5 ¢.)
Adolias Nanada, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2, vol. v. p. 69, n. 12, t. 4, f. 5 (1859); Butl. Proce. Zool.
Soc. 1868, p. G05, n, 37.
Male. Wings above dark fuliginous-brown. Anterior wings with the cell crossed by five dark lines,
situate two wide apart near base, two closer together about centre, and one at extremity; beneath the cell
are some obscure dark looped lines, situate one before the third median nervule and two between that
nervule and the submedian nervure; a submarginal obscure greenish fascia becoming broad towards
posterior angle, and containing a central dark brown and much-waved line. Posterior wings with a
very broad blue marginal fascia, which loses its bright hue above the lower subcostal nervule, and is
intersected a little above its middle by a much-waved dark brown line; basal area suffused with some
scattered bronzy-green scales. Wings beneath warm ochraceous; anterior wings with the cellular and
following markings as above; posterior wings with the cell crossed by two blackish lines near base
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 125
and two near extremity, which are continued and joined above the discoidal nervule; an angulated line
between the bases of the second and third median nervules; an ovate spot between the bases of the lower
and upper subcostal nervules, preceded by a larger one situate beneath the costal nervure; both wings
crossed by two submarginal waved fuscous lines, the outer one very dark on anterior wings, the apical
angle of which is suffused with greenish. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, 48 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Dr. Townsend—coll. Godm. & Salv.); Malacea (coll. Hewits. and
coll. Roberts).
The female of this species is either unknown or unrecognised at present. The male here
figured is the specimen collected in Perak by Dr. Townsend, and now in the collection of
Messrs. Godman and Salvin, to whom I am much indebted for the facilities afforded me
for examination and study.
b. Third subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted about midway between end of cell and apex of wing.
9. Euthalia macnairi,* n.sp. (Tab. XIV., fig. 64,10 ¢.)
Male. Wings above very dark chocolate-brown, the outer margins of both wings pale bluish; on
anterior wings this bluish margin is narrow, commencing a little beneath apical angle, and slightly
widening and terminating at posterior angle; on posterior wings it is very broad, especially near anal
angle; outer margins narrowly black, the fringe pearly white; cell of anterior wings crossed by four
blackish lines, the innermost two nearly straight, the outer two prominently bent and sinuated, and
a similarly bent black line at end of cell; the three innermost of these lines are continued beneath the
median nervure. Wings beneath pale olivaceous-brown; anterior wings with the basal area palest,
cellular markings as above, but more distinct, and two discal, narrow, undulating fuscous fasciw, the inner
one waved, the outer entire, but somewhat discontinuous. Posterior wings with the cell crossed by some
indistinct fuscous lines, a similar convex one near its apex, and an elongate ovate spot on each side of the
base of the upper subcostal nervule; two discal and parallel narrow fuscous fasci#, terminating at about
the third median nervule, the inner one broadest, and the outer narrow and somewhat broken. Body and
legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Female. Larger and paler in hue than the male; markings similar, but anterior wings above
exhibiting the diseal fascie only seen on the under surface of the male; these fascim are also slightly
broader and the colour between them somewhat paler; cell of posterior wings exhibiting the transverse
dark lines as beneath. Wings beneath brighter and warmer in hue than in the other sex; the markings
similar,
Exp. wings, ¢ 55 millim.; 2 70 millim.
Han,—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.).
This and the following species represent a section of the genus in which the males are
strikingly similar to each other and equally dissimilar from the females. Felder appears to
have been first in recognising the sexual connection between these diverse forms, when he
described | the male of FE. puseda.
The great interest attaching to this species is that it represents the closest alliance and
resemblance between the sexes of this section, the following species here described and figured
showing a gradually increasing tendency to sexually differentiate; whilst it is to the Indo-
Malayan region that this portion of the genus is almost confined.
* Named after Major Fred, M‘Nair, author of ‘Perak and the Malays.’ + Wien. Ent. Mon. iii. p. 400, n. 23 (1860),
124 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA,.
These all appear to be rare insects in collections received from the Malay Peninsula, but
this is probably more apparent than real; for from their somewhat general similarity an
unentomological collector would often consider them on the wing as but one species, and
neglect them accordingly.
10. Euthalia stoliczkana,* n.sp. (Tab. XIV., fig. 11 ¢.)
Male. Closely resembling the male EL. maenairi, but larger, and with the bluish marginal fascia
on both wings above a little broader; beneath with the narrow fuscous outer discal fascie to both wings
much more waved and sinuated.
Female. Wings above closely resembling the female E. macnairi, but differing above by the absence
of the bluish marginal fasci#, which are only slightly indicated near posterior angle of the anterior wings,
and appear on posterior wings as a narrow diseal fascia, which becomes obsolete towards abdominal
margin; on these wings the narrow fuscous discal fasci# of the anterior wings are also continued, the
innermost distinct, the outer one not distinctly passing first median nervule. Wings beneath warmer in
hue than in £. macnairi, and distinetly differentiated from that species by the waved and sinuated outer
discal fascia to both wings.
Exp. wings, ¢ 62 millim.; ? 70 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.)
11. Euthalia maclayi,+ n.sp. (Tab. XIV., fig. 12 2.)
Male. Wings above almost identical with those of male . macnairi; beneath with the outer discal
fascia waved and sinuated as in £. stoliczkana, but on posterior wings the outer fascia is farther removed
from the margin than in that species.
Female. Wings above closely resembling those of female EL. macnairi, but the bluish marginal
fascia to posterior wings inwardly strongly waved and hollowed at the subcostal and discoidal nervules.t
Beneath the wings have the outer discal fasci# strongly waved and sinuated as in EF. stoliczkana, but on
anterior wings these fascie are wider apart than in that species, and on the posterior wings the outer
fascia is farther removed from the margin.
Exp. wings, ¢ (one spec.) 61 millim.; ? 73 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.)
E. maenairi, Ei, stoliezkana, and EE, maclayi have so strong a superficial resemblance as to
give the impression that they are but varieties of one species, and this was my first conclusion.
The reasons which have impelled me to take the opposite view are that both sexes can be
differentiated, and that the forms are not intermediate. Thus, though E. maclayi resembles
* This species is dedicated to the late Dr. Ferdinand Stoliczka, the accomplished and versatile naturalist, who died
a few years since whilst accompanying the Second Yarkand Mission. He visited the Straits Settlements, and his enthusiasm
there in the cause of Zoology and scientific industry is shown by the following papers, vis. :—
Aves.—* A Contribution to Malayan Ornithology,” Journ. Asiat. Soc. Gengl. vol. xxxix. part 2, p. 277 (1870).
Reptilia.—* Observations on some Indian and Malayan Amphibia and Reptilia,” ibid. pp. 184, 159.
Mollusca.—* On the Land Shells of Penang Island, with Descriptions of the Animals and Anatomical Notes,” ibid.
vol, xli. part 2, p. 261 (1872), and vol. xlii. part 2, p. 11 (1873).
In agreement with the principle [ have pursued in this work, of using for specific »se8 the names of those who
have Fi or are working at iia bible, ethnology, or natural featares of the Malay Paninsla, I have here used the
name of the celebrated Russian ethnologist and traveller Dr, Mikluho-Maclay, who a few years since made an ethnological
excursion in Johore.
| This is not shown in the figure, owing to the specimen it represents being the first received, and unfortunately
in a rubbed and poor condition.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 125
E. macnairi above, it partakes of the character of EF. stoliczkana beneath, but is yet quite
distinctly differentiated from that species by the pattern of those markings. Though I have
followed this course I consider the conclusion but tentative. Some decision must be taken
in a work like this, and the proof will ultimately rest with the local breeder of these insects.
In the absence of this information analytic and synthetie empiricism are both to be deplored.
12, Euthalia cocytina. (Tab. XVIII., fig. 7 2.)
Aconthea Cocytina, Horsfield, Zool. Journ. v. p. 67, t. 4, f. 8, 8@ (1829).
Adolias Goiartii, Gray, Lep. Ins. Nep. p. 14, t. 12, f. 2 (1846).
Adolias cocytina, Butl. Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. i. p. 99 (1868),
Male. Wings above resembling the last species, but the bluish marginal bands wide, as in
E. stoliczkana. Wings beneath pale but warm ochraceous, the markings generally as in LZ. macnairi,
but paler and ochraceous; the black cellular markings of anterior wings as in preceding species.
Female. Wings above pale fuliginous-brown, cellular and infra-cellular markings as in E. maclayi ;
an oblique diseal series of six elongate greyish spots, outwardly and obscurely margined with small dark
spots placed between the nervules; of the former the two uppermost, divided by the first discoidal nervule,
are largest, and the first is broken at its centre; the third is smallest, and the sixth, situate beneath the
third median nervule, is rather faint and outwardly notched; a broad pale marginal border, becoming
obsolete at apex and shaded with bluish at posterior angle. Posterior wings with the apical half broadly
bluish; this area is marked with two series of whitish spots, the first and most distinet at its inner
margin, which is preceded by a series of obscure dark spots, the second, which is almost obsolete near
its centre; outer margin brownish; the fringe of both wings greyish white. Wings beneath pale obscure
ochraceous; anterior wings marked as above, the diseal series of pale spots large, more continuous,
and more obscure and outwardly margined by a narrow waved fuscous fascia; posterior wings with the
apical half (which has a narrow transverse dark ochraceous fascia near its anterior margin) somewhat
paler. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, ¢ 60 millim.; @ 70 millim.
Har.—Malay Peninsula; Singapore (coll. Moore)—Sumatra (Brit. Mus. and coll. Dist.)
I am indebted to Mr. Moore for the loan of the female Singapore specimen here
figured, and which constitutes my sole authority for the inclusion of the species in this
fauna. Mr. Butler, who first described the female,* subsequently + added, as a synonym, the
A. mitra, Feld.{ This is probably a correct course, and the reason why I have not followed it
here is that. the Felderian description better agrees with another Sumatran specimen in my
collection, which, however, may be but a varietal form.
13. Euthalia puseda. (Tab. XVIIL., fig. 82, and var. Tab. XV., f. 3 9.)
<ldolias Puseda, Moore (Horst. & Moore), Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. i. p. 191, n. $83 (1857); Trans. Ent. Soc,
ser, 2, vol, y. p.71, nu. 18, t. 6, f. 5 (1859); Feld. Wien. Ent. Mon, iii. p. 400, n. 28 (1860),
Adolias monina, Butl. (Fabr.?) Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 608, n, 53, t. 45, f. 4; Oat. Fabr. Lep. p. 89, n. 3
(1869); Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 589, n. 6 (1877).
Adolias Laulekingit, Butl, (nec. Voll.) Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. ii. Zool. vol. i. p. 539, n. 7 (1877).
* Aun. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. i. p. 99 (1868). + Proc. Zool. Soc, 1868, p, 608, n. 51,
| Reise Nov. Lep. iii. p. 483, n. 695.
JuxE 30, 1888. - Qk
126 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Male. Very closely resembling the corresponding sex of EH. macnairi, the upper surface being
indistinguishable; the anterior wings beneath have a distinct subapical pale fuscous patch, and the two
narrow discal fasci# are placed wider apart, the interior one being almost obsolete and the outer one
waved; both wings beneath are also somewhat paler in hue.
Female. Wings above pale fuliginous. Anterior wings with the cell crossed by the following dark
fuscous lines:—one near base, two near centre with their bases connected, and two at termination, the
inner of which is strongly curved and the outer deeply sinuate, both narrowly connected at base;
immediately beneath cell are a short line near outer base of third median neryule, a looped line forming
an irregular spot at inner base of the same nervule, and a short line near base of the submedian nervure;
a submarginal series of large greyish obconical spots separated by the nervules, which occupy about
outer half of wing, crossed by a much-waved and dentate narrow brown fascia; the two uppermost of
these spots have their centres excavated and suffused with the fuliginous ground colour, and they are
all conically pointed inwardly, excepting the lowermost, situate above the submedian nervure, which is
concavely excavated. Posterior wings with the outer half (excluding margin) more or less irrorated with
pale greyish, its inner margin defined by a narrow waved brown fascia, and crossed by a regularly curved
but inwardly dentate narrow brown fascia, the cell crossed by some obsenre dark lines. Wings beneath
pale ochraceous; anterior wings with the cellular lines as above, the large obconical spots extending
to margin and marked as above; lower wings as above, but much paler. Body and legs more or less
concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, ¢ 52 millim.; 9 63 to 74 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Penang (coll. Moore and Brit. Mus.); Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus. and
Biggs—coll. Gosse); Singapore (colls. Moore and Dist.)
The typical female specimen ('Tab. XVIII., f. 8) is from Penang, and contained in the
collection of Mr. Moore, whilst the variety (Tab. XYV., f.3) is from Malacca, and in the
possession of Mr. Gosse, to both those gentlemen my thanks being due for the loan of
the same.
The females are very variable, and I have seen all the intermediate forms between the
two specimens here figured. The A. ludekingii, Voll.,* may also be but a variety of this species,
but in its typical form, as figured by Vollenhoven, certainly does not appear to be found in
the Malay Peninsula.
Mr. Butler + identified the male of this species as the Papilio monina, Fabr.} I have not
followed him in this course for several reasons :—Firstly, the Fabrician type is not contained
in the Banksian collection, and therefore the identification is unverifiable ; secondly, the males
of a number of allied species are so similar that it seems impossible, from the description
of Fabricius alone, to decide upon one more than another; and thirdly, as Mr. Moore has
figured his species (female specimen) it seems unnecessary to sink the same without more
conclusive reason,
* Tijd. Ent. v. p. 189, t. 10, f. 3 (1860). + Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 608, n. 58.
| As a synonym of this species Mr. Butler aren Fabr. Lep. p. 89) has placed the 2. cocyta, Fabr., stating that it is
‘figured by Jones in his unpublished ‘ Ieones.""" The well-known American lepidopterist Mr. W. H. Edwards lias, however,
strongly argued (Canad. Entom. vol. xiv. p. 64) on the “utterly worthless character of the Jones drawings for identification
of ae Fabricius frequently deseribed from these drawings without any knowledge of the locality from whence the
originals came.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 127
14. Euthalia asoka. (Tab. XV., fig. 5¢; Tab. XIV., fig. 3 2.)
Adoliax Asoka, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. iti. p. 488, n. 694, t. 58, f. 1 (1866); Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2,
Zool. vol. i. p. 589, m. & (1877).
Male. Wings above dark castaneous; both wings with a bluish outer marginal border, narrowest
on anterior wings, where it commences a little beneath apex, widening to posterior angle, and very wide
on posterior wings, terminating near submedian nervure; this bluish area is more or less suffused
with purplish reilections; cell of anterior wings crossed by four black lines, two central and two terminal.
Wings beneath dull and dark ochraceous; anterior wings with the cellular markings as above, followed by
a curved black line connecting the lower discoidal nervule with the base of the second median nervule, and
with a very narrow, waved, dark fuscous discal or submarginal fascia, commencing near lower subcostal
nervule, between which and upper discoidal nervule it is strongly angulated; beyond this fascia the
colour is violaceous; posterior wings with a paler waved submarginal fascia, and a very indistinct
discal one which is principally visible near the subcostal nervules. Body and legs more or less
concolorous with wings.
Female. Wings above pale brownish. Anterior wings with the cellular markings as in the male;
a waved line beyond cell, a small looped line beneath cell at outer base of third median nervule, and
a larger one of the same character at inner base of the same nervule, preceded by another small one near
base; a discal series of seven pale spots divided by the nervules (the lower two together situate between the
third median nervule and submedian nervure), the two upper spots divided by the upper discoidal nervule
are largest, and the first is deeply scooped and exeavated at its anterior margin, the third is small and
subquadrate, the fourth and fifth convex interiorly; beyond these spots the colour is bluish, followed by a
waved and narrow brownish fascia outwardly and broadly margined with bluish grey; a marginal fuscous
line and the fringe grey. Posterior wings with a discal curved series of pale spots surrounded by darker
brown, placed between the nervules, from which to the outer margin the colour is paler and contains
a central narrow waved dark brownish fascia; a marginal fuscous line and the fringe grey; cell crossed by
two pairs of looped lines. Wings beneath much paler and ochraceous; markings as above, but the discal
series of large spots to anterior wings much paler, and not outwardly followed by bluish, and the narrow
dark fascia placed much closer to them than on upper side. Lody and legs more or less concolorous
with wings.
Exp. wings, ¢ 60 millim.; ? 67 millim.
‘Has.—Malay Peninsula; Penang (colls. Moore and Gosse); Provinee Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Malacca
(Pinwill—Brit. Mus.)—Borneo (Felder).
The figure of the male here given is taken from a Malaccan specimen in the British
Museum, which was collected by Capt. Pinwill. The female is in my own collection from
Province Wellesley, and somewhat differs from Felder’s figure* of the same sex by the much
less pale coloration of the posterior wings between the discal series of spots and the outer
margin. Felder, however, refers the species to two localities, viz. ‘ Malacea, interior’’
(collected by the Com. de Castelnau), and Borneo, but does not specify from which the
specimen figured was received. Consequently it is at least possible that the pale form may
have been from Borneo, and the species as found in the Malay Peninsula is of a somewhat
melanie race.
* Reise Nov. Lep. iii. t. 58, £. 1,
128 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
The following species is included here with some doubt. A male specimen, which is
figured, and considered as collected in the Malay Peninsula, is the only authority I have for
its presence in this fauna. Further and corroborative information is therefore desiderated.
Euthalia lubentina. (Tab. XIV., fig. 4¢.)
Papilio Lubentina, Cramer, Pap. Ex. ii. t. 155, 0, D (1779); Don. Ins. China, t. 86, f. 3 (1799); Fabr. Sp.
Ins. p. 91, n. 408 (1781); Mant. Ins. p. 49, n. 486 (1787); Ent. Syst. iii. p. 121, n. 870 (1798).
Nymphalis Lubentina, Godt. Ene. Méth. ix. p. 400, n. 172 (1823).
Futhalia Lubentina, Hibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p.41.(1816); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol.i. p. 31, t. 16, f. La, (1881).
Adolias Lubentina, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1L.C. i. p. 188, n, 879 (1857); Butl, Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 88,
n. 1 (1869). |
Male. Closely resembling the male FE’. adonia (Tab. XTX., f. 10), but differing in the form of the
wings, which are broader, less angularly attenuated, and the anal angle of the posterior wings not
elongately produced, as in that species; on the upper surface the white spot in the cell is absent or
only faintly indicated; beneath the markings are very similar.
Female. Above with the anterior wings closely resembling those of female I. adonia (Tab. XIX.,
f. 11); posterior wings, however, without the broad central white fascia of that species, and resembling
those of its own male. Beneath the anterior wings are as above, the posterior wings as in male.
Iixp. wings, ¢ 71 millim.; ? 62 to 75 millim.
Han.—Continental India; Bengal (Moore); near Cachar (coll. Dist.); Bombay (Leith—coll. Dist.)—
Ceylon (coll. Moore and Brit. Mus.)—Malay Peninsula ?
The larva and pupa of this species, from drawings made by Mr. A. Grote, are figured by
Horstield and Moore,* and from drawings of the Bros. de Alwis in Moore’s Lepidoptera of
Ceylon. According to Mr. Grote the larva feeds upon ‘‘ Loranthus.” +
Genus TANAKCIA,
Tanaécia, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 610.
In general form and neuration this genus resembles Huthalia, differing chiefly in the following
characters :—the middle disco-cellular nervule of the anterior wing is only moderately recurved; the first
subcostal nervule of the posterior wings is emitted at a greater distance from the base of the subcostal
nervure than in Muthalia, and the second subcostal has its origin a little beyond. The palpi have a slender
bristle-like terminal joint varying in different species.
This genus is much smaller in extent than Futhalia, and likewise has a different
distribution, for whereas that genus may be said to possess its head-quarters in North-Eastern
India, Tanaécia is almost confined to the Indo-Malayan region, and is apparently absent from
Continental India and Ceylon, though found in the Andaman Islands.
It is extremely difficult in this genus—particularly in that portion of it which is found in
the Malay Peninsula —to decide in several cases, and from cabinet specimens or figures alone,
whether the term ‘‘ species" or “ variety’ should be more correctly used. I have therefore, in
some cases, kept the distinct forms in specific isolation, leaving the ultimate decision to the
* Cat. Lep. Mus. B.1.C. i. t. 12, f. 14, 14a. + Ibid. p. 189.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 129
local entomologist who can by breeding alone decide.* I am unacquainted with any
description or figure of the larval characters of Tanaécia, though it is more than probable,
from the close connection of the genera, that they partake of the unique structure of the
Euthaliad larve.
As several of the species here enumerated are only known to me by figures and
descriptions, it is impossible to divide the genus sectionally by neural characters.
1. Tanaecia flora. (Tab. XVIIL., fig. 6 2.)
Tanaécia Flora, Butler, Proe. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 235; Aid, Identif. Ins, t. 21 (18681).
Wings above pale fuliginous-brown; cell of each wing crossed by the usual dark linear markings.
Anterior wings crossed by two obscure and irregular dark fuscous macular fascim, the first commencing
a little beyond cell, obliquely directed outwardly to about first median nervule, from whence it is directed
inwardly and becomes obsolete at about the third median nervule, the second being straight and
submarginal; between the fascie, at area of the discoidal nervules, are some very obscure violaceous spots ;
outer margin narrowly pale violaceous, narrowest at apex and slightly widening to posterior angle;
extreme outer border fuliginous, with the fringe grey. Posterior wings with a very broad pale violaceous
margin, widening towards anal angle, with its inner margin dentate, where there are indications of a dark
macular fascia. Wings beneath dark ochraceous, the markings very closely resembling those of Euthalia
macnairi (Tab. XIV., f. 10), but paler and with the outer narrow discal fascia to anterior wings less
angulated and waved.
Exp. wings, 65 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Butl.)
This unique species possesses three distinct and interesting features :—firstly, the palpi
have a much shorter slender termination than other species of the genus, thus being somewhat
intermediate in that respect between Euthalia and Tanaécia, though the position of the first
subcostal nervule of the posterior wings clearly denotes its relation to the last-named genus ;
secondly, it very closely resembles the female of Huthalia macnairi, a resemblance which may
or may not find its subsequent explanation by the theory of “‘mimicry”;{ and thirdly, itis a
species of extreme rarity. ,
The female specimen here figured was taken by myself at Province Wellesley in 1868, and
is now in the collection of Mr. Butler, who founded the genus, and to whom it was my great
pleasure to present it. Since then, although large collections have been formed in the same
neighbourhood, and continued during a term of years, not another specimen has yet been
discovered, and the male still remains unknown.
* In these empirical questions one’s memory recalls the opinion of Goethe, that species only exist in the copy-books
of the specialists; and the remark of the late Edward Forbes, that some can see difference and no resemblance, othera
resemblance and no difference, whilst some again can see neither one nor the other.
+ Since I published some remarks (ante, p. 83) expressive of the opinion that a reference of such resemblances to
the theory of “mimicry,” without the necessary support of observed facts, Was more calculated to obscure than advance
philosophical Entomology, much ink has been spilled by my friend Mr. Meldola and myself—pro et con—upon the subject.
No fresh facts were available or could be advanced, and the curious are referred to the articles as they appeared (Ann.
and Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. x. p. 417, and vol. xi. p. 48).
JunE 30, 1883. 21
130 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
2. Tanaecia supercilia. (Tab. XV., fig. 82.)
Tanaecia supercilia, Butler, Proce. Zool. Soe. 1868, p. 610, n. 4, t. 45, f. 7.
This species or variety is founded on a Penang specimen contained in the collection
of Lieut. Roberts. As I have not seen this type, nor met with an example in any other
collection, I have had Mr. Butler's figure reproduced, and copy his original description.
““g. Valde affinis 7. varwne; ale supra velut in JT’. pelea colorate, at fascia posticarum lunulari
magis arcuata et characteribus basalibus punctiformibus; ale subtus pallide fuse, area interno-basali
anticarum flavescente, fascia sericeo-albida discali, maculis posticarum latioribus nigris; aliter velut in
Carin.
“Exp. alar. une. 22."
Hap.—Malay Peninsula.” ‘ Penang’ (coll. Roberts).
I have followed Mr. Butler in treating this as a distinct species, and append the following
remarks of his own in justification of that course :—‘* Lieut. Roberts has assured me that the
nearly-allied species of the Adolias group are quite constant to their localities; otherwise
I should have considered this to be a variety of varuna.”"*
3. Tanaecia violaria. (Tab. XV., fig. 9 ?.)
Tanaécia violaria, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 612, n. 11, t. 45, f.8; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878,
p. $45, nm. 4.
This species is only known to me, and figured and described here, under precisely the
same conditions as apply to 7’. supercilia (supra).
®o. Alw supra fusce; antic velut in pelea, at margine toto fusco; postice fascia lunulari ad
angulum ani inerescente submarginali apud apicem lunulis niveis, apud angulum ani purpureis, a lunulis
fuscis intus limitatis, extus a maculis sagittatis fuscis extra albido terminatis precipue apud apicem.”
“Ale subtus velut in pulasara at area basali fusco-flavida (nec ochreo-albida) sagittisque posticarum
violaceis et longioribus."
*“Bxp. alar. une. 34.”
Has.—Malay Peninsula. “ Singapore” (coll. Roberts).—Borneo (Druce).
4. Tanaecia pulasara. (Tab. XIX., fig. 64; Tab. XIV., fig. 13 2.)
Adolias pulasara, Moore (Horsf. & Moore), Cat. Lep, Mus, E.1.C. i. p. 190, n. 882 (1857); Trans, Ent. Soc.
ser. 2, vol. y. p. 71, n. 16, t. 6, f. 2 (1869).
Tanaécia pulasara, Butl, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 8, Zool. vol. i, p. 640, n. 2 (1877).
Tanaécia varuna, Butl. (nec Vollenhoy.) Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 611, n. 6.
Male. Wings above fuliginous-brown. Anterior wings with the cell crossed by four blackish lines,
followed by a similar but waved line a little beyond apex; between the last two lines the colour is
somewhat violaceous, the markings beneath cell being much as in the preceding species; a transverse
series of six large oblong greyish spots on apical half of wing, placed between the nervules, the upper five
of which are margined with fuscous and conically rounded inwardly and acutely excavated outwardly,
* The same writer, however, does not always follow this course, as in describing the large collection of Lepidoptera
made in Chili by Mr. Edmonds, he remarks that in some instances he had described as distinct species what the collector
“evidently only regarded as varicties, but it would indeed be remarkable if the collector should be always correct in his views
as to the extent of variability in each species” (Trans. Ent, Soc, 1882, p. 118). This is good evidence as to how our
so-called species depend upon the synthetic or analytic bias of the mind of the describer.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 131
the third spot being smallest, the sixth situate between the third median nervule and the submedian
nervure is doubly angulated outwardly and irregularly truneate inwardly; these are followed by an
elongate spot or streak on inner margin, and are all more or less suffused with brownish and outwardly
followed by five small violaceous and inwardly pointed spots, the nervules surrounding which are distinctly
infuseated to margin. Posterior wings with the cell crossed by two black lines near base and two near
apex, the last being followed by a small black streak on each side of second median nervule; a transverse
series of seven spots on apical half of wing smaller and more regular, but margined and inwardly rounded
and outwardly angulated as on anterior wing,—of these spots the upper three are greyish and outwardly
margined with violaceous, the remainder being concolorous with wing; abdominal margin much paler and
somewhat pinky. Wings beneath pale and violaceous. Anterior wings with the basal half ochraceous,
with the dark linear markings generally as above, the large transverse spots on apical half as above, but
more fused, and the pale colour extending to outer margin. Posterior wings with the cellular and adjacent
markings as above; a curved black line above and near base of subcostal nervure, and an oblique series of
three small black spots separated by the subcostal nervules a little beyond cell; the transverse spots on
upper side only indicated by their black terminal margins, which form two transverse series of spots,
between which the colour is tinged with ochraceous. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Female. Wings above generally resembling those of male. Wings beneath pale ochraceous; anterior
wings with the greyish spots as above, but clearer and with the pale colour extending beyond their outer
margins; posterior wings marked as above, but paler and with an additional series of three looped dark
lines placed near cell and divided by the subcostal nervules, and three small spots beneath the median
nervure, divided by the second and third median nervules.
Exp. wings, ¢ 68 millim.; ? 75 millim.
Haz.—Malay Peninsula; Penang (Brit. Mus. and ex coll. Chapman); Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.) ;
Singapore (Brit. Mus. and Wallace—eoll. Dist.)
Var.a. (Tab. XVIIL., fig. 9 2.)
Adolias Indras,* Vollenhoven, Tijd. Ent. v. p. 194, t. 11, f. 2 (1862).
Female. Closely allied to the typical form of 7’. pulasara, but differing in having the transverse
series of greyish spots on anterior wings more slender and elongated, the fourth and fifth being much
longer than the corresponding spots in Moore’s species, the outer dentate margins are also longer and
more acute; the transverse spots on posterior wings are more linear and elongate, particularly the two
which are divided by the second median nervule, and their outer dentate margins are also longer and more
acute. These characters also apply to the under surface of the wings.
Exp. wings, ? 78 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (coll. Gosse). Borneo (Voll.)
This species appears to be almost confined to the Malay Peninsula; both the typical
male and female specimens here figured being from Singapore, whilst the variety (T’. indras) was
collected in Malacca. Of the last Mr. Butler, + from a knowledge derived from Vollenhoven’s
figure alone, remarked, ‘‘this is only the Bornean form of Moore's pulasara,” a statement
which this Malaccan specimen considerably qualifies. }
* In connection with this name Vollenhoven observes, ‘‘Indras, de god van het uitspansel ij de Hindoes."—* Indra,
however, is the neual way in which the name of the Hindu god of the atmosphere is spelt.”
+ Proc, Zool, Soc, 1868, p. 612,
| Another closely-allied species, or variety, of 7. pulasara is found in Sumatra, and has been described under the name
of T. vikrama, Fold.
132 RITOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Females of the typical form of the species are also variable in hue, as in some specimens
the transverse series of pale spots on the upper surface of the anterior wings are outwardly
margined with small pale violaceous angulated spots, which are absent in the somewhat
melanie specimen here figured.
5. Tanaécia aruna. (Tab. XV., fig. 7 3.)
Adolias Aruna, Felder, Wien, Ent. Mon. iv. p. 400, n, 24 (1860).
Adolias Pardalis, Voll. Tijd. Ent. v. p. 197, n. 17, t. 11, f. 5 (1862).
Tanaéeia aruna, Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 611, n. 6; Trans. Linn, Soc. ser. 2, Zool. yol,i. p. 540, n.1 (1877),
Male. Closely allied to the preceding species (7'. pulasara), but the transverse series of spots on the
upper side of both wings paler and larger, those of the anterior wings having a central waved narrow
brown fascia, and those on posterior wings being also paler and having their outer margins a little nearer
to the posterior margin. Wings beneath more ochraceous, and with a narrow, distinct intermediate
dark ochraceous fascia between the dark terminal margins of the transverse spots as seen on the
posterior wings.
Exp. wings, 60 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Felder; Pinwill—Brit. Mus.)
The figure is taken from a Malaccan male in the British Museum, which was collected by
Capt. Pinwill; the female has yet to be deseribed, but is probably somewhat similar to the
other sex, and not more divergent than are the sexes of the closely-allied species 7’. pulasara.
Tanaecia robertsi.
Tanaéeia Hobertsii, Butler, Cist. Ent. i. p. 286 (1874). °
Of this species I know nothing, save the following description, as no figure was given, and
the type is in a private collection :—
“Male. Wings above pale olive-brown; apical half pearly white, bounded just beyond end of cell by
an irregular blackish undulated lme; a second zigzag line across centre of dise, interrupted on lower
discoidal interspace of primaries; a series of submarginal hastate black markings; margin rather broadly
pale brown; ring-like characters at base, as usual, blackish; body brown; underside much paler, the
brown area altered to pale ochraceous; the black lunated lines of disc broken up into spots, the hastate
markings only sharply defined at their apices; basal markings as above, but more sharply defined on
secondaries ; body pale ochraceous.”
Exp. wings, ‘2 inches 6 lines.”
Han.—Malay Peninsula; ‘“‘ Malacca, Ayerpanas (H. Roberts).”’
‘* Most nearly allied to 7’. supercilia, Butl., but smaller, with the entire externo-discal area of all the
wings pearly-whitish, and the hastate submarginal markings distinctly separated from one another, as in
T’. violaria.”
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 138
Genus EURIPUS.
/uripus, Westwood, Gen. Diurn, Lep. p. 293 (1850).
Anterior wings in the male subtriangular, the costal margin moderately arched and convex, the
apical angle rounded, the outer margin sinuated and concave near centre, and generally slightly gibbous
near apex of third median nervule, inner margin nearly straight; in the female the anterior wings are
elongated, and the outer margin rounded and convex. First subcostal nervule emitted a little before end
of cell; second emitted some distance beyond cell, but before the apex of costal nervure; third emitted at
about same distance from second as second is from end of cell; fourth and fifth bifureating at about
one-fourth from apex and extending to outer margin; lower disco-cellular nervule obsolete, leaving the cell
entirely open; median nervure robust, the first median nervule with its base more strongly arched in the
male than in the female. Posterior wings subovate, the costal margin obliquely convex; the outer margin
in the male strongly waved and scalloped, and at the apices of the discoidal and first median nervules
developed into a distinctly caudate but truncate prolongation; in the fenjale the outer margin is waved
and slightly scalloped, but not caudate; abdominal margins divergently oblique to anal angle. Subeostal
nervules emitted at a little less distance from each other than the first is from base of subcostal nervure ;
lower disco-cellular nervule entirely obsolete. Antenne long, with a gradually formed elongate club.
Palpi obtusely pointed, obliquely porrect, and not raised above the middle of the eyes.
This genus is of small extent and really belongs to the south-eastern portion of the
Asiatic Continent, and extends through some of its Eastern Islands. In Continental India
several species are found in the north-eastern districts;* it is apparently absent from Ceylon
and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands; two species occur in the Malay Peninsula, and the
genus is also recorded from Borneo, Celebes, Philippines, and Japan. +
Like Euthalia, Euripus exhibits the greatest sexual dissimilarity in its species, and, as in the
first-named genus, the males of several species are very closely allied, and the strongest specific
differentiation is found in the females. These are ‘‘ mimickers” of species of Huplwa, and their
habits corroborate this view. Thus Mr. de Nicéville, who collected in Sikkim, mistook females
of Euripus halitherses for specimens of Huplwa rhadamanthus, which he states “‘ they evidently
mimic, not only in form and coloration, but also in the slow-flapping flight and the habit of
settling in open places so characteristic of Huplwas,”' and he again remarks that the male,
which is not thus protected, “‘has a rapid flight, and never settles with expanded wings in
conspicuous places, as the female does.”"§ This is a good illustration of the postulate made by
Mr. Bates, of one explanation of sexual dissimilarity, as the advantage in Nature that accrues
to ‘the possession of some peculiar colour, or form, or habit, by one sex to enable it to escape
dangers peculiar to itself, owing to its haunts being somewhat different from those of the
opposite sex.’” ||
* It is apparently not found in North-Western India, as Mr. Moore has neither ineluded it amonget the genera
reac Capt. Lang (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865), nor enumerated it in those collected by the Rev. J. H. Hocking (Proc. Zool.
} Amurland must also be added if we place the species described by Menetries (Ad. Schrenkii) in this genus, as has
been done by Mr. Kirby (Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 228, n. 9), but most other writers have retained it in Euthalia.
} Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng, vol. u., Pt. 2, p. 51 (16881). § Ibid. p. 57.
|| Proce. Ent. Soc. Philad. vol. iv. p. 205 (1865),
June 30, 1883. 2M
184 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA, —
1. Euripus euplzoides. (Tab. XIIL., fig. 6 ¢; fig. 7 2.)
Euripus euplaocides, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. ili, p. 415, n. 688 (1866); Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool.
vol. i. p. 541; n. 1 (1877)5 “
Male. Wings above very dark indigo-blue, Anterior wings with the following white markings and
spots; two linear streaks at base of cell, and a large irregularly shaped spot at its termination, which is
deeply cleft at its centre; beneath these are a large subquadrate spot between the second and third median
nervules, a series of four linear spots divided by the nervules beyond cell, the lower one very small, and
a curved submarginal series, which are centrally cleft and situate between the nervules (between the third
median nervule and submedian nervure there are three spots, which are outwardly followed at margin by a
few very small pale bluish spots). A long pale bluish streak commencing near base and running above the
submedian nervure, and a shorter streak of the same colour near apex of inner margin. Posterior wings
with a very large white spot occupying the larger portion of cell, and narrowly attenuated and extending
between the discoidal and first median nervules; on inner side of this are two long and linear white spots
divided by the lower subcostal nervule; the upper of these is followed by a whitish spot, and the lower by
two very small bluish spots, a pale streak on each side of third median nervule, a long irregular and
posteriorly bifid streak on inner side of submedian nervure, and a marginal and submarginal row of small
pale bluish spots placed in pairs between the nervules; abdominal margin white, containing two curved
fuscous lines. Wings beneath pale olivaceous-brown; anterior wings with the markings as above, but
larger, especially the spots beyond the cell, which almost coalesee with the submarginal series; posterior
wings marked as above, but with an additional linear spot above the upper subcostal nervule, followed
by a subquadrate spot near apex; the posterior angle of the anterior wings and the margin of the posterior
wings between the discoidal nervule and the anal angle is indigo-blue as above. Body above indigo-blue ;
the eyes castaneous; head and thorax spotted and streaked with pale bluish; abdomen with two prominent
basal spots and the posterior segmental margins of the same colour; abdomen beneath marked much as
above; thorax beneath spotted with whitish, femora streaked beneath with the same colour; anterior legs
white, annulated with indigo-blue.
Female. Wings pale brownish; anterior wings with the following whitish spots and markings :—
& narrow subcostal streak, a basal streak in cell, and a transverse spot at its termination; an oblique
macular fascia composed of four large spots beyond cell, above which is a small costal spot, and beneath
which are a submarginal series of three spots, one above and two beneath the third median nervule;
& marginal series of small spots whieh become linear at apex; posterior wings with the inner basal half
whitish, and with the following markings of the same colour; a linear streak on each side of the lower
subcostal nervule above cell, an irregular submarginal series placed between the nervules (two between
the third median nervule and submedian nervure), and a marginal series of smaller spots. Wings beneath
as above. Body and legs coloured and marked as in male, but paler.
Exp. wings, # 56 millim.; ? 77 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Provinee Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Malacea (Felder; Pinwill—Brit. Mus.)
The female of this species evidently “* mimics” the same sex of Euplaa divcletiana, Fabr.,
and doubtless thereby obtains similar immunity from the attacks of birds and other enemies
as is possessed by that inedible species. The figure of the female is taken from a specimen in
the British Museum, which was collected by Capt. Pinwill in Malacca. . euplwoides is clearly
a local race of HE. halitherses, D. & H.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 135
2. Euripus pfeifferz.*
Furipus Pfeiffer, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon, iv. p. 285, n. 82, t. 3, f, 1 (1860),
As I only know this species by Felder’s figure and description, I here reproduce
both, a course necessary and justifiable when neither are capable of exact verification with
specimens.
‘““?, Alm antic margine externo convexo, supra
fuser, basi dilutiores, extus obscuriores, purpureoque
tincte, macula ad cellule extimum s@pius obsoleta
fasciaque transversa abbreviata subcostali, venis in
maculas quatuor subelongatas divisa (infima minore)
albis. Alw posticew remote exciso-dentatm, supra pur-
pureo-fuscs, costa limboque interno dilutioribus, macula
cellulari elongata atomaria alba (smpius striis etiam
binis interioribus concoloribus). Alw subtus saturate
brunnex, maculis marginalibus ellipticis seriatis albis
ewruleo-atomatis, antice intus lilacino tincte, macula Fig. 42. Kuripus pfeijfere, 9.
fasciaque pagin@ superioris, maculis duabus atomariis
versus angulum internum ec@rulescentibus, postice macula striisque pagin# superioris plus minusve
distinctis, maculis septem exterioribus albis ewruleo atomatis nigroque cinetis, linea angulum formante
digestis (prima majori). Abdomen supra nigrum, maculis lateralibus aliisque ventralibus biseriatis albis.”
Exp. wings, 70 millim.t
Han.—Malay Peninsula; “‘ Singapore.”
Genus KURYTELA.
Hurytela, Boisduval, Faun. Madag. p. 54 (1833); Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 408 (1851); Trim, Rhop. Afr.
Austr. p. 211 (1866).
Anterior wings subtriangular, the costal margin arched and convex, the apical angle broully
subtruncate, the outer margin oblique, concavely sinuated beneath apical angle, and somewhat convex
at posterior angle; inner margin nearly straight, slightly convex, and dilated near base. Costal nervure
greatly swollen at the base; first and second subcostal nervules emitted before, but near the extremity
of the cell; third emitted at rather less than half the distance between extremity of cell and apex;
* This species was brought from Singapore by Mad, Ida Pfeiffer, after whom it was very properly named by Felder,
who observes (Wien. Ent. Mon. iv. p. 235) :—‘* We have often deplored that her collection, obtained from so many sources with
such wonderful application, should again be distributed in all directions, so that it is impossible, even in her own country,
to succeed in reuniting them."—This is unfortunately too true of most collections. Could they be retained and studied
as a whole much misconception as to so-called species and varieties would be avoided, and we should better know the
geographical range of some of the common species. Unfortunately such collections are usually “picked” by different
specialists, their desiderata being alone eliminated, while the er usually receive no scientific treatment whatever.
Consequently faune are very imperfectly represented in some of the best collections, owing to the commoner or wide-ranging
species not being retained, These remarks are particularly applicable to the splendid collection of Rhopalocera made hy
Mr. Wallace in the Malay Archipelago, which are now (and, under the cireamstances, inevitably) distributed ir all parts.
Mad. Pfeiffer is well described by Felder (ibid.) a8 “that marvellous woman, driven by an unconquerable love of
travel.” According to Petermann (' Atheneum,’ 6th Dee. 1951), “It took her twenty years to save enough money to perform
her first journey.” In all her wanderings she ardently collected insects, and in Borneo, when she accompanied Spencer
St. Jolin to visit the Dayaks of Sirambau, that author relates that amongst the inhabitants “‘ Madame Pfeiffer was a great
attraction, and a crowd followed her everywhere, and wondered at the eagerness she displayed in the chase of a butterfly or
the oapture of an insect” (‘ Life in the Forests of the Far East,’ vol. i. p. 153),
+ Taken from Felder's figure only,
136 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
fourth and fifth bifureating at about two-thirds beyond cell and extending laterally to apical margin.
Upper diseo-cellular nervule short and oblique; middle diseo-cellular curved and oblique, not much
longer than first; lower disco-cellular, slender, suberect, and uniting with median nervure at base of
first median neryule, which is curved outwardly at base, and possesses an apparently common origin with
the second. Posterior wings subovate or subtriangular; costal margin very oblique, nearly straight, and
but slightly convex, outer margin rounded and sealloped, abdominal margin oblique from end of body to
anal angle; precostal nervure suberect; first subcostal nervule emitted a little before, and the second
subcostal emitted at upper extremity of the vell; lower disco-cellular nervule slender and rudimentary,
apparently almost closing cell. Body of moderate size; antenn# slender with a short club obtusely pointed
at the tip; palpi elongate, slender and porrect.
This may be considered an African genus, for it is on that continent and Madagascar that
its focus or head-quarters are found. ‘Two species alone are recorded from the East, and
both of these inhabit the Indo-Malayan region, though not. altogether confined to it, as
one species occurs in the Andaman Islands.
The position of this and the following genus Ergolis in the Nymphalina is a somewhat
aberrant one, owing to the dilatation of the costal nervure—a character which is principally
found in the Satyrinew. Prof. Westwood placed both in the family Eurytelide,* a very
heterogeneous group, and one now seldom used, though I am not at all satisfied with the
position in which I have placed these genera here.
We know little of the transformations of the species of this genus. Mr. Gooch+ states
that the larva and pupa of an African species, EH. hiarbas, as found in Natal, are “ both
conspicuous by their forms. The larva has two long divergent clubbed and rough horns on its
head, and the pupa is remarkable by its angulated, excavated, and alated development.” He
also remarks that ‘‘ he did not establish sexual difference of markings in the larve, although
some were green with black marks, and others were green all over.” This was probably a
developmental and not sexual phase.
1. Eurytela castelnaui.} (Tab. XV., fig. 10.)
Kurytela Castelnaui, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. iy. p. 401, n. 26 (1860); Reise Noy. Lep. iii. t. 61, f. 5, 6 (1866);
Wall. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 831, n. 1.
Not having received this species from the Malay Peninsula, I have given a copy of
Felder’s figure, and here append his description :—
‘ Alis inter cilia albo lunulatis, supra cyaneis, striga submarginali undata nigra, subtus obscure
brunneis, basi extusque albido variegatis, strigis tribus communibus disealibus fuscis. 3."
“ Kur, Horsjsieldii, Boisd., forsitan afiinis.”
Has.—Malay Peninsula (Felder); Singapore (Wallace) —Sumatra (Smith §).—Borneo (Wallace).
* Gen. Diurn, Lep. p. 408. The Kurytelide were first separated by Doubleday (Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 143).
+ ‘Entomologist,’ vol. xiv. p. 87.
| This species is named after Fras. F. de Laporte, Comte de Castelnan, better known, under the name of Laporte, as an
entomologist of renown and an accomplished naturalist. Official duties carried him to almost, if not to all, the quarters of
the world at least, and im all he pursued his natural-history studies. The above species was probably collected during an
excursion made to Malacca whilst he held the position of French Consul at Siam. He died at Melbourne in 1880, whilst
presiding at that Consulate, in his seventieth year.
§ In Bock, “‘ Head Hunters, Borneo.” Append. V.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 137
Genus ERGOLIS.
Ergolis, Boisduval, Spec. Gen. i. t. 4, f. 4 (1886); Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 409 (1851); Moore, Lep. Ceyl.
i. p. 48 (1881).
Ariadne, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E.LC. t. 6, f. 2 (1829).
Anterior wings large, subtriangular, the costal margin much arched, apex subacute, the apical angle
oblique; outer margin more or less convex, waved and sinuated; the inner margin nearly straight, more
or less overlapping and convex at base. Costal nervure greatly swollen at the base; subcostal nervules
arranged almost as in Hurytela, but the middle disco-cellular nervule considerably longer than the upper;
the lower disco-eellular nervule curved outwardly above and inwardly below. Posterior wings very broad ;
costal margin oblique and very slightly convex and slightly gibbons near base ; outer margin rounded, convex,
and strongly waved; neuration generally as in preceding genus. Body of moderate size; palpi porrect,
slightly curved, extending considerably beyond the head, and not elevated above the middle of the eyes;
antenne slender, with an apical slight and gradually formed elub.
Ergolis is not only allied to Furytela, in possessing the common and aberrant character
of dilatation of costal nervure, but like that genus it is also found in both the Ethiopian and
Oriental regions. Unlike Hurytela, however, it is as well or better represented in the last than
in the first-named region.
We are indebted to the late Dr. Horsfield for a drawing of the larva of E. ariadne, as found
in Java," which somewhat agrees with the general structure of the African species of Eurytela,
described by Mr. Gooch (ante, p. 136), in possessing bifid spines to the head. On this subject
Mr. Wallace has remarked that, as the larval structure ‘agrees with the Junonia type,” while
the neuration is so distinct ‘it seems probable therefore that, as we know sometimes
happens, the larva alone has become modified, so as to resemble a group with which it has
no direct affinity.” }
Mr. Wallace describes the butterflies of this genus as ajuanting open situations “fluttering
among herbage, and having much the habit of the more active Satyride.” |
1. Ergolis ariadne. (Tab. XI., fig. 6 2.)
Papilio Ariadne, Linneus, Syst. Nat, i. 2, p. 778, nm. 170 (1767); Joh. Ameen, Koad vi. p. 407, n. 71 (1764);
Fabr, Syst. Ent. p. 507, n. 267 (1775).
Biblis Ariadne, Godt. Ene. Méth. ix. p. 827, n. 6 (1819).
Papilio Coryta, Cram. Pap. Ex. 1. t. 86 F (1779).
Ariadne Coryta? Horsf, Cat. Lep, B.1.C. +. 6, f 2 (1829).
Ergolis Coryta, Boisd. Sp. Gén, i. ¢. 4, f. 4 (1886).
Ergolis Ariadne, Horsf. & Moore (excl. Merione, Cram.), Cat. Lep. Mus, E.1,C. i. p. 144, n. 298 (1857).
Ergolis Coryta, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C, i. p. 144, n. 294 (1857))
Ergolis Ariadne, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 70, n. 2 (1869); Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 545, n. 1
(1877); Wall. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 882, n. 1; Druce, Proce. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 842, n. 1; ibid.
1874, p. 105, n. 1; Snellen, Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 146, n. 17 (1876); ibid. xxi. p. 9, n. 29 (1878).
* Cat. Lep. E.1.C. t. 7, f. 6 (1829); copied by Boisduval, Sp. Gén. i. t. 4, f. 4 (1886).
} ‘Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 882, ! Ibid.
June 30, 1888.
138 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Male and Female. Rufous or ochraceous.* Anterior wings with a small white subapical spot placed
just above the bifurcation of the fourth and fifth subcostal nervules, and with the cell crossed by the following
dark markings :—a short and nearly straight basal line continued to submedian nervure, a double-looped
and much-waved line at centre, and two longer, waved, and more widely separated lines at apex; two
waved discal fuscous lines crossing both wings, commencing about subcostal nervure of anterior wings, and
terminating near sulbmedian nervure of posterior wings; on both wings these are followed by a waved and
more indistinct line, and again by a very dark and sinuated submarginal line; a similarly dark marginal
line, the fringe somewhat alternately greyish. Wings beneath very dark ochraceous or pale castaneous,
erossed by three very irregular dark fascie, the first near base, the second crossing the wings about cellular
apices, the third between the last and outer margin; these fasci# have their margins darker, and the third
encloses a series of dark spots placed between the neryules (these are most distinct on the posterior wings);
marginal and submarginal lines as above, and the subapical white spot to anterior wings very distinct.
In male specimens the area of the median nervules, on the under surface of the anterior wings, is shining
greenish fuscous. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, ¢ & ? 50 to 54 millim.
Has.—Continental India; N.W. Himalaya (Hocking); Assam; Madras (Horsf. & Moore).—Malay
Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.)—Sumatra (Wallace).—Java
(Wallace); Batavia (Snellen).—Borneo (coll. Godm. & Salv.); Sandakan (Pryer—ceoll. Dist.)—Flores (coll.
Dist.) —Timor (Wallace)—Celebes (Snellen).—Siam ; Nahconchaisee (Druce).—Formosa (Brit. Mus.)
As previously stated (ante, p. 137), the larva has been figured by Dr. Horsfield, who wrote +
that it ‘‘ feeds on the Jarak (Licinus communis }), December.”’
A closely allied form from Ceylon has been described by Mr. Moore under the name of
Errgolis minorata. §
2. Ergolis merione. (Tab. XV., fig. 6 2.)
Papilio Merione, Cramer, Pap. Ex. ii. t. 144 GH (1779).
Ergolis Merione, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 70, n. 8 (1869); Trans. Linn, Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i, p. 645, n. 2
(1877); Wall. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p, 832, n. 2.
Male and Female. Wings above warm ochraceous. Anterior wings with a subapical white spot
placed above the bifurcation of the fourth and fifth subcostal nervules, and with the following blackish
markings:—two lines crossing cell near base, the outer one continued to submedian nervure; two
waved and zigzag lines crossing centre of cell, and continued to submedian nervure; three waved
lines at end of cell not passing median nervure; a pair of curved and very zigzag lines crossing disk at
about centre of wing, followed by another very waved line, commencing near the subapical white spot;
a submarginal series of three waved lines, the inner one faint and somewhat macular; the outer margin
black, with the fringe alternately greyish. Posterior wings with the markings similar and generally
continuous to those of the anterior wings, but the inner of the three submarginal lines replaced by a series
of castaneous spots placed between the nervules, sometimes at and along the median nervules, divided by
the junction of the anterior and posterior waved lines, Wings beneath duller and slightly darker than
above, the spaces between the waved lines (excluding the submarginal ones) castaneous, thus showing two
* The specimen figured is a very pale female from Provinee Wellesley, the usual colour being more rufous above, with
the markings much darker beneath.
+ Horsf, & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. i. p. 1465.
t The castor-oil plant. According to Crawfurd this plant is cultivated throughout the Malayan Archipelago :—“ The
most frequent name for it is jarak, and such we find it in the Malay and Javanese, but in the Sunda and Madurese languages
it is called kaliki” (Desoript. Dict. Indian Islds. p. 369).
§ Lepid. Ceyl. i. p. 44, t. 23, f. 2, 2a.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 139
very prominent and dark fascie on disk, and a narrower and paler one near base of both wings. Body and
legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, ¢ & 2 55 to 60 millim,
Has.—Continental India: North-Eastern Provinces (coll. Dist.)}—Malay Peninsula; Penang (coll.
Moore); Provinee Wellesley (colls. Dist. & Sauer); Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.)
This species is easily distinguishable from the last by the much less angulation of the
anterior wings, the different and zigzag markings, and its generally larger size.
According to the specimens now before me, the subapical white spot to the anterior wings
is more prominent in the female than in the male sex.
<= — —
Ergolis iszeus.
Krgolis Isaus, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 333, n. 4.
As I do not know this insect, I can merely give Mr. Wallace’s description :—
‘Outline of wings nearly even, with an angular lobe on the upper wings, waved stri# somewhat as in
E. Coryta,* but disposed in pairs, no white spot near the apex; on the hind wings a series of distinct
sublunulate ring markings, each enclosing an obscure reddish spot. Beneath, upper wings dusky, the dise
reddish brown, the borders pale, a dusky streak parallel tothe outer margin; lower wings pale brown, the
markings as above, but the lunulate ring spots smaller, the outer border ashy brown.”
“The female is like the male, but paler, especially beneath.”
“Size of KE. Coryta.”
‘‘ Has.—Malay Peninsula; ‘ Singapore..—* Sumatra’ (coll. Wall., type).”
“This species has probably been confounded with E. Coryta, from which the even outline of the
wings and the absence of the white spots at once distinguish it.”
Genus CYRESTIS.
Cyrestis, Boisduval, Voy, Astrol. Lep. p. 117 (1882); Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 260 (1850).
Wings pale and delicate; anterior wings subtriangular, the costal margin strongly arched, the outer
margin irregular, waved, sinuated, or slightly convex; inner margin slightly rounded, convex at base, and
slightly concave beyond the middle. Costal nervure extending to about the middle of the costal margin :
first and second subcostal nervules emitted before the end of cell (the second being very near its extremity),
second much longer than first; third emitted about two-thirds beyond end of cell; fourth and fifth widely
divergent, and bifurcating about midway between base of the third and apex. Lower disco-cellular nervule
yery slender, suberect, slightly curved inwardly, and indistinctly closing cell, which thus forms a triangle.
First median nervule strongly arched, and with an apparently common origin with the second. Posterior
wings elongated, sometimes somewhat hexagonal; the costal margin nearly straight, becoming rounded
and convex towards apical angle, or as in typical species concavely emarginate at that spot: outer margin
more or less sinuated to extremity of first median nervule, where it is narrowly prolonged in caudate
elongation ; from thence to anal angle it is somewhat truncate, the anal angle being spatulately produced ;
the abdominal margin more or less concavely emarginate before the anal angle. Precostal nervure slender,
curved outwardly; costal nervure obliquely erect at base, and then extending to near apex; lower disco-
cellular nervule aborted, in some specimens very faintly visible. Body small and slender. Antenne
very slender, terminated by an elongated and gradually formed slender club. Palpi long and strongly
porrected.
* As previously pointed out, this is a synonym of E. ariadne.
140 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Cyrestis is a genus of not inconsiderable extent, which, although represented in W. Africa
and Madagascar, has its head-quarters in the Oriental region. It is found in Continental
India, the Andaman Islands, Burma, Tenasserim, and in, and from, the Malay Peninsula,
throughout the length and breadth of the Malayan Archipelago; it has also recently been
received from New Ireland.
As regards the habits of one species of this genus (C. thyodamas), we possess much
interesting information. Capt. Lang describes having, in the N.W. Himalaya, ‘ watched its
elegant soaring flight, far out of reach, as it floated over the blossoms of the horse-chestnut
(Pavia indica), or rested on its broad leaves in the sunshine,” or again “ floating up and down
the foliage-covered face of a steep cliff overhanging a hill-torrent.”* In the same district the
Rev. J. H. Hocking found it from “June to September,” and states that it ‘ hibernates
afterwards,’’ and “ sits with open wings upon hanging leaves of oak and rhododendron.”+ In
Sikkim Mr. de Nicéville observed this and a species of the next genus (Chersonesia risa) as
having “the habit of suddenly settling with wings wide outspread, on the wnderside of a leaf
parallel to the ground, where [they are| completely hidden.” ‘This feat of gymnastics,”
Mr. de Nicéville observes is, in his experience, confined to these genera alone, and must be a
great protection from enemies, as ‘‘ the disappearance of the insect is so rapid that unless one
has actually watched it settle on the leaf it seems like magic.” }
The writer is unacquainted with any description of the transformations of the species
of this genus.
1. Cyrestis nivea, rar. nivalis. (Tab. XII., fig. 3 ¢.)
Amathusia Nivea, Zinken-Sommer, Nova Acta Ac. Nat. Cur. xvi. p. 188, t. 14, f. 1 (1881).
Cyrestis Nivalis, Feld. Reise Nov. Lep. iii, p. 414, n. 684 (1866).
Cyrestis nivea, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 545, n. 2 (1877).
Male. Wings above pale creamy white; both wings crossed by three obliquely waved fuscous lines
commencing about costa of anterior wings, the first near base, the second a little beyond cellular apices,
both angularly terminating on abdominal margin, the third crossing wings at centre and terminating
at third median nervule of posterior wings; anterior wings with a broad but irregular fuscous costal
margin from the central fuscous line to base, with an ochraceous basal costal streak; cell erossed
by a fuseous line near base, and with two very slender and waved fuscous lines at about apex; a broad
apical fuscous patch and a broad outer margin of the same colour, terminating near third median
nervule, the first inwardly containing two waved pale lines with an inner grey spot, and the second
possessing three pale submarginal lines; between second and third median nervules is a submarginal
and subovate fuscous spot, with an inner grey spot and inner pale margin, and this spot is connected with
the apical pateh by a waved fuscous line; near posterior angle is an ochraceous spot, with a sinuate
fuscous inner margin and two small central fuscous spots; posterior wings with a submarginal fuscous
fascia divided by a central pale line, followed by a fuscous line which becomes waved beneath the discoidal
nervule; a short straight fuscous fascia from apex to first median nervule, a submarginal fuscous line very
broad at area of median nervules, and the margin at apex and also at caudate prolongation fuscous; basal
half of abdominal margin pale fuscous, and apical half of abdominal margin and internal anal-angular area
_* Ent. Mon. Mag. i. p. 182. + Proc. Zool. Soc. 1862, p. 240.
; Journ, Asiat, Soc. Beng. vol. u. pt. 2, p. 57 (1881).
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 141
ochraceous, marked with several fuscous spots and pale lines. Wings beneath as above, but with the fuscous
markings paler, and quite absent from costal margin of anterior wings and abdominal margin of posterior
wings. Head and thorax above fuseous, their lateral margins ochraceous; the first with the eyes
castaneous, and the second with central pale longitudinal lines; abdomen fuscous, with ochraceous and
greyish longitudinal markings; botly beneath and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, ¢ 44 to 50 millim.
Han.*—Malay Peninsula; Penang; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist. & Satier).—Malacca (Com. de
Castelnan—F elder; Pinwill—Brit. Mus.)
7
Although I have captured, received, and examined a long series of this species, I have
as yet been unable to meet with the female sex. This is, however, most probably similar
to the male, for though the C. nivea and C. lutea of Zinken-Sommer have been considered as the
sexes of one species, still as I haye examined male specimens of each of those species, that
theory may be considered as disproved.
The variety nivalis differs from typical Javan specimens of C. nivea in not having a
continuous fuscous margin to the anterior wings, and in the greater amount of ochraceous
coloration near the anal angle of posterior wings.
2. Cyrestis earli.t (Tab. XIII, fig. 5 #.)
Cyrestis Farli, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat, Hist, ser. 5, vol. ii. p. 174 (1883).
Male. Wings above creamy white, with the basal third of both wings slightly and palely infuscated, and
with two narrow oblique brownish fasci# :—the first commencing on median nervure and at about centre of
cell of anterior wing, and extending to about centre of submedian nervure of posterior wings, down which it is
continued to near anal angle; the second commencing on anterior wing at base of second median nervule,
and extending to near apex of the third median nervyule of posterior wings, whence it is strongly sinuated
and angulated to submedian nervure. Cell of anterior wings with four transverse brownish fascim, the
fourth at end of cell having a central brownish line; a similarly formed fascia closing cell of posterior
wings; an irregular brownish patch beyond cell of anterior wings; at about one-third from apex a narrow
brownish fascia crosses both wings. The apex of anterior wings is broadly infuscated; and a submarginal
series of obscure spots (absent at centre of anterior wings) outwardly margined by a narrow brown fascia
erosses both wings; a marginal blackish line; the extreme margin brownish, with creamy white fringe;
an ochraceous patch at anal angle of posterior wings, on which are two bluish spots marked with black ;
caudate appendages bluish. Wings beneath much paler than above; markings generally similar, but
spots darker, with a large black spot at anal angle of posterior wings, and the spots divided by the subcostal
nervules of posterior wings and those between the second and third median nervules of anterior wings very
prominent and black. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, 58 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Malacea (coll. Godm. & Salv.)
C. earli holds a somewhat intermediate position between C. sericeus, Butl., and C. paulinus,
Feld. Two Malaccan specimens in the collection of Messrs. Godman & Salvin (one of which is
here figured and described) represent mys whole knowledge of the species.
® Of the var. nivalis only,
} Named after Geo. Windsor Earl, the author of the ‘ Eastern Seas,’ the ‘ Native Races of the Indian Archipelago,’ ke.
June 30, 1883. 20
142 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Genus CHERSONESIA.*
Chersunesia, Distant, ante, p. 86.
This genus is closely allied to Cyrestis, from which it principally and structurally differs by the
neuration of the anterior wing, of which the first subcostal nervule only is emitted before the termination
of the cell, the second being emitted between the apex of cell and base of third subcostal nervule; the
other neural characters are similar to those of Cyrestis.
Two species are included in this genus, viz. C. risa, Doubl. & Hew., a species found in
Continental India, and C. ralria, Horsf. & Moore, a Javan species, also found in Borneo and in
this fauna. Its distribution is probably from Continental India to the confines of the Indo-
Malayan region.
1. Chersonesia rahria. (Tab. XIL., fig. 4.)
Cyrestis Rahria, Horsfield & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. i. p, 147, n. 801, t. 8a, fig. 2 (1857); Westw.
M8. in Doub. & Hew. Gen. Dinrn. Lep. p, 262, n. 11 (1850); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 848,
n, 3; Butl. Trans. Linn, Soc, ser. 2, Zool. vol. i, p. 544, n, 1 (1877).
Male and Female. Wings above pale ochraceous, crossed by the following fascia :—a somewhat
eurved basal dark ochraceous fascia, margined with fuscous, commencing at about subcostal nervure of
anterior wings and terminating slightly beyond submedian nervure of posterior wings; this is followed by
a straighter but more irregular fascia of the same colour, which, commencing about costa of anterior wings,
passes the cellular apices of both wings and terminates on posterior wings near centre of abdominal margin ;
between these fascia on anterior wings is a short irregular fascia commencing at costa and joining or
almost joining the second fascia near median nervure; a discal curved fuscous fascia, margined with dark
ochraceous, followed on anterior wings by a dark ochraceous spot, which precedes a submarginal fascia
bounded by fuscous lines commencing beneath apex, the posterior half of which is dark ochraceous, and
contains two fuscous spots, and the upper portion is preceded by a dark ochraceous patch also containing
a fuscous spot; an oblique subapical fuscous linear spot and a fuscous submarginal line; posterior wings
with a submarginal dark ochraceous fascia, margined by scalloped fuscous lines and containing a series
of fuscous linear spots; a submarginal fuscous line preceded by paler and fuscous nebulous shadings.
Wings beneath paler than above; markings similar, but the submarginal fascia to both wings without the
dark outer margins. Body above ochraceous; thorax marked with some longitudinal fuscous lines, and
abdomen with some narrow fuscous annulations. Body beneath and legs more or less concolorous with
wings.
Exp. wings, 40 to 42 millim,
Haz.—Malay Peninsula; Penang (Brit. Mus.); Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.)—Nias Island (coll.
Dist.)—Java (coll. Horsf.)—Borneo (Druce).
The figure represents a Malaccan specimen contained in the British Museum.
* That the ‘* Golden Chersonese” of some classical writers and the “ Ophir” of Jewish history are both referable to the
Malay Peninsula is the argument of a recent pamphlet by Mr. Dowden (London, 1882).
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA., 143
!
Genus PARTHENOS.
Parthenos, Hiibner, Verz. bek, Schmett. p. 88(1816); Moore, Lep., Ceyl. i, p, 46 (1881),
Minetra, Boisd. Voy. Astrol. Lep. p. 126 (1832); Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 265 (1850).
Anterior wings subtriangular and much elongated; costal margin moderately arched; apical angle
rounded, the outer margin very oblique and scalloped; the inner margin oblique at base and slightly concave
near centre. Costal nervure robust, extending about two-thirds the length of the wing; first and second
subcostal nervules emitted before the end of cell, the first a little beyond middle of cell, the second
a short distance before end of cell, the second becoming ampliated and convex towards its apex; third
emitted at about three-fourths from base, and also ampliated and convex; fourth and fifth bifurcating
a short distance from base of third; the fourth prominently angulated near its middle; middle disco-
cellular nervule nearly straight, obliquely directed inwardly; lower disco-cellular very slender, obliquely
concave, closing cell. Median neryules widely separated, the first slightly curved inwardly. Posterior
wings subquadrangular and ovately elongate; costal margin nearly straight, obliquely rounded towards
apex, the outer margin broadly scalloped, and most prolonged at apices of first and second median
nervules; anal angle obliquely rounded. Precostal neryure forked anteriorly; costal nervure regularly
arched from base; lower disco-cellular nervyule more or less aborted, slender and indistinct. Body robust;
abdomen small. Antenne nearly straight, terminated by a very slender and gradually formed club.
Palpi compressed and parallel.
This is a rather small genus (if we do not consider all the local varieties as of specific
rank), which, found in Continental India, Ceylon, and the Andaman Islands, extends eastwards
through the Malayan Archipelago to the Papuan Regions.
We have lately received our first knowledge of the transformations of a species of this
genus from the excellent drawings of a Ceylon species made by the Bros. de Alwis, and
published in Moore’s ‘ Lepidoptera of Ceylon.’* According to Mr. Hutchison, this butterfly
‘sits on large leaves with wings spread.’’+ Capt. Mortimer J. Slater met with 1’. gambrisius
at Dacea, ‘‘in the deepest jungle.” }
1, Parthenos gambrisius, var. lilacinus. (Tab. XI., fig. 7 2.)
Papilio Gambrisius, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. ini. 1, p. 85, n. 264 (1798).
Minetra Gambrisius, Doubl. & Hew. (nec. Fabr.), Gen. Diurn. Lep. t. 51, f. 2 (1850).
Parthenos lilacinus, Butl. Trans. Linn, Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 644 (1877).
Male and Female. Anterior wings above olivaceous; cell containing a basal lateral black streak
curved downwards before the third median nervule, and connected with the subcostal nervure by a curved
* Although this species is not found in the Malay Peninsula, it is at least a very open question whether both it and the
Malaccan insect are not different varieties of the Indian P. gambrisius, and therefore the deseription of the larva and pu
as found in Ceylon may serve as # guide in the Malay Peninsula :—“ Larva faa pale purplish brown, darker beneath,
with dark brown longitudinal dorsal lines and transverse white spotted lines; head and anal segment spined, other segments
slightly hairy; third to twelfth segments armed with branched spines, which are longest on third, fourth, eleventh and twelfth
a Feeds on Modecea. Pupa pale purplish brown, somewhat fusiform; head pointed and cleft” (Lep. Ceylon,
i. p. 47). "
+ Ibid.—This is an aberrant habit in the Nymphalidw and other Rhopalocera, excepting many Hesperida, anil is
paralleled in Tropical Ameriea by species of the genus Ageronia.
| Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 148.
ddd RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
black line; a central pair of rounded oblique black lines posteriorly united, preceded by an angulated
bluish spot, and followed by a transverse, elongate semihyaline white spot; beyond this is a black spot
followed by an attenuated white spot directed inwardly, and a white spot immediately beyond cell (all these
spots margined with black); an oblique discal series of ten white spots, divided by the nervules, the upper
six linear, of whieh the fourth and fifth are inwardly broken by blackish; seventh and eighth large, the
seventh being irregularly rounded, and the eighth subquadrate; ninth and tenth very small, and situate
between the third median nervule and the submedian nervure in an area, which is bright bluish extending
to the inner margin; the upper nine of these spots are margined with black, and are followed by a straight
submarginal black fascia, and an equally broad but macular marginal fascia of the same colour; a black
basal lateral fascia commencing between the third median nervule and submedian nervure, and continued
across the base of posterior wings and thorax. Posterior wings with the basal third bluish, crossed by
three lateral black fascim, of which the first is nearly straight and extends across the abdomen; the second
slightly curved and suddenly and strongly attenuated between the subcostal nervules; the third narrow,
curved, and macular, widening towards abdominal margin; beyond this the colour is olivaceous, with a
submarginal series of triangular black spots placed between the nervules, each preceded by duplex black
lines posteriorly and concavely connected: and followed by a black macular marginal fascia; abdominal
margin subroseate. Wings beneath much paler than above; anterior wings marked as above, but with all
the black markings only slightly indicated ; posterior wings without the bagal lateral black fasciw as above,
but with two black lines between the costal and subcostal nervures, and an irregularly waved and broken
black discal line extending from upper subcostal nervule to third median nervule; this is followed by an
obscure series of small blackish spots, a series of duplex linear spots as above, but smaller and outwardly
margined with white, a narrow submarginal but broken black fascia, and a marginal series of black
spots. Thorax above concolorous with the wings, with the anterior margin ochraceous, and with two broad
black bands; abdomen above more or less ochraceous, banded and annulated with black; body beneath
and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, 92 to 100 millim,
Han.*—Malay Peninsula; Penang; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. and Sauer); Malacca (Pinwill;
Brit. Mus.)
Many reasons advocate the view that the P. lilacinus, Butl., is but a slight local variety of
the P. gambrisius, Faby. Already Mr. Moore, has deseribed the Tenasserim form under the name
of I’. apicalis,+ and if these “ Prcies” are to stand then the Andaman, Sumatran, Bornean
and other slightly varietal forms should also be placed in specific isolation. !
Genus LEBADEA.
Lebadea, Felder, Neues Lep. p. 28 (1861).
Anterior wings subtriangular, elongate, and apically attenuated in the male, broader in the female.
Costal margin arched and convex, the apical angle rounded, beneath which the outer margin (which is
sinuate) is more or less concave; inner margin sinuate, oblique near base and slightly concave near
centre, the outer margin distinctly longer than the inner margin. First subeostal nervule emitted a little
* Of the variety lilacinus only. + Proe. Zool, Soc. 1878, p. 829.
; If the principle of deseribing slight but constant local varieties as distinct species is to be commended, then logic
would inexorably demand that those British species of Lepidoptera which vary with locality should also receive distinct
names—an achievement which the boldest describer has not yet perpetrated. An excellent paper by Mr. R. M‘Lachlan,
containing general notes on variation in some British Lepidoptera may with advantage be PE ie, ae A Ent. Soc. (1865),
p. 453—468; and also, and particularly, Mr. Jenner Weir's “ Notes on the Macro-Lepidoptera of the Shetland Isles"
{(‘Entomologist,’ vol, xiii., p. 249, ef seq.)
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 145
beyond centre, and the second a little distance before end of cell; third about midway between apices of cell
and wing, and the fourth and fifth bifurcating a short distance beyond base of third ; the second and third are
more or less suddenly ampliated and rounded; the fourth bent and angulated near its centre ; disco-cellular
nervules slender, closing cell; first median nervule rounded and with an apparently common origin with the
second; second and third situate wide apart. Posterior wings subovate, the costal margin gibbous and
angularly rounded near base, after which it is slightly oblique and conyex to apex ; outer margin rounded and
waved; abdominal margin somewhat straight to abdominal apex, after which if is angulated and divergently
oblique to anal angle; subcostal nervules emitted at a less distance from each other than the first is from
base of subcostal nervure; lower disco-cellular nervule obsolete. Antenne long, with a gradually-formed
elongate club. Palpi moderately robust, hairy, porrect, and raised to about the upper level of the eyes.
This is a genus of small extent, and apparently confined to Continental India and the
Indo-Malayan Region. I have found no record or description of either larva or pupa.
1. Lebadea martha. (Tab. XVII., figs. 10 ¢, 11 2.)
Papilio Martha, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 56, n. 555 (1787); Ent. Syst. iii. p. 139, n. 429 (1793).
Aconthea Alankara, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E.1.C. t. 5, f. 6 (1829). |
Lamenitis Alankara, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep, E.LC. i. p. 179, n. 864 (1857).
Limenitis Martha, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 59, n. 1 (1869).
Lebadea alankara, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 641, mn. 1 (1877).
Lebadea martha, Dinee, Proc, Zool, Soc. 1873, p. 848, n. 2; Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. yol.i. p. 541»
n. 2 (1877).
Male. Wings above brownish ochraceous. Anterior wings with the cell crossed by three pairs of
blackish lines, of which two are basal, two central enclosing a large whitish spot, and two at apex;
beneath cell and between the third median nervule and submedian nervure are some black linear markings;
beyond cell the wing is crossed by an irregular series of eight white spots divided by the nervules, of which
the sixth and seventh are largest, and separated by the third median nervule; these are followed by a
straight series of six lunulate white spots margined with fuscous, that beneath the third median nervule
being duplex; apex somewhat broadly white; a waved fuscous submarginal line, margined with white,
and commencing beneath the fifth subcostal nervule. Posterior wings with the cell crossed by two central,
waved, black lines, which are continued to near submedian nervure, and two short contiguous black lines
near apex; # discal oblique white fascia (continuous to the series of spots on anterior wings), narrowing
towards anal angle and margined on each side with fuseous; this is followed by a series of fuscous
lunulate spots, inwardly margined with whitish; a submarginal line as on anterior wings, but preceded by
some obscure fuscous lunulate spots; margins of both wings narrowly fuscous, with the fringe greyish ;
abdomimal margin greyish. Wings beneath pale ochraceous; anterior wings marked as above, but much
paler; posterior wings marked generally as above, but much paler, the central series of fuscous
lunulate spots almost obsolete, and with two fuscous lines between the bases of costal and subcostal
nervures. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Female. Wings above as in male, but broader, and with the diseal series of white spots much
attenuated, the submarginal line extending to apex, which is not white, and with the white spot absent
from cell. Posterior wings as in male, but with the central white fascia very narrow, and its following
fuscous spots not margined with white. Wings beneath much paler than above, and with the markings
bearing the same relation to those of the upper surface as obtains in the male.
Exp. wings, ¢ 52 millim.; ? 56 to 58 millim.
Jung 30, 1883. : 2p
146 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacea (coll. Gosse; Pinwill—Brit. Mus.)—Sumatra (Brit. Mus.)—Banca.*
—Java (Horsfield)—Borneo (Druce).
I have neither received nor seen specimens of this species from Province Wellesley or
Penang. A male specimen collected by the Rev. L. Biggs in Malacca is represented by
Figure 10; and a Malaccan female specimen collected by Capt. Pinwill is the original
of Figure 11.
All the specimens of L. alankara, Horsf., which I could examine, having proved of the male
sex, whilst those of L. martha, Fabr., have been invariably females, I have felt no hesitation in
considering them as but the sexes of one species, and treating them here as such.
Genus PANDITA.
Pandita, Moore (Horsf. & Moore), Cat. Lep. Mus. B.1.C. i. p. 181 (1857).
Anterior wings subtriangular, the costal margin obliquely suberect at base and then obliquely convex
to apex, which is subprominent and broadly rounded; outer margin waved and sinuously and slightly
concave about centre; inner margin moderately concave about centre, the outer and inner margins
subequal in length. First and second subcostal nervules emitted before the end of cell, the first about
one-third from and the second near its apex, third emitted rather less than half-way between cell and apex
of wing; fourth and fifth bifurcating about half-way between base of the third and apex; second and third
more or less suddenly ampliated and rounded; the fourth angularly bent near base. Upper disco-cellular
nervule very short and oblique, the middle obliquely concave, the lower suberect and subobsolete, indistinctly
closing cell; these nervules emitted at about one-third from base of wing; median nervules generally as in
preceding genus. Posterior wings obscurely subquadrate; the costal margin nearly straight at base
and then suddenly deflexed, and becoming slightly convex towards apex; outer margin rounded and
waved; abdominal margin much as in preceding genus. Costal nervure strongly arched and very convex
near base. Subcostal nervules emitted at about the same distance from each other as the first is from base
of subcostal nervure; lower disco-cellular nervule obsolete. Antenne very gradually incrassated towards
apex. Palpi much as in preceding genus.
About three species of Pandita are at present known,{ and the area of the genus is
apparently confined to the Indo-Malayan region.
1. Pandita sinope. (Tab. XIL., fig. 13 2.)
Pandita Sinope, Moore (Horsf. & Moore), Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 182, n. 871, t. Ga, f. 8 (1857); Butl.
Trans. Linn. Boc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 542, n, 1 (1877).
Male and Female. Wings above reddish ochraceous, with rather less than their basal halves darker,
outwardly margined with a narrow fuscous fascia, which, commencing near costa of anterior wings, is
obliquely directed outwardly beyond cell, and at median nervure is reflexed and directed inwardly to third
median nervule of posterior wings, when it is again narrowly reflexed towards anal angle; between this
and outer margins of both wings is a somewhat broader fuscous fascia, on anterior wings following
somewhat the direction of the other fascia, but on posterior wings distinctly rounded and outwardly
convex; two narrow submarginal fuscous fascie, the inner one on posterior wings very broad, and the
* Collected by M. Teysmann (Pet. Nouv. Ent. vi. p. 404 (1874).
+ The third species has lately been acquired by the British Museum from Nias Island, and is now being described.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 147
outer margins broadly fuscous; anterior wings with the cell crossed by five fuscous lines, situate two near
base, two near centre (between which the colour is pale), and one convexly waved at apex, beyond which
is a straighter and more obscure line; beneath the cell and between the third median nervule and
submedian nervure are two circular fuscous lines in shape of the figure 8, and a short basal line of the
same colour; beneath the apex of cell is an oblique fuscous fascia; posterior wings with the cell crossed by
four fuscous lines which are partly united, the posterior one preceded by some lunulate fuscous markings,
and beneath the median nervure are some very indistinct fuscous lines. Abdominal margin obscure
violaceous. Wings beneath paler than above; posterior wings with the abdominal area greenish or
violaceous, and with a waved series of fuscous linear markings outwardly surrounding cell. Body and legs
more or less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, 50 to 54 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Penang (Brit. Mus.); Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Malacca (Pinwill—
Brit. Mus.) ; Singapore (coll. Hewits.)—Banea.*—Java, (Horsf.).
Genus LIMENITIS.
Limenitis, Fabricius, Ill. Mag. vi. p. 281 (1807); Westw. Gen. Dinurn. Lep. p. 274 (1850); Feld. Neues Lep.
p. 29 (1861).
Callianira, Hibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 38 (1816).
Nymphalis, Boisd, (nec Latr.), Ind. Méth, p. 14 (1829); Gen. Ind. Méth. p, 16 (1840); Boisd. & Lee. Lep.
Amer. Sept. p. 197 (1833).
Moduza, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 47 (1881).
Anterior wings subtriangular; costal margin strongly arched and convex; apical angle generally
more or less produced and rounded; outer margin generally more or less waved and concavely excavated ;
inner margin nearly straight or more or less concave near centre. First and second subcostal
nervules emitted before end of cell and from about its outer third; third subcostal nervule emitted
between end of cell and apex of wing; fourth and fifth bifureating about midway between base of
third and the outer margin; the second and third more or less suddenly ampliated and rounded, the fourth
slightly angulated and bent near base; discoidal nervules emitted considerably beyond basal third of wing,
the lower nervule somewhat rudimentary or obsolete; submedian nervules somewhat wide apart, the first
rounded at base. Posterior wings subovate, the costal margin strongly arched at base and then oblique
and very slightly convex to apex; outer margin more or less waved and rounded; abdominal margin as in
preceding genera; subcostal nervules bifurcating much as in preceding genus; the third median
and first subcostal nervules about subequal in length. Antenne moderately long, with an elongate and
gradually formed club. Palpi robust, porrect, hairy, not raised above the upper level of the eyes.
This is a genus of considerable extent and wide distribution, being almost confined,
however, to the Northern Hemisphere, and common to Europe, Asia, and America. It is
perhaps in North-Eastern India that species of Limenitis reach their maximum in size and
coloration, and the genus from thence extends throughout a considerable portion of the
Malayan Archipelago, being very well represented in the Celebes.
We are acquainted with the transformations of several species of Limenitis, including
those of the only species found in this fauna, to which due reference is made.
* Collected by M. Teysmann (Pet. Nouv. Ent. vi. p. 404 (1874).
145 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
1. Limenitis procris. (Tab. XVIL., fig. 1 ¢.)
Papilio Procris, Cramer, Pap. Ex. ii. t. 106, E F (1779).
Nymphalis Proecris, Godt. Enc. Méth, ix. p. 404, n. 178 (1823).
Biblis Proeris, Horsf, Cat. Lep. E.1.0, t. viii. f, 4 (1829),
Limenitis Procris, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.L.0. i. p. 179, n, 862 (1857); Druece, Proc. Zool. Soc.
1878, p. 843, n. 1; Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. & p. 541, n. 1.
Var. Limenitis anarta, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soe. 1877, p. 585.
Limenitis procris, var. anarta, Wood-Mas. & de Nic. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. vol. xlix. p. 229, n. 88 (1880).
Male and Female. Wings above bright ferruginous. Anterior wings with the cell crossed by three
black lines, and with the same number between the third median nervule and the submedian nervure ;
beyond cell the whole disk of the wing is triangularly blackish, containing an oblique series of five white
spots, situate one at end of cell, three separated by the median nervules, the fifth and smallest on inner
margin; four or five subapical white spots, of which two linear and smallest are subcostal (one only on
specimen figured), two, largest, separated by upper discoidal nervule, and one very small beneath the lower
diseoidal nervule; a broad submarginal waved black fascia and two narrower marginal fascia of the same
colour, which sometimes become fused as in the specimen figured. Posterior wings with the cell crossed
by two pairs of blackish lines and with a few small black markings above cell; a broad central oblique
white macular fascia continuous to the central spots of anterior wings, terminating at submedian nervure,
its inner margin somewhat regular and narrowly bordered with black, its outer margin scalloped and
broadly margined with black; this is followed by a series of blackish spots placed between the nervules
and marginal and submarginal faseiw, much as on anterior wings, but the inner one terminating at anal
angle in two small spots. Wings beneath with the white markings as above; anterior wings with the
basal area before the white spots (which are margined with black), very pale olivaceous; the third and
fourth lines in eell including a bright reddish spot, and the same beneath cell; the black discal area above
reddish beneath, the three lower subapical white spots being situate in long and somewhat linear black
spots; submarginal black fascia very much broken and subobsolete; marginal fasci# as above; marginal
area pale violaceous. Posterior wings with the whole basal area to just beyond the white fascia, very pale
olivaceous; marginal and submarginal fascim as on anterior wings, but the last more obsolete and only
denoted by a series of spots. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, ¢ 58 to 68 millim.; ? (one spec.), 72 millim.
Has.—Continental India; Silhet (Brit. Mus.); Darjeeling (coll. Dist.)}—Andaman Islands (Moore).—
Malay Peninsula; Penang, Province Wellesley (eoll. Dist. & Sater); Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.)—
Sumatra (Forbes—coll. Dist.)}—Banca.*—Java (Brit. Mus.)—Borneo (coll. Godm. & Saly.); Sandakan
(Pryer—eoll. Dist.).
The Andaman form described by Mr. Moore under the name of i. anarta,+ which
I have followed Messrs. Wood-Mason and de Nicéville in considering a variety of the species,
appears to constantly differ by the smallness or absence of the white spot at the end of the
eell of anterior wings. |
The larva and pupa as found in Java are figured by Horsfield, + who describes the first as
feeding ‘‘ on a species of Nauclea bearing the native name of Kleppu.’’ §
* Collected by M. Teyamann (Pet. Nouv. Ent. vi. p. 404 (1874). + Proc. Zool. Soe. 1877, p. 685.
{ Cat. Lep. E.1.C. t. viii. f. 4, 44. § Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C, i. p. 179.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 149
Genus NEPTIS.
Neptis, Fabricius, Tl. Mag. vi. p. 282 (1807); Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep, p. 270 (1850); Moore, Proe, Zool.
Soc, 1858, p. 3; Lep, Ceyl. i. p, 64 (1881).
Acea (part), Hiibn, Verz. bek, Sehmett. p. 44 (1816).
Philonoma, Billb, Enum. Ins. p. 78 (1820).
Phedyma, Feld, Neues. Lep, p. 31 (1861),
Rahinda, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 66 (1881),
Anterior wings subtriangular, the costal margin arched and convex from base; apical angle rounded ;
outer margin generally convexly rounded, sometimes coneavely sinuate about centre, and frequently waved ;
inner margin convexly produced near base, and more or less concavely sinuated beyond centre. Subcostal
nervules variable; in the majority and most typical of the species" the first and second subcostal nervules
are emitted before and near the end of the cell, the third at less than midway between the extremity of the
cell and apex of wing, and the fourth and fifth bifurcate at a less distance from base of third than from
apex; other species+ have the second subcostal nervule emitted at the extremity of the cell; and some}
again have the first emitted near end of cell and the second between end of cell and base of third nervule ;
lower disco-cellular nervule obsolete. Posterior wings subovate; costal margin convex and arched at
immediate base and then nearly straight along its greatest length, deflexed and slightly rounded towards
apex; outer margin rounded and often waved; abdominal margin oblique at anal angle; costal nervure
more or less arched and convex, but not reaching apex of wing. Palpi hairy, porrect, and with the apices
acutely pointed. Antenne slender, with a gradually formed club.
The above are the principal characteristics of this variable genus, and I should naturally
have followed Mr. Moore, and used his proposed genus Lahinda for the small group of tawny
species forming the hordonia group, had I not found that the strongly divergent character of
the position of the second subcostal nervule,§ as found in N, hordonia, did not apply to all the
other species of the same similarly coloured and sized group. ||
Neptis is a very large genus, and is found in the:warmer portions of the Old World. Two
species inhabit portions of Eastern and South-Eastern Europe, and the genus is represented
in Western, Southern and Eastern Africa, Madagascar, and Mauritius. It is very abundant in
Continental India, and extends eastward throughout the Malayan Archipelago; it is found as
far north as Japan and as far south as Australia. _
Several transformations have been figured and described. The larva and pupa of a Javan
species are figured by Horsfield,{— who elsewhere states that the larva “ feeds on a species of
Hedysarum bearing the native name of Kajangan’’;** and we are indebted to the Bros. de Alwis
for the drawings of the transformations of two species found in Ceylon (N. varmona and
N. jumba). ++
* As Neptis duryodana. + As Neptia tiga. {| As Neptis hordonta.
§ A character which I have already used in separating my genus Chersonesia from Cyrestis.
|| Mr. Salvin has recently drawn my attention to similar, and even stronger, structural peculiarities in the Tropical
American genus Ageronia, .
* Cat. Lep. E.I.C. t. vii. f. 9 and 9a. == Cat. Lep. Mus. E.LC. i, p. 169.
t+ Moore’s Lep. Ceyl. i. pp. 55 and 56, t. 28, f.10 and 2d.
June 30, 1885. 2a
\
?
¥,
150 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
A. Wings with orange-coloured markings and spots.
a. Second subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted at some distance from end of cell. Ranrspa, Moore.
1. Neptis hordonia. (Tab. XVII., fig. 184.)
Papilio Hordonia, Stoll, Suppl. Cram. t. 38, f. 4, 4D (1790).
Nymphalis Hordonia, Godt. Ene, Méth. ix. p. 429, n. 258 (1823).
Neptis Hordonia, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep, Mus. E.LC. i, p. 164, 0. 887 (1857); Druee, E Proc. Zool. Soc.
1873, p. 848, n.1; ibid. 1874, p. 105, n. 3; Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 542,
n. 11 (1877).
Male and Female. Wings above rich dark brown, with the following orange-coloured markings :—
Anterior wings with a long and broad basal cellular streak occupying the lower half of cell and deflexed and
extending beyond it at and above the first and second median nervules, this streak above is distinctly cleft
a little beyond its centre, and in some specimens extends a little beneath the median nervure; a subapical
transverse macular fascia, commencing near costa and terminating near first median nervule, and a short
oblique curved and dentate fascia, commencing above the second median nervule and terminating on inner
margin; posterior wings with a broad central fascia and a narrow (in some specimens broad) curved
submarginal one. Both wings with a narrow fuscous submarginal fascia, sometimes that on anterior
wings and sometimes those on both wings narrowly outwardly margined with dark ochraceous. Wings
beneath ochraceous; anterior wings with a broad costal streak extending to beyond cell, and from thence
deflexed and outwardly curved to beyond third median nervule, reddish brown; two waved reddish brown
submarginal fasciw, and the margin broadly of the same colour, between these the colour is more or less
violaceous; extreme margin fuscous, the fringe alternately greyish; posterior wings with a broad basal
reddish brown fascia or suffusion; a somewhat curved central violaceous fascia, narrowly bordered
anteriorly and broadly posteriorly with reddish brown, and a submarginal fascia somewhat similarly
coloured and bordered. Body and legs more or less concolorous with the ground colour of the wings
both above and beneath.
Exp. wings, dg and ¢, 42 to 45 millim.
Has.—Continental India; Bombay (Dr. Leith); Darjeeling (coll. Dist.)—Malay Peninsula; Malacca
(Pinwill—Brit. Mus.) —Sumatra (Forbes, coll. Dist.}—Banea.*—Java (Horsf. & Moore).—Borneo (Druce).—
Siam; Chentaboon (Druce).
This is a protean species, and varies much both in markings and hue, pomts of some
importance in estimating the specific position of other and closely allied variable species. The
specimen here figured agrees with the figure of Stoll, and may be considered as typical.
Other Malaccan specimens in the British Museum have the yellow submarginal fascia on the
upper surface of the posterior wings much wider, but are still inconstant in that respect.
The palest specimen I possess, with all the yellow markings broadest, is from Bombay.
The mottled markings beneath are always present and always distinctive.
2. Neptis peraka. (Tab. XVIL., fig. 2 2.)
Neptis paraka, Butler, Trans, Linn. Soe. ser, 2, Zool. vol. i. p, 642, n. 9, t. lxvuii, fig, 2 (1877),
Male and Female. Closely allied to the preceding species (N. hordoma), and above scarcely
distinguishable from some of the broadly yellow marked varieties of that species, The wings beneath are
* Collected by M. Teysmann (Pet. Nouy. Ent. 1874, p. 404),
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 151
not mottled, and though the pattern of the anterior wings is similar, the markings of the posterior wings are
distinct, which consist of a basal fascia with dark margins; a regular and similarly coloured and margined
fascia near centre, and a somewhat similar marginal fascia.
Exp. wings, ¢ and ?, 40 to 46 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Malacca (Brit. Mus. and coll. Moore).
Borneo; Sandakan (Pryer—coll. Dist.).
The few North Bornean examples I possess only differ from Malaccan specimens by the
smaller subapical yellow fascia to the anterior wings, and could a long series from both
localities be examined that variation would doubtless be found to pervade the species in
both areas.
3. Neptis dindinga. (Tab. XVIL., fig. 5 2.)
Neptis dindinga, Butler, Trans, Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol, 1. p. 642, n. 10, t. Ixvin. fig, 6 (1877),
Female. This species is allied to the preceding (N. peraka), from which it differs by the different
shape of the cellular streak and the absence of the yellow submarginal lines to the anterior wings; the
yellow fascie to posterior wings are-much broader (but this we have already seen is a variable character) ;
the markings on the under surface of the wings are darker, larger, and more regular, especially on the
anterior wings.
Exp. wings, 48 to 50 muillim.
Has.—Burma; Moulmein (Brit. Mus.)—Tenasserim (Brit. Mus.)— Malay Peninsula; Malacea
(Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).
I only know this species from the specimens contained in the British Museum, one of
which from Malacca is here figured.
aa. Second subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted at extremityof cell.
4, Neptis tiga. (Tab. XVII., fig. 42.)
Neptis Tiga, Moore, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1858, p. 4, n. 8; Butl. Trans, Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i, p. 542,
n. § (1877).
Male and Female. Wings above rich dark brown, with the following orange-coloured markings :—
Anterior wings with a large cellular streak much resembling that of N. dindinga, but sometimes more or
less truncate at its apex, as in the specimen figured; this is followed by a subapical transverse streak and
two irregularly shaped spots, situate one on the area of the median nervules and one on the inner margin ;
a, broad submarginal fascia, strongly sinuated and toothed interiorly, followed by a submarginal line of the
same colour. Posterior wings crossed by two broad fasci, one near base and the other near outer margin,
and a submarginal line of the same colour. Wings beneath ochraceous, the anterior wings with a broad
subcostal pale fuscous fascia, which is obliquely deflexed beyond cell, and forms a large looped spot
extending from costa to first median nervule; a pale fuseous fascia beneath cell, which forms an irregularly
looped spot beneath and attached to the other looped spot, and which outwardly extends to inner margin ;
a, pale fuscous submarginal line and the outer margin broadly of the same colour; posterior wings marked
as above, but the colour much paler and the dark portions much narrower. Body above rich dark brown,
152 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
the thorax with some frontal yellow markings, and the disk of the abdomen beyond base much suffused
with the same colour; body beneath and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, 45 to 48 millim.
Var. dorelia. (Tab. XVII., fig. 3.)
Neptis dorelia, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 542, n. 7, t. xviii. f. 8 (1877).
Papilio heliodore, Fabr. (nec. Cram. nec. Moore), Mant. Ins. ii. p. 62, n. 516 (1787); Ent. Syst. iii. p. 180,
n. 401 (1798).
Neptis Heliodore, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 62, n. 4 (1869),
Neptis heliodora, Druee, Proc. Aool. Soc. 1878, p. 348, n. 2.
Mr. Butler states as his “defferentia specifiea” that “the type of the Fabrician species differs from
the examples of N. tiga in the Horsfield Cabinet from Java in having a single instead of a double central
arched line across the under surface of the secondaries; this line is, in some examples, slightly thickened.”
Han.—Burma; Moulmein (Brit. Mus.)—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Malacca
(Pinwill—Brit. Mus.)—Java (coll. Horsf.) —Borneo (Druce).—Siam (Moore).
A Malacean specimen in the British Museum, which was collected by Capt. Pinwill, is
represented by the figure 4 (Tab. XVIT.), which is a slight variety compared with the type,
though I possess a thoroughly typical specimen collected in Province Wellesley.
B. Wings with pale fuliginous markings and spots.
5. Neptis vikasi. (Tab. XVI, fig. 13 ¢.)
Neptis Vikast, Horsfield, Cat. Lep, E.I.C. t. 5, £2, 2a (1829); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus, E.I.C, i.
p. 165, nu. 340 (1857); Drnee, Proc. Zool. Soe. 1878, p. 844, n. 4; Butl. Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2,
Zool. vol.i. p. 641, n. 5 (1877). /
Var. Neptis Omeroda, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 571.
Male and Female. Wings above dark shining fuliginous-brown, with paler and darker markings.
Anterior wings with the following yery pale fuligimous markings:—a long basal cellular streak about
reaching the lower discoidal nervule, beyond which the wing is crossed by a strongly curved series of spots,
and two almost straight submarginal fascie, which are denoted and separated by two very dark fuscous
and abruptly sinuated narrow fasciw, the outer margin with a distinctly darker patch near apex and about
centre. Posterior wings with an almost straight, transverse, and very pale fuliginous fascia near base,
followed shortly beyond by a narrow and obscurely paler linear fascia, and a very dark fuscous macular
fascia crossing centre of wmg; a submarginal series of yery dark fuseous spots placed between the
nervules, preceded and followed by pale fuliginous, the outer margin being broadly fuscous and very
obscurely spotted. Wings beneath very much paler, marked generally as above, but the pale markings
nearly white and the spots on the outer margins of both wings very distinct. Body and legs more or less
concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, 52 to 55 millim.
Has.—Continental India; Darjeeling; Sikkim.*—Malay Peninsula; Penang (Mus. Hop. Oxon).—
Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.)—Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.)—Java (Horsf.)\—Borneo (Druce, and coll.
Dist.) —Celebes (van Hasselt—coll. Dist.).
The chromo-lithographic artist has not been happy with the figure of a specimen from
Province Wellesley, which is here given. In this figure the colour of the under surface of the |
* De Nicéville (Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vol. li. part 2, p. 59, n. 155.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 153
wings is too ferruginous, and not sufficiently olivaceous, whilst the basal whitish fascia to the
posterior wings is not sufficiently broad. In fact this specimen agrees well with Horsfield’s
figure, save that it is rather browner in hue above, and the contrary has been relied upon
by Mr. Moore in separating his N. omeroda, “allied to N. vikasi, but is a much blacker insect
both above and below.” * I cannot, however, believe that Penang + possesses a different species
to the widely ranging one found in Province Wellesley; and a drawing of N. omeroda kindly
made for me by Prof. Westwood has, in my mind, confirmed this view.
C. Wings with whitish spots and markings.
6. Neptis ophiana. (Tab. XVII., fig. 12.)
Neptis aphiana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1872, p. 561.
Neptis columella, Moore (part), Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 7, n. 18; Butl. (nec. Cram.), Trans. Linn. Soe, ser. 2,
“ool, vol. i. p. 642, n. 6 (1877).
Male and Female. Wings above dark fuscous, with the following greenish white spots and
markings: — Anterior wings with a cellular streak gradually widening to apex, which is truncate
(sometimes somewhat cleft near its apex, or entire, as in the Malaccan specimen figured); this is
followed by a large and subtriangular spot at the end of cell, beyond which are two large and irregularly
ovate spots placed one on each side of the upper diseoidal nervule (sometimes preceded by a very small
spot near costa), and beneath which are two spots placed one on each side of the second median nervule ;
a large elongate spot on inner margin, sometimes preceded by a small spot above submedian nervure;
a submarginal series of four small spots, three near apex and one between the second and third median
nervules (the upper three being sometimes preceded by a small obscure spot near costa); posterior wing
with a broad transverse fascia near base, not extending above the lower subcostal neryule, and an
outer discal series of spots placed between the nervules. On each side of the submarginal spots on
anterior wings are two narrow obscure dark fasci#, sometimes followed by some paler markings; the
posterior wings possess a distinct narrow submarginal fuliginous fascia. Wings beneath more or less
reddish ochraceous; anterior wings with the pale spots as above, but the submarginal spots continuous
and preceded and followed by white markings; posterior wings with a distinct greyish fascia commencing
at base, but not reaching apex; other pale markings as above, but the outer discal spots much larger,
and followed by a double series of linear white spots; between the transverse fascia and the outer discal
spots is a transverse obscurely greyish line. Body above fusecous, beneath greyish; the femora greyish ;
the tibie and tarsi pale ochraceous.
Exp. wings, 65 millim.
Han.— Continental India; Darjeeling (coll. Moore).
Pinwill; Brit. Mus.).
Malay Peninsula; Malacea (coll. Moore.—
Malacean specimens agree thoroughly with the type of the species (which, by the kindness
of Mr. Moore, is now before me), save that the discal spcts are somewhat larger, and, as in the
specimen figured,} the basal streak is entire, though in other specimens from the same locality
it is abbreviated and somewhat cleft. It appears to be sufficiently distinct, however, from
* Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 671.
+ Denang is the habitat given, but, as is so often the case with insects thus labelled, Province Wellesley may probably
he its true locality. )
| Collected by Capt. Pinwill in Malacca.
Junx 30, 1883. 2R
-
154 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
N. columella, which was described by Cramer as from China, and as figured is a much larger
insect, with a concave spot on the inner margin of the anterior wings.
In two specimens now before me, viz., the “type” from Darjeeling and a Malaccan
example, the neuration of the posterior wings is aberrant, the costal nervure being placed low
down and reaching the apex, whilst the subcostal nervules are thus forced close together.
7. Neptis nata. (Tab. XVIII, fig. 1.)
Neptis Nata, Moore (Horsf. & Moore), Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.0. i. p. 168, n. 346, t. 4a, £.6 (1857); Proc. Zool. Soc.
1858, p. 10, n, 22; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 348, n. 8; Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool.
vol. i. p. 541, n. 4 (1877).
Not having received either this or the two following species I have thought it best in each
case to give the original description of its describer, having also figured Malacean specimens
collected by Capt. Pinwill, and contaimed in the British Museum.
“‘Upper side deep black; markings very white: fore wing with the discoidal streak long, in two
portions; curved series of spots small: hind wing with the bands narrow. Under side dusky brown;
inner band of hind wing not extending to anterior margin; a marginal line only between outer band and
exterior margin, the submarginal line being obsolete. Sexes alike.”
““Expanse 2 inches.”
Hazs.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill— Brit. Mus.); Singapore (Moore)— Borneo (Moore—
Druce).
-
8. Neptis leuconata. (Tab. XVII., fig. 14.) ;
Neptis leuconata, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. 1. p. 541, n. 2, t. lxix. fig. 1 (1877).
The following is Mr. Butler’s deseription :—
“Wings above olive-brown, banded and spotted with cream-colour; arrangements of markings as in
N. nata, but the bands of secondaries wider and nearer together; pale brown intermediate streaks better
defined. Wings below slightly redder; bands and spots as above ; intermediate streaks white.”
“Exp. wings, 2 inches.”
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).
The figure is taken from one of Capt. Pinwill’s captures, but I have not as yet received
the species from Province Wellesley.
9. Neptis gononata. (Tab. XVIII., fig. 2 3.)
Neptis gononata, Butler, Trans. Linn, Soe. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 541, n, 8, t. Ixix. fig, 2 (1877).
This species is very closely allied to the N.E. Indian N. soma, Moore, of which it is an
undoubted local race, and is described by Mr. Butler as follows :—
“ Wings of the same shape and with the same spots and bands as N. soma; but all these markings
pure white instead of sordid yellowish white. Wings below chocolate-brown; bands below straighter ;
submarginal line of secondaries below white.”
‘Exp. wings, 2 inches 1 line.”
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacea (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).
The figure is taken from the typical specimen in the National Collection.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 155
10. Neptis duryodana, var. (Tab. XVI., fig. 15 2.)
Neptis Duryodana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 10, n. 21, t. 49, f. 8.
Female. Wings above dark fuseous. Anterior wings with the following white spots and markings :—
a long basal cellular streak gradually widening and terminating about apex of cell; this is followed by a
long subtriangular spot placed between the lower discoidal and the first median nervules; two large
subapical spots placed obliquely, divided by the upper discoidal nervule and preceded by two very small
subcostal spots; two rounded discal spots divided by the second median nervule; two smaller spots on
inner margin divided by the submedian nervure and a submarginal series of small spots directed obliquely
inward at apex, which are outwardly and inwardly margined with black; fringe alternately white.
Posterior wings with the following white markings:—a nearly straight transverse fascia near base and
a series of small subquadrate spots on outer third of wing, which are divided by the nervules, with
the innermost obliquely deflexed towards anal angle; between these transverse white markings is a very
narrow pale fascia, and there is also a narrower and greyish submarginal one;* fringe alternately white.
Wings beneath much paler and more or less olivaceous; white markings as above, but larger; on anterior
wings the submarginal series of spots are preceded and followed by grey lines, the inner one very strongly
waved; the posterior wings have the basal costal margin white, an additional subbasal narrow whitish
fascia, the narrow discal intermediate fascia°*much paler and the submarginal one nearly white. Body
above fuscous, beneath greyish ; legs greyish, the intermediate and posterior tibie and tarsi brownish.
Exp. wings, 9 54 millim.
Har.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Brit. Mus.)—Borneo (Brit. Mus.).
I have compared the female specimen here figured and described with the Bornean type
in the British Museum, and find the following slight varietal differences :—On the underside of
the anterior wings the cellular streak is not so strongly divided from the adjacent and following
spot; the broad white fascia on the posterior wings reaches the costal margin, | and the colour
beneath is also darker, but this is an inconstant character.
11. Neptis charon.
Neptis Charon, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, vol. xx. p. 400, t. 9, f. 1 (1867).
At present my whole knowledge of this species is represented by Mr. Butler's figure and
description, both of which are here reproduced.
“Ale supra nigerrime: antice stria triangulari discoidali, macula
contigua cuneata, maculis tribus subapicalibus inequalibus, tribus sub-
analibus oblique positis punctisqgue octo submarginalibus niveis; punetis
octo marginalibus striaque valde indistincta irregulari discali subeinereis :
posticm fascia subbasali et altera septem-maculari discali niveis; stria
submarginali maculari subcinerea, fascia media fuscescente indistincta :
corpus nigrum, virescens; antennis nigris, flavo acuminatis.”
“Ale subtus pallidiores, striis discali anticarum et media posti-
carum violaceis, stria submarginali canescente; stria marginali cinerea ;
Fie. 43.—Neptia cheron. |
* In the figure here given this submarginal fascia is not sufficiently pale in hue.
+ In another Malaccan specimen in the British Museum this fascia does not extend to the costal margin, thus agreeing
with the typical form of the species.
} Sex not atated, but, from appearance of figure, probably female.
156 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
costa basali posticarum nivea; aliter velut supra: corpus ceruleo-albidum; pedibus ochreis; antennis
ferrugineis.”
“Fixp. alar. une. 2."
Han.—Malay Peninsula; ‘‘ Singapore (coll. Roberts).”
This is evidently closely allied to the preceding species.
12, Neptis eurynome, var. mamaja. (Tab, XVLI., fig. 142.)
Neptis eurynome, Westwood, Don. Ins. China, p. 66, t. 85, fig. 4 (1842).
Neptis mamaja, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 541, n. 1, t. Ixix, fig. 3 (1877).
Male and Female. Wings above closely resembling the preceding species V. duryodana, but the pale
markings more or less tinged with lemon-colour (very strongly so in the specimen figured), the spot at the
end of the cell on anterior wings smaller, but variable in size, and the narrow pale submarginal linear
fascia to posterior wings almost obsolete. Wings beneath warm ochraceous; markings resembling those
of N. duryodana, but more or less tinged with lemon-colour as above, and with the outer pale discal fascia
to the posterior wings more macular than in that species.
Exp. wings, ¢ and ?, 50 to 57 millim.
Has.*—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist. and Saiier); Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).
Typical specimens of N. eurynome, localised as from N. India (sic) and China, which
I have examined, appear to be sufficiently distinct from the European N. averis, Lep., to have
specific differentiation, though I consider the N. mamaja, Butl., to be better expressed as a
variety only of Prof. Westwood’s species, + especially as I have received another very close
variety from North Borneo. Even in my Province Wellesley specimens considerable variation
is found, such as the basal cellular streak of the anterior wings being either broken, or entire
as in the figure here given.
Genus ATHYMA.
Athyma, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 272 (1850); Feld, Neues Lepid. p. 81, n. 75 (1861).
This genus is allied to Neptis,{ from which it differs, as clearly pointed out by Prof. Westwood, in
having its species of a “ larger size, more robust structure, (with) larger and shorter wings, more squamose
and obtuse palpi,” and especially (as pointed out in the synopsis here given) by the costal nervure of the
posterior wings extending to their apex. The anterior wings have the costal nervure robust, extending to
about half the length of the costa; first and second subcostal nervules emitted before the end of cell, the
. first at about two-thirds of its length, and the second a liitle before its apex, the third arising between end of
cell and apex of wing, but nearer to the first than to the last; fourth and fifth bifureating between the base
of third and apex of wing. Lower disco-cellular nervule either more or less obsolete and leaving the cell
practically open, § or present and distinct, though very slender, and subereect, thus closing cell. |
This, like Neptis, is another extensive genus, but with a more restricted geographical
distribution. Thus it is absent from Europe, and also apparently from the Ethiopian region.
* Of var. mamaja only.
{ Mr. Butler's description is ‘‘ Nearly allied to N. ewrynome, but always to be distinguished by the narrower externo-
diseal band of white spots in secondaries; colouring below rather brighter than in N. surynome.”
| Of the duryodana group. § As in A. periua. | As in A. nefte.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 157
From Continental India it is distributed through the Malay Peninsula and onwards through
the Malayan Archipelago to Papua, extending as far north as China. Though found in the
Andaman Islands it is apparently absent from Ceylon.
The larva and pupa of A. perius, as found in Java, have hs ate
been figured by Horsfield,* which show that though Neptis and : ORICA RIOR
Athyma are closely allied in their perfect condition, they are yet oe ee
considerably divergent in larval characters, thus again exempli- Fenn Horafidld's Cat eee ert
fying the artificiality of the present system of classification.
We know scarcely anvthing of the life-histories of the species comprising this genus,
though several points require elucidation to settle some speculative opinion. Thus the genus
is supposed to be of a protected nature, owing to the fact of it being apparently ‘“* mimicked’”’
by species of other genera. A most notable instance of this is afforded by the Apatura chevana,
Moore, a Darjeeling species, which, though possessing the beautiful coloration of that genus
beneath, is marked above like a species of Athyma. This, however, on examination, appears to
be a case of “spurious mimicry,” + as the insect when at rest, with its wings folded (and we
are not told it is aberrant in this respect), would exhibit the Apaturan distinctiveness, and thus
be afforded no protection by the Athymad simulation of their upper surface ; and even as regards
this, Mr. Moore adds to his description,$ ‘*Mr. W. S. Atkinson has informed me that in
fresh-captured specimens the upper side has also the beautiful reflected purple gloss visible
in that insect.”
Such facts tend to confirm the bias of my opinion, expressed before (ante, p. 33), that
easual resemblance, without supporting facts, does not conform to the theory of ‘‘ mimicry,” as
originally, and philosophically, formulated. Prof. W. T. Thiselton Dyer has recently, and
opportunely, observed that “the biological sciences not having reached the deductive stage,
it is not possible to enlarge our knowledge of them by mere ratiocination.”’ §
A. Lower disco-cellular nerrule of anterior winga obsolete or subobsolete, leaving the cell apparently open.
a. Sexes alike or similar in colour and markings.
1. Athyma perius. (Tab. XVI., fig. 2¢.)
Papilio Perins, Linneus, Syst. Nat. ed. x. p. 471, n. 79 (1758); ibid. ed. xii. p. 766, n. 116 (1767); Houtt.
Naturl. Hist. i, 11, p. 268, n. 79 (1767); Mull. Naturs. v. 1, p. 596, n. 116 (1774); Gmel. Syst. Nat.
1. 5, p. 2278, n. 116 (1790).
Papilio Leucothoé, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. x, p.478, n. 122 (1758); Mus. Lud, Ulr. p,292, n, 110(1764); Syst. Nat.
ed. xii. p. 780, n. 179 (1767); Clerek, Icones Ins. in. (imedit.), t. 5, f 4 (1764); Houtt. Naturl. Hist,
i. 11. p. $80, n. 122 (1767); Mill. Naturs. v. 1, p. 612, n. 179 (1774); Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 508,
n. 272 (1775); Mant. Ins. ii. p. 52, n. 611 (1787); Ent. Syst. ui. 1, p. 129, n. 895 (1798); Gmel.
* Cat. Lep. E.LC. t. viii. f. 3, 8a (under the name of Biblia lewcothoe).
+ Karl Semper, in the twelfth chapter of his ‘ Natural Conditions of Existence as they affect Animal Life,’ has keenly
diseussed this point, with the thorough knowledge of a “special” and ‘‘travelled” naturalist. With a perfect acknowledgment
of “mimicry,” he has not followed a somewhat ‘‘easy" course of referring all resemblance to that explanation.
* Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p, 764. § ‘ Nature,’ vol. xxviii. p. 171.
JuNE 30, 1883. 268
158 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Syst. Nat. i. 6, p. 2818, n. 179 (1790); Thunb. Mus, Nat. Ups. xxiii. p. 9 (1804); Turt. Syst. of Nat.
iii, 2, p. LOT (1806).
Acca Leucotho#, Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 44, n. 397 (1816).
Nymphalis Leweothoé, Godt. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 480, n. 256 (1828).
Limenitis Leucothoé, Westw. Don. Ins. China, ed. 2, p. 65, t. 85, f, 3 (1842).
Papilio Hylas, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. x. p. 486, n. 173 (1758); Houtt. Naturl. Hist. i. 11, p. 383, n. 178 (1767).
Papilio erosine, Cram. Pap. Exot. iii. t. 208, f. E, F (1779); Herbst, Naturs. Schmett. ix. p. 97, n. 20, t. 240,
f. 5, 6 (1798).
Najas Frosine, Hiibn. Sammi. Exot. Schmett. i. ¢. 68 (1806-16).
Papilio Leweothea, Fabr. Spec. Ins. ii. p. 96, n. 421 (1781).
Papilio Polyxena, Donov. Ins. China, t. 87, f. 4 (1799).
Athyma Leucothoé, Horsf. & Moore (excl. Sulzer*), Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. i. p. 170, n. 849 (1857); Butl. Cat.
Fabr. Lep. p. 61, 0. 1 (1869); Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 640, n. 2 (1877),
Athyma Perius, Aurivillius, Kong]. sv. vet. Akad. Handl. Band. 19, pp. 68-9 (1882).
Male and Female. Wings above dark fuscous, with the following lemon-white spots and markings :—
anterior wings with a basal streak and two spots in cell; a subtriangular spot at end of cell; two elongate
subapical spots divided by the upper discoidal nervule, beneath which are an oblique discal series of five
spots directed inwardly, the upper two smallest, and the fifth linear on inner margin; a submarginal series
of six very small spots, the third, fourth and fifth contiguous to the upper three discal spots; posterior
Wings with a wide transverse macular fascia near base, and an outer discal series of six small spots,
inwardly margined with dark fuscous spots, placed between the nervules; both wings with a waved pale
linear submarginal fascia and the fringe alternately white. Wings beneath dark warm ochraceous; pale
spots as above, but whiter and more or less margined with black. Anterior wings with four black spots
beneath third median nervule, viz. two beneath cell (the basal very small), the largest before the fourth
discal spot, and the last following this spot; posterior wings with the apex of precostal neryure black and
situate in a basal transverse whitish fascia; central fascia as above, but more or less margined on each
side with black, the outer discal spots above fused into a macular fascia beneath, and containing a series
of small black spots placed between the nervules (two between the third median nervule and submedian
nervure); both wings with a narrow pale waved submarginal violaceous fascia, outwardly margined with
black; fringe as above. Body above dark fuscous, the eyes castaneous; thorax with some diseal linear
grey markings and two posterior oblique spots of the same colour; abdomen annulated with greyish. Body
beneath and legs greyish, the under surfaces of the tarsi castancous.
Exp. wings, ¢ and ?, 60 to 66 millim.
Has.—Continental India; Darjeeling; Assam (Horsf. & Moore); Landhaur; Nepaul; Cachar (Brit.
Mus.); Bombay (Dr. Leith—eoll. Dist.)\—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. and Sater) ;
Malacea (Brit. Mus.)—Java (coll. Horsf.)—Siam; Chentaboon; Nahconchaisee (Layard).—Formosa.—
China (Brit. Mus.)
The larva and pupa of this species, as found in Java, + have been figured by Dr. Horsfield, t
who states that the first ‘‘feeds on a species of Phyllanthus bearing the native name of
Dempul-lolot.” §
The late Mr. Swinhoe describes || this species in Formosa as ‘common on bushy and
* Sulzer's figure really represents Neptis sappho.
+ Mr. Moore states that specimens of this species ‘from Java are smaller than those from India, and have the
central band broader and the portions closer together" (Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. i. p, 170).
| Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. i. t. V, fig. 11, lla. § Ibid. p. 170.
|| Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. B59.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 159
grassy places, fluttering and sailing through the air. Suck the sap of wounded trees. Males
fight for the females.” *
2. Athyma larymna, var. ¢. (Tab. XVI., fig. 1 ¢.)
Limenitis Larymna, Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. Diurn, Lep, t. 85, f. 1 (1850),
Athyma Larymna, Doub. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 274, n.7 (1850); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.0.
i. p. 172, n. 852 (1857); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. B44, n.1; Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2,
Zool, vol. i. p. 640, n. 1 (1877).
Male and Female. Wings above dark fuscous, with the following dark cream-coloured markings +t :—
anterior wings with a basal streak followed by two spots in cell, and a large subtriangular spot at end of
cell; two large subapical spots divided by the upper discoidal nervule, and preceded by a small subcostal
linear spot; a large discal spot between the second and third median nervules, and two contiguous spots
about centre of inner margin, which are divided by the submedian nervure; two submarginal series of
small spots, the inner one waved and commencing near costa, the outer one commencing beneath the lower
subcostal nervule, but fading into pale fuscous beneath the first median nervule; fringe alternately greyish
from beneath apex; posterior wings with a transverse macular fascia before centre, a transverse series of
subconical spots placed between the neryules, gradually enlarging towards abdominal margin, and situate
on the outer portion of disk and a pale fuscous submarginal line. Wings beneath brownish ochraceous,
the palé markings more or less clouded; anterior wings with the cellular spots fused into a single fascia,
convex but deeply notched above: the spot at end of cell elongated, and preceded by an upper subquadrate
spot; discal spots as above, the two series of submarginal spots as above, but of the inner series the two
apical spots fuscous, surrounded by greyish, and the outer series obsolete till beneath the lower discoidal
nervule, but then regular and distinetly greyish—this wing is also ornamented with a number of dark
fuseous streaks and spots; posterior wings marked as above, but with an additional transverse basal fascia,
curved and attenuated towards costal margin, the central fascia deflexed and continued on inner side
of submedian nervure, the pale fuscous submarginal fascia above whitish beneath, and the fringe somewhat
broadly alternately greyish. Body above dark fuscous; thorax with an anterior cream-coloured fascia, and
abdomen with two fasciw of the same colour, one basal and broad, the second subapical and narrow.
Exp. wings, ¢ 76 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.)—Java (Brit. Mus.)—Borneo (Druce).
I did not meet with this species in Province Wellesley, nor have I found it in any of the
collections made there which I have since had the opportunity of examining. One male
specimen, collected by Capt. Pinwill in Malacca, is my sole knowledge of the species in this
fauna.
* Allusion has already been made to the pugnacity of butterflies (anée, p. 91). In Britain this has long since been
recorded. Thus Mr. Knapp, in his ‘Journal of a Naturalist’ (1820), remarks, “A few of our lepidopterons creatures,
especially the common white butterflies of our gardens, are contentious animals, and drive away a rival from their haunts.
We see them progressively ascending into the air, in ardent, unheeding contest”; and he also instances two species of our
Lycenide as of particularly combative nature. Haworth records a similar observation with respect to the Purple Emperor"
(Apatura iris), In Labuan Mr. Collingwood speaks of their “battles with one another, in which they whirl round each
other with the greatest rapidity, and appear to be incited by the greatest ferocity" (* Rambles of a Naturalist,’ p. 188); and
Mr. J. M. Jones (*The Naturalist in Bermuda,’ p. 120) describes Junonia cenia as ‘‘a most pugnacious little creature,
and appears to love a quarrel, for you may see three or four of them ascending in the air and buffeting each other, now
rising, now falling, unremittingly continuing their aérinl warfare.”
__ + These have been incorrectly delineated quite white in my figure, which was taken from a drawing made by
Mr. Wilson of a Malaccan specimen in the British Museum,
160 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
8. Athyma idita. (Tab. XVI., figs. 9 ¢ and 10 2.)
Athyma idita, Moore, Proc. Zool, Soc, 1858, p. 16, n. 16, t. 51, f. 3; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 344,
n. 4; Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 541, n. § (1877).
Male. Wings above very dark fuscous or black, with the following pale bluish-white markings :—
anterior wings with a long slender cellular streak and an irregular subtriangular spot at end of cell; two
elongate subapical spots, divided by the upper discoidal nervule; an oblique discal series of five spots, of
which the two upper and outer are smallest and situate on each side of the first median nervule, the fourth
and fifth largest, and only separated by the submedian nervure; a submarginal series of small spots, of
which the third and fourth are very minute, followed by two small spots, one on each side of the upper
discoidal neryule; a marginal and submarginal narrow obscure dark fascia, between which the colour is
slightly paler, and the fringe alternately greyish; posterior wings with a transverse macular fascia near
base, and an outer discal series of contiguous subquadrate spots which are nearest outer margin near apex
and most remote from the same at anal angle; a distinct pale fuscous submarginal fascia and the fringe
alternately greyish. Wings beneath brownish ochraceous, white markings as above, but generally larger ;
anterior wings with the cellular streak and spots bounded with fuscous, the last followed by a fuscous line;
submarginal spots much larger than above, the second to the sixth containing fuscous centres and slightly
tinged with violaceous; a distinct outer submarginal series of linear subviolaceous spots not extending to
apex; fringe as above; the colour beneath the third median nervule more or less fuscous; beneath cell is
a cleft blackish spot followed by violaceous. Posterior wings marked as above, but with an additional
basal curved fascia, the pale fuscous submarginal fascia above pale violaceous beneath, and the outer discal
series of pale spots preceded by a series of lanceolate obscure dark castaneous spots; fringe as above;
abdominal margin greenish. Body above concolorous with wings, the abdomen with a broad basal whitish
fascia; body beneath greyish white, tinged with pale greenish, the intermediate and posterior tibim and
tarsi more or less tinged with brownish.
Female. Larger than the male, and with the pale spots and fascia larger.
Eixp. wings, 3 58 to 63 millim.; ? 70 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist. and Sater); Malacea (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.)—
Java ? (Moore).—Borneo (Druce).
In the British Museum are some specimens of this species labelled ‘ India” (sic), but
I have no other knowledge of it being found west of the Malay Peninsula.
4. Athyma pravara. (Tab. XVL., fig. 11 2.)
Athyma pravara, Moore (Horsf. & Moore), Cat. Lep. Mus, E.L.C. i. p. 178, n. 854, t. 5a, f. 4 (1857); Proc.
Zool. Soe. 1858, p.19, n. 22; Butl. Trans. Linn. Soe, ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 541, n, 9 (1877).
Male and Female. Wings above dark fuscous or blackish, with the following pale lemon-coloured
spots and markings :—anterior wings with a long cellular streak widening and rounded at apex; an oblique
series of three subapical spots divided by the discoidal nervules, the central one of which is largest; these
are followed by three small linear submarginal spots, divided by the second and third median nervules ;
three submarginal linear spots, divided by the discoidal nervules and an oblique discal series of three spots,
the upper two largest, divided by the third median nervule, and the third linear contiguous to the
second, and situate on inner margin; fringe alternately greyish ; posterior wings with a transverse macular
fascia near base, an outer discal series of subquadrate spots placed as in A. idita, and a pale fuscous
submarginal fascia. Wings beneath olivaceous-brown, the pale markings as above, the posterior wings
with an additional short pale basal fascia; a distinct series of fuscous spots above the outer discal macular
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 161
series, and the pale fuscous submarginal fascie above violaceous beneath, and margined inwardly and
narrowly with fuscous; abdominal margin greenish; fringe of both wings as above, and anterior
wings ornamented with a number of fuscous streaks and spots. Body above concolorous with the wings;
thorax with an anterior transverse bluish-white fascia, and abdomen with a pale lemon-coloured sub-basal
fascia ;* body beneath pale obscure greenish, the tibiw and tarsi more or less pale brownish.
Exp. wings, ¢ and ?, 48 to 54 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Penang; Malacea; Singapore (Brit. Mus.)\—Sumatra (Brit. Mus.)—Banca.t—
Java (Moore); Bantam (coll. Dist.)—Borneo (Low—coll. Dist.).
The only variation I have seen in this species is in the size and hue of the pale markings ;
it is probably strictly confined to the Indo-Malayan region.
B. Cell of anterior wings more or less distinctly closed by a alender, suberect disco-cellular nervule.
b. Sexes alike or similar in colour and markings.
5. Athyma abiasa, var. clerica. (Tab. XVL., fig. 8 2.)
Athyma abiasa, Moore, Proc, Zool, Soc, 1858, p. 16, n. 14, t. 50, f. 7.
Athyma clerica, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 540, n. 7 (1877).
The figure. represents the type and only Malaccan specimen in the British Museum.
Mr. Butler has inadvertently described it as a male, but it is clearly a female, and I think
probably the other sex of Mr. Moore’s species, which is also represented by the typical but
solitary male specimen. I reproduce the original description :
“Nearly allied to A. abiasa, but larger, the spots of primaries more oblique and larger, the sub-basal
transverse white band of secondaries narrower; the discal series of spots much larger, more inarched
above anal angle, forming a waved band, divided by the nervures; a well-marked greenish grey
submarginal streak. Below much paler, with the differences of the upper surface; submarginal series
of liturm replaced by the submarginal streak, which is rosy greyish (not greenish, as above).”
“Exp. wings, 2 inches 7 lines.”
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.)—Java (Brit. Mus.).
6. Athyma kresna. (Tab. XVI., fig. 32.)
Athyna Kresia, Moore, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1858, p. 12, n. 6, t. 60, f. 4;¢ Druee, Proc. Zool Soc. 1878, p. 344,
n. 2; Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 640, n. 8 (1877).
Male and Female. Wings above dark fuscous or blackish, with the following bluish-white spots and
markings :—anterior wings with a cellular streak, sometimes entire, and in some specimens (as the one
figured) broken into a basal streak with two following and contiguous spots; a large subtriangular spot
at end of cell; an oblique series of three subapical spots (the central largest), divided by the discoidal
nervules, and followed by three linear spots placed between the nervules, with a very small and indistinet
spot on inner margin; the three subapical spots outwardly followed by three linear apical spots; a large
discal ovate spot between the second and third median nervules, and a large irregular spot before and
a linear spot after the submedian nervure, at about centre of inner margin. Posterior wings with a
transverse macular fascia near base and a curved outer discal series of subquadrate spots placed between
* These two fascim have been unfortunately omitted in the figure.
+ Collected by M. Teysmann (Pet. Nouv. Ent. vi. p. 404 (1874).
j I have not met with any specimens with the pale markings so decidedly blue as in Mr. Moore's figure.
June 30, 1883. 27
162 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA,
the nervules; both wings with a narrow pale fuscous submarginal fascia and the fringe alternately greyish.
Wings beneath olivaceous-brown; pale markings as above, but with the narrow submarginal fuscons fascim
above, violaceous beneath, and with the dark fuscous macular markings as in A. pravara. Abdominal
margin pale greenish. Body above dark fuscous, with an anterior transverse bluish fascia to thorax, and
a basal bluish-white fascia to the abdomen. Body beneath greyish; legs pale brownish.
Exp. wings, ¢ 50 to 54 millim.; ? 62 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.)—Sumatra
(Moore).—Borneo (Brit. Mus.); Sandakan (Pryer—coll. Dist.).
The female of this species is apparently a difficult inseet to find, as all the specimens
which I collected in Province Wellesley, or those which I have since received from the
Peninsula, have been of the male sex. Both sexes, collected by Mr. Pryer in North Borneo,
are now in my collection, and the female differs in no essential respect from the male.
7. Athyma amhara, war. (Tab. XVL., fig. 5 3.)
Athyma amhara, Drace, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 844, n. 6, t. 82, f.2; Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool.
vol, i. p. 540, n. 6 (1877).
Male. Wings above dark fuseous. Anterior wings with some very obscure and slightly paler
markings in cell; an oblique discal bluish-white macular fascia, with the margins pale bluish, commencing
immediately beneath apex of cell and between the second and third median nervules, and terminating
about centre of inner margin; two subapical whitish spots separated by the upper disecoidal nervule,
followed beneath the second discoidal nervule by a third and very small spot, and two submarginal series
of linear spots placed between the neryules, the inner one more or less whitish, the outer entirely pale
fuscous. Posterior wings with a transverse bluish-white fascia, margined with pale bluish near base;
an outer discal series of small linear whitish spots placed between the nervules, and a submarginal, narrow,
pale fuscous, and somewhat macular fascia. Wings beneath pale olivaceous-brown ; anterior wings with the
pale whitish spots as above, but larger, the two submarginal series of linear spots almost totally pale
violaceous, and with an irregular cellular streak, a spot at end of cell and one beneath cell between the
third median nervule and submedian nervure pale violaceous; three slightly oblique dark castaneous
linear spots partly crossing cell, and two rounded contiguous spots of the same colour beneath cell near
base; a fuscous spot near cell between second and third median nervules; three longitudinal fuscous
streaks divided by the discoidal nervules, followed beneath by a series of linear spots of the same colour
placed between the nervules. Posterior wings with the whitish markings as above, but broader; the
submarginal fascia pale violaceous; a basal curved whitish fascia, between which and the central fascia
are some linear dark castaneous markings, and a series of dark castaneous spots placed before the outer
discal pale fascia; abdominal margin pale greenish. Body both above and beneath more or less
concolorous with wings; femora grevish white; tibie and tarsi pale fuscous.
Female.* Similar to the male above; the anterior wings have the subapical spots larger; the cell
with the base castaneous, and the discal fasciew to both wings rather broader and almost quite without
the bluish margins. Beneath the colour is reddish-ochraceous instead of olivaceous-brown, the darker
markings castancous, excepting the fuscous spots near the posterior angle of anterior wings; pale markings
as on underside of male, but the discal fasciw broad as above.
Exp. wings, ¢ 45 to 55 millim. .
* This description is taken from a female specimen collected in the Thoungyeen Valley, Tenasserim, and is the only
example of that sex which I have as yet had an opportunity to examine.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 163
Han.—Tenasserim, Thoungyreen Valley (Brit. Mus.)—Malay Peninsula; Penang; Province Wellesley
(coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.)—Borneo (Druce),
As Mr. Butler remarks,* ‘In the examples from Malacca the discoidal white streak of
primaries is reduced to one or two dots, connected by a pale brown streak.” These white
spots are altogether absent from the Penang specimen here figured, but are present in other
Province Wellesley specimens in my own collection. Bornean typical species have a whitish
streak and two whitish spots in cell of anterior wings.
If we admit (as is only reasonable) that this form is but the local race or variety of the
Bornean species, it is at least only consistent to follow this view throughout the genus.
bb. Sexes quite dissimilar in coloration.
8. Athyma nefte, var. nivifera. (Tab. XVL., fig. 6 ¢ and 7 2.)
Papilio nefte, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. t. 256, E F (1782); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 18, t. v. f. 6.
Athyma nivifera, Butler, Trans. Linn, Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 640, n. 5 (1877).
Male. Wings above dark fuscous or blackish. Anterior wings with a basal cellular streak closely
followed by a rounded spot, succeeded by a triangular spot at end of cell, all more or less suffused with
pale bluish; three subapical bluish-white spots placed obliquely and divided by the discoidal nervules; an
oblique bluish-white macular discal fascia directed inwardly, commencing immediately beneath the second
median nervule and extending to about centre of inner margin; a few small submarginal pale violaceous
spots, and narrow fuscous submarginal and marginal fascim; fringe alternately whitish. Posterior wings
with a transverse bluish-white fascia near base; an outer discal series of small subquadrate spots of the
same colour placed between the nervules, and a very narrow pale fuscous submarginal fascia; fringe as on
anterior wings. Wings beneath pale olivaceous-brown; pale markings as above, but with some additional
central pale marginal markings on anterior wings, and a curved basal fascia to posterior wings; on these
wings the pale fuscous submarginal fascia above is subviolaceous beneath, and both wings have the dark
fuscous markings as in A. amhara; abdominal margin pale greenish. Body above concolorous with wings ;
thorax with an anterior bluish transverse fascia, and abdomen with a subbasal fascia of the same colour;
body beneath and femora greyish ; tibia and tarsi pale fuscous.
Female. Wings above very dark brown, with all the markings larger than in male and orange-
yellow in hue; the subapieal spots to anterior wings and the outer diseal fascia to posterior wings being
prominently broader. Wings beneath as above, but much paler, with the fuscous markings as in male.
Exp. wings, ¢ 54 millim.; ¢ 60 millim.
Han.—India, sic (Brit: Mus.)—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Malacca (Brit.
Mus.)—Java (Brit. Mus.); Bantam (coll. Dist.) —Borneo (Brit. Mus.).
As I have treated this Malaccan insect as simply a variety of A. nefte, it is only night
that I should give Mr. Butler's reasons for considering it a distinct species. He states that it
may be at once distinguished from the Cramerian species “ by the much narrower central
band, which in the male is much more distinctly blue at the edges; by the longer and narrower
trifid subapical band on the male and the deeper colour of the underside.” My own experience,
however, has not allowed me to consider these characters as sufficiently constant to indicate a
distinet species or race.
* Trans. Linn. Soc. ser, 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 640.
164 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
bbb. Sexes at present unknown to the writer.
9. Athyma subrata. (Tab. XVI, fig. 42.)*
Athyma subrata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 18, n. 10, t. li. f£.1; Druee, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 344, n. 8.
Athyma sabrata, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Zool, vol. i. p. 540, n. 4 (1877).
Not having received this species I have thought it best to figure a Malaccan specimen
in the British Museum, and to add the original description of Mr. Moore :—
“Female. Upper side deep brown, with the markings disposed as in the female of Athyma nefte ;
but they are all narrower, and, instead of being of a deep orange colour, are suffused with very pale
brown. The underside is also much darker, being of a light smoky brown, with all the markings white.”
“Expanse 24 inches.”
Has.—India (sic) (Brit. Mus.)— Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Brit. Mus.)— Sumatra (Moore).—
Borneo (Druce).
10. Athyma urvasi. (Tab. XVL., fig. 12.)
Athyma Urvasi, Felder, Wien, Ent. Mon. iv. p. 400, n. 22 (1860); Reise, Nov. Lep. iil. p. 429, n. 688, t, 56,
f. 4 (1866).
My knowledge of this species being confined to the description and figure of the Felders,
I have here reproduced both :—
‘* Alis supra nigris, subtus brunneis, utrinque fascia communi submarginali maculari alba, anticarum
striga clarata cellulari eum fascia lata discali sinuata connexa, posticarum fascia basali albis. 3.”
Has.—* Malacca Interior (Com. de Castelnau—coll. Feld.)."’
Genus HYPOLIMNAS.,
Hipolimnas et Esoptria, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 45 (1816).
Diadema (nom prwoc), Boisd. Voy. Astr. Lep. p. 185 (1882); Feld, Neues. Lep. p. 25 (1861).
Diadema, sect. 1. Diad. et sect. 5. Euralia, Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. pp. 279-281 (1850).
Apatura, Moore (nec. Fabr.), Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 57 (1881).
Anterior wings subtriangular, the costal margin strongly arched and convex, the apex more or less
rounded; outer margin concavely sinuate about centre; inner margin slightly concavely sinuate; costal
nervure robust, about reaching centre of costal margin; first and second subcostal nervules emitted
a little distance before end of cell and somewhat near together, third emitted at a little more than
one-third from apex of cell; fourth and fifth bifurcating at about midway between base of third and apical
angle; cell very broad, its apex almost truncate and closed by a suberect, slender, lower disco-cellular
nervule, which is slightly directed outwards posteriorly ; median nervules well separated, the first convex at
base, the second almost straight and emitted a short distance from apex of cell. Posterior wings broadly
subovate, the costal margin obliquely suberect at base and then deflected and nearly straight, but becoming
convexly oblique towards apex; outer margin convex and waved; abdominal margin almost straight to
about abdominal apex and then somewhat concavely sinuate to anal angle. Precostal nervure suberect,
its apex convexly directed outwardly; costal nervure extending to apex of wing; lower disco-cellular
nervule slender and concavely directed outwardly; first and second median nervules with an apparently
* The colour in the figure here given has been rendered too ochraceous,
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA, 165
common origin at the end of cell; the third median and first subcostal nervules almost subequal in
length. Body moderately robust; palpi porrect, not reaching the upper margin of the eyes, but extending
considerably beyond them, squamose beneath, and with the apical joint pomted; antenne with a
moderately strongly incrassated apex or club.
This is an extensive genus, though it is somewhat difficult to assess the number of its
species, owing to the present uncertainty as to whether many of its members are either
so-called species or simply varieties of other species. It has an extensive distribution, being
found in all the great Zoological Regions, excepting the Palearctic, although it may possibly
yet be discovered in the extreme eastern portion of that region. It is, however, in the
Oriental Region that the genus reaches its maximum in number of species, whilst it 1s very
poorly represented in the Nearctic and Neotropical Regions, and evidently there by an
introduced species.
1. Hypolimnas bolina. (Tab. XII., figs. 10 and 12¢; XV., fig. 12 2.)
Papilio Bolina, Linneus, Syst. Nat. ed. x. p. 479, n. 124 (1758); Clerck, Icones Ins. ii. t. 21, f. 2 (1764);
Houtt. Naturl. Hist. i. 11, p. 331, n. 124 (1767); Mull. Naturs. VY. i. p. 614, n. 186 (1774); Fabr.
Syst. Ent. p. 507, n. 269 (1775); Spee. Ins. nu. p. 95, n. 414 (1781) (part); Mant. Ins. ui. p. 50,
n. 499 (1787) (part); Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 5, p. 2823, p. 188 (1790) (part); Thunb. Mus. Nat. Ups.
KRULL p. 8 (1804).
Diadema Bolina, Wall. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 278, n. 1 (part); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 105, n.1;
Snell. Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 148, n. 28 (1876); ibid. xx. p. 66 (1877).
Flypolimnas Bolina, Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 224, n. 1 (1871) (part); Butl. Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Zool.
vol. i, p. 648, n. 1 (1877); Wood-Mas. & de Nic. Journ, Asiat. Soc. Beng. vol. xlix. pt. 11, p. 228,
n. 24 (1880); ibid. vol... pt. 11, p. 238, n. 22 (1881); Aurivill. Kongl. sv. vet. Ak. Handl, Bd. 19,
no. 6, p. 06 (1882).
Apatura Bolina, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 68, t. BO, f. 1 (1881).
Male. Wings above very dark indigo-blue. Anterior wings with a large elongate and macular white
spot at end of cell, margined with bright bluish, commencing near the upper discoidal nervule and
terminating near the second median nervule; two or three small subapical white spots divided by the
fourth and fifth subcostal nervules, and sometimes followed by a few minute submarginal whitish spots
placed between the nervules. Posterior wings with a large central white spot, broadly and irregularly
surrounded by pale bluish, which commences on lower half of cell, and is bounded by the upper subcostal
and the third median nervules; a series of minute and frequently subobsolete submarginal white spots
placed between the nervules. Fringe of both wings alternately white. Wings beneath dark olivaceous-
brown. Anterior wings with the white markings as above, but with the large macular spot at end of cell
almost extending to costa, not prominently margined with bluish, and followed by a small pale spot
beneath the second median nervule; submarginal spots distinct, one on each side of third median nervule
largest and bluish; a pale lunulate submarginal fascia and a similar but more linear marginal fascia,
which are almost obsolete above the lower discoidal nervule; basal half of costal area minutely irrorated
with greyish; cell with three upper small and irregular white spots more or less surrounded with dark
fuscous. Posterior wings with a broad central whitish fascia, commencing near upper subcostal nervule,
where it is preceded by a subcostal spot, and terminating near anal angle (this fascia is variable both in
size and shape); a submarginal series of small bluish white spots placed between the nervules, followed by
a submarginal series of greyish subconical spots placed in pairs between the nervules; marginal linear
lunulate spots as on anterior wings; fringe as above. Body above dark indigo-blue, the head marked with
a few pale spots; body beneath and legs more or less concolorous with wings, the palpi beneath white, the
legs beneath more or less greyish, and the abdomen and thorax with a few whitish spots.
June 80, 1883. 2u
166 ; RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Female. Wings above dark olivaceous-brown. Anterior wings with a few small bluish subcostal
spots above cell; « transverse blue macular fascia beyond end of cell (corresponding to the white fascia of
male); a submarginal series of white spots placed between the nervules, the two uppermost of which are
largest and contiguous, followed by a submarginal and marginal series of waved and linear greyish spots,
between which the colour is somewhat paler. Posterior wings with a submarginal series of greyish
spots placed between the nervules, followed by a series of subconical spots of the same colour, which are
placed conjointly in pairs between the nervules; marginal spots as on anterior wings, but more lunulate ;
fringe of both wings alternately greyish. Wings beneath brownish ochraceous; anterior wings with the
marginal and submarginal markings as above, the macular fascia at end of cell subobsolete and greyish ;
the basal half of wing is pale castaneous, with the costal area and cell marked as in male; posterior
wings with the marginal and submarginal markings as above, and the centre crossed by a faint greyish
fascia more or less corresponding to that on the wings of the male.
Exp. wings, ¢ 70 to 78 millim,; 2? 84 millim.
Han.—Continental India; Silhet; Nepaul (Brit. Mus.)—Ceylon (Moore).—Andaman Islands (Moore).—
Nicobar Islands; Great Nicobar; Tillangschong (Wood-Mas. & de Nic.)—Burma; Moulmein (Brit. Mus.)—
Malay Peninsula; Quedah (coll. Dist.); Province Wellesley (coll. Dist. & Satier); Malacca (Pinwill—Brit.
Mus.)—Sumatra (Snellen).—Java; Batavia (Snellen).—Siam; Chentaboon; Nahconchaisee (Druce).
There is no doubt of this being a variable species, though we need not necessarily follow
Mr. Kirby* to the full extent of his varietal speculations, and though, in one philosophical
sense he is most probably correct, on the other hand a number of local races have now become
so well established that the much-vexed, contested, and, in some quarters, almost deified term
‘‘snecies’’ must necessarily be applied.+ The two males which I have figured—the first from
Quedah and the second from Province Wellesley—sufficiently show inconstancy of type, and
Dr. Aurivillins | has added (and doubtless correctly added) several names to the synonymy,
which I have only reframed from copying here, owing to the exigencies of the treatment of a
local fauna. §
The late Mr. Darwin, in reference to his theory of “ sexual selection,” has drawn attention
to the colour-markings of the male of this species, to which his attention had been called by
Dr. Schulte, of Fiirstenwalde. The markings of the male when viewed from behind are pure
white, ‘‘ but when viewed in front, in which position, as Dr. Schulte remarks, the male would
be seen by the female when approaching her, the white markings are surrounded by a halo of
beautiful blue.” || |
The Bros. de Alwis have given drawings of the larva and pupa of this species as found in
Ceylon, {] which Mr. Moore has described** as ‘ Larva purple-brown; head armed with two
long erect branched spines, the segments with a dorsal row of three (two only on the anterior
* Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 224 (1871).
+ My friend Mr. Kirby has informed me that in making this excellent Catalogue, in the unentomological—and, as
regards libraries, uncongenial—habitat of Dublin, he depended much on the assistance of the late Mr. Hewitson, owing to that
gentleman's then unrivalled collection, It is more than an open secret that Mr. Hewitson altogether failed to grasp the
initial elements of evolution, and yet, strange to say, though, as is so frequently the case, his cabinets—in whieli allied
and, in some eases, remotely allied forms are placed under one name, to the great scandal of the conscientious specific
disoriminator—bear eloquent witness to at least Ins own view of the mutability of species.
| Kongl. sv. vet. Ak. Hondl. Bd. 19, no. 5, p. 6 (1882).
: Authorities have differed as to the proper recognition of these allied forms. Thus Butler (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874,
p: 282) has maintained that the “ Bolina group" contains ‘several distinct and well-marked species,” whilst the direet
contrary is affirmed by Sclimeltz (Verhandl. d. Ver. f. naturwissensch. Unterh. 2. Hamb. ii. pp. 184 and 185).
|| ‘Nature,’ vol, xxi. p. 287. * Lep. Ceyl. i. t. 30, fig. 1b. “= Thid. p. 68.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 167
and posterior segments) long branched red spines, and three lateral rows of spines. Pupa
thick, purple-brown, blotched with black; abdominal segments with stout pointed dorsal
tubercles; head obtuse, pointed in front; thorax angular at top.’’ The larval food-plant is
not given; but Mr. Lockwood, at Monghyr, found the perfect insect on the leaves of the
‘‘ereeping fig’’ (Ficus repens),* which may, or may not, give some clue to the same.
2. Hypolimnas incommoda. (Tab. XVII., fig.82,9 2.)
Hypolimnas incommoda, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol, i. p. 548, n, 2 (1877),
The male and female typical specimens, which are contained in the British Museum, and
are here figured, constitute at present our sole knowledge of the species. I therefore simply
append the original description :—
« gs very similar to the male of H. bolina, but with the subapical band of primaries straighter on the
underside, and the pale brown submarginal spots narrower and darker; expanse of wings, 3 inches 1 line.
? differs from the female of 7. bolina in having a broad oblique sufapical white band on the upperside of
primaries, a large diffused sordid white patch just beyond the cell of secondaries, and the submarginal
spots all separated, small, and pale brown: expanse of wings, 3 inches 11 lines.”
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacea (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).
3. Hypolimnas misippus. (Tab. XU., figs. 9 and 11¢; XYV., fig. 11 ¢.)
Papilio Misippus, Linneus, Syst. Nat. ed. xii. p. 767, n. 118 (1758); Mull. Naturs. V. i. p. 597, n. 118 (1774).
Papilio Bolina, Dru. (nec Linn.), Dl. Ex. Ent. 1. ¢..14, f.1, 2 (1778); Cram. Pap. Ex. i. t. 65, B, F (1779).
Papilio Diocippus, Cram. Pap. Exot, i. p. 44, t. 28, B, 0 (1776); Fabr. Ent, Syst. ii, 1, p. 61, n, 158 (1793).
Papilio Chrysippus, Sulz. Gesch. Ins. p. 114, t. 16, f. 3 (1776).
Papilio Chrysippus, 3. Diveippus, Gmel. Syst. Nat, i. 5, p. 2279, n. 1198. (1790).
Huploa Dioxippe, Hiitbn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 15, n, 83 (1816).
Danais Misippe, Godt. Ene. Méth. ix. p. 188, n. 40 (1819).
Niymphalis Misinne, Godt. Ene. Méth. ix. p. 894, n. 155 (1823),
Diadema Bolina, Boisd. (nee Linn.), Faune de Madag. p. 39, n.1 (1883); Lucas, Sagra, Hist. de Cuba, p. 469
(1853); Trim. Rhop. Afr. Austr. p. 158, n. 91 (1862).
Apatura Misippus, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 59, t. 29, f. 16 (1881),
Diadema Misippus, Mab. Bull, Soe. Zool. de Fr. 1876, p. 276; Snell. Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 149, n. 25 (1876);
ibid. xx. p. 66 (1877).
Hypolimnas misippus, Kirby, Cat. Dinrn. Lep. p. 225, n. 2 (1871); Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J.A.8. Beng. vol. 1.
pt. 11, p. 233, n. 21 (1881); Aurivill. Kongl. sv. vet. Akad. Handl. Bd. 19, no. 5, p, 71 (1889).
Male. Wings above very dark indigo-blue; anterior wings with an oblong subapical white spot
divided by the fourth and fifth subcostal nervules; a large elongated white spot on disk passing apex of cell,
commencing beneath subcostal nervure and terminating between the second and third median nervules ;
posterior wings with a large irregularly rounded discal white spot, commencing on lower half of cell and
bounded by the first subcostal and the third median nervules; these spots on both wings are surrounded
by bright but evaneseent blue; fringe alternately greyish. Anterior wings beneath with the large discal
spot as above, but extending to costa, and more or less margined with fuscous, and before which the
colour is pale castaneous, beneath it fascous and beyond it ochraceous; basal half of costal area fuscous,
irrorated with minute bluish grey spots; cell with three upper white spots broadly and irregularly
surrounded with black; subapical spot as above, followed by a small spot on each side of lower subcostal
* *Nat. History, Sport, and Travel,’ p. 264.
168 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
nervule and a minute spot on each side of third median nervule; two narrow submarginal bluish-grey
fascie, bordered on each side with fuscous. Posterior wings reddish ochraceous, crossed by a broad white
fascia, commencing at costal nervure where it is broadest, and terminating near the internal nervure where
it is narrowest, and which is inwardly straight and anteriorly margined with fuscous; it is outwardly notched
at upper subcostal nervule, and then rounded to submedian nervure, where it is somewhat prolonged towards
anal angle, and there contains an angulated black spot, and also an irregular black spot situate between
the costal nervure and upper subcostal nervule; a basal black spot before the precostal nervule, a
submarginal series of small bluish-white spots placed between the nervules, and submarginal fasciw as on
anterior wings. Body above concolorous with wings, and with the head spotted with white; body beneath
fuscous, spotted with white; legs fuscous, greyish white beneath; palpi (excluding apices) white beneath.
Female. Wings above reddish ochraceous. Anterior wings with rather less than apical half,
beginning at base, gradually widening across apex of cell and narrowly terminating at posterior angle,
black, containing a waved series of five white spots placed between the nervules, the first smallest and
linear, the second and third subquadrate, fourth and fifth more or less rounded; this series is preceded by
about two small subcostal white spots and followed by a waved series of four small subapical white spots, the
two uppermost largest; two submarginal series of small bluish-white spots, not distinctly extending beyond
the third median nervule, and fringe alternately greyish. Posterior wings with a large central black spot
beneath the costal nervure, and a marginal black fascia preceded by some small paler and indistinct
spots, and containing a series of lunate ochraceous spots placed between the nervules, bluish at anal
angle; fringe as on anterior wings. Anterior wings beneath as above, but with the apex beyond the
transverse spots ochraceous and not black; posterior wings with the disk whitish; a basal spot and a
central subcostal spot as in male, and a black spot at end of cell; a broad white marginal fascia containing
three waved black lines, and preceded by a series of small white spots.
Exp. wings, ¢ 62 to 70 millim.; ? 72 to 85 millim,
Has.—Africa ; Senegal; Congo; Gabon (Mabille) ; Angola (Monteiro—Druce*); Natal; Damaraland
(Trimen) ; Delagoa Bay (coll. Dist.) ; Abyssinia (Antinori—Oberthtr +).—Madagascar (Boisduval).—Ceylon
(Moore).—Nicobar Islands; Nankowri (Wood-Mas. & de Nic.)—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (eoll.
Dist.) —Sumatra (Snellen).—Java ; Batavia (Snellen).—Celebes (Snellen).—Siam ; Chentaboon (Druce t).—
Formosa (Brit. Mus.)—America; Florida (EKdwards §).—Cuba (Lucas).—Antigua (coll. Hewits.)—Trinidad. ||
Males of this species differ in size and also in the shape of the white markings, as the
two Province Wellesley specimens here figured (Tab. XII., figs. 9 & 11) sufficiently testify.
This species in its female sex affords one of the best and strongest examples of
‘“mimicry," it being a true and startling mimic of Danais chrysippus, a protected species which
is found with it in its different habitats, excluding America, where, however, it is evidently an
introduced species. According to Boisduval,** this resemblance is even found at first sight,
in the larve of the two species, which in South Africa feed upon the leaves of the Oleander. t
* Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 409. + Annal, del Mus. Civ. di St, Nat. di Genova, vol. xv. p. 167, n. 49 (1880),
| Proc, Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 106.
§ ‘ Papilio," vol. i. p.30 (1881). This species is recorded as D. bolina, but as Drury’s figure is referred to, no
misapprehension can arise.
|| Mr. Meldola informs me he has received the species from Trinidad.
{| Mr. Meldola (Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. i. p. 157), in communicating some notes from that excellent observer
Fritz Miller, and in reference to this fact, observes that it is “quite conceivable” thatthe mimicked species (D.chrysippus) may
have become altogether extinct. On the other hand, it seems more probable that the Hypolimnas is an introduced species
than to suppose that such a widely distributed Danaid should have become extinct over such a wide area, in which other
tawny species of the genus find an extensive and congenial home, the food-plant (Asclepias) being the same for the different
species. Moreover, we have record of the migratory habits of this Hypolimnas. Mr. Newman (* Entomologist,’ vol. iii. p. 226)
recorded the species under the name of D. bolina, Boisd., as having reached a ship during « cyclone, about six hundred miles
from the West Coast of Africa, and two hundred miles from the Cape de Verd Islands.
** Fann. Ent. Madag, p. 40, t+ Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Austr. p. 155.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA., 169
To add to the reasonableness of this explanation we have the following cumulative evidence :—
In Eastern Africa and South-Western Asia an allied species to Danais chrysippus is found—
the D. dorippus, Klug—and here we find also a closely-allied species to, or a local race of,
Hypolimnas misippus,—the H. inaria, Cram.,—the female of which is a close mimic of Klug’s
Danaid.* And quite recently Mr. Butler has described,+ from the Victoria Nyanza, another
species of the genus, under the name of H. alcippoides, which is a mimic of the African
Danais alcippus.
Hypolimnas anomala.
Diadempa anomala, Wallace, Trans. Ent. 50c. 1869, p. 285, n. 15.
The species is only known to me by Mr. Wallace’s description :—
“Male, Form of D. Antilope, rather smaller.”
** Above; bronzy or olive-brown, with a blue gloss on the costal and outer margins of the anterior
wings, and the outer part of the hind wings paler. A row of white round spots parallel to the outer margin
as in D. Antilope, but larger and more distinct; a band of three white or bluish-white marks, sometimes
very indistinet, across the anterior wings beyond the middle; marginal and submarginal spots as in
D. Antilope. Beneath; olive-brown, spots and markings as above, with one additional white spot on the
costal margin.”
‘““Female, Above; rich purple-brown, the whole surface of the upper wings, except the basal third,
richly glossed with satiny blue; a transverse band of three bluish elongate spots beyond the cell, and a
fourth much smaller; the two white spots of the intra-marginal band nearest the costa large and confluent,
while those nearest the anal angle are small and indistinct. Beneath; as in male.”
Has.—Malay Peninsula; “‘ Malacea” (¢).—‘‘ Java" (2) (coll. Wallace).
* A closely allied species or race of H. misippwa has recently been described from Guinea by Herr Dewitz under the
name of H. pogget (Verh. L.-C. Ak. Naturf, xli. (2), p. 25, t. 2, f. 2), and it will be interesting to f foseasi whether » racial
modification of D. chrysippus has also ensued in that habitat.
In relation to the need of protection required by butterflies from birds and other enemies, necessarily postulated in the
doctrine of “mimicry,” it is somewhat remarkable how some able entomologists and many other collectors have failed to see
this phase of the struggle for existence in the butterfly world. Thus Mr. 8. Scudder, writing from North America (‘ Nature,’
vol. iil. p. 147), states, “Although I have hunted butterflies for fifteen years I confess 1 have never seen one in a bird's bill,
and my faith in that method of lessening their numbers is very alight;" and Mr. H. H. Higgins (‘ Notes of a Field Naturalist
in the Western Tropics,’ p. 85) records that during three Gert he watched two species of Flycatchers actively at work, and that
“not a butterfly of any kind was touched"; and further, that during “‘the entire journey I did not see a butterfly of any kind
attacked by a bird.” In striking contrast to these doubts are the affirmations of many distinguished naturalists and travellers.
Thus Mr. Belt (‘ Naturalist in Nicaragua,’ p. 316) observed ‘‘a pair of birds that were bringing butterflies and dragonflies to
their young.” Mr, 'T. P. Bigg-Wither (‘ Pioneering in South Brazil,’ vol. i. p. 202), speaking of a bird known by the local name
of “ Surnqua,” relates that its ‘' principal food consists of butterflies and other soft-bodied flying insects.” Mr. P. H. Gosse
(* Birds of Jamaica,’ p. 194), writing of one of the Greenlets (Vireosylvia calidris), remarks that he has seen one in eager but
unsuccessful pursuit of a butterfly (Trias), Mr. Wallace is a witness that “in the Brazilian forests there are great numbers
of insectivorous birds—as jacamars, trogons, and puff-birds—which catch insects on the wing, and that they destroy many
buttertlies is indicated by the fact that the wings of these insects are often found on the ground, where their bodies have been
devoured” (‘ Natural Selection,’ p.79). Im Southern India Mr, E. L, Arnold (‘On the Indian Hills,’ vol. i. p. 247-8) describes
Terias hecate and Papilio pammon as apparently “the principal victims of the graceful green bee-eaters, a pair of which had
their gee on the woodwork of a disused wal and every now and then made rapid darts at passing insects. They never
misse their prey, and always brought their q y back to the same spot to be diswinged before being swallowed, the ground
under their watch-towers being thickly strewn with gaily painted shreds of unfortunate butterflies and bees.” Such quotations
could be considerably increased if space permitted.
Besides the numerous foes of butterflies, as birds, lizards, dragonflies, &c., may be added at least some of the “ foraging-
ants.” Dr. F. Ellendorf, at Nivas in Nicaragua, describes having met a column with “all the ants laden with leaves, beetles,
pupe, butterflies, ke.” (Quoted by Biichner, ‘Mind in Animals, Eng, transl., p. 98). As to lizards, Mr. R. W. Shufeldt has
recently (Amer. Nat, vol. xvii. p. 924-5) described seeing the American Chameleon (Anolis principalis) make “(a successful
spring upon rather a large butterfly,” and having silenced its prey, “ tore off the creature's wings, and disposed of his body
sans céréemonie.” )
+ Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. Eér. 5, vol. Xi. F: 102.
Drcemser, 1883. 2x
170 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA,
Genus CETHOSIA.
Cethosia, Fabricius, Tl. Mag. vi. p. 280 (1807); Doubl. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 150 (1848); Moore, Lep. Ceyl.
yol. i. p. 61 (1881).
Alazonia, Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 46 (1816).
Anterior wings subtriangular; costal margin arched and convex, the apex rounded; outer margin
oblique and dentately waved; inner margin slightly concave about centre. Costal neryure extending to
about two-thirds of the costal margin; first subcostal nervule emitted a little before the termination of the
cell, second at a short distance beyond cell, third at about midway between end of cell and apex of wing,
fourth and fifth bifurcating nearer base of third than apex of wing; upper disco-cellular neryule very short,
middle disco-cellular oblique and concave, lower disco-cellular almost twice the length of the middle and
slightly concave; discoidal nervules emitted beyond basal third of wing; first and second median nervules
with an apparently common origin at end of cell, the first strongly curved near base. Posterior wings
broadly subovate, costal margin obliquely convex, outer margin rounded and dentately waved, abdominal
margin straight and oblique to beyond apex of abdomen and then obliquely excavated at anal angle; costal
nervure extending to apex; first subcostal nervule emitted at about one-fourth from end of cell; disco-
cellular neryules (the lower disco-cellular present) oblique and concayely bent; first and second median
nervules with an apparently common origin at end of cell, the first strongly curved at base. Body moderately
robust; palpi porrect, raised above the level of the head, strongly villose beneath, third joint small and
pointed ; antenn# long, with a somewhat slender club.
Cethosia is a truly eastern genus, being found in Continental India, Ceylon, Andaman and
Nicobar Islands, Burma, Tenasserim, and onwards through the Malay Peninsula, the whole
Malayan Archipelago, Papua, and Australia. Most of the species have a common facies, as is
shown in those belonging to this fauna, though New Ireland, Timor, and Java produce very
distinct, and—as far as colour markings are concerned—somewhat aberrant species.
The larva of C. cyane, in Southern India, has been delineated by Mr. 5. N. Ward, and
published in Horsfield and Moore’s Catalogue,* whilst that of the Ceylon species has been
portrayed by the Bros. de Alwis, and published in Moore’s ‘ Lepidoptera of Ceylon.’
In both cases these larve are gaily coloured with red and yellow bands, with dorsal
slender and finely branched spines, and with a pair of suberect processes to the head.
In India Capt. Mortimer J. Slater observed the transformations of ‘‘a species of Cethosia,
from a larva feeding on the passion-flower,”’ and he describes the spines as “‘ stinging.” +
1. Cethosia logani.' (Tab. VIIL., fig. 5 2.)
Cethosia Logani, Distant, Ent. Month, Mag. vol, xviii. p. 184 (1881),
Male. Anterior wings above with the basal third bright red, remainder black with white markings ;
cell crossed by three pairs of narrow black fasciw, the last pair somewhat indistinct, owing to the proximity
* Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 155, t. v. f. 8.
+ Ibid, p. 155. Caterpillars possessing “stinging hairs" or other nneatable qualities are, asa rule, brilliantly marked
and coloured so as to be conspicuous even at a considerable distance. Mr, Wallace proposed a very A prea sam explanation
of this fact :—“' Distastefulness alone would, however, be of little service to caterpillars, becanse their soft and juicy bodies
are ‘so delicate, that if seized and rejected by a bird they would almost certainly be killed. Some constant and easily
perceived signal was therefore wasiten sp to Herve as a warning to birds never to touch these nneatable kinds, and a very
gandy and aie aig a colouring, with the habit of fully exposing themselves to view, becomes such a signal, being in strong
contrast with the green or brown tints and retiring habits of the eatable kinds" (* Natural Selection,’ p. 158). This view
requires to be reconciled with the theory of “experimental knowledge” lately put forward in connection with insectivorous
birds and inedible buttertlies.
| This species is dedicated to the late J. R. Logan, of Penang, who, by the possession of a vast and varied oriental
learning, focussed in himself the whole centre and direction of scientific study in the Straits Settlements, and who, by
founding and sustaining the ‘Journal of the Kast Indian Archipelago,’ has left no inconsiderable evidence of the same.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA., 171
of the black area; an indistinct arcuuted spot beneath cell, and two somewhat waved linear spots
separated by the third median nervule; the dark area contains the following white markings :—four spots
a little beyond end of cell, of which the third is very small; beyond these are three large lanceolate
spots, indistinctly margined with white, divided by the discoidal nervules, and outwardly followed by
a series of five small spots situate between the nervules; a very large and irregular subquadrate spot
bounded by the first and third median nervules; a small lunate spot beneath the third median nervule, and
a submarginal row of large but somewhat obscure lunately linear spots. Posterior wings bright red, with
the outer margin broadly black, which is inwardly bordered with a series of irregular spots of the same
colour, and with nine or ten scattered and irregular black spots on the basal area; the broad black
marginal border contains two small red spots divided by the diseoidal nervyule, and a submarginal series
of large pale, but obseure lunately linear spots. Anterior wings beneath much paler, the black apical area
being brownish-ochraceous; cell crossed as above, but the colour between the black fascim violaceous,
all the white markings either larger or more distinct, the lanceolate spots beyond cell being wholly greyish
white, containing inwardly an ovate, linear black spot, and outwardly two rounded black spots; the
marginal lunately linear spots paler and with central pale lines. Posterior wings paler and of the same hue
as the anterior wings, with a black subcostal line at base surrounded with greyish; an oblique greyish
fascia near base margined with black, each margin with a double termination at abdominal margin;
@ similar greyish fascia crossing centre of wing, with much-broken black margins, the outer of which is
very pale; a broad greyish outer discal fascia containing a series of small black spots near its outer
margin, which is black, and with a similar but poorer and more irregular series near its inner margin,
which is also more or less black; outer marginal lunate spots as on anterior wings, but more broadly
margined with black. Body more or less reddish ochraceous.
Female. Almost indistinguishable from the male, but with the white markings of the anterior wings
a little larger. ba
Exp. wings, 73 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.).
This -species is most nearly allied to C. nicobarica, Feld., which is found both in the
Andaman and Nicobar Islands; it is somewhat intermediate between that and the following
species, C. methypsea.
2. Cethosia methypsea. (Tab. VIII., fig. 9 #.)
Cethosia methypsea, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser, 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 548, n, 1 (1877).
Male. Anterior wings above resembling those of C. logani, but the basal reddish area less black-
spotted and the apical black area crossed a little beyond cell by an oblique series of six pale spots
(ochraceous-white or greyish-white) placed between the nervules, the upper three being minute, and the
fifth and sixth notched with black; between the lower spot and the costa is a waved outer series of four
small spots.* Posterior wings with the outer black margin narrower than in C. logant, and without the
numerous black discal spots. Wings beneath with the ground colour and the cellular markings of the
anterior wings generally as in the preceding species ; anterior wings with a broad oblique ochraceous-white
or greyish-white fascia a little beyond the cell, the upper part of which is margined with small black spots,
which are then deflexed and obliquely continued across wing, where they become the inner margin of an
oblique discal subtriangular pale fascia; both these fascie are also outwardly margined with blackish, and
the upper one terminates in a narrow pale submarginal fascia, which contains a series of black spots ;
outer margin much as in C’. logani. Posterior wings with the basal and subbasal fascim as in the preceding
* These have been omitted by the artist.
172 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA,
species, and with a broad central irregular and much-waved pale fascia, which is inwardly margined with
black spots; a black spot in cell; a submarginal narrow pale fascia inwardly margined with small rounded
black spots and outwardly by narrow linear black spots; outer margin much as in C. logani.
Female. More ochraceous than the male; black area of the anterior wings rather larger, the
oblique macular fascia above larger, continuous, and much more pale ochraceous, and the connecting
spots with costa also more distinct; the pale disks of both wings are also a little more black-spotted.
Wings beneath as in male.
Exp. wings, ¢ 80 millim.; ¢? (one spee.) 60 millim.
Haz.*—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.)
I only possess one female specimen of this species, and should incline to the view that
it must be abnormally small in size, as the above-given dimension testifies.
The males vary in having the pale markings either ochraceous-white or nearly pure
greyish-white.
38. Cethosia hypsina. (Tab. VIII., figs. 6and7¢; 8°.)
Cethosia hypsina, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. iii. p, 885, n. 559 (1866); Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool.
vol. i. p. 643, n. 2 (1877).
Male. Wings above as in C. methypsea, but the black area larger and oceupying the cell, which
is crossed by some indistinct reddish fasciw (obsolete in some specimens); an oblique and very much
sinuated pale ochraceous or greyish-white macular fascia situate a little beyond cell and terminating a little
beneath the second median nervule, but without the outer pale spots as in C. methypsea; posterior wings
as in that species, but with the black margin somewhat broader, its enclosed pale lunate lines clear
and distinct, and the discal area more black-spotted. Wings beneath as in C. methypsea, but the red
colouring darker; the posterior wings have the central pale fascia situate farther from the base, and the
series of linear and rounded black spots are nearer the black margin and not placed at the margins
of a narrow pale fascia; on the anterior wings the narrow pale submarginal fascia is replaced by a series
of dark spots situate nearer the outer margin.
Female. Wings above generally paler and more ochraceous than the male, the black area to the
anterior wings much larger and occupying the whole wing, with the exception of the oblique macular
fascia beyond cell and a large subtriangular space on inner margin, which does not extend above the
third median nervule, and is there distinctly paler; wings beneath as in the other sex.
Exp. wings, ¢ 70 to 80 millim.; ? 73 to 78 millim.
Has.—Continental India; Nepaul (Brit. Mus.)t—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist.
and Sater); Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).
This species is a near ally to C. hypsea, a Bornean species; the males are very similar,
but the females are sufficiently distinct.
* Mr. Butler remarks (Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 543), ‘We have a female from Assam." This is
probably one of the insects so localised on the authority of Mr. Warwick, but Mr. Wood-Mason has confided to me his
opinion that none of the insects labelled ‘* Assam—Warwick" were really collected in that district, and as he has large
collections of Assam butterflies under his care at Calcutta, I have accepted his report, and have not quoted the habitat.
+ Mr. Butler also states the British Museum collection contains the species from Assam; but, as previously stated,
that habitat is open to great doubt, and I have not used it.
hy *
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 178
Genus ATELLA.
Atella, Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 165 (1848); Moore, Lep, Ceyl. i. p. 61 (1881).
Phalanta, Horsf, Cat. Lep. E.LC. t. 7, f. 6 (1829).
Anterior wings subtriangular; costal margin arched and convex, the apex rounded; outer margin
oblique, moderately concave, and slightly waved; inner margin concuvely sinuated. Costal nervure
terminating at about centre of margin; first subcostal nervure emitted just before the end of cell, second
at a little distance beyond cell, third emitted at about twice the distance from second as that nervule
is from the first, fourth and fifth bifureating about midway between base of second and apex of wing;
upper disco-cellular nervule short and obliquely directed inwardly, middle diseo-cellular concavely bent,
lower disco-cellular suberect and more or less coneaye; discoidal neryules emitted beyond basal third of
wing; second median nervule emitted at base of lower disco-cellular nervule. Posterior wings subovate ;
costal margin oblique and slightly convex; outer margin rounded and waved, in some species prominently
caudate at apex of first median nervule; abdominal margin straight at area of abdomen and then obliquely
divergent to anal angle. Costal nervure extending to apex; precostal nervure curved outwardly ;
diseo-cellular nervules almost equal in length, the upper distinctly concave, the lower slender and also
bent inwardly, with the second median nervule emitted at about its base. Body moderate in size; palpi
reaching above the upper surface of the eyes, finely pilose, the apex slender and conically pointed;
antenne moderate, with a compressed and spatulate apex or club.
This is a genus of moderate extent, which is found in Africa, and extends generally
throughout the Oriental region and the Malayan Archipelago.
The immature forms—both larval and pupal—of one species uu dai)
found in this fauna have been figured by Horsfield,* as observed ,
in Java, and by the Bros. de Alwis,| in Ceylon. These figures SE A od tae EEO Reon
probably represent two different stages in the existence of the
caterpillar, as the Ceylon figure is small and ‘ purple-brown,” whilst that of the Javan larva
is considerably larger and pale greenish above. }
a. Outer margin of posterior wings rounded, not caudate.
1. Atella phalanta. (Tab. IX., fig. 4 ¢.)
Papilio phalanta, Drury, Ill. Ex. Ent. i. t. 21, f. 1, 2 (1778).
Papilio columbina, Cram. Pap. Ex. iii. t. 288, A. B.; iv. t. 887, D. E. (1782).
Argynnis phalanta, Godt. Ene. Méth. ix. p. 259, n. 10 (1819).
Phalanta columbina, Horsf. Cat. Lep. Mus. B.1.C. t. 7, £, 5 (1829).
Atella phalanta, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. i. p. 152, t. 5, f. 7 (1857); Snellen, Tijd. Ent, xix,
p. 149, n. 27 (1876); ibid. xx. p. 66 (1877); Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool, vol. i. p. 644, n. 1
(1877); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 62, t. 81, f. 1, 1a (1881).
Male and Female. Wings above bright ochraceous, with the following blackish markings :—anterior
wings with the apical half of the costal margin, four narrow waved fascie (arranged in pairs) crossing
cell, a waved and broken spot beyond cell extending from costa to the lower discoidal nervule, an oblique
series of four spots divided by the median nervules; a straight discal series of six spots placed between the
nervules, followed by a similar series of four spots, the upper of which is placed between the discoidil
* Cat. Lep. E.1.C. t. 7, £5, 5a. + Moore's Lep. Ceylon, i. t. 81, f. 1a.
! The larve of Pyrameis gonerilla, a New Zealand species, are described by Mr. G. V. Hudson (Entomologist, vol. xvi-
pp. 217-18) as exhibiting after the third and last moult ‘no less than four distinct varieties.”
Decempn.., 1883. oY
174 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
nervules and the fourth between the second and third median nervules; a submarginal and much-waved
fascia terminating at the third median nervule, where it is followed by an irregular spot, and which is more
or less connected along the nervules with a marginal series of spots preceded by a narrow line; posterior
wings with some transversely waved linear fascia on basal area; a discal series of four rounded spots, the
two upper divided by the lower subcostal nervule, and the third and fourth by the second median nervule;
two waved submarginal fasciw, the innermost particularly waved and sinuated, and a marginal series
of elongate spots. Wings beneath as above, but with most of the dark markings paler; anterior wings
with the black spots near outer angle very large and prominent; the straight series of spots beyond cell
are outwardly margined with greyish, and beyond this the wing has a violaceous suffusion; posterior wings
with the outer central linear dark fascia reddish and outwardly margined with greyish, beyond which the
colour has a violaceous tinge, and the black spots are very minute and surrounded with reddish. Body
above somewhat concolorous with wings, beneath greyish; legs ochraceous, the femora greyish.
Exp. wings, ¢ and ?, 55 to 58 millim.
Has.—Continental India; N.W. Himalaya (Lang); Nepaul (Brit. Mus.); Saugor, Oudh, Caleutta,
Bombay (Capt. de la Chaumette)—Burma , Moulmein (Brit. Mus.)—Ceylon (coll. Dist.) —Malay Peninsula ;
Penang, Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.)\—Sumatra (Snellen).—Java (coll.
Dist.); Batavia (Snellen).—Siam (Brit. Mus.)—China (Brit. Mus.),
A closely allied species is found in Africa, which, though very similar in the perfeet
condition, is described by Mr. Gooch, in Natal, as having the larva and pupa very different.
This author also observes that ‘‘ at some periods of the year the imago is much darker than at
others"’*; a remark of pregnant importance when we see the specific subdivision going on
around us, frequently based on such characters alone. It is a statement that may also explain
the melanism of some specimens of A. phalanta in my own collection.
In the N.W. Himalaya, Capt. Lang found this species “ tolerably abundant up to 8000
feet elevation’’+ whilst in the same area Mr. Hocking describes it as ‘‘ found in the valleys.” }
According to Capt. de la Chaumette, ‘‘its rapid flight makes it easily known; it does not
bounce about like a true Argynnis, but it is very restless.""§ Mr. Hutchison states that in
Ceylon it is ‘plentiful at Colombo, in gardens, Pring the 5.W. Monsoon, and again towards
the end of the year,’’|| whilst Mr. Rothney found it common near Calcutta from early May to
September. { |
The larva is figured (ante, p. 173), and is recorded by the previously quoted authors to
feed in Ceylon and Continental India on Mlacourtia and Saliz sp., and in Java on Ixora sp.
2. Atella alcippe.
Papilio Alcippe, Cram. Pap. Exot. iv. t. 889, f. G, H (17832).
Argynnis Aleiope, Godt. Ene. Méth. tx. p. 259, n. 8 (1819).
Atella aleippe, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 154, n. 2 (1871); Wood-Mas.
and de Nie. J. A. 5. Bengl. vol. xlix. p. 227, m. 12 (1880); ibid. vol. 1,
p. 282, n. 17 (1881), i
Male. Smaller than A. phalanta, but resembling that species in
colour and markings, though differing in the following particulars :—The
anterior wings have the apical half of the costal margin more broadly
bios, 4.—Atella alcippe, g .
* *Entomologist,’ vol. xiv. p. 5. | Proce. Zool. Soc, 1865, p. 405, | Thid. 1882, p, 248.
Ent. Month. Mag, vol. i. p. 37. || Moore's Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 62. Si Ent. Month. Mag. vol. xix. p. 84.
RHOPALOCHE LA MALAYANA, 175
black; the outer margin also is broadly black, preceded by a contiguous waved fascia, which is deflected
to costa at the lower discoidal nervule, thus enclosing two ochraceous spots; between these and end of
cell the wing is crossed by a waved series of small spots placed between the nervules; the cell is crossed
by three pairs of linear fascia, and is followed by a broader oblique fascia terminating at first median
nervule, and beneath cell are four linear markings, two near base, the third longest and broken, the fourth
smallest between the first and second median nervules. Posterior wings with a broad outer black margin,
preceded by a narrower waved and sinuated submarginal fascia; outer discal spots as in A. phalanta,
but the upper one very minute; on inner side of these and extending from about the extremities of the
submarginal fascia is a narrow linear and somewhat broken fascia; other basal markings as in the
preceding species, but more distinct. Wings beneath marked generally as above, but with corresponding
differences as in A. phalanta.
Exp. wings, ¢ 44 to 46 millim.
Harn.—Continental India; Sylhet (coll. Moore)—Andaman Islands; Port Blair (Wood-Mas. & de
Nic.)—Nicobar Islands; Katschall (Wood-Mas. & de Nic.)—Burma; Tavoy (coll. Moore).—Malay Peninsula;
Penang (coll. Gosse); Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.,
Iam indebted to Mr. P. H. Gosse for the first intimation of this species occurring in our
fauna, and his Penang specimen is here figured. I have since received it from Province
Wellesley.
aa. Outer margin of posterior wings prominently caudate,
3. Atella sinha. (Tab. X., fig. 83.)
Terinos Sinha, Kollar, Hig. Kaschm. iv. 2, p. 488 (1848).
Atella Sinha, Butl, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 644, n. 2(1877); Moore, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1878,
p. 828.
Male. Anterior wings above ochraceous; a dark waved fascia commencing at costa beyond end
of cell, coneavely extending to first median nervule, and then obliquely detlexed beneath cell to near inner
margin; within the fascia the colour is brownish, the cell being crossed by four narrow black fasciw; the
apex more or less suffused with blackish, eithe® totally and enclosing some ochraceous spots, as in the
specimen figured, or exhibiting two moderately well-defined oblique fasciw ; outer margin broadly blackish,
preceded by a narrow submarginal line of the same colour, and with four small blackish spots, of which
three—always visible—are placed two above and one beneath the second median nervule, and the fourth—
sometimes fused in the apical coloration as in the specimen figured—situate between the discoidal nervules.
Posterior wings of the same hue as the anterior, but with the outer third brownish, inwardly marked by a
series of small dark spots placed between the nervules, and with broad marginal and submarginal dark
fascim, between which the colour is narrowly pale ochraceous. Anterior wings beneath with the basal
dark coloration more violaceous, the cell pale, but dark between the narrow black fascim, all the dark
markings much paler, being brownish or violaceous, and with a series of distinct pale lunulate spots
crossing the wing before the dark spots. Posterior wings beneath more or less violaceous, crossed by
two central and much-waved narrow and darker fascie, between the upper portions of which the
colour is pale ochraceous, and both of which are more or less outwardly margined with pearly greyish ;
a greyish subquadrate spot in cell margined on three of its sides with dark violaceous, the outer discal
spots margined with rufous, but with the one above the first median nervule obsolete; outer margins pale,
as on anterior wings. Body above concolorous with wings, beneath greyish or very pale ochraceous.
Exp. wings, ¢ 56 to 63 millim.
Hans.—Continental India; Nepaul (Brit. Mus.)—Burma; Moulmein (Brit. Mus.)—Malay Peninsula ;
Penang (coll. Gosse).—Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. and Sauer); Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.)—Banca*
—Sumatra (Forbes—coll. Dist.).
* Collected by M. Teysmann (Pet. Nouv. Ent. vi. p. 404 (1874).
176 RHOPALOCERA , MALAYANA.
Genus CUPHA.
Cupha, Billberg, Enum. Ins, p. 79 (1820); Seudd. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts & Sci. vol. x. p. 149 (1875);
Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 64 (1881).
Messaras, Doub, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p, 163 (1848),
Wings rather short and broad. Anterior wings subtriangular, the costal margin very strongly arched
and moderately convex, apex obtusely rounded, outer margin waved and obliquely rounded, inner margin
somewhat concavely sinuated. Costal nervure extending to about centre of costal margin; first and second
subcostal nervules short, the first emitted just before end of cell, the second about midway between bases
of first and third, fourth and fifth bifureating about midway between base of third and apex; the fourth
somewhat bent near base. Lower disco-cellular nervule very slender and concavely oblique. Discoidal
nervules emitted at about one-third from base of wing. First and second median nervules with an
apparently common origin at end of the cell. Posterior wings broadly ovate; costal margin obliquely
convex; outer margin rounded and waved; abdominal margin oblique to apex of internal nervure, and
obliquely and somewhat concavely divergent to anal angle. Lower disco-cellular nervule obsolete, leaving
the cell open. Body somewhat slender. Palpi raised above the upper level of the eyes, robust, thickly
and finely pilose, the apical joint slender and somewhat pointed. Antennw with a long and very gradually
formed elub.
This genus extends from Continental India throughout the Malay Peninsula, the Malayan
Archipelago, and Papua, is found in Ceylon and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and as far
north as China. Cupha is a genus of moderate specific capacity, about ten species being
at present known to science.
1. Cupha erymanthis. (Tab. VIIL., fig. 42.)
Papilio Erymanthis, Drury, Tl. Ex. Bnt. i. t. 15, f. 8, 4 (1778); Cram. Pap. Ex. iii. t. 288, F,G (1782),
Arqynnis Erymanthis, Godt. Ene. Méth. ix. p. 257, n. 4 (1819).
Papilio Lotis, 5ulz. (nec. Cram.), Gesch. Ins. t. 16, f. 6 (1776).
Messaras erymanthis, Druce, Proce. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 842, n. 1; ibid. 1874, p. 10, n. 1; Butl.. Trans, Linn,
Soe. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 544, n. 1 (1877); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 827; Snell. Tijd. Ent.
xix. p. 150, n. 30 (1876).
Male and Female. Wings above brownish ochraceous, with two irregular dark spots in cell, and two
narrow waved dark lines at end of same; a broad and much waved and sinuated stramineous fascia a little
beyond cell, which is inwardly margined with blackish, and beyond which the colour is wholly blackish
containing a stramineous spot between the discoidal nervules, and a lineate spot between the second and
third median nervules; in the pale fascia are two dark brownish spots separated by the second median
nervule, and a larger quadrate spot beneath the third median nervule. Posterior wings with a narrow, black,
strongly, and irregularly waved line crossing wing near apex of cell; this is followed by a straighter and
broken linear fascia, outwardly margined with ochraceous, again succeeded by an outer discal row of spots
placed between the nervules, two submarginal waved and broken fascia and a marginal fascia, all blackish.
Abdominal margin greyish brown. Wings beneath as above, but pale ochraceous; anterior wings with the
pale fascia much broader and beneath the first median nervule, widening to outer margin, where it
contains a waved linear fascia before the dark spots; the apical area brownish, containing three pale
spots beyond the pale fascia, and separated by the diseoidal nervules, and two submarginal narrow
waved dark linear fasci#, which are broken, maculate, and elongate near apex; posterior wings with
a distinct lunulate pale violaceous fascia before the black spots, which are more or less surrounded
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 177
with reddish, the black fasciw above, pale brownish beneath. Body and legs more or less concolorous
with wings.
Exp. wings, ¢ and ?, 54 to 60 millim.
Han.—Continental India; Dacea (Slater—Horsf. & Moore); Nepaul (Brit. Mus.)—Burma; Moulmein
(Brit. Mus.)\—Upper Tenasserim (Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Penang; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ;
Malacea (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.)—Banca.*—Java; Batavia (Snellen); Bantam (coll. Dist.)—Borneo (coll.
Godm. & Saly.)\—Siam; Chentaboon (Druce).—Formosa (Hobson—Brit. Mus.)—China (Brit. Mus.).
Of the habits of this abundant and widely spread species we know little. Capt. Slater
remarks “ tolerably plentiful at Dacca, 1844. Flies quietly, and is easily captured. I used to
find one or two almost invariably near a deep pool of stagnant water overhung with bamboo,
jungle, &e.”’ +
A yariety!} of this species is found in the Nicobar and Andaman Islands, and another
closely allied but darker form is found in Ceylon. §
Genus CIRROCHROA.
Cirrochroa, Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 157 (1848); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 62 (1881).
Anterior wings subtriangular, either somewhat short and ample or apically prolonged; costal margin
arched and convex, the apex rounded and in some species faleate, the outer margin more or less concave
and waved, the inner margin moderately concavely sinuate. Costal nervure extending to about half the
length of the costal margin; first subcostal nervule emitted at some little distance before the end of
the cell, second at almost extremity of cell, third at a short distance before the bifurcation of the fourth
and fifth, the fourth prominently bent and angulated. Disco-cellular nervules obliquely bent inwardly, the
middle concave and about half the length of the lower; first and second median nervules with an
apparently common origin a little beyond the base of the lower diseo-cellular. Posterior wings ovate and
elongate; costal margin moderately convex, the outer margin strongly waved; abdominal margin straight
to apex of internal nervure and then coneavely excavated to anal angle. Costal nervure reaching apex of
wing; first subcostal nervule emitted opposite the base of third median nervule; lower disco-cellular
nervule obsolete, leaving the cell entirely open; internal nervure strongly curved at base and slightly
at apex. Body somewhat slender; palpi reaching the upper margin of the head, finely pilose, the apex
slender and obtusely pointed; antenn# with a slender, long and gradually formed club.
In the posterior wings of the male there is a longitudinal broad impression between the discoidal and
the first median nervules, somewhat concave above and convex beneath.
In some species, as the Indian C. aoris, || the sexes differ widely in appearance, the female
being of a more obscure and duller colour above. ‘This, however, is not the rule with the
majority of the species of the genus.
* Collected by M. Teysmann (Pet. Nouy. Ent. vi. p, 404 (1874).
+ Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. i. p. 151. | CO. nicobarica, Feld. & C. placida, Moore.
|| Prof. Westwood (Trans, Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 113, t. 11) has described and figured two Gynandromorphous specimens
of C. aoris, which exhibit in each specimen (either partially or completely) the colour markings of both sexes.
As Prof. Westwood has pointed out, “The term Gynandromorphism was first applied by M. Lacordaire to supersede
in Entomology that of Hermaphroditism.” “In insects, gynandromorphous specimens partaking abnormally of the characters
of both sexes, are generally bilateral ; the sexual distinctive characters (which are for the most part in these instances the
secondary ones) of one sex being exhibited on one side of the body and its organs, and the peculiarities of the opposite sex
being seen on the other half of the insect.” This is called “complete” gynandromorphism; but other cases occur in which,
“whilst the body of the insect appears to be unisexual, the partial sexual divarication is confined entirely to the secondary
sexual characters.” Prof. Westwood observes that “the peculiar import of this strange modification in a physiological point
* of view is very difficult to be understood.”
Dercemper, 1888. 22
178 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Cirrochroa is somewhat widely distributed, for, beyond the range of the preceding genus,
from India to the Papuan Islands, it is also represented in Australia.
1. Cirrochroa orissa. (Tab. X., fig, 9 2.)
Cirrochroa orissa, Felder, Wien, Ent. Mon, iy. p, 899, n. 19 (1860); Reise, Nov. Lep. iii. t. 49, f. 7, 8 (1866);
Wall. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 840; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 842, n. 5; Butl. Trans, Linn.
Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 643, n. 1 (1877).
Male. Anterior wings above brownish-ochraceous with a broad transverse yellow fascia crossing
wing at end of cell and the whole apical area black. Posterior wings brownish-ochraceous, with the
following black markings :—a narrow, linear waved fascia crossing wing near end of cell and strongly
angulated at third median nervule, followed by a row of spots placed between the nervules (absent between
the diseoidal and first median nervules) and a marginal and two submarginal much-waved fascia. Wings
beneath paler; anterior wings with the central fascia whitish, containing a triangular brownish spot
at inner margin; apical area brownish, with two long, ovate, contiguous greyish spots at apex, and an
indistinct waved darker submarginal lineate fascia; posterior wings with the central black fascia above
replaced by a broader pale violaceous fascia beneath, beyond which the colour is more or less shadel with
violaceous, the black spots margined with reddish and two submarginal pale violaceous fascie, Body
and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Female. Resembling the male, but with the anterior wings above with a small subapical greyish
streak, and beneath with the pale central fascia crossed by a narrow pale sinuated brownish fascia
attached to the triangular spot at inner margin; the apical brown area also possesses an indistinct
violaceous much-waved fascia.
Exp. wings, ¢ and 9, 65 to 68 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Penang (coll. Gosse); Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. and Saiier); Malacca
(Pinwill—Brit. Mus.); Singapore (Wallace).—Borneo (Druce).
2. Cirrochroa satellita. (Tab. XIX., fig. 92.)
Cirrochroa satellita, Butler, Cist. Ent. i. p. 9 (1869); Lep. Exot. p. 103, t. 88, f. 7 (1872); Druce, Proc. Zool.
boc. 1873, p, 342, n. 4.
Male. Wings above brownish-ochraceous, both wings crossed a little beyond cells by a broad bright
ochraceous fascia, after which the wings are blackish; the pale fascia of posterior wings contains an
incomplete series of black spots placed between the nervules—that at anal angle largest—and two narrow,
waved, black submarginal fasci#, the outer of which, above the median nervules, is blended with the
posterior black area. Wings beneath paler, the black areas brownish, the central pale fasci# containing
at their inner margins a narrower greyish fascia, widest on anterior wings, where it is also more
ochraceous; anterior wings with a submarginal, lunately macular, violaceous fascia, beyond which is a
straighter and more distinct pale fascia; posterior wings with a macular violaceous fascia as on anterior
wings, followed by two dark, narrow waved fascism, the series of black spots larger and more continuous.
Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, ¢, 55 to 58 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Dr. Townsend—coll. Godm. & Salv.)\—Borneo (Druce); Sandakan
Pryer—coll. Dist.) —China; Hong Kong (coll. Godm. & Saly.).
This does not appear to be an abundant species, at least so judging from present
collections, and is slightly variable in the number of black spots visible on the upper surface ,
of the posterior wings.
The specimen figured was collected in Perak by Dr. Townsend.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 179
3. Cirrochroa clagia. (Tab. XVII., fig. 7 ¢.)
Argynnis Clagia, Godart, Ene. Méth. ix. Suppl. p. 816 (1828); Boisd. Spec. Gén. i. t. 10, f. 6 (1886); Snell.
Tijd. Ent. xx. p. 66 (1877).
Male. Wings above reddish-ochraceous, both wings with a broad outer marginal blackish fascia,
which on anterior wings 1s recurved and broadest at apical angle, these blackish areas possess two indistinct
narrow dark submarginal fascis and that on posterior wings is either preceded or inwardly margined
by a series of black spots placed between the nervules; a very narrow and non-continuous blackish fascia
also crosses the posterior wings a little beyond cell, which at costal margin has an adjacent greyish spot.
Wings beneath much paler, crossed by a greyish fascia, as in preceding species, which is margined with
reddish ochraceous, and beyond which their area is distinetly darker and somewhat tinged with violaceous,
containing the narrow submarginal fasciw as in C. satellita; the anterior wings have a greyish subapical
spot, and the cell centrally crossed by a sinuated dull reddish line, which is continued beneath the median
nervure, the lower diseo-cellular nervule being similarly coloured; the posterior wings have the black spots
margined with reddish, and the cell crossed by a sinuated dull reddish line, which extends from near the
costal margin to near the submedian nervure. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings; the
femora, sternum, and abdomen beneath greyish.
Female. Differs from the male above by having distinct traces of a central broad yellowish fascia on
the anterior wings; the posterior wings having the outer black area narrower, leaving the two narrow
waved fascim very distinct, the spots thereby appearing further removed.
Exp. wings, ¢ and ?, 63 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Singapore (Brit. Mus.)—Sumatra (Forbes—coll. Dist.)—Java (Wallace).
The principal variation in the forms of this species appears to consist in the breadth
of the outer black margin to the posterior wings, and the thereby sometime consequent
assimilation or fusion of the black spots.
4. Cirrochroa bajadeta. (Tab. XIX., fig. 1 ¢ and 2 ¢.)
Cirrochroa bajadeta, Moore (Horsf. & Moore), Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. 1. p. 150, n, 809, t. Sa, t. 3 (1857); Butl.
Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 548, n. B (1877).
Cirrochroa ravana, Moore (Horsf. & Moore), Cat. Lep, Mus. E.1.C, i. p. 160, n. 310 (1857).
Cirrochroa malaya, Druce (nec. Feld.), Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 842, n, 1.
Male. Wings above reddish-ochraceous. Anterior wings, with the costa, a narrow transverse fascia
near end of cell, and the outer margin—very broad at apex—black; beyond the cell the colour is somewhat
paler, giving the appearance of a broad transverse fascia ; and a small ochraceous subapical spot. Posterior
wings with the outer area from end of cell paler, its inner area marked on each side of the submedian
nervure with a lunate black linear spot, and by a similar spot above the upper subcostal nervule; an
irregular series of small black spots placed between the nervules (absent between the first median and the
discoidal nervules), and three waved submarginal black fascia, the outer one more or less fused with the dark
outer margin. Wings beneath paler in hue. Anterior wings with the cell crossed by two linear darker fasciw,
one at its termination, the other beyond centre and extending beneath the median nervure; a somewhat
violaceous area crossing wing beyond cell, broad at costa and very narrow and attenuated at inner margin ;
apex obscurely infuscated, and containing two subapical greyish white spots and a marginal waved fascia,
the edges of which are distinctly pale fuscous; beneath the third median nervule and*in front of the pale
fascia is an irregularly formed fuscous spot. Posterior wings crossed by a narrow and very pale violaceous —
* fascia, which is distinctly narrowed and attenuated between the upper subcostal and the discoidal nervules ;
180 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
black spots as above, but margined with reddish-ochraceous; marginal and submarginal fascie as on
anterior wings. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Female. Wings above as in male, with the pale area better defined and inwardly but narrowly
margined with blackish; beneath with the central fasciw paler.
Exp. wings, ¢ and ¢, 65 to 75 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Penang (coll. Gosse); Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. and Sauer); Malacca
(Pinwill—Brit. Mus.)—Borneo; Labuan (coll. Dist.) ; Sandakan (Pryer—coll. Dist.)—Java (Horsf. & Moore
and coll. Dist.).
The female of this species appears to have been deseribed by Mr. Moore under the name
of C. ravana, but having received both sexes from Java, Borneo, and the Malay Peninsula,
I feel no doubt as to its sexual relation to C. bajadeta,
5. Cirrochroa malaya. (Tab. X., fig. 4¢ and 32.)
Cirrochroa Malaya, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. iv. p. 399, n. 18 (1860).
Cirrochroa Johannes, Butler, Proc, Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 221, t. 17, f. 10;* Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i.
p- 543, n. 2 (1877).
Cirrochroa bajadeta, Moore, var. ?
Male and Female. Resembling the corresponding sexes of C. bajadeta, but with the pale violaceous
fascia crossing the under surface of the posterior wings entire and not attenuated at the subcostal and
discoidal nervules as in that species; the under surface of both wings is also generally rather darker and
more violaceous than in C. bajadeta.
Exp. wings, ¢ and ¢, 63 to 70 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).
The figure of the male which is here given represents a specimen taken by Capt. Pinwill
in Malacca, and now contained in the British Museum, being a somewhat pale form of the
species. Both Mr. Butler+ and Mr. Kirby} incline to the opinion that the C. malaya, Feld.,
is more or less synonymous with the preceding species, and the reasons why I have differed
from these authorities and identified it with C. johannes are contained in Felder’s diagnosis,
Thus the description of the under surface of the wings as “ lilacino suffusis,”’ and the pale
fascia to the posterior wings as ‘‘angusta recta,” thoroughly applies to the species figured and
described by Mr. Butler, and the Jast character especially, in contradiction to the suddenly or
attenuated fascia in the other species. Felder naturally compared it to C. bajadeta, C. johannes
not having been then described, and the fact of his haymg thus compared it would naturally
lead to the supposition that he must have been cognisant of Mr. Moore’s species.
I am inclined, however, to the view that specimens will be obtained of a completely
intermediate character between C. bajadeta and C. malaya.
* This figure, without a doubt, has been rendered much too highly coloured, a contretemps which few authors have not
had occasion to deplore from the hands of the colourist.
+ Trans. Linn. Soe. ser, 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 548.
| Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 162.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 181
6. Cirrochroa rotundata. (Tab. X., fig. 10 2.)
Cirrochroa retundata, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. 1. p. 648, n. 4 (1877).
This species being only known to me by Mr. Butler’s description and the type specimen
in the British Museum, I have here figured the last, and give a copy of the former, as
follows :-—
‘““?. Nearly allied to C. mithila, Moore,* the wings more rounded, primaries less produced ; markings
of primaries above almost obsolete ; optter undulated line of secondaries much less distinct; below all the
bands and spots tawny, instead of ochre-yellow.”
“Expanse of wings, 2 inches 11 lines.”
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).
This species is evidently closely allied to Mr. Moore’s species, which I have not seen.
Mr. Butler remarks, ‘I have no doubt that this species is distinct from C. mithila; the
coloration of the bands below is strikingly different.”
Genus TERINOS.
Terinos, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. i. t. 9, f. 4 (1836); Doubl. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 159 (1848).
Anterior wings moderately long, the costal margin strongly arched and convexly depressed at apex,
the apex more or less broadly faleate, beneath which the outer margin is concavely sinuated and waved;
inner Margin sinuate, concave near centre. Costal nervure not quite reaching the centre of costal margin ;
first subcostal nervule emitted a little before the end of cell, and the second nervule at the apex of cell;
third emitted at about two-thirds of the space between the base of the second and the bifureation of the
fourth and fifth, the fourth being distinctly bent end angulated; upper disco-cellular nervule minute,
middle diseo-cellular obliquely directed inwardly and somewhat concave, lower disco-cellular rather more
than twice as long as the middle, strongly oblique and prominently recurved and rounded at base; second
median nervule emitted near the base of the lower disco-cellular nervule, the base of the upper median
nervule convexly rounded. Posterior wings more or less subquadrate, the costal margin oblique and
slightly convex; outer margin waved, slightly convex to apex of first median nervule, where it is sometimes
prominently caudate and then somewhat truncate to anal angle; abdominal margin excavated from about
apex of internal nervure to anal angle. Costal nervure prominently arehed and rounded at base, and
extending to apex; second subcostal nervule emitted nearer to first than first is from the base of subcostal
nervure; lower disco-cellular nervule present, very slender, somewhat atrophied and transversely concave.
Thorax somewhat robust; abdomen moderately slender. Antenne only of moderate length, but abruptly
clavate at apices; palpi raised above the upper level of the head.
The males possess a glossy velvety patch on both wings, large and discal on anterior
wings, and small and apical on posterior wings. Judging from my own experience the females
appear to be excessively rare, or, as is possible, a difference in their habits may be the cause of
their very infrequent capture.
The genus is of moderate extent—comprising some nine or ten species—and peculiarly
Malayan in distribution. Iam cognisant of no species from Continental India, nor have such
* A species desctibed as from Bengal.
Decemper, 1883. BA
182 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.,
been recorded from Ceylon, the Andaman or Nicobar Islands; but from the Malay Peninsula,
Terinos extends eastwards through the Malayan Archipelago to New Guinea.
Two species are here figured and described, both of which appear to be confined to this
fauna. Another proposed species, described from Singapore* (7. viola, Wall.), I take to be
synonymic with the second here enumerated.
a. Posterior wings not caudate.
1. Terinos robertsia. (Tab. X., fig. 7 ¢.)
Terinos Robertsia, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 38, vol. xx. p. 400, t. 8, f. 2—4 (1867); Trans. Linn,
Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 644, nm, 2 (1877); Wall. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 842,
Male. Wings above dark violaceous; anterior wings with a large dark brownish silky patch, which
occupies about apical half of wing, but not extending above the discoidal nervules, except at outer margin,
where it is continued to apex, it also extends along inner margin to base; posterior wings with a similar
but smaller silky patch broadly occupying apex and extending from costal margin to the lower subcostal
nervule; two large white submarginal spots separated by the upper median nervule and a third almost
obsolete spot between the second and third median nervules; narrow waved darker marginal and submarginal
fascie ; fringe greyish. Wings beneath of a steely-bluish colour, crossed by a number of dull reddish fascia,
of which five narrow and much waved cross both wings from base to a little beyond cell; these are followed
by a broader and less waved fascia, which on anterior wings is succeeded by a macular fascia, of which the
upper spots are outwardly pointed, and one marginal and two narrow submarginal fasciw which become
fused at apex, and there contain a small white spot placed between the fourth and fifth subcostal nervules ;
on posterior wings the central broad fascia is followed by one broader and more irregular, which contains
a series of castaneous spots placed between the nervules, one marginal and two submarginal fascia,
between which the colour is greyish-white, and the inner one of which is waved and at about centre
dentate, thus enclosing some apparently large angulated greyish-white spots. Body above coneolorous
with wings; beneath, with the femora, greyish; tibiew and tarsi ochraceous.
Female. I only know this sex by the description and figure of Mr. Butler. His diagnosis is as
follows :—‘‘ Ale supra fuser; area basali maculis sex anticis discalibus inwqualibus inter venas positis
plagaque posticis discali purpureis nitidis; antice fasciis duabus obscurioribus mquidistantibus fuscis
transversalibus: postice maculis albis velut in mari, lunulisque alteris contiguis marginalibus albidis.”
Exp. wings, # and ? 63 to 73 millim,
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Penang; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. and Sater); Perak (‘Townsend—
coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.): Ayerpanas (coll. Roberts); Singapore (Wallace).
Although I have captured, received, and examined a large number of the males of this
species, I have not as yet seen a female specimen. Judging from Mr. Butler’s figure, it is
rendered very distinct from the other sex by the possession of a broad central dark fascia on
the upper surface of both wings.
* T have recently received a kindly worded remonstrance from Calcutta, that I have not included some species which
have by more than one author been ascribed to the fauna of Singapore. My reply must be the following:—There is little
doubt, that formerly, and before the biological value of an exact habitat was appreciated, much geographical error was
recorded on faulty or hasty information. Many insects collected in Borneo and sent home from Singapore have had the last
locality asserted as their habitat, and it becomes necessary, in the absence of specimens from that island, to require some
corroborative testimony. The insertion of an erroneous species in a fauna is calculated to do infinitely more harm to
biological science than the non-insertion of a true but unproved member of that fauna.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 188
b. Posterior wings prominently caudate.
2. Terinos teuthras. (Tab. X., fig. 62.)
Terinos Teuthras, Hewitson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1862, p.89; Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser, 2, Zool. vol. i, p. 644,
n. 1 (1877).
Terinos viola, Wall. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 848.
Male. Wings above dark violaceous; anterior wings with a large dark brownish silky patch as in
preceding species, but which extends a little above the upper discoidal nervule and inwardly to the lower
disco-cellular nervule; posterior wings with a similar patch near apex, which does not extend to the outer
margin, and is continued to between the lower subcostal and the discoidal nervules; some large marginal
conical whitish spots about centre of outer margin, through which extends a waved dark violaceous
submarginal fascia; a dark marginal fascia and the fringe greyish. Wings beneath brownish, with steely
reflections; anterior wings with the cell crossed by two narrow waved reddish fascim, beyond which is a
similar very broad and marginally waved fascia crossing both wings; this is also sueceeded on both wings
by a narrow bluish lunulate line, which on posterior wings is placed in front of some reddish spots situate
between the nervules; the anterior wings possess a pale apical patch enclosing a dark spot and a pale
submarginal fascia; the posterior wings have an ochraceous much-waved submarginal fascia, on each side
of which the colour is pale bluish. Body more or less concolorous with wings; legs ochraceous.
Long., ¢, 80 to 90 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Penang (coll. Gosse); Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Malacea (Pinwill—
Brit. Mus.) ; Singapore (Brit. Mus.).
I have not yet seen a female specimen of this species, which is apparently confined
to the Malay Peninsula, for though Mr. Hewitson described it as from “India,” that vague
term in all probability is really applicable to some portion of this area.
I have included the T’. viola, Wall., as a synonym of this species, to which the description
exactly applies, and though Mr. Wallace refers to it he evidently was ignorant of its nature
and localises it with doubt to ‘Hast India.” Mr. Kirby* treats 7. viola as a synonym of
T’. terpander, Hew. (= T’. clarissa, Doub., Hew. nec Boisd.),+ but the colour of the margin to
the posterior wings will effectually prevent any confusion.
Genus CYNTHIA.
Cynthia, Fabricius, Ill. Mag. vi. p. 281 (1807); Doubl. Gen. Dinrn. Lep. p. 212 (1849); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i.
p. 52 (1881).
Anartia (part), Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 83 (1816),
Anterior wings subtriangular; costal margin arched and convex; apex rounded and somewhat
faleately produced, beneath which the outer margin is concavely sinuated and waved; inner margin
sinuated, somewhat concave at centre. Costal nervure extending to rather beyond centre of costal
margin; first subcostal nervule emitted a little before and second just beyond end of cell, third emitted
a little before the bifureation of the fourth and fifth, the fourth distinctly and convexly bent. Upper
discoidal nervule short and oblique, the middle disco-cellular concave and about half the length of the
lower, which is obliquely concave; median nervules well separated, the second emitted a short distance
* Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 161. + Gen. Diurn. Lep. t. 21, f. 3.
184 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
before the base of the lower diseo-cellular nervule. Posterior wings somewhat subquadrate; costal margin
moderately oblique and convex; posterior margin waved and candately produced at apex of upper median
nervule; abdominal margin as in preceding genus; precostal nervure suberect and then suddenly
bent and obliquely directed outwardly; costal nervare strongly arched and extending to apex; second
subcostal nervule emitted at about the same (or a little less) distanee from the first as the base of that
nervule is distant from the subcostal nervure; lower diseo-cellular neryule obsolete, leaving the cell
entirely open; upper median nervule angulated at a short distance from base. Body robust; abdomen
short; palpi raised above the upper level of the head; antennm long, their apices prominently clavate,
forming short clubs.
Cynthia is found in Continental India, Ceylon, and the Andaman Islands, but has not
been recorded from the Nicobars; from Burma and the Malay Peninsula it extends throughout
the Malayan Archipelago, and has been discovered as far eastward as New Britain.
The genus is only of moderate extent, though much larger than formerly understood,
when one or two species were considered as alone found throughout its area. Since that time
many females have been discovered, which have corroborated the view of much greater und
distinct racial or specific segregation.
1. Cynthia deione. (Tab. X., figs. 14%, 22.)
Cynthia Deione, Erichson, Nova Acta Ac, Nat, Cur. xvi. Suppl. p. (279) 408, n. 8, t. 60, f 2, 2a (1853);
Hopff. Stett. Ent. Zeit. xxxv. p. 85, n. 88 (1874); Godm. & Balv. Proce. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 639,
n. 16.
Cynthia arsinoé, Druce (nec Oram.) Proc. Zool. Soc, 1873, p. 342, n. 1.
Cynthia erotella, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 644, mn. 1 (1877).
Male. Wings above pale reddish-ochraceous. Anterior wings with the cell crossed by two narrow
black fascie at centre, a similar waved fascia near end, and two slender and contiguous lines at its
termination, enclosing the disco-cellular nervules; an oblique narrow black discal fascia crossing wing
beyond apex.of cell, after which is a strongly waved fascia, distinct and blackish above the upper median
nervule, indistinct and reddish beneath it; a submarginal series of black spots placed between the
nervules, and becoming obsolete towards the apex (which is somewhat infuseated) and outer angle, two
narrow waved submarginal black fascie and the margin of the same colour. Posterior wings with a
narrow oblique central fascia, which is either pale fuscous or reddish as in the specimen here figured; two
ocellated spots, one between the second and third median nervules, the other above the discoidal nervule ;
an irregular black spot at apex, and marginal and submarginal lines as on anterior wing, the inner of
which is straight and truncate at median nervules; from the area of the ocellated spots to the posterior
margin the colour is distinctly darker. Wings beneath paler and marked as above; anterior wings with
three whitish and tale-like apical spots; posterior wings with some transverse linear markings near base,
and an elongated spot surrounding the upper disco-cellular nervule; beyond the central transverse fascia
on both wings the colour is less rufous, and on posterior wings an oblique dark fascia precedes the ocellated
spots. Body* and legs concolorous with wings.
Female. Wings above olivaceous, marked as in male, but with a whitish central fascia crossing both
wings; anterior wings with distinct white apical spots, and posterior wings with an additional ocellated
and bi-pupillated spot at anal angle. Wings beneath as above, but much paler; posterior wings with the
dark fascia preceding the ocellated spots, as in the same wings of the male.
Exp. wings, ¢ 75 to 80 millim.; ? (one spec.) 93 millim.
* In the specimen figured the thorax is rubbed and denuded, thus giving it a black appearance.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 185
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Penang; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. and Saiier); Sungei Ujong (Durn-
ford—coll. Dist.); Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.); Singapore (Kerr—coll. Dist.)—Banca.*—Billiton (Godm.
and Salv.}\—Sumatra (Forbes—coll. Dist.)\—Java (coll. Godm. & Salv.)—Borneo (coll. Dist.); Labuan
(Collingwood).—Celebes (Hopffer).—Philippines (coll. Godm. & Saly.); Luzon (Erichson).
In Labuan Mr. Collingwood observed this species frequenting a ‘‘ patch of sandy sea-
shore,’’ and he remarks that when alighting upon it, .“ although it matched the sand well in
colour, it was not difficult to secure.’’+ Its habits, however, are not exclusively littoral, and it
seems generally distributed over the areas in which it is found.
2. Cynthia cantori.} (Tab. X., fig. 52.)
Cynthia Cantori, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. x., p. 406 (1882).
Male. Closely allied in colour and markings to the preceding species, C. deione, Erichs., from which
it differs above on the anterior wings by the more angulated markings in the cell, and by the central
transverse fuscous fascia being placed much nearer to the apex of cell, whilst on the posterior wings this
fascia is seen to be abruptly broken and deflected near the bases of the first and second median nerrules; on
the under surface this fracture or angulation appears much more distinctly; the basal curved line which
erosses the cell in C. deione is also broken and looped in C. cantori.
Exp. wings, ¢ 68 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.).
T have not as yet received a second specimen of this species, nor have I seen its female,
which will, however, almost certainly prove to be somewhat like the female of C. deione, with
the difference of marking detailed above as found in the other sex.
Fam. ERYCINIDA. §
Erycinida, Swainson, Phil. Mag. ser. 2, vol. i. p, 187 (1827); Westwood,
Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 415 (1851); Bates, Journ. Kntomol. vol. 1.
p- 220 (1861); ib. vol. ii, p. 176 (1864).
Lemoniide, Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 282 (1871); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i.
p. 67 (1881); Marsh. & De Nie. Butt. Ind. Burm. & Ceyl. vol. i.
p- 18 (1882),
Erycinina, Snellen, Lep. v. Midden-Sumatra, p. 20 (Leiden, 1880).
Front legs perfect in the female, in the male imperfect, the tarsi
consisting of one or two joints only, and spineless.
Pupa either suspended freely by the tail, as m the Subfam. ,,,. PN 3 lia cae tarsi)
of Abisara kausambi.
* Collected by M. Teysmann (Pet. Nouv. Ent. 1574, p. 404). + ‘Rambles of a Naturalist,’ p. 183.
{ This species is named after the late Dr. Cantor, the well-known Malayan zoologist, whose catalogues of the
mammals, reptiles, and fishes belonging to the Malay Peninsula and Islands were some of the first real contributions to
a knowledge of the fauna.
§ 'The name of this family was founded on that of Hrycina, proposed by Fabricius in 1807 for a genus of Rhopalocera,
but previously used by Lamarck in 1805 for a genus of Mollusks, The generic name, therefore, as far as Rhopalocera is
concerned, is preoceupied and falls, The question now arises whether the family name should stand, founded on a generic
name not rightfully appertaining to the Insecta? The decision arrived at here, in favour of that course, is based on the desire
for uniformity, and the uncertain way in which the two names have been used by the authors enumerated above in connection
with the name Lemoniid#. Thus Mr. Kirby founded the name (spra), but in his lepidopteral contribution to our ‘ Zoological
Record’ he reverts to that of “Erycinide.” Mr. Moore uses the name “ Lemoniide”™ in 1881 (supra), but in the following
year (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 248) he substitutes that of “ Erycinide,” whilst though Mr. de Niceville, in association with
Mr, Wood-Mason (J. A. 5. Bengl. vol. li. pt. 11, p. 16 (1882), uses the last-mentioned name, in the same year, associated with
Major Marshall (supra), he advocates that of Lemoniide.
Decemper, 1883. 8B
186 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.,
Libytheine,* or recumbent on a leaf or other object, and secured by the tail and a girdle across the
middle, as in the Subfam. Nemeobiine.
It is not, however, in the Eastern, but in the Western Tropics that the Krycinide reach
their maximum in number and beauty, and like the Morphina may be said to bear witness in
the Oriental region to an earlier Neotropical relationship, the truth of which will be probably
demonstrated by future paleontological discoveries.
In the Neotropical region the Erycimde exhibit, as truly remarked by Mr. Wallace,
‘a variety and brilliancy of colouring unsurpassed in the whole order’’; and the same author
and observer recorded that in that region “the great mass of the species of this family have
a very peculiar habit of invariably settling and reposing on the under surface of leaves with
the wings expanded, but there are some very striking exceptions to the rule.”+ Mr. Bates
describes these exceptions when he records that in many genera, ‘‘ on the contrary, the position
of the wings in repose is vertical; and a few species settle on the upper surface of leaves
with the wings half elevated.’’} It will therefore be most interesting to learn whether these
peculiarities are observable in the Eastern representatives of the family. §
Subfam. NEMEOBINA.
Nemeoliine, Bates, Journ. Linn, Soc, Zool. vol, ix. p. 412 (1867-1868); Marsh. & de Nic. Butt, India,
Burm, & Ceyl, p. 18 (1882),
In this subfamily the palpi are very small and slender, a
character which will sufficiently separate the Nemeobiine from
the Libythvine, which, as before remarked, is almost certainly
represented in this fauna, though at present unrecorded. -
| : From the other divisions of the Erycinide, the Nemeobiine may
Fie, 48.—Papa of Abisara prunosa.” be separated by a feature in the neuration of the anterior wings, in
(From Moore’s Lep. Ceyl.) e .
which the subcostal nervure emits five nervules. ||
Although this subfamily contains all the old world species of Erycinide, it also includes
a large number belonging to the Neotropical region.
* No example of this subfamily, to my knowledge, has yet been received from the Malay Peninsula, though it almost
certainly must be there represented.
+ Trans, Ent. Soc. 1853, p. 262.
| Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. ix. p. 869 (1868). This variable method of bearing the wings in repose has induced
Mon. Constant Bar (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. ser. 5, t. viii. p. 17 (1878) to place the Erycinid@ in systematic juxtaposition with the
Hesperida, whose similar variability in the same function has already been alluded to on the first page of this work,
§ The gradual, though recent, growth of our knowledge in exotic Rhopalocera is afforded by some statistics given by
Mr, Bates (Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. ix. p. 868), “In 1819, when Godart treated of the group, as one genus, in the
‘Eneyclopédie Méthodique,’ only 134 species were deseribed; and in 1851 Prof. Westwood could muster only 247." At the
date of reading his paper (1867) Mr. Bates stated that the number of described spesies was not fewer than 630, of which
a large number were discovered by himself, whilst, at the end of 1877, or ten years subsequently, I have computed (by the aid
of Mr. Kirby's excellent Catalogue) that, excluding the Libyth@ina, some 900 species were described.
| Mr. Bates gives these nervules or “ branches” as four, thus evidently, in agreement with some other entomologists,
preferring to consider what is here designated as the fifth nervule as being actually the termination of the subcostal
nervure.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.,. 187
SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.
1. Lower disco-cellular nervule of posterior wings united with
Sin: kth. Woahy wine Of Saeice the common base of the two upper median nervules. . Zewenos.
emesoides, showing position of
lower diseo-collniar nervule, 2* Wower disco-cellular nervule of posterior wings united with
the upper median nervule at some little distance from
its base.
a. Upper and lower disco-cellular nervules of posterior wings
\ about equal in length. ; - ; : . . ABISARA.
at, Lower diseo-cellular nervule of posterior wings much
Fia. 50.—Post. wing of Abizara
heasamidi showing position ot longer than the upper.* . . . . . « STBOGES.
lower diseo-cellular nervule.
Genus ZEMEROS.
4emeros, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. i. t. 21, f. 6 (1886); Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 418 (1851),
Anterior wings somewhat triangular; costal margin nearly straight, but slightly convex, outer
margin more or less convex, inner margin slightly ampliated and convex. Costal nervure robust, and
terminating near centre of costal margin; first and second subcostal nervules emitted before and near
the termination of the cell; third about midway between the end of cell and bifureation of the fourth
and fifth nervules; disco-cellular nervules irregularly concave, the lower uniting with the upper median
nervule near its base. Posterior wings irregular in shape, the outer margin being either convexly rounded
or waved and strongly angulated near the upper median nervule, the costal margin nearly straight or very
slightly convex. Precostal nervure strongly curved outwardly; costal nervure very short; subcostal
nervules bifureating at upper extremity of cell; lower disco-cellular nervule a little longer than the upper
and united with the common base of the two upper median nervules. Head small, with a frontal tuft
of hairs; palpi minute, not visible above; antenne somewhat short (narrowly annulated with white in all
the species examined), and terminating in a distinct club.
This is a small genus, and inhabits North-Eastern India and the Indo-Malayan region;
but has neither been recorded from Ceylon, nor the Andaman or Nicobar Islands.
If we admit all the described forms as reaching the artificial canonicity of ‘‘ species,” then
it may be stated that about four species are known, though their amount of diversity is very
unequal.
1. Zemeros albipunctata. (Tab. XVIII., fig. 12 ¢.)
Aemeros albipinctata, Butler, Cist. Ent. vol. i. p. 236 (1874); Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 545,
n, 2, t. lxix, f. 10 (1877).
Male and Female. Wings above reddish ochraceous or reddish-brown. Anterior wings with the
following black spots :—two crossing cell, one beneath cell near base, a curved series of five commencing
immediately beyond cell and directed inwardly, followed by a similarly curved series of seven spots, the
uppermost minute, and the lower two situate between the third median nervule and the submedian
nervure; beyond these are a series of seven white spots, of which the four uppermost are largest and most
distinct, and a submarginal series of seven linear black spots outwardly containing a small white spot;
fringe alternately black and greyish. Posterior wings with the disk more or less covered with similarly
sized and shaped black spots as on anterior wings, and also with a submarginal series of spots and the
fringe as on those wings. Wings beneath a little paler than above, the black spots somewhat more
* Taken from Mr. Butler's description, as I have been unable to examine a specimen belonging to the genus.
188 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
indistinct and the white spots brighter and more emphasized than above, the posterior wings possessing
traces of an inner series of small white spots on anterior area. Body and legs more or less concolorous
with wings; antenns fuscous, narrowly annulated with greyish, their apices pale ochraceous.
Exp. wings, # and ?, 85 to 40 millim.
Har.—Malay Peninsula; Sungei Ujong (Durnford—coll. Dist.); Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus. and
Biggs—coll. Dist.) ; Ayerpanas (coll. Roberts).—Sumatra (Forbes—coll: Dist.)—Borneo (Brit. Mus.).
The specimen figured is a somewhat pale variety of the species, which is generally more
melanic in hue. It is also closely allied to 7. fleqyas, Cram., from which it appears to be
distinct.* It is singular, however, that Cramer's species is found both in N.E. India, Upper
Tenasserim, and Java, but apparently replaced by Z. albipunctata in Borneo, Sumatra, and the
Malay Peninsula, though similar peculiarities of distribution have been pointed out by Wallace,
both in birds and mammals.
2. Zemeros emesoides. (Tab. XVIII., figs. 3¢, and 4°.)
Aemeros emesoides, Felder, Wien, Ent. Mon. iv. p. 896, n. 10 (1860); Reise Noy. Lep. ii. p. 289, n. 878, t. 86,
f. 9-11 (1865); Druce, Proce. Zool. Soc, 1873, p. 847, n. 1.
Male. Wings above reddish-ochraceous, and crossed by four broad dark fasciw, the outer one
strongly curved and followed by a submarginal narrow waved fascia of the same colour, the fringe also
fuscous; the anterior wings possess a short basal oblique fascia extending partly through cell and the
posterior wings have also a minute and obscure basal fascia. Wings beneath as above, but paler. Body
and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Antenne fuscous, narrowly and obscurely annulated with
greyish, but more distinctly so beneath than above, their apices pale ochraceous.
Female. Paler in hue than the male, and with the submarginal fascie a little broader.
Exp. wings, ¢ and ?, 833 to 39 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Sungei Ujong (Durnford—coll. Dist.) ;
Malacca (Castelnan—coll. Feld.; Pinwill—Brit. Mus.; Biggs—coll. Dist.)—Borneo (Druce).
Felder’s descriptions were taken from specimens collected in the interior of Malacca by the
Com. de Castelnau, and the species, like the preceding, is probably distributed throughout the
Malay Peninsula, Suniatra, and Borneo.
Genus ABISARA.
Abisera, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. iv. p. 897 (1860); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 68 (1881),
Sospita, Hew. Ex. Butt. ii. Sosp. t. 1 (1861),
Subgen. Lavita, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 546, n. 4 (1877).
Anterior wings subtriangular; costal margin either arched from base and then somewhat straight
to apex, which is somewhat angularly pointed, or convex to apex, which is rounded; outer margin
obliquely straight or slightly convex; inner margin slightly or prominently convex near base. First
and second subcostal nervules short, emitted a little before the end of the cell; third emitted about
midway between the end of cell and bifurcation of the fourth and fifth nervules, or a little nearer to the
last than to apex of cell, cell very broad; disco-cellular nervules concavely bent, lower disco-cellular joining
* In formulating opinions as to whether closely allied forms are distinct species, when our material is that of the
perfect insect alone, it must always be granted that such conclusions are purely empirical. The life-history of the insect
may disclose a different tale, as when, in some British moths, the perfect insects are almost inseparable and the larval
characters specifically divergent, or vice versi; or again, as has been recently shown, very different forms may simply
represent different seasonal or dimorphic phases of one species,
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 189
upper median at a short distance from base. Posterior wings subovate; costal margin convex at base and
thence oblique to apex; posterior margin either prominently angulated at apex of the upper median nervule
or regularly rounded and slightly waved. Costal nervure very short; precostal nervure curved outwardly ;
subcostal nervules bifureating beyond the end of the cell; upper and lower disco-cellular nervules about
equal in length, the lower joining the upper median nervule at a short distance from its base. Body
somewhat small; palpi minute, not visible above; antennw slender, with a distinct spatulate club.
Little has been recorded relating to the life-history of the species belonging to this genus.
The Bros. de Alwis have figured the larva and pupa of a Ceylon species (ante, p. 186, fig. 48),
the first of which is said to feed on Ardisia,* and this seems to constitute the whole of the
published information. '
Abisara is distributed over a wide area; it 1s found in Tropical Africa and Madagasear,
inhabits Continental India, Ceylon, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Burma, and the Malay
Peninsula, being also represented generally throughout the Malayan Archipelago.
I have included under this genus, and in agreement with Mr. Butler, some species which
by other authors have been placed in the genus Taxila, Doubl.t+
A. Posterior wings prominently angulated at apex of upper median nervule.
1. Abisara savitri. (Tab. XVIII., fig. 5 2.)
Abisara Savitri, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon, iv. p. 397, n. 12 (1860); Butl. Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Zool. vol. 1.
p- 545, n. 1 (1877).
Female. Wings above pale ochreous-brown. Anterior wings with two pale transverse fasciw crossing
the apical half, and with two narrow submarginal pale linear fasciw, each outwardly bordered with fuscous.
Posterior wings with two broad pale fasci# continuous to those of the anterior wings, the first somewhat
curved and extending to abdominal margin, the second situate near outer margin and containing two large
black spots with whitish surroundings separated by the discoidal nervule, a smaller spot situate between
the subcostal nervules, and two small and subobsolete spots at anal angle; marginal linear fascie as on
anterior wings, the outer margin long and linearly caudate at apex of upper median nervule, this
prolongation being white. Wings beneath as above. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, ¢, 44 to 46 millim. :
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill—brit. Mus.): Ayer Panas
(Godfery—coll. Dist.) ; Singapore (Brit. Mus.).
I am still without the male of this species, both sexes of which, judging from collections
already passed through my hands, appear to be somewhat searce or seldom captured.
2. Abisara kausambi. (Tab. XVIIL., figs. 10 ¢, 11 ¢.)
Abisara Kausambi, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. iv. p. 397, u. 11 (1860); Moore, Proe. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 587 ;
Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 645, n. 2 (1877).
Male. Wings above dark reddish-brown. Wings beneath somewhat paler; anterior wings crossed
by two pale fascie on the apical half and with a submarginal pale linear fascia, outwardly bordered with
* Moore's Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 69.
+ Mr, Bates (Journ. Linn, Soe,, Zool. vol, ix. p. 414) and Mr. Kirby (Cat. Diurn. Lep. p- 285) both take the contrary
view. Mr. Scudder (Proc. Am. Ac. Art & Sci. vol. x. p. 276, 1875) gives the species haguinus (here included im the genus
Abisara) as the type of Tazila, but this is not borne out by the original deseribers of the genus, who give that species
a8 a varietal form only of Taxtla.
Dercemper, 1883. 8c
190 ~- RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
dark castaneous and becoming obsolete at apex; posterior wings with two pale fasci@ as on anterior wings,
but curved and wider apart, the outer fascia containing three apical black spots surrounded with whitish and
separated by the subcostal nervules, and with two smaller spots near anal angle; a pale and darkly bordered
submarginal fascia as on anterior wings, but which from apex of upper median nervule (where the outer
margin is obtusely angulated) to anal angle is again outwardly bordered with paler coloration.
Female. Wings generally much paler in hue than in the male; anterior wings with a distinct
subapical transverse subviolaceous or whitish fascia, and with the submarginal linear fascia distinct as
beneath; posterior wings with the spots and fascim@, both above and beneath, as on underside of male ;*
the subapical pale fascia on anterior wings being broader beneath than above.
Eixp. wings, ¢ 42 to 44 millim; ? 40 to 44 millim.
Han.—Andaman Islands; Port Blair (Moore).t—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist.
and Sauer); Sungei Ujong (Durnford—coll. Dist.); Malacea (Biggs, coll. Dist.—Pinwill, Brit. Mus.) ;
Singapore (Kerr—coll. Dist.) —Sumatra.—Java (Brit. Mus.)—Borneo; Sandakan (Pryer—coll. Dist.)—
East Africa; Zambesi (coll. Hewits.); Nyassa (coll. Dist.).
The females of this species vary considerably in the size and distinctive character of the
pale subapical fascia to the anterior wings. The most strongly marked or albinic specimens in
my collection are from Province Wellesley, whilst the most melanie forms I possess are from
Malacca and North Borneo. Consequently, were I to theorise from the specimens now before me,
I should consider the species to increase in melanism in an easterly direction, a conclusion which
actual facts would probably contradict. The specimens figured are from Province Wellesley.
The most interesting fact in connection with the geographical distribution of this species
is its presence, unmodified and distinct, in Eastern Africa. The late Mr. Hewitson received it
from the Zambesi, and subsequently it reached my hands contained in a small collection made
in the neighbourhood of Lake Nyassa.
B. Posterior wings not prominently angulated.
3. Abisara haquinus. (Tab. XVIIL., fig. 13 2.)
Papilio Haquinus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 55, n. 169 (1793).
Emesis Drupadi, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E.1.0. t. 2, £. 8, 3a (1828); Boisd. Sp. Gén. i, t. 7, f. 2 (1836),
Abisara haptinus, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 187, n. 2 (1869); Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 546,
n. 8 (1877).
Tavila haquinus, Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 286, n. 2 (1871).
Male. Wings above dark purplish-brown; anterior wings with a subapical pale and somewhat
ochraceous fascia; apical portion of the nervules in both wings paler. Wings beneath much paler than
above, the diseal areas reddish; anterior wings with a curved pale fascia on upper portion of cell and
immediately beneath the subcostal nervule, a subapical pale ochraceous fascia as above, and with the
following bluish markings more or less spotted with black, viz.:—an oblique spot reaching apex of cell, two
black spots beyond cell connected by a bluish lunule, above which are some small black spots divided by the
subcostal nervules; these are outwardly followed by a straight series of about four spots (the lowest situate
above the first median nervule), two on each side of the second median nervule, and one on inner side and
at base of third median nervule; a submarginal series of linear pale continuous lunules becoming obsolete
+ Tiy an accident, the figure of the female here given has been rendered inexact; thus the posterior wings above
do not possess two contignons discal fascim, but should be as correctly shown beneath. The submarginal spots should
be as shown on the underside, save that the first black spot between the subcostal nervules has been there omitted.
+ This habitat has not been certified by Wood-Mason and de Nicéville in their enumeration of Andaman Rhopalocera.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA., 191
towards apex. Posterior wings with two short pale oblique fascim at base, a discal series of about
eleven blue and black markings as on anterior wings, and a submarginal series of obscure dark conical
spots, through which pass two series of pale, transverse linear spots, the inner series being distinetly
lunulate. Body above concolorous with wings, beneath with legs greyish-brown.
Female. Above reddish, the dark spots beneath visible above; anterior wings with a prominent
subapical white fascia. Wings beneath generally as in male, excepting the white subapical fascia.
Long. ¢ and ?, 48 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Malacea (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.); Singapore
(coll, Godfery).—Java (Horsfield—Brit. Mus.)\—Borneo (coll. Dist.)
I have not figured the male, which is, however, easily recognised by its uniform dark
eolour above, with subapical ochraceous fascia to anterior wings, and beneath by its general
resemblance to the female.
4, Abisara thuisto.
Taxila Thuisto, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. ii. Tax. t.1, £5, 6 (1861); Druce,
Proe. Zool. Soc. 18738, p. 847, n. 1.
Abisara Thiusto, Butl. Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. v. p. 868 (1870). \“
Male. Wings above uniform and very dark indigo-blue or black.
Wings beneath bright reddish-brown; anterior wings with the apex paler,
an oblique bluish fascia crossing cell; a number of irregularly shaped blue
and black discal spots arranged in three series, the outer most distinct
consisting of six spots divided by the nervules, the upper three being very
pale, and a submarginal series of linear blue spots margined with black situate between the nervules;
the fringe black; posterior wings with a transverse bluish fascia crossing cell and extending to near costa,
and with a number of irregularly shaped blue and black discal spots as on anterior wings, of which the
outer are tHe most prominent, and which are placed between the neryules; submarginal linear spots as on
anterior wings, and the fringe black. Body above concolorous with wings, beneath somewhat paler; legs
ochraceous.
Female. The following is Hewitson’s description of this sex, which I have not yet received from the
Malay Peninsula :—
“Rufous, clouded at the base. Both wings crossed transversely
beyond the middle by a band of oblong black spots, each spot marked with
dull blue—those near the costal margin of anterior wing interrupted by
five white spots. Both wings with a band of lunular black spots near the
outer margin, each spot traversed by a line of blue or white. Anterior
wing with a transverse band of black spots before the middle. Underside = oo
does not differ from the male, except that it is lighter.” Fic. 52.—Abisara thuisto, 9.
Exp. wings, ¢ 35 millim.; 9 “143 in.”
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Sungei Ujong (Durnford—coll. Dist.); Singapore (Hewitson).—Sumatra
(coll. Hewits.)\—Borneo (coll. Godm. & Salv.)
Fro, 51.—<Abisara thuisto, J.
A single male specimen received from Sungei Ujong (and subsequent to the completion of
the coloured plate) constitutes the only representative of the species I possess from this region.
This specimen is figured in the above woodeut (fig. 51), the female (fig. 52) being copied
from Hewitson’s ‘ Exotic Butterflies.’
192 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA,
5. Abisara tanita. (Tab. XVIII., fig. 14 2.)
Taxila tanita, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. ii. Tax. t.1, text (1861); Druece, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p, 847, n. 4;
Kirby, Cat. Dinrm. Lep. p, 286, n, 6 (1871).
Taxila Orphna, Doubl, Hew. (nec Boisd.), Gen. Diurn. Lep. t. 69, f. 6, 7 (1851),
Abisare | Lavita) tanita, Butl, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Aool, vol. i. p. 646, n. 4 (1877).
Female. Above bright purplish-red; anterior wings with the margins, the base, and a broad basal
streak between the lower median nervule and the submedian nervure pale fuscous; posterior wings with
the margins (costal and abdominal margins broadly) and some broad streaks situate in cell and between
the nervules pale fusecous. Wings beneath bright purplish-red; anterior wings with upper and apical
blue streaks in cell, the last margined outwardly with black, and with some blue and black discal spots, of
which the largest and most prominent are two beyond cell, and two divided by the second median nervule ;
two faint bluish submarginal linear fascie which become obsolete at apex, and the costal margin broadly
fuscous near base; posterior wings with some transverse series of black and blue spots at base, some large
elongate black submarginal spots with blue centres between the nervules, and blue and yellow submarginal
linear fascie, between which the colour is fuscous; posterior margin fuscous. Body pale fuscous; legs pale
obscure ochraceous.
Exp. wings, 2 38 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.) ; Singapore
(Brit. Mus.)—Borneo (Druce).
I have not received, nor have I been able to examine a male specimen of this species,
which, as figured by Doubleday and Hewitson,* has the wings above fuscous, with the apex
and the outer margin of the anterior wings broadly, and the apical portion of the outer margin
of the posterior wings narrowly pale reddish; the apex of the anterior wings being palest, and
the margin of the posterior wings containing a fuscous line.
It is likely that the subgenus (Lavita) proposed by Mr. Butler for the reception of this
species may subsequently be used in a generic sense, though its founder stated that he was
“doubtful of its generic distinction.” The relative positions of the bases of the first and
second subcostal nervules of the anterior wings are somewhat aberrant.
6. Abisara damajanti.
Ahisara Damajanti, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. iv. p. 897, n. 18 (1860).
Tavila Damajanti, Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lep, p. 286, n.-6 (1871).
This species is only known to me by Felder's description, + and is evidently closely allied
to 4. tanita. The following is the original diagnosis :—
“ Alis rubris, supra immaculatis, subtus maculis discalibus cyaneis (singula macule atre imposita),
posticis strigis quatuor submarginalibus, prima cyanea, secunda et quarta fuscis, tertia albida. 3.
“Coll. Felder.—Species perpulchra A. Orphne, Boisd., valde affinis, pagina autem inferiore alarum
anticarum maculis cyaneis ornata sufticienter diversa.”
* Gen. Diurn. Lep. t. 60, f. 6 and 7. + “In peninsula Malayica collecta."
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 193
Genus STIBOGES.
Stiboges, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1876, p. 808.
The interesting species, on which this genus is founded, is only known to me by
Mr. Butler’s description and figure, both of which are here reproduced :—
“ Allied to Abisara, aspect of Nymphidium.” *
“ Wings with rounded outer margin broad, costal nervure of primaries terminating abruptly at about
the middle of the costa, opposite to the end of the discoidal cell; subcostal with five branches, the last two
forkmg to apex; upper radial emitted from the inferior margin of the subcostal near its origin; lower
radial nearly equally dividing the disco-cellulars, which are concaye; second and third median branches
emitted near together; precostal of secondaries short, oblique, directed backwards; costal nervure short,
straight, oblique, terminating at basal third of costa; subcostal forking beyond the end of cell, the upper
fork running close to the margin from the second third of costa; radial emitted close to the subcostal,
reducing the upper disco-cellular to a point; lower disco-cellular long, oblique, nearly straight; second and
third median branches emitted nearer together than the first and second; body slender; eyes prominent;
antenn slender, submoniliform; palpi very small. Type Stiboges nymphidia, n. sp.”
1. Stiboges nymphidia. (Tab. XXIV., fig. 11.)
Stiboges nymphidia, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1876, p. 809, n. 1, t. xxii. f. 1.
“Wings semitransparent, snow-white; primaries with broad costal and external dark-brown borders,
sinuated internally; two irregular submarginal series of unequal white spots; secondaries with a broad
outer border, undulated internally ; a sinuated disco-submarginal lunulated pale brown line; a submarginal
series of elongated white spots; body dark brown; wings below as above; legs, palpi, and venter white."
Exp. wings, “1 inch 9 lines.”
Han.—‘ Penang (Roberts)."
Fam. LYCAINIDA.
Lycenide, Stephens, Il. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 74 (1827); Westw. Introd.
Mod. Class. Ins. ii. p. 858 (1840); Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 468 (1852) ;
Bates, Journ. Entomol. vol. i. p. 220 (1861); ib. vol. ii. p. 177
(1864); Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Austr. p. 217 (1866); Moore, Lep.
Ceyl. i. p. 69 (1881); Marsh. & De Nic. Butt. Ind. Burm. and
Ceyl. vol. i, p. 18 (1882),
Polyommatide, Swains. Phil. Mag. ser. 2, vol. i. p. 187 (1827).
Front legs perfect in the female, in the male more or less imper-
fect, the tarsi often wanting one or both of the tarsal claws, but densely
spined beneath.
| : - . . , Fic. 63.—Anterior legs (showing tarsi)
Pupa secured by the tail and a girdle across the middle. of Lampides peng .
* An extensive Neotropical genus focussed in Tropical America.
May 31, 1884, 3D
194 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
creer
Berens.
err The larve are onisciform, or shaped like woodlice,* and their
habits (as far as our present slight knowledge allows us to form an
opinion) are most interesting. Thus one Indian species, Deudorix
(Virachola) isocrates, Fabr., has been described by Prof. Westwood +t as
residing ‘‘ within the pomegranate in the caterpillar state, several
(seven or eight) being found in one fruit; in which, after consuming
BO eg moe the interior, they assume the chrysalis state, each having first gnawed
blypodia narada, (From Horsf. & hole through the rind of the fruit for the escape of the future
rn i butterfly, and carefully attached the footstalk to the branch by a coating
of silk to prevent its falling.” The late Dr. Thwaites} has given some interesting facts. He
states :—* It is difficult to realize that the larve of some species of these lovely Lycenide, such
as Amblypodia, &c., are carnivorous or even cannibal in their habits, and do not hesitate to eat
their own brethren of the same brood, when any of the latter are eommencing their change
into the inactive chrysalis state, with their consequent inability to protect themselves from
their voracious kindred, who devour them with avidity. Nature, however, finds a protection for
these said helpless individuals, in the instinct of a species of ant (Formica smaragdina, Fabr.),
which, finding a substance most palatable to it, secreted naturally from a glandular defined
spot upon the bodies of these helpless larve, takes possession of them as ‘ cows,’ surrounding
each separate one and the leaf on which it had been feeding with a few silken strands of
its web, protecting them jealously, and attacking most fiercely any living thing intruding
upon them.’’§
In the perfect insect the subcostal nervules number only three or four, || and I have myself
found these, both with regard to number and position, as excellent characters in the separation
and identification of genera.‘{ Many more genera undoubtedly exist-than have hitherto been
used in the systematic classification of the Lycwnide, and this could only have been expected
* The character on which Dr. Horsfield described the Lycenide as belonging to hia “ vermiform ee or family
(see his Deser, Cat. Lep. Ins. Mus, E.1.C. pp. 20, 58 and 64). These larve induced Mr. Swainson, inspired by the views
of Macleay, to trace some fanciful analogies by their resemblance to sometimes “a little tortoise" or to “‘ armadillos." He
considered their principal analogy, however, in the Annalosa to be found in the Vermes, and remarked, “* Now the only
difference between the general form of these tortoise-like caterpillars and that of the conmon earthworm is this—that in the
former the body is excessively contracted, whereas in the latter it is necessarily lengthened: the pointed extremitics of the
head and of the tail, in both animals, is a common character, which, as we have already seen, belong? to no other type of
larve of insects or of vertebrate animals; this at once accounts for the excessive length of body possessed by all the gnawing
quadrupeds (Glires, Linn,), and by all the birds in the order of waders (Grallatores).""—(Hist. & Nat. Arrang. Ins. p. 66).
+ Trans. Ent. Soe. vol. ii, pp, 1—8 (1887), and Gen. Diurn., Lep. p. 468,
| It is to be earnestly hoped that the entomological observations of this good observing naturalist have been
inp ep and preserved, so that their future publication may give us a contribution to the real description of the Lepidoptera
of Ceylon,
§2Moore's Lep. es fe i. p. 70.—Mr. Geo. Dimmock (‘ Psyche,’ vol. iii. p. 895) states that “the larve of certain species of
Lycena have been found to attract ants, on account of an opening upon the dorsum of the eleventh segment, which gives out
a liquid apparently containing sugar. Upon the twelfth segment, and evidently connected in function with the opening above
mentioned, are two protrusile organs covered with fine hairs. The fact of ants being attracted to these larve was first observed,
50 far as I can learn, by Esper.”
|| In this statement I am only in apparent disagreement with Messrs. Marshall and De Niceville, who (Butt. Ind.,
Burm. & Ceyl. vol. i. p. 18) describe the subcostal nervure as “emitting only two or three branches,” os those authors with
other authorities prefer to consider as the termination of the subcostal nervure, what I deseribe—and not alone—as an
additional nervule. I cannot, however, agree with my friend Mr. Moore in treating as a fourth or fifth subcostal nervule what
seems clearly the upper discoidal nervule, a course of treatment already repudiated by Hewitson (Ills. Diurn. Lepid. p. 214
eslhg A ee still continued by Mr. Moore, in his ‘ Lepidoptera of Ceylon,’ aah necessitates my diagnosis of genera di eing
with his own, though I refer to such in the synonymy.
{ I have not found the difficulty related by Mr. Hewitson, viz. “'The branches from the subcostal neryure, which are
such an assistance in determining the position of genera with regard to each other in other families, here avail little, and differ
in the sexes of the same species" (Introduction to Illustr. Diurn. Lepid.—Lyewn.).
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 195
when we remember the small size of the butterflies and their consequent somewhat neglected
structural examination.*
Of their habits there are many scattered notes recorded which still require the aid of the
assiduous collector and responsible editor. The curious habit of rubbing the erect posterior
wings together has been noticed by many observers, and notably by Mr. Wallace, who, in the
Amazon Valley, describes the wings as having the “appearance of revolving discs,’ + and by
Mr. Trimen, who, in South Africa, represents the action of the wings as ‘‘ resembling that of
the blades of a pair of scissors when repeatedly opened and shut.” { This curious habit has
been explained by Mr. Swinton, who has paid much and painstaking attention to the subject, as
due to the process of “ stridulation.”§ Although these small and exquisite butterflies are so
brilliantly coloured, they yet, when at rest and with the under surface of their wings alone
exposed, approximate very closely to the plants on which they settle, as instanced by
Mr. Uhler, who, when collecting in Eastern Colorado, noticed two species which settled on an
abundant “delicately blue lupin,” and which when at rest on these flowers “‘ were very difficult
to recognise.” || ;
Some species seem to have a definite time of day for their appearance, but the evidence
is too voluminous for insertion here, but examples are afforded by the statement of Lieut.
Gervase IF. Mathew that in England Lycena arion ‘‘is a butterfly that does not fly much after
mid-day,” ‘| whilst in India, according to a recent writer,** ‘‘ when the afternoon is drawing
on, then many a rich Hair-streak will appear, and, taking its station in the middle of some
large leaf, will open its wings just a little, and give you a peep of the dazzling blue within.” |+
We are also indebted to that excellent and trustworthy observer Mr. P. H. Gosse for
some interesting details obtained in North America. Referring to ‘‘ Polyommatus pseudargiolus,”’
he writes:—‘‘ In appearance and manner it much resembles the delicate little Hair-streaks
(Thecla) with which it associates. Like them it appears to be very pugnacious, attacking with
Quixotic knight-errantry any intruder, no matter how much bigger than itself. It is particularly
gamesome a few hours after sunrise; taking its stand on some prominent leaf of a bush,
it rushes out upon every butterfly that passes by; then they perform such swift and tortuous
evolutions that the eye is unable to follow them: this lasts only for a few seconds; for having
pursued the traveller three or four yards, the Polyommatus returns to the very same leaf to
watch as before. All this, however, I believe is done in a spirit of play, and not with any
* Some good lepidopterists, however, have taken a very opposite and synthetic view on this question, as, for example,
Mr. Herman Strecker, who is, or was, of opinion that there was no reason ‘* why all the N. American and European species,
except the few contained in Hwmaeus, Hiibn., should not be embraced within one genus, even including the Theclas" (Lepid.
Rhopal. & Heteroc. p. 81 (1874), and Mr. Kirby is also of opinion that “the number of distinctly-defined genera is small”
B
(Europ. Butt. & Moths, p. 44),
+ Trans. Ent, Soc, 1859, p, 263. { Rhop. Afr. Austr. p. 218.
§ ‘Insect Variety,’ p. 118, || Bull. Unit. States Geol. & Geogr. Surv. iii. p. 365 (1877).
“| ‘Entomologist,’ vol. x. p. 71. ** Eha, ‘The Tribes on my Frontier,’ p. 108. ,
++ This limited and punctual appearance of many insects is an interesting and peculiar phase which has scarcely received
the notice that might have been expected. Even on Penang Hill, I found it reported that various species of Cicadide had
different and set times of day at which to exert their “musical” efforts, But this did not escape the attention of the great and
eloquent Humboldt, who, when giving the account of his memorable journey, forcibly remarks :—“ We have seen that the insects
of the tropics everywhere follow a certain standard in the esas at which they alternately arrive and disappear, At fixed and
invariable hours, in the same season, and the same latitude, the air is peopled with new inhabitants, and in a zone where the
barometer becomes a clock, where everything eds with such admirable regularity, we might guess, blindfold, the hour of
the day or night by the hum of the insects fava Vey: heix stings" (‘ Personal Narrative’ (Eng. transl.), vol. ii. p. 277).
196 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
warlike intent. This constancy of resort to one individual leaf or twig is very singular and
unaccountable: sometimes on my approach to one so situated, it has been alarmed and flown
to a considerable distance, but, taking a flight round, it returns to the place; and presently
there is the little thing alighting on the leaf again. The playful pugnacity just noticed seems
almost peculiar to the Lycenide.””* It remains to be seen if these habits are restricted to the
western species alone, or whether, as is probable, similar proceedings may not be observed
among the Eastern Lycmnids.
The family is universally distributed, and wherever butterflies exist it seems that Lycenide
are found. This particularly applies to the smaller species, which have even been brought
from the Arctic Regions, collected in 81° 45° N. +
In arranging the genera of this family as found in the Malay Peninsula, I have found
it convenient to separate them under the three following proposed Groups, which I think
will prove useful, and which I trust—in our present superficial knowledge—are not altogether
unnatural :—
Posterior wings without filamentous tail-like appendages! near the anal angle. - - CURETARIA.
“ with minute filamentous or prominent tail-like appendages near the
anal angle.
Posterior wings convex, about as broad as long. . - - - - CasrTanarra.
. more or less elongate, distinctly longer than broad. - - APHWNARIA.
Group CURETARLIA,
This proposed division contains some of the most interesting genera found in the whole
of the family, having singular and strongly marked structural peculiarities. It is, however, in
Tropical and Subtropical Africa that it reaches its maximum in genera, of large and brilliantly
coloured species,§ whilst in Tropical America it is represented by the genera Ewmnaus and
Trichonis, and in Australia by the genus Ogyris. It is also extensively, but more modestly,
represented throughout the whole remaining area of Lycenid distribution. It is im this
division also that some of the most aberrant forms of the Lycenide are found.
* ‘Letters from Alabama,’ pp. 144-5. Elsewhere, in the same work (p. $7), the author describes the Thecia as often
returning after a flight, “like the flycatchers among birds, to the same spot from whence they departed; a projecting twig, or
the topmost leaf of a bush."
+ M‘Lachlan, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. xiv. p. 111 (1878). As regards local peculiarities of distribution, Mr, 5.
Scudder, in comparing the “ butterfly faunas of Eastern North America and of Europe,” found that the “blues” were better
represented in Europe by ‘(88 to 15)," whilst the “ hair-streaks” were most abundant in America by ‘(20 to 10)."—(‘ Psyche,’
vol. ii. p. 112 (1878).
| ‘This may prove to be an uncertain and illusory divisional character, if, as Herman Strecker reports on the North
American representatives, ‘'In some species the spring brood is tailless, whilst the summer generation of the same insect
is provided with those ornaments” (Lepid. Rhopal. & Heteroe. p. 81 (1874). In such a case, however, the markings of the
wings beneath would be similar, and I have not found this to be the case with any of the species now enumerated. Many of
the figures here given are deficient in these tail-like appendages owing to their exosscingiy fragile nature and their liallity
to mutilation in the process of capture. Lieut. Gervase F. Mathew advises the collector to box all small butterflies alive, and
writes, “‘Abroad, in the tropics, where I have taken and boxed numbers of small Lycaenidae, I have almost invariably found
their delicate caudal appendages as perfect as when first captured” (‘ Entomologist,’ vol. x. p. 88).
§ Amongst these African genera may be enumerated Mimacr@a, Pentila, Liptena, Phytala, Epitola, “Hewitsonta,
and Delonewra.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA., 197
SYNOPSIS OF GENERA,
1. Three subcostal nervules to anterior wings.
A, Anterior wings with the Some engi te slightly concave
about centre. - : Poriria.
2. Four subeostal nervules to PES wings.
Fro. 55.—Anterior wing of Poritia B. Anterior wings with the costal margin normal.
phraatica, showing subsostal a. Inner and outer margins of an r
eee subequal in length. a See oer oe
). Third subcostal neryule of aupeni wing saaittod
a little before end of cell. CunRETIS.
bb. Third subcostal nervule of Peatteie wings emitted
os ae a little beyond end of cell. - Lrruyna.
aa. Inner margin of anterior wings considerably, or at
Fre. 56.— Arrangement of sub- least distinctly, longer than outer margin.
costal nervules in anterior wing . ¢€ First subeostal nervule of anterior wings not
of Cyaniris lambi. anastomosed with, nor impinging on, costal
nervure.
d. Third subcostal nervule of anterior wings
emitted beyond end of cell.
ag ; e. Basal joint of tarsi elongated, widened and
| compressed. - - GERYDUS.
ee. Basal joint of tarsi normal.
ite Eee OF me f. Apices of tibie globosely incrassated. - Locanra.
of Neopithecops horsfieldi. dd. Third subcostal nervule of anterior wings
emitted at or near end of cell. - - - ALLOTINUS.
ddd. Third subcostal nervule of anterior wings
emitted before end of cell.
+ q. First subcostal nervule of anterior
wings emitted beyond middle of cell. Cyantnis.
gg. First subcostal nervule of anterior
wings emitted before middle of cell. Neoprruecops.
ea yin xe ga ad slag cc. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings im-
of Zizera lisizone. pinging on the costal nervure. = - - - IZERA.
\
\
Genus PORITIA.*
Poritia, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 775; Hewits. Ils. Dinrn. Lep., Lye. p. 213 (1878).
Wings short and broad. Anterior wings with the costal margin slightly concave about centre;
outer margin oblique, nearly straight or slightly rounded; inner margin slightly concave at base and then
sinuated to outer angle (prominently in the male and obscurely in the female); first subcostal nervule
emitted at about one-third from end of cell, second near end of cell, third emitted a short distance from
apex of second.t Posterior wings convex at base and suddenly oblique to apex; posterior margin rounded
and convex. Eyes naked; palpi long, the apical joint slender and pointed at apex; legs stout, femora
pilose beneath; antenne gradually increasing in thickness from the base, and terminating in a somewhat
long and moderately thickened club; thorax robust. Posterior wings in the male provided with a long tuft
of hairs near the base of cell.
* Mr. Seudder remarks Am. Ac. Arta & Sci. vol. x. p. 256 (1875), “The name is, correctly speaking, preoceupied,
(Proc.
through Porites (Lam. Pol. 1816)." ‘The two names do not, however, appear sufficiently similar to warrant the inconvenience
incidental to the substitution of a new generic name.
} Mr. Moore describes the ari SA as four in number; Mr. Hewitson corrects Moore, and says there are but
two; according to my view there are
May 81, 1884. SE
198 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA,
I have only described such features of the neuration as seem to be peculiar and indicative
of the genus, and throughout this family shall pursue a similar course of treatment.
The species of Poritia exhibit a brilliancy of colour and markings which forcibly remind
a lepidopterist of the glories of the Neotropical Erycinide, and in this respect the genus is,
I think, well placed at the commencement of the Eastern Lycwnide. The genus was founded
by Mr. Moore for the reception of a N.E. Indian species, but Poritia has since been shown, and
principally by Mr. Hewitson, to have its head-quarters and to reach its maximum of species in
the Indo-Malayan region. Some thirteen species are described, and of these no less than seven
are found in this fauna. Many of these are only known by the descriptions and figures of the
late Mr. Hewitson, and the typical specimens contained in his magnificent collection, and
I have failed to procure examples myself. It is perhaps idle to speculate on the number of
species of the genus which remain to be discovered in the Malay Peninsula, but they certainly
cannot be inconsiderable, and will eventually reward the efforts of an industrious collector.
1. Poritia sumatre. (Tab. XXII, figs. 2¢, 32%.)
Pseudodipsas Sumatra, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. u. p. 269, t. 86, f. 24—26 (1865),
Poritia Sumatre, Hewits. Is. Diurn. Lep., Lyc. p, 218, n. 12 (1878); Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool,
vol. 1. p. 546, n. 1 (1877).
Not having received this species, I have thought it best to copy Felder’s diagnosis, with
his figures (supra). a
“3. Ale supra dilute virenti-cyanew, in certo situ vivide virentes, antice plus quam bitriente antico
vittulaque anali fuscis, posticw limbo costali margineque posteriore ante cilia fuscis.”
“ Ale subtus cano-brunnea, figuris numerosis ochraceo-fulvis, fusco cinctis in fascias digestis serieque
antemarginali macularum rhombicarum fundo dilutiorum, pupillis fulvis nigro atomatis.”
‘‘o. Alw supra dilute violaceo-cyanem, vittulis fulvo-fuseulis apud venarum inferiorum extima,
antice limbo costali et terminali fuscis, hoc fasciis duabus macularibus fundi coloris diviso (interiore multo
breviore), litura discocellulari fulvo-lateritia nigro cincta, postiew limbo antico pallide fusco, margine
externo late fusco, lunulis strigaque anteciliari fundi coloris diviso.”
‘* Alw subtus ut in mare, sed maculis submarginalibus introrsum triangularibus.”’
Exp. wings, ¢ 30 millim.; ¢ 34 millim.
Var.? (Tab. XX., fig. 12 2.)
This figure represents the female specimen collected by Capt. Pinwill and contained in the
British Museum,* which has been identified by Mr. Butler as belonging to Felder’s species.
The differences, however, between that author’s figure and the specimen thus identified are so
considerable that it is probable that the female of another species has been confused with that
of Felder.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Penang; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.); Singapore (coll. Hewits.+)—
Sumatra (Felder, and coll. Hewits.).
* The figure was drawn by Mr. Wilson, and kindly approved by Mr. Butler.
+ “Cat, Coll. Diurn. Lep. form. by the late W. C, Hewitson,” p. 166,
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA, 199
2. Poritia phraatica. (Tab. XXI., fig. 21¢; Tab. XXIV., fig. 8 2.)
Poritia Phraatica, Hewitson, Ils. Diurn. Lepid., Lye. p, 214, n. 2, t. 88, f. 2 9 (1878).
Poritia Pleurata 9 , Hewits. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 846.
Male. Allied to the corresponding sex of the preceding species, but larger and with the black area
of the anterior wings smaller, its inner margin somewhat concavely occupying the end of the cell, after
which it is more or less convexly continued to the lower median nervule, and is then marginally continued
to angle, where there is a short black streak along the submedian nervure. Wings beneath with the
markings closely resembling those of P. sumatre, but much paler in hue.
Female. Wings above bright ochraceous. Anterior wings with the costal, outer and inner margins
broadly dark brown. Posterior wings with the basal half (notched posteriorly), a broad fascia oceupying
the margin from apex to upper median nervule, and then deflected transversely across the wing to a little
above anal angle, and three large conical marginal spots separated by the median nervules dark brown.
Wings beneath as in male, but much paler.
Exp. wings, ¢ and ¢, 35 millim.
Has.— Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Singapore (coll. Hewits.).
The female specimen here figured is paler on the posterior wings than depicted by
Hewitson’s figure, and is evidently a slight variety of the species. The male was unknown to
Mr. Hewitson, and is here deseribed for the first time.
The following species are alone known to me by Hewitson's figures and descriptions, which are
here reproduced.
3. Poritia pleurata. (Tab. XXII., fig. 6¢; 52.)
Poritia Pleurata, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 846; Is. Diurn. Lep., Lye. p. 215, t. Ixxxviii. f. 3,4 ¢,
5 @ (1878).
“Upper side. Male.—Brilliant blue. Anterior wing with the costal margin and apical half, which
is marked by two blue spots, dark brown. Posterior wing with the costal margin broadly brown; the
outer margin black, spotted with white.”
“Under side white, crossed everywhere by rufous bands and spots, and marked near the outer
margin by a series of singularly-formed spots. Anterior wing with a black spot at the anal angle.
Posterior wing with three black spots, the spot nearest the anal angle crowned with orange.”
‘* Female.—Cerulean-blue, clouded at the base. Anterior wing with the apical half dark brown,
crossed by five pale blue spots. Posterior wing with the costal and outer margins dark brown, the outer
margin marked by two black spots crowned with blue.”
Exp. wings, “dé 14, ? liv inch.”
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Singapore (Wallace & Buxton, coll. Hewits.).
Mr. Hewitson’s description of the posterior wing of the female is, to say the least, but
sketchy. In the absence of a specimen it is, however, safer to simply reproduce both the original
figure and description.
200 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
4, Poritia phalena. (Tab. XXII, fig. 8 3.)
Poritia’ Phalena, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 844; Ills. Diurn. Lep., Lyc. p. 216, n. 8, t. 89,
figs. 14 & 15 g (1878).
‘“Upperside. Male.—Black. Both wings marked by bands arid spots of green. Anterior wing with
a longitudinal narrow band from the base to the middle, a bifid spot on the inner margin, a trifid spot near
the costal margin, and a submarginal series of six spots. Posterior wing with a band near the imner
margin, two submarginal spots, and three spots on the outer margin; one of them, which is at the anal
angle, large and marked by a black spot.”
*‘ Underside rufous-brown. Anterior wing crossed at the middle by a band of white, and beyond it
by a series of five grey spots. Posterior wing white, with the base and apex rufous-brown, several small
brown spots near the middle, followed by three larger spots of the same colour; four large marginal spots,
their centre borders black.”
Exp. wings, 1, inch.”
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Singapore (Wallace—coll. Hewits.).
5. Poritia pheretia. (Tab. XXII., figs. 9 ¢, 102%.)
Poritia Pheretia, Hewitson, Trans. Ent, Soc. 1874, p. 846; - Ils. Diurn. Lep., Lye. p. 217, n. 9, t. 89,
figs.17 & 18 ¢ 16 9 (1878).
‘‘Upperside. Male.—Anterior wing black, with a band from the base to the middle, a band on the
inner margin, and a transverse band of four spots beyond the middle, all green-blue. Posterior wing
green-blue, with the costal margin and a spot below the middle dark brown.”
“Underside rufous, pale. Anterior wing crossed at the middle by a band of white. Posterior wing
irrorated with white at the middle and crossed by a band of brown spots; three large spots on the outer
margin; the two largest at the anal angle, white bordered with black, the middle spot marked with black,
the outer spot black.”
“Female rufous-brown. Posterior wing with the outer half nearly lilac-white: underside like the
male, except that the anterior wing is crossed by a second band of white.”
Exp. wings, ‘* 11 inch.”
- Har.—Malay Peninsula; Singapore (Wallace—coll. Hewits.).
6. Poritia pediada. (Tab. XXII, fig. 16 ¢.)
Poritia Pediada, Hewitson, Ent. Mo, Mag. vol, xiii, p. 228 (1877); Ills. Diurn. Lep., Lye. p. 218, n. 11, t. 89,
figs, 21 & 22 ¢ (1878).
“Upperside. Jemale.—Dark brown, slightly tinted with dull blue; outer margin of posterior wing
dentate near the middle, traversed from the dentation to the anal angle by a pale blue line.”
“Underside red-brown. Both wings crossed transversely by two bands of lilac-white, one near the
middle, the other submarginal. Posterior wing with a short band of the same colour between the others,
and a submarginal line of white,”
Exp. wings, ‘ 1% inch.” ‘
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Singapore (Buxton—coll. Hewits.).
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 201
7. Poritia potina. (Tab. XXII, fig. 7 2.)
Forttia potina, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 847; lls. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p, 215, n. 4, t. 88,
figs. 6 & 7 2 (1878).
‘‘Upperside. J’emale—Rufous-orange. Anterior wing with the apex, the outer and inner margins,
and a linear spot at the end of the cell dark brown. Posterior wing angular a little below the apex, clouded
with rufons-brown, and marked by three large brown spots near the outer margin."
“Underside rufous, tinted with lilac. Both wings with a linear spot at the end of the cell; both
crossed before the middle by a rufous-brown band (broken into spots on the posterior wing), and beyond -
the middle by two bands (near together) of the same colour.”
Exp. wings, “ lis inch.”
Haz.—Malay Peninsula; Singapore (Wallace—coll. Hewits.).
Genus CURETIS.
Curetis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett, p. 102 (1816); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 73 (1881),
Phaedra, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E.1.C. p. 123 (1829),
Anops, Boisd. Spec, Gén. i. t. 28, f. 1 (18386); Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 478 (1852),
Anterior wings subtriangular; costal margin strongly arched at base, and then almost obliquely
straight to apex, which is either subacute or prominently and faleately acute; outer margin concavely
sinuate where the apex is produced; inner margin concavely sinuate in the male, obscurely so in the
female; first subcostal neryule emitted at about one-third before end of cell, second at one-fourth before
end of cell, third and fourth bifureating about midway between end of cell and apex of wing. Posterior
wings rounded, the anal angle more acute in the male than in the female; subcostal nervules bifurcating
near end of cell. Eyes hairy; palpi porrect, clothed with fine adpressed scales; apical joint slender,
longer in the female than in the male; antenne short, gradually thickened into a long apical club; legs
short, thick and densely clothed with scales; anterior tarsus of the male consisting of a single joint, with
an obtuse apical claw and with some fine spines beneath ; anterior tarsus of the female five-jointed, with
two small apical claws. ;
The geographical range of Curetis includes Continental India, Ceylon, the Andaman and
Nicobar Islands, Burma, the Malay Peninsula, and probably the whole length and breadth of
the Malayan Archipelago.
This genus exhibits features of structural variability which await the explanation of the
local biological observer. In structure, the apical angles of the anterior, and the anal angles of
the posterior wings are either acutely produced or obtusely subacute. There are also three
forms of sexual dissimilarity; firstly, in which the female has the pale markings whitish, as
in C, @sopus; secondly, in which the female pale markings are of an ochraceous character,
as in CU. felderi, both of these forms having the male entirely dissimilar; and thirdly, in which
the male approaches the peculiar markings of the female, as in C. sperthis.
May $1, 1884. BF
202 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
1. Curetis malayica. (Tab. XXII., fig. 28 2.)
Anops Malayica, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 221, t. 28, f. 18 (1865); Butl. Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Zool.
vol. i. p. 646, no. 1 \ 1877).
Not having received this species myself from the Malay Peninsula, I have followed my
previous course of giving a copy of both Felder’s diagnosis and figure.
“¢. Alm supra cupreo-rutilm, antics limbo costali, apud venulam transversam dentem subtilem
emittente, nigro-fusco, triangulum sat latum apicalem intus excisum et hoc in triangulum analem nigro-
fuscum, in marginem internum obscuriorem se perdentem transeunte, posticw vittula juxta truneum
subcostalem, atomaria margineque externo, postice latiore et atomario nigro-fuscis, dimidio apicali coste
fusco, regione anali obscuriore.”
‘Ale subtus subargenteo-albe, nigro punctulate, striga externa undulata interrupte fracta ex atomis
nigris, altera submarginali obsoleta, punctis nigris intramarginalibus, antiew maculis tribus minutis nigris
subcostalibus.”
Exp. wings,* 45 millim.
Han.—Burma (coll. Dist.)—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Com. de Castelnau—coll. Felder; Pinwill—
Brit. Mus).
The female of this species has probably the ground colour white, instead of red, as obtains
in the female sex of C. bulis and C. esopus.
2. Curetis zsopus. (Tab. XXIV., fig. 12 2.)
Papilio Aisopus, Fabricius, Sp. Ins. p. 125, n. 665 (1781); Mant. Ins. p. 79, n. 719 (1787); Ent. Syst. iii.
p. 807, n. 164 (1798).
Anops ASsopus, Butl. Catl, Fabr. Lepid. p. 160, n. 1 (1869).
Male. Wings above closely resembling those of C. malayica, but the anterior wings having the black
area more reduced, and not widened at outer angle nor extending along inner margin. Wings beneath
pearly-white; anterior wings with a pale bluish oblique lunulated fascia, outwardly and narrowly margined
with blackish, commencing at upper diseoidal nervule, and a marginal series of small black spots preceded by
an obscure pale bluish lunulated fascia ; posterior wings with a short oblique pale bluish fascia commencing
on costal nervure a little before apex; some short and similar indistinct fascim on disk and a marginal
series of black spots preceded by a pale bluish lunulated fascia as on anterior wings. Body above fuscous;
beneath with the sternum and legs greyish white, the femora and tibim more or less annulated with
brownish ; abdomen pale brownish ; palpi greyish white, with their apices black.
Female. This is the sex of the typical speciment contained in the Banksian Collection in the
British Museum, and is thus described :—
“ Alis integerrimis supra fuseis, macula alba; subtus albis immaculatis; habitat in India orientali.”
Exp. wings, 40 millim.
Hap.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.).
Although I have not received the female from the Malay Peninsula, I have carefully
compared the male specimen here figured with the female type of the Fabrician species, and
* Felder's figure.—In all my given measnrements the expanse is calculated from tip to tip of wing. 3 ist
: he easnrements ] nt wing. Mr. Butler (Cist.
Ent. vol. iii. p. 68) has reeently argued that “ fairly” it should be “from tip of wing to seni of ices. doubled.”
+ I refer only to the type, and not to the Moulmei eci | i i | I
(Cat. Fabr, Lepid. p. 160, n. 1 (1869). PRE See aa SE MICE NS: SARAH 40 128 AGEHOR DY, AE Eto
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 203
have no doubt as to their identity. It is quite (specifically or racially) distinct from C. thetys,
Dru., and not synonymic with that species, as stated by Mr. Kirby * and by Mr. Moore. +
3. Curetis felderi, { n.sp. (Tab. XXIV., fig. 3a; Tab. XXIL., fig. 26 ¢.)
Male. Wings less angular than in the preceding species, the apex of the anterior wing and the anal
angle of the posterior wing more rounded and less produced. Colour above as in preceding species ;
anterior wings with the black area smaller, the apical portion more regularly concave interiorly, and
narrower at outer angle; posterior wings with the outer black margin narrower. Wings beneath pearly
white; markings as in preceding species, but the fascim darker and more continuous, the apex of the
anterior wings also broadly infuscated.,
Female. Wings above pale orange-yellow; anterior wings with the costal margin, the apex, outer
margin, and outer half of inner margin broadly dark brown; posterior wings wholly dark brown, with the
exception of a large discal orange-yellow patch extending from base of upper median nervule to apex of wing.
Wings beneath as in the male, but with the fasciw darker, broader, and more regularly curved and continuous.
Body above dark brown; sternum and legs greyish white, tibim and tarsi annulated with brown; palpi
greyish white, their apices dark brown.
Exp. wings, ¢ and ¢, 40 to 45 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Sungei Ujong (Godfery and Durnford) ;
Singapore (Kerr).
This species is allied to C. insularis, Horsf. (with the type of which in the Horsfield
collection I have carefully compared it§), but by the under surface, in particular, it is
rendered very distinct.
4, Curetis sperthis. (Tab. XXII, fig. 27 2.)
Anops sperthis, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 222 (1865); Butl. Trans. Linn. Soe, ser, 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 546,
n. 2 (1877).
Female. Wings above dark chocolate-brown; a large diseal streak on anterior wings, oecupying
nearly all the lower half of cell, and deflected and covering more than half of the median nervules,
and a diseal patch on posterior wings, which is much waved and sinuated and extends from near apex
to upper median nervule, orange-yellow. Wings beneath pearly grey, with a small fuscous streak near
end of cells of both wings, a waved fuscous linear faseia crossing both wings a little beyond middle,
followed by a wider and more obscure fascia and a submarginal series of dark fuscous linear spots. Body
both above and beneath more or less concolorous with wings. Palpi pearly grey, with their upper surface
and apex fuscous. Legs pearly grey, more or less annulated with fuscous.
Male. A specimen of this sex in the British Museum resembles the female, but has the pale discal
markings on the upper surface of the wings more reddish in hue, and the discal patch on the posterior
wings larger in size.
Exp. wings, 41 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Sungei Ujong (Durnford—coll. Dist.); Malacca (Castelnau—coll. Feld. ;
Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).
* Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lepid. p. 418, n.1. + Lepid. Ceylon, vol. i. p. 74.
| Named after 0. and BR. Felder, whose memoir, “ Lepidoptera nova in Peninsula Malayica Collecta” (Wien. Ent. Mon.
iv. 1860) may be considered as the first real contribution to a knowledge of this Rhopalocerous fauna.
___§ This important collection of Dr. Horsfield, containing so many types, is no longer kept in its separate condition at the
British Museum, but is now incorporated with the general collection—a matter of some regret—until an account is published
under whint genera the species are placed, and which species are sunk as synonyms of others.
204 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.,
I have only received a single female specimen of this apparently somewhat rare species.
It is peculiar by the similarity of the sexes, the usual female characters of colour and markings
being, in this species, also transferred to the other sex.
Genus LIPHYRA.
Liphyra, Westwood, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1864, p, 81.
Sterosis, Feld. Reise Nov. Lep. ti. p. 219 (1865).
Body very short and robust; eyes large; palpi minute; antenne gradually thickened from centre
to apex.
Anterior wings subtriangular, the costal margin oblique and slightly arched, the outer margin
convex, inner margin sinuated and coarsely hirsute; costal nervure extending to about centre of costal
margin; first subcostal nervule emitted a little beyond centre of cell; second emitted at about half the
distance from apex of cell as its base is from that of the first nervule; third and fourth bifureating at
about one-third the distance between end of cell and apex of wing; base of the upper discoidal nervule
united with the subcostal nervule a little beyond end of cell; disco-cellular nervules robust, slightly
concave. Posterior wings somewhat elongately ovate; the posterior margin rounded and convex; costal
nervure extending to about apex of wing; first subcostal nervule emitted at about one-third before end of
cell; cell very broad; second and third median nervules with their bases twice as wide apart as the
distance separating the bases of the first and second. Legs robust.
This unique genus is known only by one species,* which is probably the largest and most
robust butterfly found in the whole of the Lycenide. Its geographical area can at present be
only estimated by that of its sole representative.
1. Liphyra brassolis.+ (Tab. XXII., fig. 18 2.)
Liphyra brassolis, Westwood, Proc, Ent, Soc. 1864, p. 81; Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool, vol. i, p. 546,
n. 1 (1877).
Sterosis robusta, Feld. Reise Noy. Lep. i. p. 219, n. 287, t. 27, f. 10, 11 (1865),
Female. Wings above reddish ochraceous. Anterior wings with a large spot occupying apical two-
thirds of cell and extending beyond it; two large spots beneath apex of cell divided by the middle median
nervule, the apex and outer margin broadly and the inner margin narrowly for half its length fuseous or
black ; extreme outer margin castaneous. Posterior wings with five discal spots, one inside and two just
beyond cell, and two divided by the middle median nervule, and the posterior margin broadly and inwardly
sinuate, fuscous or black; extreme outer margin castaneous; abdominal margin somewhat darker. Wings
beneath paler; anterior wings with the discal black spots present, but the apex and outer margin only
mottled with brownish; posterior wings with the posterior two-thirds and the costal margin mottled with
brownish, the black discal spots obsolete. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings; eyes
black; antenne brownish.
Male. With the black markings on the upper surface of the wings larger and more distinct, on the
anterior wings occupying the whole of the inner margin.
Exp. wings, ¢ and 2, 68 millim.
* Mr. Hewitson described two West African species as also belonging to this genus, but I quite agree with Mr. Kirby,
and cannot believe that they “are correctly referred” in the generic sense (Ills, Diurn, Lep., Lye. Suppl. pp. 84—5).
+ This species has considerable superficial resemblance to those of the Tropical American genus Brassolis, from which it
presumably owes its name.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 205
Has.—Continental India; Darjeeling (coll. Hewits.). Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit.
Mus.; Biggs—coll. Dist.). Borneo; Sarawak (coll. Hewits.). Gilolo;* Dodinga (Lorquin—Felder).
This is always a somewhat scarce species. I have only received one (a female)
specimen, and for this I am indebted to the entomological exertions of the Rev. L. 0. Biggs.
Capt. Pinwill also found it at Malacca, but it has not been received from those other parts of
the Malay Peninsula in which considerable collections have been made.
Genus GERYDUS.
Gerydus, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. i. t. 28, £. 2 (1886).
Symetha, Horsf. Cat. Lep, B.1.0. p. 59, t. 2, f. 2 (1828).
Miletus (nee Hiibn.), Westw. (part), Gen. Diurn, Lep. p. 502 (1852),
Anterior wings elongate and ovate, costal margin arched and convex, apex subacute,
outer margin obliquely convex, inner margin nearly straight, very slightly concave;
subcostal nervure with four nervules; first emitted about one-fourth before end of cell,
second near end of cell, third a little beyond cell, and fourth minute, starting from third
a little before apex. Posterior wings elongate and ovate, costal margin nearly straight,
posterior margin convexly rounded, distinctly angulated in the female. Eyes naked, palpi
very long, terminal joint long and slender; legs scaly and compressed, the first joint of
the tarsi remarkably elongated, widened and compressed; antennw slender, terminating
in a slightly formed elub.
Fra, 59.—Posterior
This is a truly remarkable genus, the enlarged and widened basal joint of the ‘'s ef Geryus
symetius.
tarsi being a phenomenal character in Rhopalocera. The focus of the distribution :
- of Gerydus appears to be in the trne Malayan region. —
Tt has been erroneously stated that one species inhabits ants’ nests, but no real facts can
be adduced in support of the assertion. +
1. Gerydus symethus. (Tab. XX., fig. 2%, and Tab. XXIT., fig. 14 ¢.)
Papilio Symethus, Cramer, Pap. Ex. ii. t. 149, B, C. (1779); Stoll, Suppl. Cram. t. 87, f. 3, 3 C (1790).
Poljommatus Symethus, Godt. Ene. Méth. ix. p. 675, n. 180 (1928).
Symetha Pandu, Horsf. Cat. Lep., E.LC. t. 2, f. 2, 2a (1828).
Gerydus Symetius, Boisd, Sp. Gen. i. t. 28, f. 2 (1836); Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 546,
n. 3 (1877).
Miletus Symethus, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 886, n. 2 (1871); Snell. Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 152, n. 87 (1876).
* Felder (Reise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 219) gives the habitat as “Halmaheira.” According to Crawford (Dict, Ind. Islds., &e.,
pp- 147 & 10) this name ean be either spelt ‘‘ Halmahera” or ‘*Almahera,” and is the equivalent of Gilolo.
+ In ‘ Cassell’s Natural History’ (vol. vi. p. 44) it is ‘tated that Gerydus (Miletus) symethua is “ said to inhabit ants’
nests.” On asking my friend the author, Mr. W. F. Kirby, for the original authority of this statement he referred me to an
article in the ‘Entomologist’s Weekly Intelligencer’ (No. 142, p. 89), written by Mr. Stainton, where it is stated on the
authority of Dr. Herrich-Schiiffer, that the butterfly ‘took up its residence permanently within the nests of ants,” and that
“the accounts he had received of its habits led irresistibly to the conclusion that this singular butterfly never disported itself
on the wing, but wandered listlessly in the labyrinths of the ants’ nests.” Mr. Stainton bas obligingly informed me that
“the information was no doubt acquired in conversation with Herrich-Schiiffer.” It only femains to say that the information
given by that excellent entomologist must have become erroneously transposed, either—as is most probable—really referring
to the larva of the butterfly, or—as is equally possible—to some other insect, perhaps a moth. For the butterfly is common in
the Malay Peninsula, and I have received it from so many different collectors, sent home with other Rhopalocera captured on
the wing, that had it been found only in ants’ nests I must have received information of so uncommon an occurrence.
May 31, 1884. 1 3G
206 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Male. Anterior wings above greyish-white, the base and basal half of costal area bluish-grey ; about
the apical half of wing black with its inner margin oblique and profoundly sinuate, and the apical third of
inner margin of the same colour. Posterior wings bluish-grey, the costal area blackish, a pale discal streak
extending through and beyond cell, and the fringe pale greyish. Wings beneath pale brownish. Anterior
wings with an oblique central whitish fascia, before and beyond which the colour is dark bluish-grey, and with
the following spots and fasci# margined with grey :—two spots in cell, a disco-cellular elongate spot at apex
of cell, a spot between the first and second subcostal nervules and another between the second and third,
a waved fascia extending from fourth subcostal nervule to about upper median nervule, and a submarginal
row of small dark spots placed between the nervules. Posterior wings with the following spots and
fascim :—three beneath costal nervure, three crossing cell (the third at apex), two beneath cell (the second
bifid), beyond these a waved transverse fascia crossing wing, and a waved submarginal dark line. Body and
legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Female. Resembling the male, but with the posterior wings more elongated and angulated; the white
area of the anterior wings much larger,* and the white discal streak on the posterior wings also larger and
more distinct.
Exp. wings, ¢@ and ¢, 84 to 42 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Malacea (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.; Biggs—coll. Gosse and Dist.)—Java (coll.
Horsf.); Batavia (Snellen).
Although the male specimens collected in Malacca, and now before me, show no variation,
such uniformity in the species does not ensue when a larger series from the whole area of its
distribution is examined. As I have noticed in the British Museum and other private
collections, the variability is in the extent and distinctness of the white area to the anterior
wings.
It is of this species that the erroneous statement as to its habitation in ants’ nests has
been ascribed (antea, p. 205).
2. Gerydus biggsii,j n.sp. (Tab. XXIT., fig. 12 2.)
Female. Anterior wings brown, almost crossed near centre by an oblique white fascia, beyond which
the brown colour is much darker and almost black. Posterior wings uniform brown, with the fringe paler.
Wings beneath pale brownish; anterior wings with the white fascia as above; both wings with spots and
fascie margined with grey, arranged similarly to those of G. symethus.
Male. Resembling the female, but with the white fascia to the anterior wings a little narrower, and
the posterior wings more convex and less outwardly angulated.
Exp. wings, 30 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Biggs—coll. Dist.).
I have now received three specimens of this well-marked species, all collected at
different times by Mr. Biggs at Malacca, I neither met with it myself in Province Wellesley,
nor have I seen it in any of the many collections examined from other parts of the Peninsula.
* In an allied Amboinese species, G. boisduvalii, Butl., the distinctive colouring of the sexes is reversed, the male having
the largest white area to the anterior wings.
+ Ihave named this species after its discoverer, the Rev. L. C. Biggs, now Chaplain at Malacea, who has devoted much
of his leisure to the collection and study of the Rhopalocera of his district.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 207
Genus PARAGERYDUS, gen. nov.
Closely allied to Gerydus, but differing by having the first joint of the tarsi greatly
elongated, but not widened and compressed as in Gerydus; the female also differs from the
male in having the outer margin of the posterior wings dentately sinuate.
_ I failed to place this genus in the Synopsis (p. 197), believing, previous to
close examination, that the following species really belonged to Gerydus, as hitherto
classified. Its position is readily defined as allied to Gerydus and Logania by
having the third subcostal nervule of the anterior wings emitted beyond the end
of cell, and it differs from the first by the non-compressed and non-dilated tarsi,
and from the second by the non-globosely incrassated tibial apices. Fra.60.—Postesior
leg of Paragerydus
horajieldi,
1. Paragerydus horsfieldi. (Tab. XX., fig. 7 ¢.)
Miletus Horsjieldi, Moore (Horsf. & Moore), Cat. Lep. Mus, E.L.0. i, p. 19, n. 3, t. la, f. 2 (1857); Druce,
Proe. Zool. Soc. 18738, p. 847, n. 1.
Gerydus Horsjieldi, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 646, n. 1 (1877).
Male. Wings above dark brownish; anterior wings with a pale ochraceous streak beyond cell,
extending along the upper median nervule for about half its length. Wings beneath greyish, thickly
mottled with irregularly shaped and sized brown markings; fringe pale brownish. Body and legs more or
less concolorous with wings.
Female. Resembling the male, but with the anterior wings proportionally shorter and their outer
margin convex; the outer margin of the posterior wings dentately sinuate, and the pale streak on the
upper surface of the anterior wings almost obsolete.
Exp. wings, ¢ and ?, 81 to 40 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Penang (Brit. Mus.); Sungei Ujong (Durnford—eoll. Dist.): Malacca
(Pinwill—Brit. Mus.): Singapore (Kerr—coll. Dist.)—Java (coll. Horsf.)\—Borneo (Lowe—coll. Godm.
and Saly,).
‘'wo specimens received from Singapore, and both males, are smaller than the female here
figured, which itself does not equal in size some large male specimens captured at Sungei
Ujong. It is therefore very evident that size is a very variable element in the form of
this species.
2. Paragerydus nivalis. (Tab. XXII, fig. 11 2.)
Miletus nivalis, Druce, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1873, p. 848, n. 4.
Gerydus nivalis? Butl. Trans, Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. 1, p. 546, n. 2 (1877).
My only knowledge of this species is derived from the Bornean type described by Mr. Druce,
and a Malaccan specimen in the British Museum, from which the figure is taken. The aallowing
is the original description:
‘““Male. Upperside dark brown. Underside white, speckled with pale brown. Anterior wing with
six black spots close to the outer margin; posterior wing with five.” *
Exp. wings, “1 inch.”
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.)—Borneo (Lowe—coll. Godm. & Salv.).
* These spots would be more correctly described as marginal, and are scarcely reducible to the numbers given.
208 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA,
Genus LOGANTA,* gen. nov.
Anterior wings irregularly subtriangular; costal margin convex, the apex acutely
produced, outer margin deeply and concavely sinuate, inner margin nearly straight; costal
nervure extending to near middle of costal margin, first subcostal nervule emitted a little
beyond middle of cell, second midway between base of first and apex of cell, third and
fourth bifureating at about two-thirds the distance from end of cell and apex of wing;
bases of the first and second median nervules one-third nearer together than the bases of
the second and third. Posterior wings elongate, the costal margin nearly straight, the
posterior margin deeply sinuate, first subcostal nervule emitted a little before the end of
cell; palpi very long, hirsute, the apical joint slender, but clothed with adpressed hairs
(antenne mutilated); legs with the apices of the tibie more or less globosely incrassated,
the femora with a few slender spines.
This peculiar genus, which possesses superficially a Heterocerous appearance,
is probably found throughout the Malay Peninsula. I have received but one
Fro. 61.—Posterior Species ; but a second, from Tenasserim, belonging to the Calcutta Museum, has
Soe been shown me by Mr. F. Moore. Of the species here described female specimens
have alone reached my hands.
1, Logania malayica, n. sp. (Tab. XXII, fig. 21 2.)
Female. Wings above white; anterior wings with the costal margin narrowly fuscous and the apical
area narrowing to outer angle of the same colour; posterior wings with the outer margin very narrowly
fuscous. Wings beneath white, thickly and irregularly mottled with brown. Body and legs brownish.
Exp. wings, ¢, 28 to 25 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Sungei Ujong (Godfery and Durnford—coll. Dist.).
Genus ALLOTINUS.
Allotinus, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 285 (1865).
“ Antenne sensim inerassate, paullo longiores, quam in Mileto.”
“Palpi artieulo tertio aciculari sat longo, presertim in feminis.”
“Alm antics vena subecostali triramosa,+ ramo tertio sat longe pone cellulam emisso vena discoidali
superiore ¢ cellule clausa nata, venula discocellulari suprema distincta.”
“Pedes sat longi, gracillimi, aciculares, tibiis posticis femora subequantibus.”
Felder’s original diagnosis of his genus is here given, as I have neither the Singapore
species which he includes in it, nor have I both sexes of any other species of the genus, which
is readily separable from the preceding genera by the position of the third subcostal nervule of
the anterior wings.
One species has been described from Singapore, and others from Java, Celebes, and the
Philippine Islands, but doubtless many more remain to be discovered and the true geographical
range of the genus cannot at present be rigidly defined, though its head-quarters appear to be
in the Indo-Malayan region.
* T have dedicated this genus to my friend and colleague, David Logan, the inspirer and sustainer of this work.
+ In A. subviolaceus, Feld, (the only species I possess), there are four subcostal nervules, as in Gerydus, but differi
in having the third nervule emitted at cait of sell, P oryaus differing
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA, 209
1. Allotinus unicolor.
Allotinus unicolor, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. ti. p. 286, n. 869 (1875).
‘‘¢. Ale supra rufescenti-fusew, anticm marginem versus obseuriores, postic ciliis sordide albidis,
margine ante ea obscuriore.
“ Ale subtus glaucescenti-alba, ciliis fusco-albis, apud venarum exitus obsolete nigro-fusco maculatis,
omnes, antice limbo interno solum excepto, fuscescenti subtiliter variegate, serie submarginali margini
parallela macularum parvularum fuscescentium, anticarum maculis quinque costalibus arrosis, macula
minuta et litura transversa in cellula, fasciola discocellulari fasciaque exteriore, maculis sex inequalibus
formata, posticarum maculis quatuor minutis basalibus, maculis binis cellularibus, fasciola discocellulan
arrosa, maculis duabus subecostalibus subbasalibus, duabus subcostalibus grossioribus in medio (superiore
magis extrorsum jacta), aliis sex posterioribus in serie margini parallela (duabus intermediis elongatis,
reliquis paribus, decrescentibus) septimaque parva interna cano-brunneis.”
“ Abdomen cano-fuseum, ventre albido.”
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Singapore (Wallace—coll. Feld.).
Felder does not give the exact dimensions of this species, but refers it in general terms to
the size of two other members of the genus. From this we may infer that it is somewhat of
the size of Gerydus symethus.
Genus NEOPITHECOPS, gen. nov.
Pitheeops, Moore (nee Horsfield), Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 72 (1881).
Wings broad. Anterior wings with the costal margin arched and convex, outer margin convex, inner
margin slightly sinuate. Costal nervure not extending to centre of costal margin; first, second, and third
subcostal nervules emitted at about equal distance from each other before end of cell, first before middle of
cell, third and fourth bifurcating beyond centre of third, the fourth not reaching apex of wing; cell long and
broad ; lower median nervule emitted about centre of median neryure. Posterior wings ovate; the posterior
margin strongly convex. Costal nervure arched and extending to apex of wing; subcostal nervules bifurcating
before apex of cell. Body moderately slender. Palpi porrect, the second joint stout and compressed ;
apical joint slender, longest in the female; legs moderately long and slender, basal joint of the tarsi much
elongated. Antenne with a well-formed, prominent, and spatulate apical club.
This genus is quite distinct from Pithecops (of which the type is the Javan species
P.hylax), although similarity in colouring and markings has led to considerable confusion.
In Pithecops the first subcostal neryule is distinctly and strongly anastomosed with the costal
nervure, in Neopithecops that nervule is quite free and situate some clear distance from the
costal nervure.
The geographical range of Neopithecops (of which I take the type to be the Ceylonese
species N. dharma, Moore) is at present unknown, and till all the species (many undescribed)
which really belong to it are accurately determined little can be stated on that point. It is,
however, known from Ceylon, I possess an undescribed species from the Andaman Islands, and
it is probably distributed more or less throughout the Malayan Archipelago.
May 31, 1884. 3H
210 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
1. Neopithecops horsfieldi,* n.sp. (Tab. XXII., fig. 15 2.)
Male. Wings above dark purplish; anterior wings with the apex and outer margin distinctly and
broadly darker; posterior wings with the fringe greyish-white. Wings beneath greyish-white; anterior
wings with the following brownish markings, riz.:—an oblique line extending from costa to upper discoidal
neryule, followed by a broken transverse linear fascia, a more continuous submarginal linear fascia between
which and the outer margin Bre a series of linear spots, and an outer marginal line; posterior wings with
a large blackish spot near apex, and brownish markings as on anterior wings. Body above and beneath
more or less concolorous with wings; legs greyish-white, more or less annulated with brownish.
Exp. wings, 20 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Singapore (Kerr).
I have as yet received but a single example of this species, obligingly sent to me by its
captor, Capt. J. M. Kerr.
Genus CYANIRIS.
Cyaniris, Dalman, Vetensk. Acad, Handl. xxxvii. 63, 94 (1816); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 74 (1881).
Lycanopsis, Feld. Reise Nov. Lep. p. 257 (1865),
Anterior wings subtriangular, costal margin oblique, outer margin oblique and slightly convex, inner
margin nearly straight; costal nervure terminating at about centre of costal margin; first subcostal
nervule emitted a little beyond basal half of cell, second between base of first and end of cell, third and
fourth bifureating between end of cell and apex of wing;+ cell long, narrow, extending to about half the
length of wing; first and second median nervules emitted a short distance from each other at end of cell ;
third median nervule emitted a little beyond basal half of cell. Posterior wings subovate, costal and
posterior margins convex; costal nervure extending to apex, first subcostal nervule emitted a little before
the end of cell. Palpi porrect, second joint pilose, projecting half beyond the head, third slender and about
half the length of second; legs well developed, femora moderately pilose; antennw with a well-formed
elongate club.
I can find no sufficient character to separate the proposed genus Lycenopsis, Feld., from
Cyaniris. Felder himself appended to his diagnosis of the typical species the remark,
«Hrinnert auch in der Aeichnung der Unterseite an die Gruppe von Lijcena Argiolus, L.,”
and as Mr. Moore (supra) gives this species as the type of Cyaniris, there seems little doubt
as to common identity.
I am only able at present to enumerate two species of Cyaniris in this fauna. Mr. Butler,
in his paper on the “ Butterflies of Malacca,” | imeluded the Lycena cagaya, Feld., a species
which clearly appertains to this genus. Our artist, however, was unable to see this specimen
at the British Museum, it being no longer placed under Felder’s name, and was not then
discoverable. I have not received it from the Malay Peninsula, and, as Felder described it from
Luzon, it has probably been erroneously ascribed to Malacca.
* This species is dedicated to the memory of the late Dr. Thomas Horsfield, whose name is inseparably connected with
the Natural History of Java.
+ Mr. Moore (Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 74) deseribes a fifth subcostal nervule emitted “from end of the cell,” but in my view this
is clearly the upper discoidal nervule,
{ Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool, vol. i. p. 548, n. 1 (1878).
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 211
1. Cyaniris lambi.* (Tab. XXL, fig. 22 3.)
Polyommatus (Cyaniris) Lambi, Distant, Ann. & Mag, Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. x. p. 245 (1682).
Male. Wings above somewhat dark lavender-blue; anterior wings with the costal area and outer
margin somewhat broadly fuseous, widest at base and apex; posterior wings with the costal, posterior, and
abdominal margins somewhat broadly fuseous. Wings beneath greyish-white; anterior wings with the
costal area and outer margins slightly infuscated, and with the following pale fuseous spots :—a transverse
linear one at the end of cell, one between third and fourth subcostal nervules, one above upper diseoidal
nervule, three in linear series and nearer outer margin, divided by the lower discoidal and first median
nervules, and two larger, and placed more inwardly, divided by the third median nervule; obscure, waved
and broken submarginal and marginal pale fuscous fasciw. Posterior wings with seven large and prominent
black discal spots—one, small, between bases of costal and subcostal nervures, followed by two which are
more rounded and much larger, one in cell, at about base of third median nervule, near which is a smaller
spot, contiguous, but outside cell, and two situate on abdominal margin; these are followed by a discal series
of six pale fuscous spots, the first and innermost of which is situate between the subcostal nervules near
their base, second and third on each side of discoidal nervule, and fourth, fifth and sixth in irregular series,
separated by the second and third median nervules; a transverse pale fuscous fascia at end of cell, and a
much-waved pale fuscous submarginal fascia, between which and outer margin are nine marginal spots
the upper four of which are pale fuscous, and the remaining five almost black. Body and legs more or
less concolorous with wings.
Female. Anterior wings above fuscous, with a pale greyish-white discal space much suffused with
bluish, extending from near base through centre of cell above, to about median nervure beneath, and
outwardly reaching centre of submedian nervules. Posterior wings above pale fuscous, with a similar but
smaller pale discal area as on anterior wings, and with the posterior margin fuscous as in male. Wings
beneath as in the other sex.
Exp. wings, ¢ and ?, 30 to 82 millim.
Has.— Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Perak (coll. Godfery); Sungei Ujong
(Durnford); Malacca (coll. Godm. & Saly. and Biges—coll. Dist.)—Nias Island (coll. Dist.).
C. lambi is most nearly allied to the Ceylonese species C. lavendularis, Moore.
2. Cyaniris haraldus. (Tab. XXI., fig. 6 2.)
Papilio Haraldus, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 82, n. 744 (1787); Ent. Syst. i. p. 817, n. 201 (1793).
Polyommatus Heraldus, Godt, Enc. Méth. 1x. p. 677, n. 188 (1828).
Lycanopsis Ananga, Feld. Reise Noy. Lep. ii. p. 257, n. 808, t. 82, f. 10, 11 (1865).
Danis Haraldus, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lepid. p. 161, n. 1 (1869).
Cupido Haraldus, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 347, n. 12 (1871).
Cupido Ananga, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 876, n, 298 (1871).
Injcenopsis Haraldus, Butl, Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Zool, vol. 1, p. 646, n. 1 (1877).
Male. Wings above bright cerulean-blue ; anterior wings with the costal margin narrowly and the apex
and outer margin broadly blackish; posterior wings with the costal area beyond base creamy-white, the
posterior margin blackish, and the abdominal margin creamy-white. Wings beneath creamy-white, anterior
wings with the following blackish markings :—costal margin narrowly, and an outer series of somewhat
* IT have named this pers after my late esteemed friend Mr. James Lamb, who some years ago collected most
assiduously the Coleoptera of Province Wellesley. Two special memoirs have been published on portions of his colléction, viz.
“A Catalogue of Longicorn Coleoptera collected at Penang, &c.,” by F..P, Pascoe (Proc. Zool. 50c. 1866), and “ Notes on rare
and descriptions of new species of Buprestidm collected by Mr. James Lamb in Penang,” by Edwd. Saunders (Trans. Ent.
Soc. sey ser. 3, vol. v. 1867). The remainder of his collection still remains in this country, and the greater part practically
unWwor, .
212 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
cruciform spots placed between the nervules, bounded on each side by a marginal and submarginal
line, the last preceded by a disjointed series of linear streaks; posterior wings similarly marked as anterior
wings, but with the series of spots larger and not cruciform.
Female. Wings above blackish, with a broad white fascia crossing the disk of both wings, commencing
near the upper median nervule of the anterior wings, and continued across the posterior wings to about
eentre of abdominal margin. Wings beneath as in male.
Exp. wings, ¢ and ¢, 31 to 40 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Malacea (Wallace—coll. Godm. & Saly.; Pinwill—Brit. Mus.; Biggs—coll.
Dist. & Gosse).—Sumatra (Brit. Mus.).
This species varies greatly in size, and the female is on the upper surface of a most
distinct and divergent character, closely resembling the general markings found in the genus
Castalius. The female also appears to be at least difficult of capture, as it is rare in collections,
and although I possess a specimen (unlocalised) I have never received it from the Malay
Peninsula.
Genus ZLZERA.
Ziszera, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 78 (1881).
Wings small. Anterior wings subtriangular, margins much as in Cyaniris; costal nervure extending
to about half the length of wing; first subcostal nervule emitted at about half the length of cell and
impinging midway on the costal nervure, remaining subcostal nervules as in Cyaniris; cell extending to
about half the length of wing, its apical half broad. Other characters much as in Cyaniris, but with
the legs less robust. —
This is a genus of small and short-winged butterflies, principally differing from the
preceding genus by the character and position of the first subcostal nervule of the anterior
wings.
Zizera possesses a wide geographical area, indifferently known at present, but probably
extending from Continental India, Ceylon, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, throughout the
Malay Peninsula, and through the length and breadth of the Malayan Archipelago.
Two species can only at present be enumerated as belonging to this fauna. Mr. Butler,
in his paper on the ‘ Butterflies of Malacca,” included under the genus Lycena the Z. sangra,
Moore,* as received from both Malacca and Penang. The specimen, however, could not be
produced when our artist was at the British Museum, and consequently the species is omitted
here. I think, however, that the Z. pygmea, Snellen,} must occur in the Peninsula, as it is
recorded from Java, Sumatra, Ceylon, and, on the authority of Mr. Moore,! it was also
collected at the N.W. Himalayan hill-station of Dharmsala by the Rev. J. H. Hocking.
1. Zizera lysizone. (Tab. XX., fig. 9 2.)
Lycena Lysizone, Snellen, Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 152, n. 49, t.'7, f. 2, 2a (1876); Butl. Trans, Linn. Soc. ser. 2,
4ool. vol. i. p. 648, n. 2 (1877).
Wings above pale violaceous; anterior wings with the costal area pale brownish, the outer margin
(widest at apex) broadly dark brown; posterior wings with the costal area broadly pale brownish, the
* Trans. Linn. Soc, ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 648, n. 4 (1877). + Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 153, t. 7, £. 3 (1876).
= { Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 245,
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 213
posterior margin (narrowing to anal angle) dark brownish; fringe of both wings greyish, darker at base.
Wings beneath pale brownish ochraceous; anterior wings with a linear brown spot margined with grey at
end of cell, and a curved series of six brown spots margined with grey, placed between the nervules and
situate midway between the end of cell and outer margin, the uppermost situate between the bifurcation of
the third and fourth subcostal nervules, the sixth (sometimes duplex and sometimes absent) placed above
the submedian nervure, the outer margin darker and containing two dark waved lines; posterior wings
with a linear spot at end of cell as on anterior wings and with the following series of brown spots margined
with grey :—three near base, two above and beyond cell, five midway between cell and posterior margin,
the first situate beneath the lower subcostal nervule, the fifth before the submedian nervure, and a smaller
spot about centre of abdominal margin; posterior margin darker and marked as on anterior wings. Body
above and beneath more or less concolorous with wings.
Female. Wings above pale brownish, with a broad violaceous streak at base; wings beneath as
in male.
Exp. wings, ¢ & 2, 17 to 24 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula ; Sungei Ujong (Durnford); Malacca (Biggs—coll. Dist.; Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).
Singapore (Kerr—coll. Dist.).—Java; Batavia (Snellen).
I have, since figuring a small Malaccan male belonging to the collection of Mr. Moore,
received a fine series of this species, which proves (as could be reasonably expected) that the
species is subject to considerable variation both in size and in the distinctness of the markings
on the under surface of the wings. It also appears to be a very abundant Lycenid in the
Malay Peninsula. ;
*
2. Zizera karsandra. (Tab. XALL., fig. 22 2.)
Polyommatus Karsandra, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 505, t. 81, f.7; Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J. A. 5. B,
vol, u. p, 285, n, 42 (1881),
Lycana Karsandra, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 648, n, 3 (1877).
I have not received this species from our region, and only know it by the female specimen
in the British Museum, which was captured by Capt. Pinwill in Penang. The figure here
given is taken from that specimen, and I add Mr. Moore’s original description :-
* Upperside purple-brown. Underside greyish brown, exterior margins defined by a brown line: fore
wing with a spot within discoidal cell, a disco-cellular streak, a spot above it, and a transverse discal series
of six spots black, each encircled with white; a marginal and submarginal row of pale brown, white-
bordered lunules: hind wing with a series of twelve black spots, and a pale disco-cellular streak, encireled
with white; a marginal row of pale brown, whitish encircled spots, and a submarginal row of whitish
lunules: cilia greyish brown.”
Exp. wings, “‘#f inch.”
Hazs.—Continental India; North-West Plains (Moore).—Nicobar Islands; Kamorta (Wood-Mas. and
de Nic.).—Malay-Peninsula; Penang (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).
June 30, 1884. S81
214 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA,
Group CASTALARIA.
Castalaria, Distant, antea, p. 196.
Although I am now only able to include eight genera in this group, such an
enumeration gives but little idea of its generic strength, as it is widely and probably
universally distributed.
SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.
1. Posterior wings with a single filamentous tail-like appendage.
A. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings anastomosed with
costal nervure. .
— =) a. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted near
grr middle of cell. :
b, Costal nervure extending beyond basal half of costal
Fie. 62.—Anterior wing of Cas- margin. > - - - - - - - CasTaLtius.
talive elma, shewing subcostal bb. Costal nervure not or barely reaching basal half of
nervules. 3
costal margin. - - HivERes.
ad. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted consider-
ably beyond middle of cell. - = » = + Nacapvsa.
AA. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings impinging on, or
connected with, the costal nervure.
¢, First subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted at about
middle of cell.
Lo d. Third and fourth subcostal nervules of anterior wings
Wa bifureating about midway between end of cell and
apex of wing. - - - - - - - JAMIDES.
tga gate ? dd. Third and fourth subeostal nervules of anterior wings
Ee Pitted Sab hee bifureating at about two-thirds of the distance be-
vales. tween end of cell and apex of wing. - - CaTocHRysops.
ec, First subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted beyond
middle of cell. - - : - - - - - Lamprpes.
AAA, First subcostal nervule of anterior wings not anastomosed
with, nor impinging on, the costal nervure.
go) e. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted at about
Wa ae middle of cell. - - - - . - - - PoLvommatus.
2. Posterior wings with two short filamentous tail-like ap-
Fis. 64—Anterior wing of Polyom- - pendages.
seas ite img Datos ib ee. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted con-
<4 siderably beyond middle of cell. | - - LyceNESTHES.
Genus CASTALIUS.
Castalius, Hibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 70 (1816); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 82 (1881).
Anterior wings subtriangular; costal margin arched and slightly convex, outer margin moderately
eonvex and sometimes slightly waved, inner margin somewhat concavely sinuate; costal nervure extending
to a little beyond middle of costal margin; first subcostal nervule short, emitted a little beyond half of cell
and anastomosed with costal nervure, second emitted close to base of first, third from a little before end of
* I have previously acknowledged and laid stress on’the artificiality, if conveniency, of my proposed groups, formulated
alone on superficial characters. The biological method of classification is now more thorough and accurate, based on the
teachings of morphology and embryology; but even then, as recently pointed out by Dr. T. Margo, we must “ regard all the
different endeavours of systematists to group animals exclusively in accordance with one character, whether morphological,
embryological, or biological, external or internal, as mere experiments—such a grouping or classification of animals can never
be the true expression of their natural affinities.”"—* The Classif. Anim. Kingd., with reference to the newer Zool. Systems" (Eng.
trans., Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xiii. p. $16).
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA., 215
cell, and fourth bifureating from the third almost midway between end of cell and apex of wing; lower
median nervule emitted a little beyond middle of median nervure. Posterior wings broadly subovate ; costal
and outer margins convex, the last with a delicate tail-like appendage at apex of lower median nervule; costal
nervure arched and extending to apex, first subcostal nervule emitted a little before the end of cell. Palpi
porrect, second joint long, thickly clothed with adpressed hairs, third joint very slender, about half the
length of second; antennm with a somewhat suddenly formed, robust, apical club.
Castalius is common to the Ethiopian and Oriental regions. In Africa and Asia it
probably extends throughout the tropics, but the number and distribution of its species cannot
be estimated at present with any degree of accuracy.
1. Castalius rosimon. (Tab. XXIL., fig. 20 2.)
Papilio Rosimon, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 528, n. 341 (1775); Sp. Ins. p. 121, n. 641 (1781); Mant. Ins.
p. 71, n. 672 (1787); Ent. Syst. tii. p. 849, n. 827 (1798).
Papilio Maimon, Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 634, n. 895 (1775).
Papilio Clyton, Cram. Pap. Ex. i, t. 67, F, G (1779).
Papilio Coridon, Cram. Pap. Ex. iv. t. 840, C—E (1782).
Castalius Naxus, Hibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 70, n. 696 (1816).
Polyommatus Rosimon, Godt, Ene. Méth. ix. p, 658, mn, 141 (1928).
Lycena Rosimon, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E.1.C. p. 71, n. 6 (1828); Snell. Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 152, n, 41 (1876),
Cupido rosimon, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 106, n.1; Snell. Tijd. Ent. xxi. p. 17 (1878).
Lampides rosimon, Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J. A. 8. B. vol... p. 285, n. 41 (1881); de Nic. ibid. p. 61, n. 42 (1881),
Castalius Fosimon, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p.162, n.1(1869); Trans. Linn. Soc. ser.2, Zool. vol.i. p. 546, n.1
(1877); Moore, Lep, Ceyl. i. p. 83, t. 86, f. 2 (1881),
Male and Female. Wings above pearly white, basal areas covered with bright bluish-green scales.
Anterior wings with the costal and outer margins broadly black, and with the following spots of the same
colour :—one at base of lower median nervule (almost obscured by the basal bluish coloration), one, disco-
cellular at apex of cell, and an irregular submarginal row of six spots, the uppermost of which is placed
above the upper discoidal nervule, and the fifth and sixth are fused and traversed by the lower median
nervule. Posterior wings with the costal margin (broadly) and two outer submarginal macular fascie black,
and with the following spots of the same colour :—one between the subcostal nervules, another near apex of
cell, one or two basal and almost hidden by the bluish coloration, two near the inner submarginal fascia
and separated by the upper median nervule, and two placed a little above these and separated by the lower
median nervule. Wings beneath pearly white; anterior wings spotted as above, but with a basal black
streak running along costal nervure to first subcostal nervule, the costa only narrowly black or fuscous,
and the outer margin with two submarginal rows of spots instead of the broad black margin as above ;
posterior wings spotted as above, the basal markings distinct, consisting of a basal streak and an oblique
row of four spots, the marginal spots near anal angle irrorated with bluish scales. Fringe alternately grey
and black. Body above blackish, beneath with legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Nore.—The female has the black margins to the upper surface of the wings broader than in
the male.
Exp. wings, ¢ and ?, 27 to 30 millim.
Has.—Continental India; N.W. Himalaya (Hocking—coll. Moore); Sikkim (de Nic.).—Ceylon
(Thwaites—coll. Dist.).—Nicobar Islands; Nankowri (Wood-Mas. & de Nic.).—Malay Peninsula; Penang
(colls. Dist. & Godfy.); Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).—Siam ; Chentaboon and Nahconhaisee (Druce).—
Java (Horsf.); Batavia (Snellen)—Celebes (Snellen).
This is evidently a widely distributed species, and the habitats given above must
inadequately express its geographical distribution. According to Mr. Hutchison, as observed
216 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
at Colombo, it frequents “plains and borders of cultivated ground; at all times.” ‘‘ Slow
flight; settles among grass and on the ground; easily captured.” *
2. Castalius ethion. (Tab. XXII, fig. 25 2.)
Lycana Ethion, Doubleday & Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 490, t. 76, f.3(1852); Hewits. Exot. Butt. v,
Lyc. t. 1, f. 6 (1876); Snell. Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 162, n. 42 (1876).
Cupide Ethion, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 106, n. 2.
Castalius Ethion, Moore, Proe. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 587; Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 83, t. 86, £5, 5a (1881); Butl.
Trans, Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 547, n. 2 (1877); Wood-Mas. & de Nic, J, A. 5. B. vol. 1.
p. 248, n. 49 (1881),
Male. Wings above pearly white. Anterior wings with the costal and outer margins fuscous, inwardly
and broadly margined with pale resplendent bluish, which colour also occupies the whole base of wing,
and leaves the pearly white ground-colour as an oblique fascia, commencing at the upper discoidal nervule,
and suddenly narrowing beneath the second median nervule. Posterior wings with the posterior margin
fuscous, inwardly broadly and irregularly margined with pale resplendent bluish, which colour also occupies
base of wing.
Wings beneath pearly white, sometimes with bluish reflections, and outwardly tinged with pale
ochraceous. Anterior wings with the costal and outer margins narrowly fuscous, and with the following
markings of the same colour, viz.:—two oblique fascia near base, a short subapical fascia extending from
costa to a little beneath lower discoidal nervule, a rounded spot on second median nervule, a broad short
fascia extending from second median nervule to near inner margin, and two marginal series of spots placed
between the nervules. Posterior wings with the following fuscous markings:—two short oblique basal
fascim, a short transverse fascia extending from abdominal margin to second median nervyule, a similar
central one placed nearer margin, a short curved fascia near apex and two marginal series of spots placed
between the nervules. Body above blackish, beneath more or less concolorous with wings; legs fuscous,
with white markings; antenn# fuscous, annulated with greyish.
Female. Resembling the male, but without the resplendent blue coloration above.
Exp. wings, ¢ and ?, 24 to 28 millim.
Has.—Ceylon (Thwaites—coll. Dist.)—Andaman Islands (coll. Moore and Calcutta Mus.).—Malay
Peninsula; Sungei Ujong (Durnford—coll. Dist.); Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).—Sumatra (Forbes—
coll. Dist.).—Java; Batavia (Snellen).—Siam ; Nahconhaisee (Druce).
The habitats given above, though few in number, are still sufficient to show that this
species is somewhat widely distributed.
3. Castalius roxus. (Tab. XXIL., fig. 242.)
Polyommatus Roaus, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 659, mn, 142 (1823),
Lycena Roxus, Horsf. Cat. Lep, E.1.C. p. 70, n. 6, t. 2, f, 4, 4a (1828),
Cupido roaus, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 348, n. 3.
Castalius rowus, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 647, n. 8 (1877); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soe.
1878, p. 888; Wood-Mas, & de Nic. J. A. 5. B. vol. u. p, 248, n. 51 (1881).
Male. Wings above black; both wings crossed by a broad oblique white fascia, commencing near the
lower discoidal nervule of the anterior wings, narrowed beneath the second median nervule and continued
across the posterior wings to abdominal margin; posterior wings with a few small and somewhat obscure
* Moore's Lepid. Ceyl. 1. p. 88.
&
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 217
pale linear marginal spots. Wings beneath creamy white, with a broad black fascia commencing on costa
of anterior wings near apex of cell and continued across base of posterior wings; anterior wings with a
eurved black fascia commencing on costa contiguous to the basal fascia and terminating near the middle
median nervule, a short and broad fascia of the same colour extending from the middle median nervule to
about inner margin, and the outer margin broadly black, containing a series of pale spots; posterior wings
with three large irregular black spots beyond middle, the first near apex, the second nearer margin and
bounded by the lower subcostal and middle median nervules, the third between the last-mentioned nervule
and the abdominal margin; outer margin resembling that of anterior wings. Body above black, beneath
more or less concolorous with wings; legs black, streaked and spotted with whitish; palpi white, their
upper surface and apex black. Antenne black, annulated with greyish.
Exp. wings, ¢, 25 to 28 millim.
Han.—Andaman Islands (Calcutta Mus.)—Tenasserim (Limborg—coll. Moore).—Malay Peninsula ;
Perak (coll. Godfery) ; Sungei Ujong (Durnford—coll. Dist.); Malaeea (Biggs—coll. Gosse).—Java (Horsf.).
—Borneo (Lowe—coll. Godm, & Salv.); Sandakan (Pryer—coll. Dist.).—Philippine Islands; Mindanao
(Challenger Exped.—Brit. Mus.).
Dr. Horsfield relates that in Java this species “‘occurs in considerable numbers on the
skirts of large forests; but, from the great delicacy of the wings, it is not easily obtained
in a perfect state.” *
4, Castalius elna. (Tab. XX., fig. 4.)
Lycena Elna, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. V. Lye. t. 1, f. 8 (1876).
Castalius Elna, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 587; Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J. A. 8. B. vol... p, 248,
n, 50 (1881),
Male and Female. Wings above black, with an oblique white fascia commencing a little above the
upper median nervule of the anterior wings, continued and gradually widened across posterior wings, and
terminating on abdominal margin; the margins of this fascia being sinuate and irregular. Wings beneath
creamy white, outwardly tinged with ochraceous, with a broad black fascia commencing on costa near end
of cell, continued to median nervure, and then transversely deflected across posterior wing to base of
abdominal margin. Anterior wings with the following black markings :—a large subapical spot extending
from costa to a little beneath lower discoidal nervule, a large spot extending from second median nervule
to inner margin, and an irregular outer marginal macular fascia. Posterior wings with the following
black markings:—a somewhat rounded subapical spot, an irregular transverse macular fascia extending
from discoidal nervule to abdominal margin, and a series of marginal subconical spots placed between the
nervules, the extreme outer margin also black; fringe fuscous. Body above black, sides of abdomen
annulated with grey; body beneath and legs more or less concolorous with wings; palpi black above,
creamy white beneath; antenne black, annulated with greyish.
Exp. wings, ¢ and 2, 24 to 30 millim.
Han.—Continental India; N.E. Himalaya (coll. Dist.) ; Darjeeling (coll. Hewits.).—Andaman Islands
(Caleutta Mus.); Port Blair (Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Sungei Ujong (Durnford—coll. Dist.); Malacca
(Biggs—coll. Dist. & Gosse); Singapore (coll. Hewits.).—Java (coll. Hewits.).
* Cat. Lep. Ins. E.1.C. p. 70 me
Jung 30, 1884. aft 3k
218 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Genus NACADUBA.
Nacaduha, Moore, Lep, Ceyl. i. p. 88 (1881).
Anterior wings subtriangular; costal margin moderately arched, outer margin more or less conver,
inner margin nearly straight. Costal nervure extending to about half the length of the costal margin ;
first subcostal nervule emitted at about one-third before end of cell, and anastomosed with the costal
nervure, second subcostal nervule emitted about midway between base of first and apex of cell,
third emitted close to termination of cell, third and fourth bifurcating a little beyond middle of third.
Cell broad, extending to more than half the length of the wing. Posterior wings subtriangular, costal
margin moderately convex, posterior margin oblique and slightly convex, with a single slender tail-like
appendage. Costal nervyure arched and almost extending to apex, subcostal nervules bifurcating near end
of cell; cell broad, first and second median nervules with an apparently common origin near end of cell.
Body of moderate size and hairy; palpi porrect, the second joint extending more than half beyond the
apex of head.
This genus having been so recently founded, and the number of species belonging to it
being still uncatalogued, little can be said as to its geographical distribution, beyond the remark
that it is probably a purely Oriental genus, and is generally distributed throughout that region.
It is also certain that more species of Nacaduba, than the few now and here enumerated,.
remain to be discovered in the Malay Peninsula.
1. Nacaduba macrophthalma. (Tab. XX., fig. 32.)
Lycana Macrophthalma, Felder, Verh. Zool. Bot. Gesch. 1862, p. 488; Reise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 276, t. 34,
f. 85 (1865).
Lampides macrophthalma, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 547, n. 2 (1877); Wood-Mas. & de Nic.
J.A.8.B. vol. 1. p. 285, n. 40 (1881).
Nacaduba macrophthalma, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 89, t. 87, f. 4,44 (1881); de Nic. J.A.8.B. vol. u1. p. 62,
n. 172 (1882),
Male. Wings above blue with strong violaceous reflections. Wings beneath greyish-brown ; anterior
wings with two whitish narrow disco-cellular fascim at end of cell, beyond which are two similar fascim
extending from third and fourth subcostal nervules to middle median nervule, and a similar pair placed
beneath and between these two series, extending from second median nervule to near inner margin;
a marginal and two submarginal narrow whitish fascim and a small spot between second and third
subcostal nervules. Posterior wings irregularly crossed by six narrow, more or less broken and sometimes
fused whitish fascim, and a marginal and two submarginal (the innermost broadest) fascie# of the same
colour; a@ large black spot margined with ochraceous near anal angle, placed between the second and third
median nervules, and a small streak of metallic bluish-green scales margined with black at anal angle.
Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, d, 35 to 39 millim.
Has.—Continental India; Sikkim (de Nie.) ; Darjeeling (coll. Dist.).—Ceylon (Thwaites—coll. Dist.).
—Nicobar Islands; Pulo Milo (Felder)—Malay Peninsula; Malacea (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).—Philippine
Islands; Mindanao (Challenger Exped.—Brit. Mus.).
This species was first described from specimens collected by Frauenfeld during the stay
of the Novara Expedition at the Nicobar Islands. I have not received it myself from the
Malay Peninsula, the figure being taken from an example in the British Museum, collected at
Malacca by Capt. Pinwill. The female is also unknown to me.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 219
2. Nacaduba beroé. (Tab. XX., fig, 17¢, 162.)
Tycana beroé, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 276, n. 840, t. 34, fig. 86 (1865),
Lampides beroé, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 547, n. 9 (1877).
I have here figured two Malaccan specimens contained in the British Museum, and
identified as belonging to Felder’s species by Mr. Butler. The following is the original
diagnosis :—
“9. Ale supra plumbeo-violacem, striga anteciliari nigro-fusca, subtus pallide cano-brunnes, fasciis
binis macularibus fuscis, albo cinctis, connatis ante marginem, anticarum fascia subbasali, costam
pertingente, macula subcostali, fasciola discocellulari fasciaque exteriore, catenulari apud ramum medianum
secundum fracta, posticarum fascia, basali, fasciola discocellulari fasciaque exteriore apud ramum
medianum secundum contigua, antice bis fortiter—et postice fracta, catenulari fundi coloris, lateraliter fusco
cinctis alboque marginatis, postics macula postica orbiculari, cireulo lutescente intus amplexa, extus arcu
tenui metallico divisa maculisque binis analibus minutis, metallico lutescentique intus limbulatis atris.”
Exp. wings, ¢ and ¢, 27 to 28 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacea (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).—Philippine Islands; Luzon (coll. Feld.).
This species seems to be very closely allied to N. atrata,* Horsf. (nec. Cram.), and so
again with the equally similar form described as N. prominens, Moore.{ Horsfield’s species,
however, appears to be distinct by the colour pattern of the wings of the female “ transmitting
a white patch on the disk.”
8. Nacaduba viola. (Tab. XX., fig. 24 3.) ;
Lampides viola, Moore, Ann. & Mag. Nat, Hist, ser. 4, vol. xx. p. 840 (1877); Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 89, t. 38,
f. 1, la, & (1881).
Male. Wings above dark violet-blue, with a slender black marginal line
and the fringe pale fuscous. Wings beneath greyish-brown; anterior wings
erossed by the following narrow greyish fascie arranged in pairs, riz. :—two
crossing cell and continued beneath it, two short and disco-cellular at end of
cell, two between end of cell and apex of wing (the innermost terminating at
central median nervule), and a pair situate between the last two series com-
mencing at upper median nervule and continued to near abdominal margin,
and a marginal and two submarginal narrow greyish fasciw. Posterior wings
crossed very irregularly by about six narrow and broken fascim, as on anterior wings, and a narrow
marginal and two much-waved similar submarginal fascim; a large black marginal spot margined with
dark ochraceous and speckled with metallic greenish, between second and third median nervules, and
a somewhat similarly coloured anal angular streak. Body above and beneath more or less concolorous
with wings.
Female. This sex is figured by Mr. Moore in the ‘ Lepid. Ceyl.’, and described as “dark violet-
brown, smalt-blue on middle of the forewing; hindwing with indistinet marginal row of pale-bordered
black spots, the penultimate spot most distinct.”
Fro. 60.—Nacaduba viola g .
* Lycena atrata, Horef. “Cat. Lep. E.1.C. p. 78, n. 18, + Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xx. p. B41 (1877).
{ The figure here given is very unsatisfactory, if not quite misleading. At the time when the plate was executed I had
not received the species from the Malay Peninsula, and was indebted to Mr. Moore for the loan of a Malacean specimen to
e. This specimen was a much rubbed one, and hence our artist, in his effort to conscientiously pourtray the species, has
rendered the upper surfare of the wings too strongly shaded with brown. Mr, Moore’s figures of the male in the ‘ Lep. Ceylon’
is equally unsatisfactory, not showing the markings beneath. I have therefore added a good woodcut.
220 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Exp. wings, 24 millim.
Has.—Ceylon (coll. Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Malacea (coll. Moore).—Singapore (Kerr—coll. Dist.).
There is a slight variation in this species in the exact correspondence or fracture of the
narrow greyish fascis on the under surface of the wings, and it may be as well to state, once
for all, that the systematist who expects to find rigidity of pattern in the Lycwnide—where
such narrow and divergently arranged fascie exist—will be disappointed. this genus, and
in several following genera, where a somewhat similarity of pattern prevails, such variability in
the markings of the species will be found, whilst sometimes a slight alteration of the ground
colour from greyish-brown to brownish-grey gives one an impression of dealing with seasonal
variation in that respect.
4. Nacaduba aluta. (Tab. XX., fig. 14 ¢ and13 2.)
Cupido aluta, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 18738, p. 849, t. 32, f. 8.
Lampides aluta, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 647, n. 4 (1877).
Nacaduba aluta, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xi. p. 417, n. 58 (1888).
Of this species I have figured a male and female specimen collected by Capt. Pinwill in
Malacca, and now contained in the British Museum. I have since received a female example,
but of the male can only give the description of Mr. Druce :—
Male. ‘‘ Upperside dark layender-blue; outer margins brown."
‘Underside pale brown, both wings crossed by nine broken white lines; an orange spot at the anal
angle, with a black centre.”
Female. Wings above fuscous-brown; anterior wings with a discal patch of bluish scales, the outer
margin darker; posterior wings with the posterior margin darker and inwardly margined with greyish,
before which are a marginal row of dark spots placed between the nervules; fringe brownish ochraceous.
Wings beneath somewhat bright ochraceous, with the markings as in the other sex, but with the marginal
row of dark spots to the upper surface of the posterior wings distinct beneath ; the black spot near the anal
angle with a few scattered greenish scales.
Exp. wings, ? 20 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Sungei Ujong (Durnford—coll. Dist.); Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).—
Borneo (Lowe—coll. Godm. & Salv.).—Philippine Islands; Mindanao (Challenger Exped.—Brit. Mus.).
The following two species appertain to the genus, but at present are not properly
identified :—
5. Nacaduba almora? (Tab. XX., fig. 22.)
Cupido almora, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 849, n. 14, t. $2, f. 7.
Lampides almora? Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 547, n. 5 (1877).
This species was doubtfully inserted by Mr. Butler, in his paper on the Butterflies of
Malacca, on the strength of a male specimen collected by Capt. Pinwill. The figure here given
is taken from that specimen, and only partially agrees with Mr. Druce’s figure of the Bornean
type, as will be understood by the original description here given :—
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 221
“Upperside pale brownish blue, with two black spots at the anal angle, and a narrow black line
round the outer margin of posterior wing.”
“Underside very pale brown, streaked and mottled with white. Black spots as above.”
Exp. wings, ‘114 inch.”
Haz.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).—Borneo (Druce).
6. Nacaduba sp.? (Tab. XXL, fig. 7 2.)
I have received three female specimens of this species, all more or less varying in the
markings beneath, and as I am still without the other sex I refrain from precise identification
for the present. It is clearly somewhat closely allied to the N. kankena, Feld.*
; Genus EVERES.
Everes, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 69 (1816); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 85 (1881),
Everes is closely allied to the two preceding genera. From Castalius, although so different in
colour and markings, it is really only structurally differentiated by the length of the costal nervure; whilst
from Nacaduba, to which it is more superficially allied, the position of the first subcostal nervule is alone
sufficient to distinguish it.
The extent of this genus is at present undetermined, and therefore we can only say that
its area embraces (but is probably not confined to) Southern and Central Europe, and eastward
throughout the Oriental region.
1. Everes parrhasius.
Hesperia Parrhasius, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iti. p. 289, n. 108 (1798).
Papilio Parrhasius, Donoy. Ins. Ind. t. 45, f. 6 (1800),
Iycana Parrhasius, Horsf. Cat. Lep. B.1.C. p. 86, n. 20 (1829).
Lampides Parrhasius, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 165, n. 12 (1869); Wood-
Mas. & de Nic. J.A.5.B. vol. wu. p. 284, n. 83 (1881); ibid. p. 58
n. 58 (1881).
Cupido Parrhasius, Snell. Tijd. Ent. xxi. p. 19, n. 85 (1878).
Everes Parrhasius, Moore, Lep,. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 85, t. 36, f. 7 (1881).
Fie. 60.—Everes parrhasius, J .
Male. Wings above violet-blue; anterior wings with the outer margin broadly dark fuscous, the
costal margin narrowly of the same colour; posterior wings with the costal, outer and abdominal margins
somewhat broadly dark fuscous, with two large and prominent marginal black spots inwardly bordered with
reddish ochraceous outwardly with greyish and placed between the median nervules, a much more obscure
spot between the upper median and the discoidal nervules, and a black macular streak bordered with
greyish at anal angle; fringe of both wings fuscous tipped with grey; tail-like appendage black, with the
apex greyish-white. Wings beneath creamy-grey; anterior wings with a slight and faint tawny tinge
along the costal margin and at apex, and with the following brownish linear spots, margined with pale
greyish :—one disco-cellular at end of cell, a series of five or six almost continuous crossing disk a little
beyond middle, and two submarginal and connected series, extreme margin dark brownish, fringe
brownish, tipped with grey; posterior wings with four prominent black spots (two on costal margin, one
* Lycana Kankena, Feld. Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. xii. p. 481, n. 106 (1862); Reise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 270, n. 831, t. 34,
f. 87 (1865).
June 30, 1884. 31
222 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
in cell, and one on abdominal margin), and the following brownish linear spots margined as on anterior
wings :—one disco-cellular, a series of six crossing disk beyond middle, and of which the central four are
nearly continuous, two submarginal and connected series, which beyond the discoidal nervule are merged
in three very large and contiguous reddish ochraceous spots, each containing a smaller pyramidal black
spot on which are a few metallic-green scales, and two small transverse linear black spots at anal angle;
extreme margin and fringe as on anterior wings. Body and legs more or less concolorous with winys.
Female. Wings above paler and more obscure violaceous-blue; anterior wings with very broad
fuscous costal and outer margins; posterior wings with a very broad fuscous costal margin, and with a
distinct marginal row of black spots margined with greyish, the two spots separated by the median nervules
inwardly margined with reddish ochraceous. Wings beneath as in male.
Exp. wings, ¢ and ?, 24 to 30 millim.
Haz.—Continental India; Sikkim (Calcutta Mus.); N.E. Himalaya (coll. Dist.).—Ceylon (Thwaites—
coll. Dist.).—Nicobar Islands; Nankowri (Wood-Mas. & de Nic.).—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Biggs—
eoll. Dist.) ; Singapore (Kerr—eoll. Dist.).—Java (coll. Horsf.).—Celebes (Snellen).
I did not receive this species in time to have it lithographed with the other members of
the family, but the woodcut will be quite sufficient—if the description is also consulted—to at
once determine this well-marked Lycenid. Its geographical range is doubtless far wider than
I have been at present able to determine.
Genus JAMIDES.
Jamides, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 71 (1816); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, p, 86 (1881).
Anterior wings subtriangular; costal margin moderately convex, the apex obtusely acute, outer
margin obliquely eonvex, inner margin slightly concavely sinuate; costal nervure somewhat abruptly
directed to costa at about its centre; first subcostal nervule emitted a little beyond middle of cell, angulated
and impinging on costal nervure at a short distance from its apex, second emitted at about one-third before
end of cell, third nearer to end of cell than to base of second, third and fourth bifureating almost midway
between end of cell and apex of wing; cell extending to about half the length of wing; lower median
nervule emitted a little beyond middle of median nervure. Posterior wings subovate, posterior margin
provided with a slender tail-like appendage at apex of lower median nervule; cell short and broad, second
median nervule emitted just before the end of cell. Palpi porrect, second joint robust and hirsute, projecting
half way beyond the head, apical joint slender, about half the length of second; legs moderately robust;
antenn# with a well-formed and curved club.
This genus is, according to present knowledge, only represented by one species in the
Malay Peninsula, and as Jamides is apparently a small genus we cannot expect to find many
more members of it in this fauna,
1. Jamides bochus, var. (Tab. XXI., fig. 19 ¢, 16 2.)
Papilio Bochus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. t. 891, C, D (1782).
Hesperia Democritus, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. p. 286, n. 94 (1798).
Hesperia Plato, Fabr. Ent, Byst, ii. p. 288, n, 103 (1793).
Jamides Bochus, Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 71 (1816); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 86, t. 86, f. 8, 84 (1881),
Lycena Nila, Horsf. Cat. Lep. B. 1.0. p, 78 (1829).
Lampides Plato, Butl, Cat. Fabr. Lepid. p. 166, n. 18, t. 2, f£. 8 (1869),
Lampides Democritus, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lepid. p. 167, n. 19 (1869); Proc. Zool. Soc. 1880, p. 667, n. 18.
Lampides plato, var. nicobaricus, Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J. A.8. B. vol. u. p, 284, n. 84 (1881).
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA, 228
Male. Wings above bright metallic-blue; anterior wings (excepting a basal space occupying the
lower half of wing beneath cell, and not extending beyond extremity of cell) black; posterior wings with
the costal, outer and abdominal margins black, and with some indistinct anal-angular spots. Wings
beneath pale brownish; anterior wings crossed on outer half by two series of greyish linear fascim, which
terminate near the upper median nervule, and are then continued by a third series which commences
between them and terminates near inner margin, and with a marginal and two submarginal series of
greyish linear fasciw. Posterior wings with two series of irregular and broken greyish linear fascia,
which are apparently arranged in subbasal and diseal series; a third series beyond disk, two submarginal
waved linear fascim and a narrow marginal fascia of the same colour; a large black marginal spot
bordered with reddish-ochraceous between the first and second median nervules and a smaller spot
of the same colour irrorated with bluish scales at anal angle. Body above and beneath more or less
concolorous with wings.
Female. Wings above bright but non-metallic blue; anterior wings with the costal and outer margins
broadly (broadest at apex) blackish; posterior wings with the costal and abdominal margins fuscous,
the posterior margin narrowly black, with two submarginal waved fuscous linear fascim, and a large
marginal black spot inwardly bordered with bluish between second and third median nervules. Wings
beneath paler in hue, but marked as in male.
Exp. wings, ¢ 22 to 27 millim.; ¢, 28 to 32 millim.
Has.—Continental India; Bombay, Sikkim, Calcutta (Wood-Mas. & de Nic.).—Ceylon (Thwaites—coll.
Dist. and Brit. Mus.).—Nicobar Islands; Nankowri, Kamorta, Trinkut, Katschall (Wood-Mas. & de Nic.).—
Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.).—Formosa (Brit. Mus.}.
This is a variable species, especially in the male sex. The male specimen here described
and figured differs from the typical form of the species in the greater amount of melanism, or
increase of the black coloration to the anterior wings; whilst the variety nicobaricus, described .
by Messrs. Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, varies contrariwise by the greater extent of the blue
area. Only one male specimen having been collected it will remain to be discovered whether
this varietal male form is of a constant or local character in the Malay Peninsula, as the
females are indistinguishable from Ceylonese examples.*
Genus CATOCHRYSOPS.
Catochrysops, Boisduval, Voy. Astrolabe, Lep. p, 87 (1882); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 90 (1881),
Anterior wings subtriangular, costal margin moderately arched, outer margin convex, inner margin
nearly straight. First subcostal nervyule emitted about middle of cell, impinging on and slightly touching
the costal nervure, second emitted nearer to base of first than from base of third, third and fourth
bifureating at about two-thirds the length of third; cell extending to about half the length of wing; lower
median nervule emitted near middle of cell, the two upper somewhat close together. Posterior wings
subovate, costal margin strongly arched at base and then oblique to apex, posterior margin convexly
* The variation in one sex of this species is of a very perplexing character, if we endeavour to bring any of the modern
explanations to bear upon the point. Thus in the Nicobars a pale variety appears to have become representative, whilst in
the island of Ceylon the species agrees with the form found in Continental India, so that insular causes cannot be the sole
factor. In the Malay Peninsula a melanic change has ensued, but again only in the male sex. Whether this may be due to
“ Phytophagic” variation, or the effects consequent upon a change of food-plant in the larval condition, as proposed by
Mr. B. D. Walsh (Proc. Ent. Soc. Philad. vol. ili. pp. 4083—430), is at least an interesting conjecture, and one to be solved
by the local i eee sag That species do vary and assume local forms must be to the knowledge of every naturalist
xc has worked at a widely distributed group, and the erection of new specific names founded more upon the separation of
locality than the difference of character, threatens in the near future to become one of the greatest hindrances to the
philosophical study of Entomology. Mr. Wollaston has pointed out how the Maderian specimens of Lycena phleas, Linn.,
“‘ are invariably darker and more suffused than the English ones” (‘(n the Variation of Species,’ p. 34).
224 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA,
rounded, with a single slender tail-like appendage at apex of lower median nervule; costal nervure strongly
arched and extending to near apex, first subcostal nervule emitted at about one-fourth before the end of
cell; first and second median neryules with an apparently common origin at end of cell, third from about
centre of cell. Palpi porreet, second joint broadly squamose, third joint long and slender. Antenns with
a well-formed apical club which is excavated beneath.
This genus is widely distributed: from Continental India, it extends throughout the
Malayan Archipelago, and has been generally found among the islands of the Southern Seas.
At present only three species can be here enumerated.
1. Catochrysops strabo. (Tab. XXL, fig. 8¢, 142.)
Hesperia Strabo, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. p. 287, n. 101 (1793).
Polyommatus Strabo, Godt. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 656, n. 184 (1628).
Lycena Kandarpa, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E.I. 0. p. 82, n. 17 (1829).
Catochrysops Strabo, Boisd. Voy. Astr. Lep. p. 88 (1832); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 91, t. 87, f.2, 2a (1881).
Lampides Strabo, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 165, n. 14 (1869); Proc. Zool. Soc. 1880, p. 667, n. 12; Wood-
Mas. & de Nic. J.A.5. B. vol. u. p. 234, n. 82 (1881); ibid., p. 248, n. 68 (1881).
Cupido Strabo, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 106, n. 8; Snell, Tijd. Ent. xxi. p. 18, n. 82 (1878).
Iyecena Strabo, Bnell. Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 152, n. 46 (1876).
Male. Wings above pale lavender-blue, the outer margins narrowly dark fuscous, the fringe pale
fuscous, with the tips greyish-white; posterior wings with a large black marginal spot between the second
and third median nervules, a narrow transverse black streak bordered with greyish at anal angle, the
abdominal margin bluish-grey, the tail-like appendage black with the apex white. Wings beneath very
pale greyish-brown, with the following linear greyish-white fasci# arranged in pairs :—anterior with two
disco-cellular at end of cell, two extending from fourth subcostal nervule to middle median nervule,
beneath which, contiguous to their inner margin, are two extending to inner margin, and a marginal
and two submarginal somewhat waved linear fasciw of the same colour; posterior wings with two at end
of cell, two very irregularly waved and broken crossing wing beyond middle, and marginal and waved
submarginal fascism, two small greyish margined spots near base, one in cell and one beneath median
nervure, a large black marginal spot, containing a few scattered greenish scales and inwardly and broadly
margined with ochraceous between second and third median nervules, some transverse black spots also
inwardly margined with ochraceous at anal angle, and with two blackish spots margined with greyish
beneath the costal nervure. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Female. Wings above pale brownish; anterior wings with the disk more or less bright violaceous-
blue, beyond which there are indications of a double submarginal series of waved and broken greyish linear
fascie, becoming quite obsolete towards apex; posterior wings with a distinct double submarginal series
of waved and broken greyish linear fasciw, with a large marginal black spot inwardly and very broadly
margined with ochraceous situate between the second and third median neryules, and a series of more of
less distinct dark marginal spots. Wings beneath as in male.
Exp. wings, ¢ and ?, 26 to 82 millim.
Han.—Continental India; N.W. Himalaya (Hocking—coll. Moore).—Ceylon (Thwaites—coll. Dist.),—
Andaman Islands (Wood-Mas. & de Nie.).—Nicobar Islands; Nankowri, Trinkut, Kamorta, Takoin (Wood-
Mas. & de Nic.).—Burma; Moulmein (Brit. Mus.).—Malay Peninsula; Penang, Province Wellesley (coll.
Dist.) —Perak (Townsend—coll. Godm. & Salv.); Malacea (Biggs—coll. Dist.); Singapore (Kerr—coll.
Dist.).—Java ; Batavia (Snell.).—Celebes (Snell. & coll. Dist.).—Philippine Islands; Mindanao (Challenger
Exp.—Brit. Mus.).—Siam ; Nahconchaisee (Druce).—Formosa (Brit. Mus.).
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 225
This widely distributed species seems little affected by modifying agencies, as it appears
quite constant in form and colour, though the figure given by Mr. Moore as of a Ceylonese
female specimen* is certainly brighter and dissimilar to any examples that have passed
through my hands. The same author has also described, under the name of C. lithargyria, a
closely allied form or species from Ceylon, which I have also received from that island, but at
present from no other locality.
2. Catochrysops cnejus. (Tab. XXI., fig. 2¢.)
Hesperia Cnejus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 480 (1798).
Polijommatus Cnejus, Godt. Ene. Méth. ix. p. 657, n. 135 (1828).
Lycena Cnejis, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E.1.C. p. 83, n.18 (1829); Herr.-Sehiiff. Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1869, t. 4, f. 18;
Ex. Sehmett. u. f. 120 (1869).
Tyeana Patala, Koll. Hig. Kaschm. iy. 2, p. 419 (1848).
Lycena Samoa, Herr.-Schiff, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1569, p. 78, n. 80,
Lampides Cnejus, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 165, n. 18 (1869); Wood-Mas, & de Nic. J.A.8,B. vol... p, 285,
n. 86 (1881),
Cupido Cnejus, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 348, n. 7.
Catochrysops Cnaus, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 92 (1881); Butl, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1881, p. 605, n. 15.
Lampides patala, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 547, n. 1 (1877).
Male. Closely allied to C. strabo, but more violaceous above, with the bases of the wings bluish, and
the posterior wings with two marginal black spots inwardly bordered with ochraceous situate on each side
of the lower median nervule. Wings beneath also closely resembling those of C. strabe, but the ground
colour slightly darker, the markings narrower, and the colour between the greyish linear fascia distinetly
darker and pale brownish; anterior wings with an almost continuous series from fourth subcostal nervule
to inner margin, and not broken at middle median nervule as in C, strabo; posterior wings also differing
from that species in having a third black spot margined with greyish in cell, a fourth smaller and less
distinct on abdominal margin and in having two large black spots contaiming a few scattered greenish
seales inwardly margined with ochraceous at anal angle, separated by the third median nervyule.
Female. I have not seen this sex. Mr. Moore describes (but not figures) it as follows :—“ violet-
brown, with the lower basal and discal areas pale blue; hind wings with a bluish white-bordered black row
of marginal spots, and an inner row of white lunules, the two anal spots red-bordered.” +
Exp. wings, ¢, 28 to 30 millim.
Han.—Continental India; Kurrachee (Swinhoe—Brit. Mus.) ; N.W. Himalaya (Hocking—coll. Moore).
—Nicobar Islands; Kamorta (Wood-Mas. & de Nic.).—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ;
Malacea (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).—Java (coll. Horsf.).—Borneo (Druce); Sandakan (Pryer—coll. Dist.).
This does not appear to be an abundant species in the Malay Peninsula, as a single
specimen captured by myself in Province Wellesley is the only example I have seen from
that habitat, with the exception of that contained in the collection made by Capt. Pinwill in
Malacca.
3. Catochrysops pandava. (Tab. XXI., fig.17 2.)
Lyeana Pandava, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.1.C, p. 84, n. 19 (1829).
Catochrysops Pandava, Moore, Lep, Oeyl. vol, i. p. 92, t. 87, f, 1, 1a, b (1881).
Male. Wings above bright lavender-blue; anterior wings with the outer margin fuscous; posterior
wings with the costal margin fuscous, outer margin with a series of blackish spots placed between the
* Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. t. 87, f. 2a, + Ibid. vol. i. p. 92.
Junge 50, 1884. 8 M
226 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
nervules, between which and the narrow black margin is a slightly undulating white line, tail-like
appendages * blackish, with their apices white; fringe of both wings fuscous, the tips greyish-white.
Wings beneath pale greyish-brown, with the following narrow greyish-white linear fascie arranged in
pairs, and between which the colour is distinctly darker:—anterior wings with two disco-cellular at
end of cell, followed outwardly by two crossing wing from near fourth subcostal nervule, which are
abruptly broken and deflected inwardly beneath both the middle and lower median nervules, two broad
submarginal and one narrow marginal; posterior wings with two disco-cellular at end of cell, two
crossing wing broken and deflected at the lower subcostal and median nervules, two lunulated and
submarginal and one straight marginal, the last coalescing with the outer submarginal and thus
enclosing a series of dark spots, a large black marginal spot with a few greenish scales between the
second and third median nervules and some smaller spots of the same colour at anal angle; these spots
inwardly margined with reddish-ochraceous, which colour is also slightly continued between the first and
second median nervules, five black spots surrounded with greyish-white, situate two between the costal
nervure, one in cell, one between the bases of the third median nervule and submedian nervure, and one
(smaller) near base of abdominal margin. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Female. I do not at present know this sex. Mr. Moore has thus deseribed+ a female Ceylonese
specimen :—“ violet-brown, with the lower basal and discal areas glossy lavender-blue; hind wing with a
marginal row of white-bordered black spots, and bluish-white inner lunular line, the penultimate spot
red-bordered.”
Exp. wings, ¢, 80 millim,
Hazn.— Continental India; N.E. Himalaya (coll. Dist.)—Ceylon (Thwaites).— Malay Peninsula;
Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.).—Java (coll. Horsf.); Bantam (coll. Dist.).
The larva is figured in Moore’s ‘ Lep. Ceyl.,’{ from a drawing of the Bros. de Alwis,
and is thus described :§—‘ Larva onisciform; greenish or violet-brown above, with a dorsal
darker brown line and white spots, and a yellow lateral line.”
* Pupa violet-brown, thick, head truncate.”
* Feeds on Cycadacee || (Thwaites),”’
Genus LAMPIDES.
Lampides, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 70 (1816); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 94 (1881).
This genus is closely allied to Catochrysops, and only or principally differs in having the first
subcostal nervule of the anterior wings emitted beyond the middle of the cell; the third and fourth
subcostal nervules bifureating about midway between the end of cell and apex of wing. In Lampides, also,
the first subcostal nervule is well removed from the costal nervure at its base, and is then suddenly and
somewhat broadly connected with that nervure by a transverse spur.
This is a widely distributed genus, its area probably conterminable with that of Catochrysops.
1, Lampides elpis. (Tab. XXL, fig. 252 and 26?¢,
Polyommatus Flpis, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 654, n. 125 (1823),
Lycena Elpis, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.1.C. p. 76, n.11, t. 1, f. 4 (1828); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus.
E.1.0. p. 24, mn. 18 (1857); Snell. Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 152, n. 44 (1876).
Lampides elpis, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 833; Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 95, t. 88, f. 4, 4a (1881); Wood-
Mas. & de Nie. J.A.8.B. vol. xlix. p. 280, n, 88 (1880); de Nic. ibid. vol. uv. p. 52, n. 44 (1881).
* Mutilated in the specimen figured. + Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 92. j T. 87, £16. § Vol. i. p. 92.
|| Mr. Grant Allen considers the cycads, ‘ whose inflorescence is the very simplest of all known flowering plants," as a
good example of the existing Gymnosperms, which ‘may be regarded as living survivors of » great class, once dominant, but
now nearly extinct; and their flowers probably still preserve for us the original type of all blossoms, very slightly altered by
time and circumstances" (‘The Colours of Flowers,’ p. 6).
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 227
Male. Wings above bright shining azure-blue, through which the pale markings beneath are faintly
visible; anterior wings with the costal margin narrowly and the outer margin more broadly fuscous ;
fringe fuscous, the extreme tips paler; posterior wings with the costal area pale fuscous; posterior margin
with a very pale fuscous and slightly waved submarginal linear fascia and a marginal row of fnuscous spots
placed between the nervules, and outwardly followed by a whitish line, the spot at anal angle linear and
transverse, extreme outer margin fuscous, and fringe as on anterior wings. Wings beneath greyish-brown,
crossed by the following series of whitish linear fasci® arranged in pairs; anterior wings with two
commencing near upper end of cell and terminating on submedian nervure, outwardly followed by two
commencing a little beneath costa and terminating the inner one on middle median nervule and the outer
one on upper median nervule, and two submarginal and one marginal; posterior wings with the disk
crossed by three pairs more or less broken, and two waved submarginal and one marginal, these last
broken between second and third median nervules by a Jarge black marginal spot inwardly bordered with
ochraceous, a linear spot at anal angle as above also slightly inwardly margined with ochraceous; extreme
outer margin of wings fuscous; body above more or less concolorous with wings, lateral margins of
abdomen greyish-brown, with the segmental incisures greyish-white; body beneath greyish-white; legs
fuscous, more or less annulated with greyish, femora beneath wholly greyish.
Female. Wings above paler than in the male, with the costal and outer margin (especially at apex)
of anterior wings broadly fuscous; the posterior wings with the outer marginal fascim and spots larger and
more distinct. Wings beneath as in male, but with the ochraceous bordering of the anal and subanal spots
larger and more diffused.
Exp. wings, 3 30 to 84 millim.; ¢ 29 to 85 millim.
Has.—Continental India; Sikkim (de Nicéville).—Ceylon (Thwaites—coll. Dist.).—Andaman Islands
(Wood-Mas. & de Nic.).—Tenasserim; Ahsoun, Meetan (Limborg—coll. Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Perak
(Townsend—ceoll. Godm. & Salv.); Malacea (Biggs—coll. Dist.).—Java (coll. Horsf.); Batavia (Snellen).—
Borneo; Sandakan (Pryer—ecoll. Dist.).
Var. pseudelpis. (Tab. XX., fig. 27 4, and 28 2.)
Lampides pseudelpis, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc, ser, 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 547, n. 9, t. 68, f. 7, 8 (1878); Moore,
Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 95 (1881).
I cannot look upon this proposed species as exhibiting anything but a varietal character or
form of L. elpis. The figures I here give are copied from those of Mr. Butler, which I think
are in some respects inexact, as the female should exhibit a fuscous costal margin, whilst the
ground colour of the wings is too green in hue. I have formed this opinion from specimens
which I have received since the figures were copied, and I add Mr. Butler’s description, which
lends reasonableness to the view :—
“Nearly allied to DL. elpis, which it resembles above; below, however, with the white transverse
bands narrower, irregular and broken up, the ground colour more distinctly bluish opaline, and the large
submarginal black spot of secondaries less broadly encireled by ochreous.”
Exp. wings, “1 inch 6 lines.”’
Har.—Ceylon (Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus. ; Biggs—coll. Dist.).—Java ;
Bantam (Forbes—coll. Dist.).
Mr. de Nicéville has observed this species in Sikkim, and found that ‘‘on the wing it
presents a very curious appearance on account of its alternately opening and shutting its wings,
the contrast between the brilliant metallic-blue of the upper surface and the dark dull under-
side being very great.” *
* Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengl. vol. u. p. 52.
228 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
2. Lampides zlianus. (Tab. XXL, fig.18¢, and XXIL, fig. 192, var.)
Hesperia Allianus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 280, n. 79 (1798).
Polyommatus Avlianus, Godt. Ene. Meth. ix. p. 654, n. 128 (1828).
Lycena ASlianus, Horaf. Cat, Lep. E.1.C. p,. 73, n. 9 (1828),
Lampides AGlianus, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 166, n. 16 (1869); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 888; Lep-
Oeyl. vol. i. p. 94, t. 88, f. 8, Bab (1881); Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J.A.5.B. vol. xlix. p. 229, n. 87
(1880); ibid. vol. n. p. 284, n. 80 (1881).
Papilio alexis, Stoll (nee Scop.) Suppl. Oram. t. 38, f. 8, 8C (1790).
Iaecana alexis, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. vol. i. p. 25, n, 20 (1867).
Male. Closely allied to L. elpis, but differing principally in the following particulars :—the azure-blue
coloration above is paler in hue, and the submarginal fasciw and spots to the posterior wings are much
fainter and sometimes almost obsolete; the wings beneath are greyish-brown (varying in depth of hue),
and the greyish-white linear fascim are arranged generally as in C. elpis, but differing in the following
respects :—on anterior wings the pair crossing disk near end of cell are more or less regularly continued
above cell to near costa, and the outer one terminates near base of first median nervule, the next pair
commencing near costa are more continuous, the inner one continued to inner margin, the outer terminating
at second median nervule. Posterior wings similarly marked as those of C. elpis.
Female. Above resembling the corresponding sex of C. elpis, but paler in hue, the apex of the
anterior wings rather more broadly fuseous, but with the costal margin not, or very obsoletely infuscated.
Markings beneath as in male.
Exp. wings, ¢ and ¢, 30 to 36 millim.
Has.—Continental India; N.W. Himalaya (Hocking—coll. Moore); Pulni (Robin.—coll. Dist.).—
Ceylon (Thwaites—coll. Dist.).—Andaman Islands (Wood-Mas. & de Nic.).—Nicobar Islands; Kamorta,
Trinkut, Nankowri (Wood-Mas. & de Nic.).—Burma; Moulmein (Moore).—Tenasserim ; Meetan (Limborg—
coll. Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Sungei Ujong; Malacca (Biggs—coll. Dist.); Simgapore (Kerr—coll.
Dist.).—Java (coll. Horsf.); Bantam (Forbes—coll. Dist.).—Borneo; Sandakan (Pryer—coll. Dist.).—Titnor
Laut (Forbes—Brit. Mus.).
Var. a. agnata.
Cupido agnata, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 106, t. 16, f. 2-4 (1874).
Lampides agnata, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser, 2, Zool. vol. 1. p. 647, n. 8 (1877).
This proposed species, judging from Mr. Druce’s figures, appears to be a variety of L. elianus,
differing from the typical form on the underside of the anterior wings, by the arrangement of the greyish
linear fascim, of which the innermost of the first and second pairs appear to be—beneath the cellular
area—more irregularly deflected and waved.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).—Siam ; Nahconchaisee (Druce).
Var. b.
Resembling typical form of the species, but differing principally in the darker—more plumbeous—
ground colour of the wings beneath and in the male above by the narrower (though very variable in this
respect) fuscous margin to the anterior wings.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Biggs—coll. Dist.).—Java; Bantam (coll. Dist.).
Sandakan (Pryer—coll. Dist.),
Borneo ;
A strong argument—if one were needed—for the varietal character of this species may
be found in a cursory glance at the recorded habitats of the forms a and b referred to above,
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA, 229
both of which are found in the same locality as that which we understand as the typical form
of L. celianus.
Mr. Biggs writes that in Malacca this species is “found in numbers under the shade of
tall thick-foliaged forest trees.”’ *
The larva and pupa, as found in Java, have been figured from the drawings of Dr. Hors-
field,+ and we are likewise indebted to the Bros. de Alwis for drawings of the same as observed
in Ceylon.{ The last are thus described :—‘ Larva onisciform; green or violet-brown, with a
dark dorsal and lateral black lines. Pupa pale violet-brown.Ӥ According to Dr. Horsfield,
the larva ‘‘feeds on the Butea frondosa,|| and was observed in the month of February
in Java.” {
3. Lampides kankena. (Tab. XX., fig. 18 ¢, and 11%.)
Lycena Kankena, Felder, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges, xii, p. 481, n. 106 (1862)); Reise Noy. Lep. ii. p. 270, n. 831,
t. 34, f. 87 (1865).
Lampides Kankena, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 688; Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J.A.5.B. vol... p. 285,
n. 38 (1881).
Lampides Kankena? Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, vol. i. p. 547, n. 10 (1877).
Cupido Certea, Druce, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1878, p. $49, n. 18, t. 82, £ 6.
Lampides Cerulea, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 547, n. 7 (1877).
Male. Wings above dark, shining, azure-blue; anterior wings with the costal margin narrowly and
the outer margin (especially at apex) rather more broadly blackish; posterior wings with the outer margin
narrowly blackish, and with two transverse black lines outwardly margined with whitish at anal angle;
tail-like appendage black, with the apex white. Wings beneath dark greyish-brown, with a plumbeous
tinge, and crossed by the following greyish-white linear fasci# arranged in pairs :—anterior wings with two
crossing end of cell and then dislocated and extending to inner margin, followed by two, likewise dislocated,
commencing near costa, and terminating at upper median nervule, continued by a short, single intermediate
one reaching the central median nervule, two submarginal and one marginal; posterior wings with three
pairs more or less dislocated, two waved submarginal and one marginal; a large black marginal spot
containing a few scattered bluish scales and inwardly broadly surrounded with ochraceous situate between
second and third median nervules, and at anal angle a black transverse angulated streak, margined with
greyish-white and inwardly bordered by a few bluish scales and a small ochraceous spot. Body above
with the thorax more or less concolorous with wings, the abdomen greyish-brown, with the lateral
segmental incisures greyish-white; body beneath greyish-white; legs fuscous, more or less annulated with
greyish, the femora wholly greyish beneath.
Female. Wings above with the blue coloration less resplendent, the anterior wings with the apex
and outer margin more broadly blackish; posterior wings with a marginal row of blackish spots bordered
with greyish, placed between the nervules, that at anal angle transversely linear and angulated. Wings
beneath as in male, the ochraceous margining of the subanal spot larger and more diffused.
Exp. wings, ¢ & 3, 25 to 82 millim.
Han.—Nicobar Islands; Kar Nicobar (Felder).—Malay Peninsula; Sungei Ujong (Biges—coll. Dist.).
—Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus. ; Biggs—coll. Dist.) ; Singapore (Kerr—coll. Dist.) —Borneo (Druce).
* *Month. Packet,’ vol. ii. p. 191 (1881). + Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus, E. 1. C. vol. i, t.1, f.1, La,
{| Moore's Lep. Ceyl. i. t. 88, f. 36. § Ibid. p. 95.
The “dhak tree,” which in Northern India affords a tannin substance from its inner bark, a yellow dye from its
flowers, whilst the lac insects deposit “lurid red tears" on its twigs.
{| Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1,C. vol. i. p, 25,
June 80, 1884, 3N
230 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
I have here figured two specimens collected by Capt. Pinwill in Malacca, the male of
which was recorded as L. cerulea and the female as L, kankena? by Mr. Butler. I have since
received a small series of specimens which place their sexual relationship and conspecific
character beyond doubt. It is singular that though Felder described the species as from Kar
Nicobar, Messrs. Wood-Mason and de Nicéville,—who have obtained large and rich collections
from the Nicobar Islands,—in their last enumeration of that Rhopalocerous fauna, prefix to the
name of this species the sign that denotes a ‘recorded species of which we have not as yet
received specimens.” *
4. Lampides sp. (Tab. XXLI., fig. 242.)
Of this species I possess only one male specimen, and I refrain at present from either
precise identification or description. It is allied to L. kankena, especially by the markings
beneath, but is a much larger insect, and the colour above is considerably paler in hue. More
specimens, and the knowledge of the female sex, are necessary for its proper determination.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacea (coll. Dist.).
Genus POLYOMMATUS.
Polyommatus, Latreille, Sonnerat's Buffon, xiv. p. 116 (1805); Gen. Crust. et Ins. iv. p. 206 (1807); Beudd.
Proc, Am. Ac. Arts & Sci. vol. x. p. 258, n. 888 (1875); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 93 (1881).
Polyommatus is easily separated from all the preceding genera of this division, as here enumerated, by
the character of the first subcostal nervule of the anterior wings, which, emitted a little beyond middle of
cell, is continued free to costa, and is not anastomosed with, nor impinges on, the costal nervure; the
second subcostal nervule is emitted nearer to base of third than to base of first, the third and fourth
bifureating at about half the length of third. The other characters approximate somewhat closely to
Catochrysops and Lampides.
The almost universal distribution of this genus throughout the Old World is sufficiently
shown by the habitats of the only species found in our fauna, and here enumerated.
I have followed Mr. Scudder in his ruling as to the proper use and limit of this old
generic name, a position already accepted by Messrs. Moore, Butler, de Nicéville, and other
workers at Eastern Rhopalocera.
1. Polyommatus beticus. (Tab. XX., fig.83, 12.)
Papilio Beticus, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 789, n. 226 (1767); Esp. Schmett. i. 1, t. 27, f. 8a, 4 (1778);
i, 2, t. 91, f. 8 (1784); Hiibn. Eur, Schmett. i. f. 873—875 (1798—1803),
Polyommatus baticus, Godt. Ene. Méth. ix. p. 658, n. 122 (1828); Moore, Lep. Oeyl. i. p. 98 (1881),
Lycana Betica, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E.1. 0. p. 80, n. 14 (1828); Mill. Ann. Soc. Lyon. 1861, p. 229, t. 4, f. 1—6;
Trim. Rhop. Afr. Austr. ii. p., 286, n. 188 (1866); Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 887.
Lycana Beticus, Snell. Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 152, n. 45 (1876); Mab. Bull. Soe. Zool. Fr. 1877, p. 215.
Lampides Baticus, Butl, Cat. Fabr, Lep. p, 165, n. 11 (1869); Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i, p. 647,
n. 6 (1877).
* J. A.5.B. vol. li. pt. 11, pp. 17 & 20 (1882).
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 231
Lampides Batica, Walk. Ent. vol. y. p. 52, n. 42 (1870); Newm. Brit. Butt. p. 117, f. 89 (1874).
Cupido betieus, Auriv. Ofy. Vet.-Ak. Férh, 1879, no. 7, p. 44; Snell. Tijd. Ent. xx. p. 2 (1877); ibid. xxi.
p. 28, n. 90 (1878).
Papilio Colutee, Fuessly, Schweiz. Ins. p. 31, n. 594, f. 2, 2 (1775).
Papilio Pisorum, Fourer, Ent. Paris. ii. p. 242, n. 25 (1785).
Male. Wings above pale violaceous; anterior wings with the costal margin narrowly and the outer
margin more broadly pale fuscous; posterior wings with the costal and posterior margins pale fuscous,
a large black marginal spot between second and third median nervules, and two contiguous smaller black
spots at anal angle. Wings beneath pale brownish-ochraceous, with the following linear brownish fascie
margined with greyish :—anterior wings with two crossing centre and two near end of cell, two (considerably
fractured), crossing wing between end of cell and outer margin, commencing near the fourth subcostal
nervule and terminating at submedian nervure, two submarginal (the innermost broadest), and the outer
margin narrowly pale fuscous; posterior wings crossed from base to beyond middle with about eight linear
fascize as on anterior wings (more or less fused and broken), followed by a distinct and somewhat broad
greyish fascia, and with two submargina] linear brownish fasci#; two large marginal spots containing
a few scattered greenish scales and inwardly margined with pale reddish ochraceous, separated by the
lower median nervule; outer margin narrowly fuscous; fringe of both wings pale brownish, the tips
greyish-white. Body above more or less concolorous with wings, beneath with legs greyish-white; legs
more or less streaked with brownish.
Female. Wings above pale brownish; anterior wings with a discal bluish patch; posterior wings
with two outer greyish submarginal fasciw, the innermost broadest; black anal angular spots as in male,
distinctly margined with greyish ; wings beneath as in male.
Exp. wings, ¢ and ¢, 30 to 38 millim.
Has.—Europe, generally south of the Alps.*— Madeira (Brit. Mus.).— Teneriffe (Brit. Mus.).—
St. Helena (Trimen).—Egypt (Lord—Walk.).—Congo (Mabille).—Southern Africa (Trimen).— Damara Land
(Aurivillius).—Delagoa Bay (Monteiro—coll. Dist.)—Madagascar (‘Trimen).— Mauritius (Trimen).—Arabia
(Lord—Walk.).—Candahar (Roberts—Brit. Mus.).—Continental India; Kurrachee (Swinhoe—Brit. Mus.) ;
Pulni (Robinson—coll. Dist.); Sikkim (de Nicéville)—Ceylon (Thwaites—coll. Dist.)—Malay Peninsula ;
Penang (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.); Sungei Ujong (Biggs—coll. Dist.); Malacea (Biggs—coll. Dist.).—Sumatra
(Snellen).—Java (coll. Horsf.); Batavia (Snellen); Bantam (coll. Dist.).—Celebes (Snellen).—Ceram (Brit.
Mus.).— Aru (Brit. Mus.).— Duke York Island (Brown—coll. Godm. & Salvy.)— Australia; Melbourne
(Butler).—Shanghai (Elwes); Hong Kong (Brit. Mus.).—Japan (Elwes).
In Europe the food-plant of the larva of this widely distributed species is the “ bladder
senna’ (Colutea arborescens), a hardy. plant reported to even grow on the ascent to the crater of
Vesuvius. In Mauritius Mr. Trimen found the butterfly “almost confined to gardens, where
it kept about the cultivated pea.” }
According to Mr. Elwes this insect, although found in Japan and at Shanghai, is not
known in Amurland,} and it seems little affected by local conditions as modifying agencies in
colour markings, though M. Mabille writes of the species as found in the Congo district of West
Africa :—‘‘ Il est un peu plus sombre que les individus d’Europe, en méme temps plus bleu,
et ses ailes sont bien plus minces.” §
* This species has occasionally been captured in England, and is not altogether confined to Southern Europe.
+ Trans. Ent. Soc, ser. 8, vol. v. p. 887 (1866). This butterfly seems to follow the introduction of agriculture. Dr. Hors-
field states that his Javanese specimens were “collected chiefly in the cultivated districts.” It is also dependent on the
seasonal method of cultivation, for as Mr. Newman observed in England, “it only occurs in our pea-fields now and then, but
its existence must be very precarious, because the egg would, in all probability, perish with the pea-haulm, which is rarely
kept through the spring and summer" (Brit. Butt. p. 118).
} Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 887. § Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1877, p. 215.
282 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Genus LYCAUSNESTHES.
Lycenesthes, Moore, Proc, Zool. Soc, 1865, p. 773; Lepid. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 87 (1881).
Anterior wings broad, costal margin slightly arched at base, oblique to near apex (which is subacute),
outer and inner margins nearly straight. Costal nervure extending to about half the length of costal
margin, first subcostal nervule emitted beyond middle of cell, second and third somewhat close together
a little before end of cell, third and fourth bifurcating at about half the length of third; cell extending to
more than half the length of the wing; the three median nervules emitted near end of cell, the bases
of the first and second much closer together than the bases of the second and third. Posterior wings
subovate, somewhat elongate towards anal angle, the outer margin obliquely convex, with two short delicate
cilial tail-like appendages situate respectively at apices of lower median nervule and submedian nervure.
First subcostal nervule emitted at about one-fourth before the end of cell; first and second median nervules
emitted close together near end of cell, the third at about middle of cell. Body robust; palpi projecting
nearly half their length beyond the head, the apical joint slender, about half the length of the second;
legs slender; anterior tibiw very finely spined beneath.
The geographical distribution of this genus cannot be estimated in our present ignorance
of even all the described species which belong to it. The African Lycenide also require to
be carefully worked out before we can say that many of these genera are even confined to the
Oriental region. ,
1. Lyczenesthes lycenina. (Tab. XXL., fig. 32.)
Lycamesthes lycanina, Felder, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. 1868, p. 281; Moore, Lepid. Ceyl. i. p. 87, t. 35,
f. 8, 8a (1881),
Male. Wings above lavender-blue, the margins narrowly fuscous. Wings beneath greyish-brown,
crossed by the following pale greyish linear fascie :—anterior wings with two diseo-cellular at end of cell,
followed by two also terminating at the upper median nervule, two extending from near the base of upper
median nervule to submedian nervure, a single one between the first and second median nervules, and two
somewhat waved submarginal; posterior wings with about eight arranged in pairs, the basal pair not
extending above middle of cell, the two following from near base of lower subcostal nervule to near
abdominal margin, the third pair very short and bounded by the costal nervure and the lower subcostal
nervule, and the fourth pair situate between the lower subcostal nervule and the middle median nervule,
and two much angulated submarginal fascim; a small brown spot margined with greyish beneath and at
a short distance from base of costal nervure, and a similar spot near base of abdominal margin,* a black
submarginal spot with a few bluish scales and inwardly margined with ochraceous situate between the
second and third median nervules and a narrow transverse dark streak at anal angle. Body both above
and beneath more or less concolorous with wings.
Female.—Unknown to the writer. Mr. Moore deseribes it+ as ‘ violet-brown; basal area suffused
with blue; marginal anal spots more distinet.”
Has.—Ceylon (Thwaites—coll. Dist.).—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.).
Although I have somewhat minutely described the arrangement of the greyish linear
fascie on the under surface of the posterior wings belonging to a male specimen, such
* These spots have been unfortunately omitted by the artist; the specimen figured—the only one, then, received from
the Malay Peninsula—being in very bad condition.
+ Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 87.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 233
description must not be taken to imply that these markings are of a constant and invariable
character, as in the small series now before me there is slight but unmistakable divergence
in that respect.
Group APHNARIA.
Aphnaria, Distant, antea, p. 196.
I propose under the above name to group together a very large number of genera,
comprising some of the largest species in the family. It is in this group also that the posterior
wings attain the greatest amount of caudate elongation. JI have used the number of these
tail-like appendages as an assistant factor in the artificial key to the genera which here follows,
but in so doing have only recognised them when they are distinctly developed.
SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.
1. Posterior wings with three slender tail-like appendages.
A. Anterior wings with three subcostal nervules.
¢. Tail-like appendages short and slender,
hb, sii jhe of posterior wings extending to near apex 5
—s . of wing. - - . - - - - - - CaATAPASCILMA.
ZA aa. Tail-like appendages longer and more robust.
bb, Costal nervure of posterior wings not reaching apex of
wing. = - : : E = - > - Drupapta.
AA, Anterior wings with four subcostal nervules.
e. Tail-like appendages moderately long and robust.
Fic, 07,—Anterior wing of Cata-
pecilma elegans, showing sub-
costal nervules.
= d. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted at
La about centre of cell. - - - - - - - Brpvanpa.*
% cc. Tail-like appendages short and slender.
Pra, 68:—Posterioe wing. of Drie dd. First subeostal nervule of anterior wings emitted beyond
padia moorei, showing position centre of cell. - = : > : . - - SemanGa.t
of costal nervure. 2. Posterior wings with two slender tail-like appendages.
b. Anterior wings with five subcostal nervules. - : - Dacanana.
BB. Anterior wings with four subcostal nervules.
: Go ¢e. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings anastomosed with
a costal nervure. - - : - - - . - JACOONA. |
Fio.6i).—AnteriorwingofSemanga © _Eirst subcostal nervule of anterior wings not anastomosed
superba, showing, position of with costal nervure.
se eet ea pa J. Costal nervure of posterior wings extending to, or near to,
apex of wing.
q. Costal nervure of anterior wings terminating on costa
Pas nearly opposite end of cell.
: h. Tail-like appendages moderately short and slender.
is. 0, Ahan eine ch Daan: i. Fourth subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted
mag °F? vider chic wiser iabenesal at about two-thirds the distance between base of
nervules. third and apex of wing. - - : - - SPINDASIS.
it. Fourth subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted
about midway between base of third and apex
of wing. - - - . : - - Tasunta.
* Gen. nov. type Myrina theemia, Hew. + Gen. nov. type Ilerda ! superba, Druce,
t Gen. nov. type Myrina anasuja, Feld.
Aueust, 1884, 30
234 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA,
hk. Tail-like appendages consisting of an outer long and
robust, and an inner short, broad, and lobular. - Brypamara.
gq. Costal nervure of anterior wings terminating on costa
LZ - considerably before end of cell.
YZ Bee J. A long tail-like appendage at apex of lower median
Me nervule and a short one as Bpat of jie es
: nervure. - - - NEOMYRINA.*
Eto. 71.—Anterior win
i Houston: showiaas ation ot y. A long tail-like aupandlae " apex of Sabeieaian
costal nervure and subcostal nervure and a Boasts: one at = a of lower median
nervules, nervule. - - - : : - Purursa. +
Jf. Costal nervule of scaleator’s ‘wings herminasing at abons
3 two-thirds of costal margin. = - - CHERITRA.
L BBB. Anterior wings with three subcostal nervules.
k. First subcostal nervule ok auieeies tinge i on the
costal nervure. - : - Srrnon.
=e ica denice joddan of kk, First subcostal nervule of anterior wings not impinging on
costal nervure, the costal nervure. - - Hypotyomna.
3 3. Posterior wings with a single tail- like appendage i in wale and
Za with two in female. - § - - +« «= JRaota.
we 4. Posterior wings with a single tail- like appendage in both sexes.
Fic. 74,—Anterior wing of Sithon ©. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted at, or
medgmond, showing subcostal before, middle of cell.
l. Anterior wings with four subcostal nervules.
m. Costal nervure of anterior wings eee only to
about one-third of costal margin. — - - - NARATHURA.
mm. Costal nervure of anterior wings satondine to about
half of costal margin. - - - - - - PaNncHana.
Fic. 74.—Anterior wing of Ambl W. Anterior wings with five pica nerves in male and
podia narada g . showing at four in female. - . - * - - AMBLYPODIA.
costal aeny ates CC. First subcostal nervule of aero wings emitted beyond
middle of cell.
— n. Apex of costal nervure of anterior wings terminating
SE y opposite end of cell. - - ~ - - : - Rapana,
nan. Apex of costal nervure of anterior wings terminating a
Fro. 7.—Anterior wing of Lorura little beyond end of cell. —- : - : - - Devporrx.
t ,
atymuus, showing position of ann. Apex of costal nervure of anterior wings terminating before
nervules. end of cell. = - = - . - - Loxura.
Genus CATAPAICILMA.
Catapeciima, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, vol. i. p. 547 (1877); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 97 (1881).
Anterior wings subtriangular, the costal margin only slightly convex, the apex obtusely rounded,
the outer margin moderately convex and scalloped, the inner margin slightly concavely sinuate. Costal
nervure short, terminating on costa nearly opposite end of cell; first subcostal nervule emitted near middle
of cell, second about midway between base of first and third, the last of which is emitted close to end of
cell and continued to apex; middle median nervule emitted about one-fifth before end of cell; lower
median nervule a little beyond centre. Posterior wings irregularly subovate, the costal margin convex
at base and then nearly straight to apex, which is rounded; posterior margin very slightly scalloped, with
* Gen. nov. type Myrina hiemalis, Godm. & Salv. + Gen. nov. type Jolaus (Purliaa) giganteus, Dist.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA, 235
three slender tail-like appendages situate respectively at the apices of the second and third median
nervules and of the submedian nervure. Costal nervure extending to about apex of wing, the subcostal
nervules bifurcating about one-third before the end of cell; first and second median nervules emitted close
together near end of cell. Palpi moderately long, much compressed, second joint projecting more than
half beyond the head and longly hirsute beneath; apical joint slender, but well formed; antenn# with a
gradually formed but well-developed apical club.
Only one species of this genus is at present described, and as it is here enumerated
the specific habitats must be taken as representing our present knowledge of the generic
area of distribution.
1, Catapzcilma elegans. (Tab. XXII, fig. 17 3.)
Hypochrysops elegans, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1878, p. 850, t. 82, f. 12.
Catapacilma elegans, Butl. Trans, Linn. Soe, ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 548, n. 1 (1877); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i.
p. 98 (1881).
Male. Wings above dark violet-blue, with the costal and outer margins somewhat narrowly dark
fuscous; posterior wings with an inner greyish marginal line from beneath the subcostal nervules and
with three transverse greyish submarginal streaks near anal angle divided by the median nervules,
tail-like appendages fuscous, with their apices greyish-white; fringe of both wings greyish. Wings
beneath greyish-brown. Anterior wings with three rufous spots, margined with black and silvery crossing
cell, a series of silvery spots in the subcostal area, two beyond cell divided by the lower discoidal
nervule, two or three beneath cell (both of these followed by ochraceous and black), an outer and irregular
diseal series of five spots crossing wing and a submarginal series in which the silvery hue is somewhat less
intense; between the discal and submarginal series of spots are some dark fuscous markings. Posterior
wings with the following rufous spots, margined with black and silvery :—two beneath costal nervure, one
(round) about centre of cell, and one (transverse) at end of cell, two beneath cell and situate between the
submedian nervure and third median nervule, and one (transverse) about centre of abdominal margin; on
about basal third of costal margin are some rufous, black, and silvery markings, two discal series of silvery
spots margined with black cross wing, between and beyond which are some black spots on a rufous ground
eolour, a submarginal series of pale silvery spots placed between the nervules, that between the second
and third median nervules replaced by a black spot margined with rufous, and the silvery spots at anal
angle margined with black; tail-like appendages pale fuscous with their apices greyish-white; fringe of
both wings silvery grey. Body above and beneath more or less concolorous with wings.
Female.—Wings above pale violet-blue, with the costal and outer margins broadly dark fuscous,
the posterior wings with three pale transverse spots near anal angle divided by the second and third
median nervules and the inner margin also narrowly silvery at this area. Wings beneath with the ground
colour much paler than in male, but with the markings similar,
Exp. wings, ¢ and ?, 27 to 35 millim.
Han.—Ceylon (Thwaites—coll. Dist.).— Malay Peninsula; Perak (coll. Godfery); Sungei Ujong
(Durnford—coll. Dist.).—Borneo (Lowe—coll. Godm. & Saly,).
Since this beautiful insect was described from a Bornean specimen, it has been found
to inhabit both the Malay Peninsula and Ceylon, and has doubtless an even wider geographical
distribution. Chromo-lithography has proved unequal to producing the silvery metallic
236 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
spots on the under surface of the wings, and which in the figure here given appear
greenish.*
Genus DRUPADIA,
Drupadia, Moore, MS.
This genus is allied to Catapecilma in having only three subcostal nervules to the anterior wings and
in possessing three tail-like appendages to the posterior wings. The differential points exist most strongly
in the posterior wings, which are convex at base and then strongly oblique to apex, which is subacute; the
posterior margin is oblique to apex of middle median nervule, when it is more produced and contains a
tail-like appendage at the apices of the second and third median nervules and of the submedian nervure;
the abdominal margin is very strongly cleft near anal angle; the costal nervure does not extend to about
apex as in Catapecilma, but terminates on costal margin at about two-thirds of its length; the subeostal
nervules bifureate a little beyond middle of cell, and the first and second median nervules have an
apparently common origin a little before end of cell; the internal nervure is straight and terminates just
above the excavation of the abdominal margin. The palpi are robust and porrect, the second joint clothed
with coarse adpressed hairs projecting fully two-thirds of its length beyond the eyes; the third joint is
slender compared with the second joint, but robust compared with the corresponding joint of many other
somewhat allied genera. Legs moderately robust.
Drupadia superficially resembles the following genus (Piduanda), and as arranged by
Mr. Moore it included the species which here stands as the type of Biduanda. The
resemblance, however, is only superficial, as one genus possesses three subcostal nervules to
the anterior wings, and the other genus is provided with four.
The extent of its geographical distribution cannot at present be estimated till the
whole of the Lycenide are properly monographed. +
1. Drupadia moorei.} (Tab. XX., fig. 214, 20 and 30§ 2.)
Sithon Moorei, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat, Hist. ser. 6, vol. x. p. 246 (1882),
Male. Anterior wings above very dark and glossy fuliginous-brown, with an irregular reddish spot
or suffusion situate at end of cell and bases of the median neryules: posterior wings bright and somewhat
* The structure and nature of these silvery spots have lately been investigated by Mr. Geo. Dimmock (‘ Psyche,’ vol. iv.
pp. 64 and 66), and he has not only shown that “ Leydig was the first, in 1855, to call attention to the presence of air between
or beneath their chitin layers as a cause for certain silvery spots and. scales on insects," but has treated the question more
exhaustively, and has argued (taking the silvery spots of Argynnie idalia as an example) that these spots not sity contain air,
but are “simply milk-white by transmitted light.” “‘'The difference is that there must be im the silvery seales a polished surface
towards the observer. Ground glass does not appear silvery, but what is the surface of the smoothest polished plate of glass but
finely ground glass? Ground glass differs from polished glass only in degree; in ground glass the scratches are so coarse and
60 abundant as to turn most of the light-waves into the glass again, where they are lost. In polished glass the scratches are still
present, but have become so small that even the waves of light are large in proportion to them, and so the light-waves reflect
as if from a Maceehcay flat surface. But something more than a polished glass is needed to reflect much light, for most of
the light passes through the glass; something non-transparent must be behind the glass. In the common mirror it is a
mercury amalgam; in the butterfly’s silvery scale it is a layer of cavities filled with air. This layer of cavities is not
transparent for the same reason that ground glass is not. If we treat the seale with chloroform it has an analogous effect
to that of treating the back of a common mirror with nitric acid, thus dissolving off the amalgam. In both cases a non-
transparent body is converted into a transparent one, and a mirror, which, whatever be the materials of which it is made,
if approximately perfect, has a silvery ap eae from the amown? of reflected light, is reduced to a slightly reflecting surface.
But let the seale dry again from its bath, as Fischer apparently did not do, and the mirror will again appear, Both silvery
and milk-white colorations are then only optical effects produced by reflected light.”
+ It is greatly to be desiderated that some competent entomologist would give a monographic catalogue of the
Lyeenida@, in the manner of the late Dr. Stal’s ‘Enumeratio Hemipterorum,’ in which a key to the whole genera would be
given, and in which some principle of variation in nature would be admitted. Our British Museum has a magnificent
collection, and its staff of endowed officials may ultimately produce this necessary work, for which other students, as a rule,
possess neither the time nor material.
{ Named after Mr. Frederick Moore, who in conjunction with Dr. Horsfield, published the ‘Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C.,’ and has
since written a ‘ Lepidoptera of Ceylon.
§ This figure was taken from a much mutilated specimen, with the tail-like appendages to the posterior wings almost
destroyed. ' '
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA., 297
pale bluish, the posterior margin black, inwardly bordered with white near anal angle, where there are
two transverse black marginal spots, the fringe white; tail-like appendages blackish with marginal white
fringe; costal area pale hyaline, darker near base, upper portion of cell and basal area between subcostal
nervules tale-like, and pale transparent stramineous, above, beneath, and beyond which the colour
is fuscous. The anterior wings beneath reddish ochraceous, a broad basal and a transverse central
fuscous streak in eell, a pale fuscous lime at end of cell, and two transverse, narrow, waved fuscous
fascie between end of cell and outer margin. Posterior wings greyish-white, the costal margin more
or less suffused with reddish ochraceous, and with ten large fuscous discal spots, the upper six of
which are subquadrate but irregular in size, and the posterior four are more irregular in shape, and
have their centres more or less greyish; a submarginal and marginal fuscous line, the first of which is
broken and irregular, and between which and the margin is a narrow fuscous streak, leading to a long, pale
bluish fuscous spot; beneath the submarginal line near abdominal margin are two narrow ochraceous
fascie, which amalgamate inwardly, and between which the colour is pale metallic bluish. Body above
fuliginous-brown, beneath greyish-white; legs greyish-white, annulated and streaked with fuscous.
Female. Wings above much paler than in male, and the posterior wings pale fuliginous-brown,
excepting near anal angle, where there is an obscure bluish patch with a few obseure fuscous marginal
spots. Wings beneath as in male, but with anterior wings paler in hue.
Expanse of wings, 35 to 38 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist. & Sauer); Perak (Townsend—coll. Godm.
and Saly.); Sungei Ujong (Durnford); Malacca (Biggs); Singapore (Kerr—coll. Dist.).—Sumatra (Wallace
—coll. Dist. & Moore).—Daat Island (coll. Dist.).
This species varies very much in size, and is probably somewhat widely distributed. It is
allied to the Myrina ravindra, Horsf., a Javan species which belongs to, and is the type of, this
genus. We thus find D. moorei inhabiting Borneo, Sumatra, and the Malay Peninsula, and
differing from a closely allied Javan species, as is so frequently the case in all branches of
Malayan Zoology, and has been so well and ably pointed out by Mr. Wallace.
Genus BIDUANDA, gen. nov.
Biduanda, Distant, antea, p. 288.
Anterior wings globosely subtriangular, the costal margin ‘arched, the outer margin convex, the inner
margin nearly straight. Costal nervure terminating on costa before the apex of cell; first subcostal
nervule emitted about the middle of cell, second about midway between first and third, the last of which
arises a little before end of cell, third and fourth bifureating at a short distance from apex of wing;
disco-cellular nervules somewhat perpendicular; first median nervule emitted at end of cell, second nearer
to first than third, which is emitted beyond middle of cell. - Posterior wings subovate; costal margin arched
at base, and then straight and strongly oblique to apex, which is obtuse; posterior margin as in Drupadia,
the abdominal margin angulated but not so suddenly cleft as in that genus. Costal nervure reaching apex
of wing; other neuration much as in Drupadia.
The species included in this genus were given me by Mr. Moore as forming part of his
genus Drupadia, the description of which is promised to be published in a forthcoming part of
the ‘Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.’ As they, however, possess four subcostal
neryules to the anterior wings, whilst the species of Drupadia are provided only with three,
it became necessary to form a new genus for their reception. Mr. Moore takes the Myrina
ravindra, Horsf,, as the type of Drupadia, and the type of Biduanda must be found in the
Myrina thesmia, Hew.
Aveust, 1884. Sp
238 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
1. Biduanda thesmia.
Myrina Thesmia, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 32, n. 16, t. 14, f. 25—27 (1868).
I have not as yet received this species from the Malay Peninsula,
so have followed my usual course of copying both the original
figures * and diagnosis of the describer.
“Upperside. Male.—Purple-brown. Anterior wing with the inner margin
eurved, projecting. Posterior wing with three tails; the outer margin and base
of the tails black; a submarginal line between the tails, the fringe and the
tails white.”
Bie. 70 2Neiensides theewila, “ Underside. Anterior wing rufous orange, with two spots in and below
the cell, a spot at the end of the cell, three transverse lines (the first, which is
near the second, indistinct), the outer margin, and fringe, all brown. Posterior
_ wing white (the apex rufous), with eight brown spots, followed by several zigzag
black lines: the caudal spot, the lobe, and the space between them crowned
with silvery blue: a spot above the lobe also powdered with blue: the outer
margin black: the fringe white.”
“Female does not differ from the male, except that it is rufous-brown
above, and has the anal angle of the posterior wing grey, marked with the
caudal spots.”
Fic. 17.—Biduanda thesia, 2, Exp. wings, “1% inch.” :
Han.— Malay Peninsula; Singapore (coll. Hewits.).— Sumatra (coll.
Hewits.).—Daat Island (coll. Dist.).
Mr. Hewitson describes his species as closely allied to M. ravindra, Horsf., a species
which belongs to the previous genus Drupadia, and so is structurally differentiated apart
from colour divergencies. Mr. Hewitson also writes, ‘A male in the collection of Mr. Wallace
has a rufous spot at the centre of the anterior wing, as represented in the accompanying
figure”’ (fig. 76).
92. Biduanda lapithis. (Tab. XX, fig. 29 2.)
Myrina Lapithis, Moore (Horsf. & Moore), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. vol. i. p. 48, n. 79 (1857); Hewits. Il. Diurn.
Lep. p.86, n. 82, t.15, £. 85—88 (1863); Butl. Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 549, n. 5 (1877).
Sithon Lapithis, Druce, Proce. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 851, n. 7.
Female. Wings above rufous-brown; posterior wings with a large greyish-white patch at area of anal
angle containing three indistinct bluish spots separated by the second and third median nervules ; abdominal
area greyish-white, with the margin brown; tail-like appendages blackish, with their margins greyish-
white. Anterior wings beneath reddish-ochraceous, with a transverse white fascia crossing end of cell and
widened towards inner margin; this fascia is broadly margined with fuscous on each side and is outwardly
followed by a waved fuscous line crossing wing, which commencing at about middle of third subcostal nervule,
is widely fractured at the upper median nervule, and terminates on inner margin. Posterior wings ereamy-
white, with the apex ochraceous, and with the followmg blackish spots :—two near base, three crossing
wing before middle, one near end of cell, and a curved outer series commencing beneath the first subcostal
nervule and terminating in a long and much angulated spot above the anal angle; extreme posterior
margin black, a black submarginal line between the discoidal and first median nervules, three submarginal
* These figures are fae-simile of those of Hewitson, with all errors of neuration and peculiar arrangement of the tail-like
appendages to posterior wings of male,
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA, 289
black spots with scattered bluish scales and inwardly margined with ochraceous, separated by the median
nervules, and a pale bluish streak inwardly margined with black and outwardly with ochraceous at anal
angle. Body above and beneath more or less concolorous with wings.
Male. This sex is not known to the writer, but has been figured by Mr. Hewitson, and described as
“ Anterior wing dark brown. Posterior wing brilliant blue."* Wings beneath apparently as in female.
Exp. wings, ?, 28 millim.
Has.—Burma; Moulmein (Horsf. & Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.) ;
Singapore (Wallace—coll. Dist.).—Borneo (Druce).
Mr. Hewitson, who had the opportunity of examining several specimens, states that
‘‘on the underside this species varies considerably in the form of the line which crosses the
anterior wing beyond the middle, as well as in the size of the black spots of the posterior
wing.” It appears to be a moderately scarce species, or at all events is uncommon in average
collections made in the Malay Peninsula.
Genus SEMANGA, gen. nov.
Semanga, Distant, antea, p. 288.
Anterior wings somewhat short and broad, costal and outer margins slightly convex, inner margin
very slightly concave. Costal nervure terminating on costa a little before end of cell, where it is somewhat
recurved; first subcostal nervule emitted at about one-third before end of cell, second about midway
between first and third, third at end of cell, third and fourth bifureating at about two-thirds the length
of third; disco-cellular nervules somewhat oblique; first median nervule emitted at about end of cell,
the second emitted about two-thirds nearer the base of first than base of third. Posterior wings subovate,
the costal margin rounded at base and then straight and oblique to apex, which is obtuse; posterior
margin rounded, very slightly waved or scalloped, with three slender tail-like appendages situate at the
apices of the median nervules; abdominal margin concavely excavated a little before anal angle. Costal
nervure extending to about apex; costal nervules bifurcating a little before end of cell, and opposite to the
apparently common origin of the first and second median nervules; submedian nervure slightly curved
outwardly, internal nervure strongly curved inwardly. Palpi robust and porrect, the second joint clothed
with coarse and closely compressed hairs and extending for two-thirds its length before eyes; apical joint
much more slender than second, but moderately robust. Body robust.
Semanga is founded on a species already received from both Borneo and the Malay
Peninsula, and its colour affinities are with Catapweilma, especially by the metallic markings of
the under surface of the posterior wings; an additional subcostal nervule to the anterior
wings, however, sufficiently separates it from that genus.
1. Semanga superba. (Tab. XXI., fig. 15 2.
Iterda? superba, Druce, Proc. Zool. Boc. 1873, p. 851, n. 1, t. 32, f. 11.
Female. Anterior wings above dark violaceous, with the costal and outer margins (broadest at apex)
dark fuscous; posterior wings with the costal, posterior and abdominal margins fuscous, the posterior
margin darkest, and containing some irregularly sized and arranged ochraceous submarginal spots, one
between the lower submedian nervule and submedian nervure, and one at lobular anal angle, each
* Mr, Hewitson also appends to this deseription, “with one tail,” which is clearly erroneons, and probably referred to
a mutilated specimen; he has also figured the female much in the same way, and probably from the same canse. My own
figure is more or less imperfect for o similar reason.
240 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
containing a dark fuscous centre; these spots are followed outwardly by a narrow whitish line, and the
apices of the tail-like appendages are also whitish. Wings beneath pale brownish. Anterior wings
crossed by a narrow pale castaneous fascia, outwardly bordered with greyish, commencing at lower
subcostal nervule and terminating at submedian nervure, and there are faint indications of a greyish
submarginal fascia, which is only clearly visible at posterior angle. Posterior wings with the apical half
reddish-ochraceous, containing firstly an irregular transverse series of metallic bluish spots, followed by a
more or less obscure and very irregular series of black spots, the outer margin broadly blackish, powdered
with metallic bluish scales, and with a pale submarginal whitish line. A distinet black spot at lobular
anal angle, inwardly margined with bluish, Body above more or less concolorous with wings, beneath
greyish ; legs greyish, annulated with dark brownish.
Exp. wings, ?, 28 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Biggs—coll. Dist.).—Borneo (Lowe—coll. Godm, & Balv.).
I have not seen the male of this species, which will probably prove to be similar to the
_female, but without the broad blackish margins to the upper surface of the wings. I have
only received two specimens from the Malay Peninsula, both collected by the Rev. L. Biggs at
Malacea, and for one of which I am indebted to my helpful friend Mr. P. H. Gosse.
Genus DACALANA.
Dacalana, Moore, MS. ??*
Anterior wings broadly subtriangular, the costal margin very strongly arched at base and slightly
convex to apex, which is rounded, outer margin moderately convex; inner margin strongly sinuate,
eonvexly lobular near middle, Costal nervure terminating on costa nearly opposite end of cell; first
subcostal nervule short and emitted at about one-third before end of cell; second emitted about midway
between first and third, the third arising near end of cell; third and fourth bifurcating at about two-thirds
the length of third; fourth and fifth bifureating near apex at about two-thirds the length of fourth;
diseo-cellular nervules erect, almost perpendicular; first median nervule arising at end of cell and about
half the distance from second as second is from third, which is emitted about two-thirds from base of cell.
Posterior wings elongately subovate; costal margin transversely convex for about half its length, and then
obliquely deflected to apex, which is obtuse; posterior margin rounded, with two slender tail-like
appendages situate respectively at the apices of the third median nervule and submedian nervure. Costal
nervure about reaching apex of wing; first subcostal nervule emitted about one-third before the end of
eell; first and second median nervules with an apparently common origin at about end of cell; submedian
nervure almost straight; internal nervure strongly curved inwardly. Palpi robust, second joint projecting
about one-third before the eyes, apical joint slender; body robust; posterior legs long.
Male possessing a sexual tuft of hairs on upper surface of anterior wing beneath cell, and a similar
tuft on under surface near inner margin, concealed by the costal margin of the posterior wings.
At present I am only cognisant of the following species as belonging to Davalana, and
consequently can only refer to its geographical distribution.
* Mr. Moore informed me that the species I here include was typical of his genus Dacalana, the description of which
is not, but would be, published in the Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal. He also kindly showed me his MS. description, in which it was
stated “venation similar to Jolaws.' Now the type of Jolaws has been shown by Mr. Scudder to be the African species
I. helius, Fabr., whieh has four subcostal nervules, whilst the species given me as typical of Dacalana possesses five subcostal
nervules.. Consequently, though I use Mr. Moore's name, as he po Sonera I cannot accept his diagnosis. The type of
Dacalana as used and described by myself is the Amblypodia vidura, Horsf.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 241
1. Dacalana vidura. (Tab. XXI., fig. 27 3.)
Amblypodia vidura, Horsfield, Cat. Lep, E.1I.C. p. 118, n. 45; Th. V. Le. t. 1, f. 6, 6a (1829),
folaus vidura, Hewits. Il. Diurn. Lep. p. 48, n. 10 (1865); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 351, n. 1.
Wings above bright, dark cmwrulean-blue; anterior wings with the costal and outer margins (very
broad at apex) blackish; posterior wings with a narrow black posterior marginal line; the tail-like
appendages blackish, with their apices greyish-white. Wings beneath pale brownish, both wings crossed
about middle by a narrow white fascia, commencing on costa at about end of cell on anterior wings and
terminating near anal angle of posterior wings, where it is waved and angulated; beyond this fascia is a
somewhat waved dark brownish submarginal line, which on posterior wings is amalgamated with the white
fascia at anal angle; a black marginal spot, which is inwardly very broadly margined with ochraceous
situate between the second and third median nervules and another black spot surrounded with greyish-
white at anal angle; a posterior marginal black line inwardly bordered with greyish-white, and between
the third median nervule and the submedian nervure are some scattered whitish scales almost forming
a large and distinct conical marginal spot. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. 1
Exp. wings, ¢, 30 to 40 millim.
Has.—Continental India; Silhet (coll. Hewits.).—Malay Peninsula; Penang (coll. Dist.); Malacca
(coll. Dist.) ; Singapore (coll. Hewits.).—Sumatra (coll. Hewits.)—Java (coll. Horsf.) ; Bantam (coll. Dist.).
—Borneo (Druce); Sarawak (coll. Hewits.).
The female sex is unknown to the writer, and the species appears to be comparatively
rare, as remarked by Horsfield.* It is also subject to slight local variation. Mr. Hewitson
states,} ‘‘Examples of this species from Silhet have the anal angle of the posterior wing
longer than those brought by Mr. Wallace from Sumatra”; and I notice in the specimens now
before me that those from the Malay Peninsula have the white fascia on the under surface of
the wings a little narrower than in my Javan examples. It is likewise very variable in size,
the smallest specimens examined being from Malacca and the largest from Java, but this
smallness is not peculiar to Malaccan specimens.
Genus JACOONA, gen. nov.
Jacoona, Distant (antea, p. 238).
Anterior wings moderately long and subtriangular; costal margin strongly arched at base and then
very slightly convex to apex, which is obtuse ; outer margin convex, inner margin slightly sinuate. Costal
nervure short, terminating on costa before the end of cell; first subcostal nervule emitted about middle
of cell and anastomosed with costal nervure, second nearer to third than first, third arising from end of
eell, third and fourth bifurcating a little beyond middle of third; lower disco-cellular nervule somewhat
concavely oblique; first median nervule at end of cell, second about half the distance from first as from
third. Posterior wings elongate and irregularly subovate; costal margin with its basal third convex and
then deflected and oblique to apex, which is rounded; posterior margin oblique and rounded to median
nervules, where it is more or less waved and is provided with two tail-like appendages, viz., a short one at
apex of third median nervule and a very long one at apex of submedian nervure; abdominal margin
convex. Costal nervure about reaching apex of wing; subcostal nervules bifurcating near end of cell;
first and second median nervules emitted close together near end of cell, third at about two-thirds from
base of cell. Body and legs moderately robust. Palpi erect; second joint raised above the level of the
eyes, third joint very small and slender.
* Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. p. 114. + Til. Diurn., Lep. p. 45.
Aveust, 19884. 3 Q
242 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA,
This is probably a somewhat restricted genus, and the following species is alone known
to the writer as at present belonging to it. The anastomotic condition of the costal nervure
and first subcostal nervule of the anterior wings at once separates it from the allied genera.
Mr. Moore informed me that the typical species of this genus (Myrina anasuja, Felder)
should be placed in his genus Cheritra, but he had probably been unable to examine a
specimen.
1. Jacoona anasuja. (Tab. XXL. fig. 15 ¢.)
Myrina Anasuja, Felder, Reise Nov, Lep. ii. p. 237, n. 266, t. 80, f. 8, 4 (1865).
Male. Wings above bright violaccous-blue. Anterior wings with a broad fascia crossing apical half
of cell and terminating a little above posterior angle, the costal margin beyond this fascia, the apex and
outer margins all blackish. Posterior wings with the costal and posterior margins (the last as far as
between the first and second median nervules) broadly blackish, after which to anal angle the posterior
margin is whitish, containing a transverse black spot on cach side of the lower median nervule; a black
outer marginal line, the tail-like appendages whitish, more or less blackish at base. Anterior wings
beneath pale brownish-ochraceous, more or less pale bluish-green at base and towards posterior angle.
Posterior wings pale bluish-green, the costal and outer margins (the last as far as median nervules) pale
brownish-ochraceous; the white anal angular patch above larger beneath, inwardly margined with a
much-waved black line, and containing an additional black spot at extreme anal angle; the tail-like
appendages beneath with a central blackish line. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, ¢ 40 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Malacca, interior (Com. de Castelnau—
coll. Feld.),
Of this beautiful and scarce species the writer, like Felder is only acquainted with the
male sex, and the female still remains to be discovered.
Genus SPINDASIS.
Spindasis, Wallengren, Lep. Rhop. Caffr. p. 45 (1857).
Apineus (part), Hewit. Dl. Diurn. Lep. p. 60 (1865).
Aphneus, Moore (nec. Hubn.), Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 105 (1881).
Anterior wings subtriangular; costal margin slightly arched, outer margin moderately convex, inner
margin slightly sinuate. Costal nervure terminating nearly opposite end of cell; first subcostal nervule
arising near middle of cell, second about midway between first and third, third and fourth bifurcating
at about two-thirds from base of third; disco-cellulars erect; first median nervule emitted at end of cell,
second at about twice the distance from third as from first, the third arising a little before middle of cell.
Posterior wings irregularly and elongately subovate; costal margin arched at base and then obliquely
straight to apex, which is rounded; posterior margin convexly oblique, with two long slender tail-like
appendages, situate respectively at apices of the third median nervule and of the submedian nervure;
abdominal margin straight, but deeply and concavely excavated near anal angle. Costal nervure about
reaching apex of wing; subcostal nervules arising a little before end of cell; first and second median
nervules with an apparently common origin just before the end of cell, third median nervule emitted
at about two-thirds from base of cell; internal neryure curved inwardly.* Body moderately robust;
palpi porrect, second joint not raised above the level of the eyes.
* For the purpose of examining the neuration, it is not necessary to denude the wings of the scales, spirits of wine and
a camel's-hair brush being quite efficacious, and, if the brush is used lightly, causing no injury to the most delicate Lycwnide,
Benzoline can also be used, but its disagreeable smell renders it less useful than the spirits of wine.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 248
The species of this genus have hitherto been placed in the genus Aphneus, the type of
which is the African A. orcas, Dru., which has five subcostal nervules to the anterior wings, *
and consequently is quite distinct from Spindasis, which has but four. The late Mr. Hewitson
pointed out the difference in the neuration,+ and though Mr. Moore, in his ‘ Lepidoptera of
Ceylon,’ describes the genus Aphneus on the characters of Ceylon species, and correctly gives
the type of the genus as A. orcas, he must have been unable to examine a specimen of that
species.
There has been, however, no necessity to make a new generic name, as Wallengren
proposed his Spindasis for the species hitherto known as Aphneus natalensis, D. & H., and under
that generic name the Eastern species will find their natural classification.
This is an Ethiopian as well as an Oriental genus, it being particularly well represented
in Africa. Only one species from the Malay Peninsula is at present known to the writer. {
1. Spindasis syama. (Tab. XXIII., figs. 8 & 92.)
Amblypodia Syama, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.1.C. p. 107, n. 89 (1829),
Amblypodia Syma, Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 478, n. 20 (1852).
Aphneus Syama, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. i. p. 88, n. 50 (1857); Hewits. Ill. Diurn. Lep.
p. 61, t. 25, f. 7 (1865),
Male. Wings above fuliginous-brown, shaded with bright violaceous, this shading being principally
on the inner basal area of the anterior wings, and on the inner basal half of the posterior wings; anal
angle of posterior wings reddish-ochraceous, with two black marginal spots marked with some silvery
scales, the first and smallest situate above the submedian nervure; tail-like appendages blackish, with
their base ochraceous and their apices greyish-white. Wings beneath very pale ochraceous. Anterior
wings with, five blackish fascia with silvery centres, the first crossing cell a little beyond middle and
extending to costal margin, the second commencing on costa at about end of cell and directed outwardly
to near posterior angle, the third short, straight and compressed on each side near middle, extending from
costa to a little beneath lower discoidal nervule, the fourth directed inwardly and extending from costa to a
little beneath upper median nervule (the third and fourth in some varieties meeting as in jig. 8), the fifth
submarginal and almost, or sometimes quite, meeting apex of second near posterior angle; a longitudinal
black streak with a few silvery scales extending nearly along the upper basal half of cell, a broad fuscous
streak beneath basal half of cell, a narrow outer submarginal blackish fascia and extreme margin of the
same colour. Posterior wings with four blackish fasciw with silvery centres; the first and basal more or less
fractured, the second crossing disk of wing extending beneath the third median nervule (where it is always
more or less indistinct), and deflected upwards to abdominal margin, third shortest extending from costa to
beneath upper median nervule, the fourth and outer fascia commencing beneath apex, almost lost in the
anal-angular ochraceous spot and deflected upwards to abdominal margin; some blackish basal streaks and
spots, @ narrow posterior submarginal blackish fascia, and the extreme margin of the same colour. Fringe
of both wings greyish. Black anal-angular spots as above. Body above more or less concolorous with
_,_,™ This is a very rare species, and I am much indebted to both Prof. Westwood of Oxford, and Mr. A. G. Butler of the
British Museum, for kindly examining the neuration of the same for me. Mr. Butler also informs me that Drury’s figure of
tle species is a bad one.
+ Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 60 (1865). He describes A. orcas as having four, and the Syama group as having three “ branches
sits eon ostal nervure”; but as pointed out (antea, p. 197) Mr. Hewitson estimated the number differently to the method
x { Mr. Butler has included in the “ List of Butterflies collected by Cept. Pinwill in Malacca” (Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2,
Zool. vol. i, p. 649, n. 1), Sram lohita, Horsf.; but althongh I have received a long series of A. syama from the various
districts of the Peninsula, I have never met—as yet—with an example of A. lohita. 1t is easily recognised from A. syama, as
pointed out by Horafield, by the fascia on the under surface of the wings being “ wholly without any black mayginal thread.”
244 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.,
wings; body beneath and legs pale ochraceous, lateral margins of the abdomen striped with blackish; legs
more or less obscurely marked with the same colour.
Female. Resembling the male, but uniformly fuliginous-brown above, without the violaceous
reflections.
Exp. wings, ¢ & 2, 28 to $2 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Sungei Ujong (Durnford—coll. Dist.) ;
Malacea (Biggs—coll. Dist.).—Java (coll. Horsf.).
Genus TAJURIA.
Tajuria, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 108 (1881).
Remelana, Moore MS8.*
Anterior wings subtriangular; the costal margin moderately convex, the apex subacute, the outer
margin moderately convex, the inner margin slightly sinuate. Costal nervure terminating on costa nearly
opposite end of cell; first subcostal nervule emitted near middle of cell, second about midway between
first and third, third a little before end of cell, third and fourth bifureating at about or a little beyond
half the length of the third; disco-cellular nervules suberect; first median nervule emitted at end of
cell, second nearer to first than to third, third emitted at about two-thirds from base. Posterior wings
subovate; costal margin obliquely convex to apex, which is rounded; posterior margin obliquely rounded,
prolonged in a more or less distinct angle at apex of second median nervule, and with two slender
tail-like appendages situate respectively at the apices of the third median nervule and of the submedian
nervure. Costal nervure extending to apex of wing; subcostal nervules bifurcating at about one-third
before end of cell; first and second median nervyules with an apparently common origin a little before
end of cell, third a little beyond middle of cell; submedian nervure slightly curved outwardly; internal
nervure strongly curved inwardly. Body robust. Palpi porrect, the apex of the second joint not reaching
the upper margin of the eyes.
This genus, proposed by Mr. Moore, is evidently—from the description—closely allied to
Pratapa of the same author, a genus which I have had no opportunity to examine. The only
structural differential characters given are in respect to the posterior wing, which has the
cell broader, the subcostal and median branches emitted further from the base.”
1. Tajuria longinus. (Tab. XXIII., fig. 20 2.) +
Hesperia Longinus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 480 (1798).
Polyommatus Longinus, Godt. Ene. Méth. ix. p. 634, n. 68 (1828); Luc. Lep. Ex. t. 44, £. 8 (1885).
Bithys Longinus, Hibn. Zutr. Ex. Schmett. f. 993, 984 (1887).
Amblypodia Longinus, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E.1.C. p. 140, £1, £7 (1829); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus.
B.LC. vol. i. p. 45, n. 70 (1857).
Tolaus Cippus, race Longinus, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 186, n. 2 (1869).
lolaus Longinus, Hewits. Il. Diurn, Lep. p, 45, n. 18 (1869); Butl. Trans, Linn, Soe. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i.
p- 549, n. 1 (1877).
Amblypodia Pseudolonginus, Doub. List Lep. Brit. Mus. ii. p. 23 (1847); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus.
E.1.C. vol. i. p, 45, n. 71 (1857).
Jolaus Psevdolonginus, Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 86.
Tajuria Longinus, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 109, t. 42, £2, 2a, 24 (1881).
* Mr. Moore informs me that in this proposed genus the “ venation is similar to Tajuria.”
{ This figure is taken from a specimen in the British Museum, which was collected by Capt. Pinwill in Malacca.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 245
Male. Wings above dark shining cwrulean-blue; anterior wings with the costal margin and the
apical half of wing—inwardly angulated at median nervure and narrowed into a marginal fascia beneath
lower median nervule—blackish; posterior wings with the costal margin and apex broadly and the
posterior margin narrowly blackish, tail-like appendages blackish, with their apices white; abdominal
margin greyish-brown. Wings beneath dark greyish; anterior wings with an outer discal series of linear
fuscous or blackish spots placed between the nervules and a submarginal series of rather larger but much
paler spots—these are sometimes almost obsolete; the outer margin also darker; posterior wings with two
similar series of spots, the inner and darker series longer, more continuous and waved towards anal angle,
where it is duplex, a third marginal series of spots, two black marginal spots inwardly broadly margined
with ochraceous, situate respectively between the second and third median nervules, and at anal angle;
some scattered bluish scales between lower median nervule and submedian nervure; the extreme outer
margin blackish; fringe of both wings brownish-grey. Body and legs more or less concolorous with
wings.
Female. Wings above very pale violaceous-blue; anterior wings with the costal and outer margins
(broadest at apex) dark fuscous; posterior wings with the basal third clothed with fine long greyish hairs,
and with the costal margin broadly dark fuscous, a submarginal row of fuscous spots (sometimes obsolete
towards abdominal margin, as in the specimen figured), and a marginal row of larger fuscous spots (sumetimes
Jused and amalgamated towards apex into a marginal fascia), apex of abdominal margin fuscous, the spot at
anal angle containing some scattered bluish scales, and more or less distinctly inwardly margined with
ochraceous. Wings beneath as in male.
Exp. wings, ¢ and ?, 35 to 38 millim.
Has.—Continental India; *‘N. India,” sie. (Horsf. & Moore).—Ceylon (Thwaites—coll. Dist.).—
Burma; Moulmein (Brit. Mus.).—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).—Java (coll. Horsf.).
The larva and pupa of this species, as observed in Java, have been figured by Horsfield,*
who thus describes the first:—‘‘ The larva is considerably distended anteriorly, excavated at
the sides, contracted behind and transversely swelled at the segments.’ It feeds ‘on a species
of Loranthus, which grows parasitically in great abundance on the mango and other fruit trees
surrounding the villages of the natives.” Dr. Horsfield also remarks, ‘‘ In the imago state the
peculiarity chiefly exhibits itself in the antennw#, which are abruptly terminated by a short
point.” I am unaware whether this may be a peculiarity confined to Javan specimens, but
have certainly been unable to see it in Ceylonese examples, at least as prominently as figured
by Horsfield.
2. Tajuria mantra.+ (Tab. XXL, fig. 11 2.)
Psewidolycana mantra, Felder, Wien. Ent, Mon. iv. p. 396, n. 9 (1860),
Myrina Mantra, Feld. Reise Nov, Lep. ii. p. 288, n. 270, t. 30, f. 14 (1865).
Jolaus Mantra (var, ?), Hewits. Il. Diurn. Lep. p. 46, n. 20, t. 20, f. 24 (1865).
* Cat. Lep. E.1.C.t, iv. f. 5, 5a.
+ The name “mantra” used by Felder for this species denotes that part of the “ Veda" which has been defined by
Prof. Monier Williams as way er and praise, embodied in texts and metrical hymns” (‘ Hinduism,’ p. 18). It becomes a
question whether it is justifiable, either in good taste or as a precedent to be followed, that ecclesiastic terms belonging to
other religious Gosia than our own, should thus be used as specific names for insects. It cannot for a moment be believed
that those alone born in Christian conntrices are to be the zoologists in the future, and there can be little doubt of the reception
that would be accorded in this country to specific names of insects, proposed by a Hindu, on ecclesiastical terms used by the
Christian Church. English entomologists, in particular, have not hesitated to ruthlessly use the most sacred names in both
Buddhism and Hinduism for this purpose Usher has somewhat escaped), and the cralise logically culminated, when an
American entomologist used in a similar manner the most sacred name in Judaism, to the seandal of those who did not
hesitate to employ, and cheerfully use, the terms of concepts in other religious systems.
Aveust, 1884, 3k
246 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Female. Wings above pale violaceous; anterior wings with the costal margin broadly and the outer
apical third of wing dark fuscous; posterior wings with the costal and posterior margins fuscous, the last
widest at apex and gradually narrowing and becoming somewhat obsolete towards anal angle, where there
is a blackish spot containing a few scattered bluish scales and inwardly and obscurely margined with
ochraceous; a marginal greyish line from about second median nervule to anal angle, the extreme edge
blackish; tail-like appendages fuscous, with their apices whitish. Wings beneath brownish-ochraceous ;
& narrow fuseous submarginal fascia crossing both wings, commencing on anterior wings beneath the sub-
costal nervules and more or less fractured at the nervules, and on the posterior wings, strongly dislocated
from the upper median nervule to abdominal margin: beyond this fascia on both wings is another, obscure
and subobsolete: a pale ochraceous patch on posterior wings at anal angle, with two black marginal spots
containing a few scattered bluish scales, situate one between the second and third median nervules, the
second at anal angle:* between these spots are some scattered bluish scales, the margin as above.
-
The male is unknown to the writer, but is thus described by Felder :—
3. “Alw postier regione anali sat producta.”
‘Ale supra dilute metallico-cyanes, antice margine costali dimidioque lato apicali fuscis, posticm
limbo costali et apicali fuscis, margine postico ante cilia nigro, limbo interno cano.”’
“ Alw subtus cano-fusem, striga externa in posticis anum versus angulata fusca, multo dilutius cincta
alteraque submarginali obsoleta, postics macula subanali alteraque anali nigris, intus late aurantiaco-flavo
circumdatis, extus metallico-virenti cinctis, atomis interjectis metallico-virescentibus, linea alba ante
marginem posticum.”
Exp. wings, ?, 34 to 44 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Com. de Castelnau—coll. Feld.; Biggs—coll. Dist.).—Celebes ;
Macassar (coll. Hewits.) ? +
83. Tajuria relata,n.sp. (Tab. XXI., fig. 12 2.)
Female. Allied to 7. mantra, but differing in the following respects :—The wings beneath are dark
greyish, and not brownish-ochraceous as in Felder’s species, and the narrow fuscous submarginal fascia is
rounded and outwardly convex on the anterior wings.
Male. At present unknown to the writer.
Exp. wings, 2, 35 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.).
Although I only possess a single female specimen of this species, it is still, though
closely allied to 7. mantra, so very distinct in many important characters, as to necessitate
its description as a new species.
4. Tajuria travana. (Tab. XXII, fig. 42.)
Myrina Travana, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn, Lep. p. 88, n. 88, t. 17, £. 69, 60 (1865); Butl. Trans, Linn, Soe.
ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 649, n. 2 (1877).
Sithon Travana, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 852, n. 9.
Remelana Travana, Moore, M8.
* This has been omitted in the figure, owing to the specimen—then only available—being in a somewhat mutilated
condition.
} It is doubtful whether this form is not really a distinct species or local race.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 247
Wings above dark fuscous; anterior wings with a large oblong streak in lower portion of cell,
the greater portion of the space between the third median nervule and the submedian nervure and a streak
on inner margin bright shining violet-blue; posterior wings with the lower portion of cell and the outer
cellular area of the same colour; a narrow greyish submarginal line from second median nervule to anal
angle, where there is a black spot inwardly containing some greenish metallic seales; tail-like appendages
dark fuseous, with their apices and their margins a little beyond base greyish. Wings beneath olivaceous-
brown, both wings with two dark disco-cellular lines at end of cell; anterior wings with a very dark waved
line crossing outer disk, commencing at bifurcation of third and fourth subcostal nervules and terminating
near third median neryule; a similar line on posterior wings, commencing near costa, strongly fractured
at upper subcostal nervule, and continued to near abdominal margin; three black marginal spots, inwardly
and broadly margined with resplendent metalliec-green, the first small and transverse between the first and
second median nervules, the second and third spots largest, between which, and separated by the third
median nervule and submedian nervure, is a large patch of greyish seales also inwardly margined with the
resplendent metallie-green, greyish marginal line as above near anal angle,
Exp. wings,* 38 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.) ; Singapore (coll. Godfery).—Sumatra (coll.
Hewits.).—Borneo (Druce).
Genus BINDAHARA.
Bindahara, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i, p. 111 (1881).
Anterior wings subtriangular, the costal margin arched and slightly convex, the outer margin almost
straight in the male and moderately convex in the female, the inner margin nearly straight. Costal
neryure extending a little beyond end of cell; first subcostal nervule emitted a little beyond middle of cell,
second about midway between bases of first and third, the third from end of cell, third and fourth
bifurcating at about two-thirds the length of third; disco-cellular nervules suberect; first and second
median nervules with an apparently common origin just before the end of cell, third median nervule
emitted at about one-third before end of cell. Posterior wings elongately subovate, the costal margin
obliquely convex, the posterior margin obliquely convex and obsoletely waved to apex of second median
nervule where it is angulated, with a very long tail-like appendage at apex of third median nervule and
with a short lobular tail-like appendage at anal angle. Costal nervure extending to apex of wing, subcostal
nervules bifureating near middle of cell; first and second median nervules with an apparently common
origin at end of cell, third median nervule emitted a little beyond middle of cell; submedian nervure
straight, internal neryure rounded and convex. Body moderately robust. Palpi with the apical joint
slender and about one-third the length of second in male and one half the length of second in female.+
This is probably a truly Oriental genus.
1. Bindahara phocides.{ (Tab. XX., fig. 25 2.)
Hesperia Phocides, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 282, n. 85 (1798).
Papilio Phocides, Donoy. Nat. Rep. ii. t. 44, f. 1 (1824).
Myrina Phocides, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 188, n. 1 (1869).
* One specimen only examined.
+ Mr. Moore, in his diagnosis of this genus, has presumably given the length only of the apical joints of the palpi in
a male specimen,
| This is not the species found in Ceylon, and figured and described by Mr. Moore as B. phocides, and of which
he places the B. sugriva, Horsf., as a synonym. Horsfield's species—found both in Java and Ceylon—is, however, quite
distinct, the large ochraceous anal patch and the blue marginal fascia to the posterior wings being alone well-marked
differences, whilst the type specimen of B. phocides is contained in the Banksian collection of the British Museum, where
T have examined it with Mr. Butler.
248 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Male. Wings above dark fuliginous-brown ; posterior wings with the tail-like appendages ochraceous,
the smaller one at anal angle with a fuliginous spot. Wings beneath brownish-ochraceous. Anterior wings
with the following castaneous markings :—a spot at base of cell, a broad outwardly curved fascia crossing
cell near middle, commencing on costal nervure and continued to about the submedian nervure; between
this and outer margin is another broad fascia, commencing near costal margin and narrowly terminating
at submedian nervure, and a narrow, obseure and more fuscous submarginal fascia; at end of cell there is
i narrow, disco-cellular castaneous streak. Posterior wings with the following castaneous markings :—
a series of basal spots, two narrow and much-waved and sinuated discal fasci# crossing wing beyond
middle, between which and the basal spots is a broad obscure fascia commencing on costa] nervure and
terminating at median nervure; a dark submarginal line at anal angle enclosing two blackish spots with
seattered metallic greenish scales, and a prominent black spot on inner and shorter tail-like appendage.
Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Female. Wings above olivaceous-brown; posterior wings with a large white anal angular patch
divided by the dark median nervules, and containing a large black marginal spot between the second and
third median mervules and a smaller and much more obsolete spot at anal angle; tail-like appendages
white, with black basal streaks. Wings beneath whitish; anterior wings with the castaneous markings
as in male, the outer fascia narrowly margined with white, and the remaining ground colour pale
castancous ; posterior wings with the markings more distinct and linear than on male.
Exp. wings, ¢, 31 to 38 millim.; ?, 35 to 42 millim.
Has.—Burma; Moulmein (Brit. Mus.).—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Perak
(Kunstler—Calecutt. Mus.) ; Singapore (coll. Godfery).
Genus NEOMYRINA.
_ Neomyrina, Distant, antea, p, 284.
Anterior wings with the costal margin strongly arched; the outer margin nearly straight, the
apex subacute, the posterior angle rounded; the inner margin slightly concavely sinuate. Costal nervure
short, terminating on costal margin considerably before end of cell; first subcostal nervule emitted at
about middle of cell and terminating on costal margin nearly opposite end of cell, second emitted rather
nearer the base of third than first, third arising a short distance beyond end of cell, third and fourth
bifureating at about two-thirds the length of third; upper median nervule from end of cell and emitted nearer
to second than second is from third, which is emitted fully two-thirds from base of median nervure. Posterior
wings elongately subovate, costal margin oblique and very slightly convex, apex obtusely acute; posterior
margin oblique, slightly waved, prominently angulated at apex of second median nervule, and with two
tail-like appendages, one very long at apex of third median nervule, the second short and slender at apex
of submedian nervure. Costal nervure about reaching apex of wing; subcostal nervules bifureating about
one-third before end of cell, disco-cellular nervules almost obsolete; first and second median nervules with
an apparently common origin just before the end of cell; submedian nervure almost straight, internal
nervure curved and rounded inwardly. Body short, moderately robust; palpi porrect, the second joint
extending distinctly before the eyes; apical joint much more slender than second, but moderately
robust.
It is necessary to form a new genus for the following species, as Myrina, under which it
was originally placed, and the type of which is the African WW. silenus, Fabr., possesses strongly
distinct structural characters.
RHOPALOCERA ’ MALAYANA. 249
1. Neomyrina hiemalis. (Tab. XXIL., fig. 13 2.):
Myrina hiematis, Godman & Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 640, t. 40, f. bq 6.
Female. Wings above pearly white; anterior wings with the outer margin and a large curved
apical space terminating on costal margin at about one-third from base, black: posterior wings with the
posterior margin from apex to median nervules (where it becomes obsolete) black; an elongate black
marginal spot on each side of second median nervule; tail-like appendages with a faint and slender
eentral blackish line. Wings beneath pearly white, with four transverse dark greyish fascim with still
darker margins, the first two crossing cell and terminating at median nervure, third and fourth wider and
more irregular, situate between end of cell and outer margin and terminating near the third median
nervule, marginal and submarginal dark greyish fasciw, the colour between which is also dark greyish ;
posterior wings crossed by five irregular dark greyish macular fasciw; the first near base consisting of five
spots and terminating near base of abdominal margin, the second composed of three elongate spots, of
which the lowermost tio are joined and terminate between the third median nervule and submedian
nervure, the third consists of four spots commencing beneath the lower subcostal nervule and recurved and
terminating on abdominal margin, the fourth composed of Six fused spots extending in an almost straight
line from costal margin to third median nervule, and the fifth submarginal, reeurved and extending to
abdominal margin; a marginal dark greyish fascia extending from apex to upper midian nervule, followed
by an elongate black marginal spot, a dark bluish spot between second and third median nervules, two
small bluish spots between that nervule and submedian nervure, and a large bluish spot shaded with black
at anal angle, above which the submarginal fascia is also tinged with bluish; tail-like appendages as above ;
hody above pale greenish, beneath with legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Male. This sex, as figured by Godman and Salvin, and described in error as a female, differs from
that sex in having the apical area of the upper surface of the anterior wings bluish, the outer margin
being only black; the posterior margin of the hind wings is also only slightly marked with blackish ;
wings beneath as in female. ,
Exp. wings, 3 ‘'2°2 inches”;* ¢ 50 millim.
Has.—Burma; Meetan (Hume—coll. Godm. & Salv.).—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kunstler—coll.
Semper).
Iam much indebted to Herr Georg Semper, of Altona, for the loan of this female Perak
specimen, which is the only example of the species*-as far as I am aware—yet received from
the Malay Peninsula.
Genus PURLISA, gen. nov.
Purlisa, Distant, antea, p. 284.
Anterior wings subtriangular, the apex subacute; costal margin arched and convex; outer margin
nearly straight, very slightly concave; inner margin nearly straight, very slightly concavely sinuate.
Costal nervure short, terminating on costa before the end of cell; first subcostal nervule emitted near
middle of cell and terminating on costa a little beyond end of cell, second about midway between bases of
first and third, the last of which is emitted a little before end of cell, third and fourth bifurcating at about
two-thirds the length of third; first median nervule curved and emitted from end of cell, second and third
straight and nearly twice the distance apart as second is from first. Posterior wings elongately and
irregularly subtriangular, the costal margin convex, the posterior margin oblique, abdominal margin
* As given by Godman and Salvin.
Fesrvuary 20, 1885. : 38
250 . RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
acutely cleft near anal angle, posterior margin with a long tail-like appendage at apex of submedian
nervure, and a short one at apex of lower median nervule. Costal nervure not quite reaching apex of
wing, the subcostal nervules bifureating a little before the end of cell, first and second median nertules
with an apparently common origin near end of cell. Palpi long and porrect, second joint robust, clothed
with short adpressed hairs and extending more than half its length in front of eyes, apical joint moderately
slender and about half the length of second; antenne with a very slender and gradually formed apical
club. Lega mutilated,
Although the name of this genus has appeared before,* it has not been previously
described, and was used by Mr. Waterhouse in error. I originally described the typical species
under the name of Jolaus (Purlisa) giganteus,} the name Purlisa being a proposal of Mr. Moore,
but in ‘Aid’ the name “ Jolaus” was discarded, and the hitherto unpublished name of
** Purlisa”’ alone substituted.
1, Purlisa gigantea. (Tab. XXI., fig. 28.)
Tolaus (Purlisa) giganteus, Distant, Ent. Month. Mag. vol. xvii. p. 245 (1881),
Purlisa gigantea, Waterh, Aid Ident. Ins, vol. i. t. 46 (1882).
Wings above brilliant cerulean-blue; anterior wings with the basal third of costal margin dark
greyish-fuscous, and from which the whole apical area (concave internally) to near apex of inner margin is
black; posterior wings with the outer margin broadly black, the fringe greyish-white, abdominal margin
greyish, anal angle fuscous, irrorated with bluish scales, outwardly margined with white, and followed by
a dark line separating the fringe, tail-like appendages fuscous, margined with greyish-white. Wings
beneath smoky-grey, both wings crossed by a submarginal narrow dark fascia, commencing on anterior
wings about midway between end of cell and outer margin, sharply defined outwardly and evanescent
inwardly, waved but entire on anterior wings, and deeply sinuate towards anal angle of posterior wings;
a pale marginal border containing some obscure elongate spots on gnterior wings and a double row of
smoky elongate spots on posterior wings; a black submarginal spot faintly margined with bluish between
the second and third median nervules, and a larger spot of the same colour at anal angle; fringe as above.
Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, 52 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Penang (coll. Dist.).
This appears to be an exceedingly rare species. I possess but one specimen, and the
only other example which I have seen is a much mutilated and unlocalised one in the
collection of Mr. F’. Moore, where it has been for the last twenty years. During this time it
has frequently excited the interest of the owner and the late Mr. Hewitson, but its condition
prevented its proper determination.
Genus CHERITRA.
Cheritra, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 109 (1881).
Anterior wings subtriangular, the costal margin arched and convex, the outer margin nearly
straight, the inner margin nearly straight, but slightly concavely sinuate. Costal nervure terminating
on costa nearly opposite end of cell, first subcostal nervule emitted at about middle of cell, second
* Aid to Ident. Ins. vol. 1. t. 46. + Ent. Month. Mag. vol. xvii. p. 245.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 251
emitted at about the same distance from first as second is from third, the last of which ‘- emitted
a little before the end of cell, third and fourth bifureating at nearly two-thirds the length uf third;
first-median nervule emitted at end of cell, the bases of the second and third being twice as far apart
as those of first and second. Posterior wings irregularly and elongately subovate, the costal margin
obliquely convex, the posterior margin oblique, angled and produced at area of median nervules, and with
a long tail-like appendage at apex of lower median nervule and a shorter one at apex of submedian
neryure; abdominal margin somewhat oblique, deeply and ‘acutely excavated near anal angle. Costal
nervure not quite reaching apex of wing, subcostal nervules bifurcating at about one-third before end of
eell; first and second median nervules with an apparently common origin near end of cell. Palpi very
similar to those of Purlisa.
Male with a tuft of fine hairs at base of inner margin of anterior wings, concealing a glandular patch
at base of costal area of posterior wings.
In the synopsis of genera (p. 234) I have unfortunately given the length of the costal
nervure to posterior wings as found in ‘ Cheritra amrita,” a species which I have since found
cannot be Included in Oheritra, and for which I haye proposed a new genus under the name of
Neocheritra.
1. Cheritra freja. (Tab. XX., fig. 10 2.)
Hesperia Freja, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii, 1, p. 268, n. 19 (1798),
Myrina Freja, Butl, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, pp. 84, 36, f.1; Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 183, n. 2 (1869); Trans. Linn.
Soc, ser, 2, Zool, vol, i. p. 650, n. 8 (1877); Moore, Proce, Zool, Boe. 1878, p. B84.
Sithon Freja, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 851, n. 8.
Myrina Jaffra, Horsf. (nec. Godt.), Cat. Lep. E. 1.0. p. 118, n. 48, t. 2, f. 5, 5a (1829).
Female. Wings above fuliginous-brown; posterior wings with three large submarginal white spots,
separated by the second and third median nervules, beneath the two outermost are two marginal white
lines, and beneath the innermost 4 marginal white spot, fringe beneath these spots also white; tail-like
appendages white, with a central fuscous line; abdominal margin at anal angle more or less spotted with
white. Wings beneath greyish; anterior wings with the costal, apical and outer marginal areas pale
ochraceous, with a disco-cellular and two discal submarginal darker ochraceous lines; posterior wings
with two waved, fuscous submarginal linear fascim, darker and more broken towards anal area; these are
followed by a brownish submarginal line from apex to discoidal nervule, two black linear spots divided by
the upper median nervule, and a large black spot inwardly margined with bluish between the second and
third median nervules, a bluish transverse spot between the lower median nervule and submedian nervure,
a small black spot at anal angle, from which a bluish streak, outwardly margined with black, extends
to lower portion of abdominal margin. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, 2, 40 to 50 millim.
Has.—Burma; Moulmein (Moore).—Upper Tenasserim; Taoo (Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Penang
(Pinwill—Brit. Mus.) ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.)—Java (Horsf.).—Borneo (Druce).
I have not seen the male of this species, which is described by Horsfield* as ‘ covered
with a beautiful saturated cupreous gloss slightly varying to purple,” and as having the
posterior wings ‘‘marked with two white spots, one large, lunulate and marginal, the other
oblong, narrow, and exactly opposed to the exterior one at the inner boundary of the anal
region.”
The species also varies in size, as the above dimensions of female specimens in my own
collection testify.
* Cat. Lep. E.1.C. p. 119.
252 | RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA,
Genus NEOCHERITRA, gen. nov.
Allied to Cheritra, but with the costal nervure of the posterior wings terminating at about two-thirds
of costal margin, the subcostal nervyules of the posterior wings emitted a little before end of cell, and the
position of the tail-like appendages reversed, the long one being at the apex of the submedian nervure,
and the shorter one at the apex of the lower median nervule.
1. Neocheritra amrita. (Tab. XX., fig.15 2%, and Tab. XXIIL., fig. 12 ¢.)
Myrina Amrita, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. iv, p. 895, n. 2 (1860); Hew. UL Diurn. Lep. p. 27, n. 1, t. 11,
f. 1—8 (1868); Butl. Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 550, n. 7 (1877).
Sithon Amrita, Kheil, Rhop. der Insel. Nias. p. 82, n. 105 (1884)...
, Male. Wings above violaceous-blue, more or less dusted with fuscous; anterior wings with the
costal margin and rather more than the apical half black; posterior wings with the outer margin black,
broadest at apex and containing three submarginal transverse pale spots, the two uppermost pale bluish
and separated by the second median nervule, the third white and situate between the lower median
nervule and the submedian nervure, where above the black margin is also a pale greyish spot, and above
the upper median nervule there is a discal black fascia, anal angle white, containing a small black spot;
tail-like appendages greyish-white, with an indistinct central pale fusecous line; tuft of hairs at base of
inner margin of anterior wings greyish with an ochraceous tinge. Wings beneath pale greyish; anterior
wings with the whole cellular and outer areas pale reddish-ochraceous; posterior wings with the costal and
apical areas pale reddish-ochraceous with two series of black spots, one marginal and separated by the
nervules commencing near discoidal nervule, the other and preceding series consisting of three transverse
spots separated by the lower median nervule and the submedian nervure; tail-like appendages with their
bases blackish and with a central fuscous line; body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Female. Wings above dark fuliginous-brown; posterior wings with the black and white markings at
anal angular area as in male, but with the white markings larger® or sometimes, as in the figure here
given, with the white area and the black spots therein much larger; tail-like appendages greyish-white,
with prominent central fuscous lines. Wings beneath as in male, but with the black markings at anal
angular area somewhat larger.
Exp. wings, ¢ and ?, 40 to 44 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Biggs—coll. Dist; Pinwill—Brit. Mus.); Singapore (Kerr—coll.
Dist.; coll. Godm. and Salv.).—Nias Island (Kheil).
The female specimen here figured is from Singapore, and contained in the collection of
Messrs. Godman and Salvin. It exhibits the maximum of varietal character as observed in
the species, and which appears to be found in the extent of the black and white markings on
the anal angular area of the upper surface of the posterior wings. Although C. amrita is only
recorded here from the Malay Peninsula it is probable that its geographical distribution will be
proved to be of a wider description, the Lycanide* of the Malayan Archipelago having still to
be properly described and enumerated.
* Mr. P. H. Gosse has written to me that, on p. 196, I should have cited him literatim, and should have used the word
Lyca@nade, as he would reject the use of ‘a Greek patronymic in ide, from a noun of the first declension. Lyeena should
make Lyecenade.” My friend is doubtless correct on the point, though I expect the more corrupt word “ Lycenide" will
prevail. Should a day of literary purification ever arise the requisite change of well-known words in our liter@ture will be not
inconsiderable. Even so careful and great a writer as Milton has been recently shown, by the late Mark Pattison, to have erred
in his title of ‘Tl Penseroso,’ the adjective formed from ‘ Penstero’ being ‘ Pensieroso’ (Milton, p. 28).
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 258
Genus SITHON.
Sithon, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 77 (1816); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 526.
Anterior wings subtriangular, the costal margin arched at base, the apex subacute, the quter margin
very slightly convex, posterior margin slightly convex and provided (in male) with a tuft of hairs near
base. Costal neryure sinuate, terminating on costa near end of cell, first subcostal nervule impinging on
the costal nervure and emitted at about one-third before the end of cell, second emitted about midway
between bases of first and third, the last near end of cell, first and second median nervules with an
apparently common origin near end of cell. Posterior wings subovate, costal margin at about one-third
from base suddenly deflected and oblique to apex, posterior margin oblique, somewhat widened and lobular
at apex of second median nervule, with a slender tail-like appendage at apex of lower median nervule,
and a shorter and more lobate one at apex of submedian nervure, abdominal margin oblique, rounded and
not cleft at anal angle, subcostal nervules bifurcating at about one-third before end of cell. Palpi porrect,
second joint extending about half its length beyond the head, third slender, about or a little less than half
the length of second. Body long and moderately robust. Antenne moderately long, with a slender but
well-formed apical club.
As known at present, this genus seems to be distributed in an area comprising Bengal,
the Malay Peninsula, Java and Sumatra.
1. Sithon nedymond, var. (Tab. XXII, fig. 1¢.
Papilio Nedymond, Cramer, Pap. Ex. iv. t. 299, H, F (1782).
Theela Nedymond, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E.1.C. p. 96, n. 28 (1829),
Sithon Nedymond, Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 77 (1816); Moore, Proe. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 526.
Male. Wings above dark freceus or black; anterior wings with a large discal dark bluish patch, not
extending to base nor above the subcostal nervure, and outwardly reaching to about one-third between
end of cell and margin; posterior wings with the outer margin very broadly of the same hue; tail-like
appendages dark fuscous, the outermost with its apical third whitish, the innermost with a longitudinal
pale bluish streak. Wings beneath pearly-grey, the outer third of both wings chocolate-brown, of which
the innermost portion consists of a broad and somewhat straight darker brown fascia, the posterior wings
with a marginal greyish line; at anal angle of posterior wings the brown is replaced by ochraceous and
contains four bluish streaks margined with black, situate one between the second and third median
nervules, two between the third median nervule and submedian nervure, and the fourth oblique, between the
submedian and internal nervures: above these and between the third median nervule and internal nervure
is a transverse black streak inwardly containing some ochraceous markings: between the first and second
median nervules is an obscure dark spot containing a few pale bluish scales and outwardly margined with
ochraceous. Body above and beneath more or less concolorous with wings; legs pearly-grey, streaked
and annulated with dark fuscous; palpi pearly-grey, with their apices dark fuscous.
Exp. wings, 34 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Sungei Ujong (coll. Godfery).—Sumatra (Brit. Mus.),—Java (Horsf),
I have only seen one specimen of this species from the Malay Peninsula, which Mr. Godfery
writes me that he caught ‘in a forest-path near the banks of the Linggi in Sungei Ujong.”
It is evidently an extremely rare species. I have no knowledge of the female,* and have
* Tf it is not to be found in the following species?
Fepruary 20, 1885. oT
204 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
treated the form here figured as a variety, owing to the transverse black streak above the
anal angle on the under surface of the posterior wings containing some ochraceous markings
not observed in typical Javan specimens.
2. Sithon chitra. (Tab. XXIIL., fig. 15 °.)
Thecla Chitra, Horsheld, Cat. Lep. E.1. 0. p. 97, n. 29, t. 1, f. 5 (1829).
Myrina Chitra, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. B.1.C. vol. i. p. 61, n. 87 (1857); Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc.
ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 649, n. 3 (1877).
I have not received this species myself* from the Malay Peninsula, but have figured a
Malacean specimen contained in the British Museum, and have copied the original deseription
of Dr. Horsfield.
“Surface above dark brown, with a very slight ferruginous lustre, being paler on the disk and more
saturated at the borders; in the hinder pair the anal region is covered by a broad white patch, confined
posteriorly by a delicate black marginal thread, and bearing two irregularly round black spots, the
exterior one being dotted with white; the anal appendage bears a black dash, attenuated imteriorly and
marked laterally with a greenish silvery line; the extreme fringe of the hinder pair and the tails
throughout being white; underneath the anterior wings are fulvous, the hinder silvery white, with a broad
fulvous posterior border, attenuated towards the anal region, and continued by a narrow striga passing
irregularly flexuose to the inner margin; the anterior wings are paler at the base, have an obscure
yellowish litura on the disk, behind this a curved brown striga, mereasing in breadth and intensity of tint
towards the interior margin, and finally a black marginal thread; the hinder pair have a very delicate
linear yellowish transverse streak on the disk, a medial band of brown dots, more saturated near the costa,
and continued at the inner boundary of the anal areola by a very deep black broad regularly transverse
streak, tending to the inner margin, and accompanied, a little above its termination, by a solitary black
dot; the anal region is interiorly bounded by a series of diversified marks of an intense black colour,
disposed in a simple curve; it commences, near the outer apical angle, with an oblong black streak
touching a wedge-shaped streak with a minute dash of green silvery irrorations at its inner extremity;
this is followed by two large irregularly defined black spots, which also appear on the upper surface,
the exterior one being bordered at its inner margin by a crescent of silvery irrorations, the next divided
into two portions by the passage of the fulvous striga, bearing near the middle two silvery lunules opposed
to each other; the series is terminated by a black streak, extending in contact with the fulvous band along
the oblique portion of the inner margin, being nearly concealed by a corresponding streak of silvery
irrorations; the anal appendage is black, and surrounded by a lax ciliated white fringe which is broader
internally; the thorax and abdomen are brown above and white underneath, the latter being banded at the
sides; the feet are white, annulated with black; the entenne are also delicately annulated, and the club
has a broad white ring at its base and a ferruginous tip.”
Exp. wings, ¢, 32 millim.
Hav.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.) ; Singapore (Brit. Mus.).—Java (Horsfield).
Dr. Horsfield’s description evidently applies to a female specimen, and of the male sex
I can find no account. It probably has a bluish gloss above, and is evidently allied to the
preceding species. What is the female of S$. nedymond? and what is the male of S. chitra?
There is certainly no great reason why the two species (?), as at present known, should not be
* Since this was written I have received a female specimen from Sungei Ujong, which has enabled me to certify
its generic position.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 256
classed as male and female S. nedymond. ‘The only reason why that course is not followed
here, is owing to the fact, that the female S. chitra has a more curved upper tail-like appendage
than the male S. nedymond, and the ground colour beneath being somewhat diverse. When
the insects are bred the above supposition may not improbably prove correct.
Genus HYPOLYCAINA.
Hypolycana, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. Vi. p- 2038 (1862) ; Moore, d. A. 5. Beng. vol. litt. pt. il. no. l, Dp: 14
(1884),
Anterior wings subtriangular, costal margin arched at base, the apex subacute, outer margin slightly
convex, inner margin slightly concave. Costal nervure terminating nearly opposite end of cell; first
subcostal nervule emitted a little beyond middle of cell, second a little closer to first than third, the last of
which is emitted a little before end of cell, which reaches to about the middle of wing; first and second
median nervules emitted close together at end of cell. Posterior wings subovate, the costal margin at
a short distance from base oblique to apex, which is rounded, outer margin oblique, slightly waved and
produced at second median neryule and with two slender tail-like appendages, one at apex of third median
nervule and the other at apex of submedian nervure; abdominal margin somewhat concavyely cleft near
anal angle, which is moderately lobular. Costal nervure strongly arched at base and reaching apex of
wing, first subcostal nervule emitted at about one-third before the end of cell; first and second median
nervules with an apparently common origin at end of cell. Palpi porrect, second joint stout, but scarcely
extending before the eyes, third joint slender, very long, of nearly equal length to second; antennw
moderately long, with a gradually thickened but well-formed apical club,
This is a widely distributed genus, and extends from Continental India through the Malay
Peninsula, and throughout the Malayan Archipelago. It is also probably common to Tropical
Africa, a number of species found there being apparently congeneric.
1. Hypolyczena erylus. (Tab. AX., fig. 5¢; 62.)
Polyommatus Erylus, Godart, Ene. Méth. ix. p. 638, n. 60 (1828).
Amblypodia Erylus, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E. 1. C. p, 111, n. 48 (1829),
Myrina Erylus, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. 1.C. yol. i. p, 60, n. 84 (1857),
Hypolycana Frylus, Hew. Il. Diurn. Lep. p. 49, n. 1, t. 21, f. 1, 2, 4 (1866); Druce, Proe. Zool, Soc. 1873,
p, 851, n. 1; Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J. A.5. Beng. vol. xlix. p. 282, n. 44 (1880); de Nie, J. A.5,
Beng. vol. u. pt. 1. p. 52, n. 48 (1881); Butl, Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 549, n. 1 (1877);
Moore, J.A.8. Beng. vol. lili, pt. ii. no. 1, p. 15 (1884); Kheil, Rhop. der Insel. Nias, p. 31, n. 97
(1884).
Hypolycan Andamana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 589.
Hypolycena Hrilus, Snell, Tijd, Ent. xxi. p. 28, n. 95 (1878).
Male. Wings above dark indigo-blue; anterior wings with a discal patch of blackish seales at end of
cell; posterior wings with a whitish submarginal line extending from second median nervule to anal angle ;
fringe greyish; tail-like appendages with their margins pale greyish; a dark spot at anal angle margined
with white. Wings beneath dark grey, tinged with greenish. Anterior wings with two brown disco-
cellular lines at end of cell, followed by a narrow dark brown fascia, margined with greyish, commencing
near costa and terminating at the submedian nervure, and a paler brownish submarginal fascia, between
which and the outer margin the colour is more or less tinged with brownish; fringe brown, tipped
256 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA,
with greyish. Posterior wings with two brownish lines at end of cell, followed by a dark fascia as
on anterior wings, but more or less dislocated at the nervules, especially between thg first median nervule
and the abdominal margin, and duplex near anal angle; two pale brownish submarginal fascim, a large
ochraceous patch containing a black spot between the second and third median nervules, and a black spot
at anal angle—between these spots is a patch of metallic bluish seales—; extreme margin black, narrowly
bordered on each side with whitish; fringe as on anterior wings. Body above more or less concolorous
with wings; beneath greyish; legs greyish, broadly annulated with black. Antennm black, annulated
with greyish, the apex castaneous.
Female. Wings above fuliginous-brown ; both wings with the dark discal fascia beneath more or less
distinctly visible above; posterior wings with the anal area pale greyish, traversed by two submarginal
fuliginous fascim, the outermost beyond the second median nervule consisting of three large spots, the
third at lobe of anal angle: tail-like appendages fuliginous, margined with greyish. Wings beneath as in
male, but somewhat paler in hue.
Exp. wings, ¢, 28 to 86 millim; ¢, 30 to 38 millim.
Han.—Continental India; N.E. Bengal, Sikkim, Khaisa Hills, Cherra Punji (Moore).—Andaman
Islands (Wood-Mas. & de Nic.).—Burma (Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Penang, Province Wellesley (coll.
Dist.) ; Perak (Townsend—coll. Godm. & Salv.); Sungei Ujong (Durnford—coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill—
Brit. Mus.; Biggs—coll. Dist.); Singapore (Wallace—coll. Godm. & Saly.; Kerr—coll.-Dist.).—Nias
Island (Kheil).—Java (Horsf.).—Borneo (Druce).—Celebes (Snellen); Macassar (coll. Hewits.).
H, erylus is probably distributed throughout the Malay Archipelago, and is in all its
recorded habitats a moderately abundant species. I have always received the sexes in unequal
proportion, male specimens predominating, and Mr. de Nicéville, when collecting in Sikkim, in
October, 1880, found the “‘males very common all throngh the Terai and up to Chunabatti,”
but “only one female taken.’’* It is a species little subject to variation, as is evident from
the series from different habitats in my own collection, and, as found in the Andamans,
Messrs. Wood-Mason and de Nicéville remark, ‘Absolutely indistinguishable from fresh
Sikkim specimens.” +
2. Hypolyczena etolus. (Tab. XX., fig. 23 2.)
Papilio Ktolus, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 66, n. 620 (1787); Ent. Syst. iii. p. 264, n. 20 (1793),
Amblypodia Etolus, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 115, n. 46; Thecla BE. 1c. t. 1, £. 9 (1829).
Myrina Ktolus, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. H.1.C. vol. i. p. 49, n. 82 (1857); Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep.
p. 188, n. 8 (1869),
Hypolycena Ftolus, Hewits. Dl. Diurn. Lep. t. 22, f. 19, 20 (1865); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 351,
n.2; Butl. Trans, Linn. Soc. ser, 2, Zool. vol. i. p, 549, n. 2 (1877); de Nic. J. A.5. Beng, vol. 1.
pt. 11, p. 59, n. 105 (1881); Kheil, Rhop. der Insel. Nias, p. 81, n. 98 (1884).
Hypolyeana Amasa, Hewits. Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 61, n, 8 (1865). .
Male. Wings above very dark indigo-blue or blackish, base of anterior wings and whole area of posterior
wings, excluding apex and two submarginal spots (one between second and third median nervules and one
at anal angle) pale bluish, with a greyish tinge; fringe of posterior wings and tail-like appendages greyish,
the last with a faint central bluish line. Wings beneath yery pale bluish, with a greyish tinge; anterior
wings with the apical half more or less ochraceous, and with the following darker ochraceous markings :—
, two short contiguous lines at end of eell, followed by two transverse fascim, the innermost of which is most
distinet; posterior wings with the apex and two outer waved and dislocated narrow fascim ochraceous,
* J.A.8. Beng. vol. u. pt. ii. p, 62 (1881). + Ibid. vol. xlix. p. 232 (1880).
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 257
these fascis becoming more or less fuscous on inner half of wing; two somewhat faint ochraceous lines at
end of cell; a black spot near base; and some submarginal blackish spots, the two largest corresponding
with the position of those above. Body more or less concolorous with wings; legs greyish, broadly
annulated with black; antenn# black, narrowly annulated with greyish.
Exp. wings, ¢, 26 to 32 millim.
Han.—Continental India; Sikkim (de Nic.) ; N.E. Himalaya (coll. Dist.).—Malay Peninsula; Malacca
(Pinwill—Brit. Mus.; Biggs—coll. Dist.).—Nias Island (Kheil).—Java (Horsf.)—Borneo (Druce).
The female of this species appears to be particularly scarce, and I have not as yet
received it. Mr. de Nicéville states that H. etolus is very common in Sikkim, that “it is a
rapid flyer, and on the wing at once reminded me of the common blue-bodied Dragon-flies
which abound everywhere near water ;’’ and asks, ‘‘ is it possible that a butterfly has ‘ mimicked’
a Libellula?” *
38. Hypolyczna tharis. (Tab. XX., fig. 19.)
Osxylides Tharis, Hiibner, Zutr. Ex. Sechmett. f. 883, 884 (1837),
Myrina Tharis, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. 1.0, vol. i, p, 47, n. 78 (1857); Butl, Trans. Linn, Soc.
ger. 2, Aool. vol. i. p. 550, n. 6 (1877).
Sithon Tharis, Kheil, Rhop. der Insel. Nias, p. 82, n. 108 (1884),
Wings above dark chocolate-brown; anterior wings with two obscure streaks of scattered bluish
seales situate one on each side of submedian neryure; posterior wings with a transverse macular white
fascia crossing wing from apex of lower subcostal nervule to notch at anal angle; beneath this is a white
spot at anal angle and a narrow submarginal white line, fringe white, submedian nervure tinged with
greyish ; tail-like appendages white, with faint dark central lines. Wings beneath ochraceous, the anterior
wings reddish ochraceous; posterior wings with the anal angular area largely white, anteriorly defined by
a waved blackish line bordered with greyish, and from which some very obscure narrow pale linear fascia
radiate towards costa; this white area includes the following black spots:—a submarginal row of six,
of which the first, second and fifth are small and linear; above the fifth and sixth is a broad irregular
spot and another is placed above notch at anal angle; fringe and tail-like appendages as above. Body
more or less concolorous with wings; legs greyish, broadly annulated with black; antenne dark fuscous,
narrowly annulated beneath with greyish.
Exp. wings, 28 to 32 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Perak (Kiinstler—Cale. Mus.); Sungei
Ujong (Durnford—eoll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).—Nias Island (Kheil).—Java (Horsf.).
4, Hypolyczna thecloides.
Myrina thecloides, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. iv. p. 395, n. 8 (1860).
Hypolyeena theeloides, Hewits. DL. Ditrn. Lep, p. 49, n. 4, t. xxii. figs, 9, 10 (1869) ;
Wood-Mas. & de Nic., J. A. 8. Beng. vol. li. pt. u. p. 17, n. 47 (1882);
Moore, J.A.5. Beng. vol. liiig pt.1i. n, 1, p. 16 (1884).
Not having seen this species I have copied Felder’s original
diagnosis, and reproduced Hewitson’s figure of the same.
“‘ Alis supra fuseis, posticis bicaudatis, fascia anali fulva, subtus omnibus
glauco-albis, litura discali geminata strigaque exteriore anticarum continua, 10. 78—Hypolycena thecloides.
* J.A.5. Beng. vol. 1. pt. ii. p. 59 (1881).
Frsrvary 20, 1885. . 3 u
258 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
posticarum bis refracta aurantiacis albo cinctis, anticis extus fulvescentibus, posticis macula subcostal
concolore binisque analibus atris, exteriore in areola fulva. 3.”
““Colore Theclis quibusdam hand absimilis.”
Exp. wings,* 36 millim.
Han.—Nicobar Islands; Nankouri, Katschall (Wood-Mas. & de Nic.).—Malay Peninsula; Malacca?
(Feld.); Singapore (coll. Hewits.).
There seems little doubt that this species is rightly placed in the genus Hypolycena,
though I have not examined a specimen. Hewitson’s figure of H. thecloides gives a congeneri¢
impression, whilst the structural remarks + added by Felder emphasise that view.
Genus IRAOTA.,
Jraota, Moore, Lep. Ceyl, vol. i. p. 101 (1881),
Anterior wings subtriangular; costal margin arched at base and then obliquely continued to apex,
which is subacute; exterior margin moderately convex and slightly waved; inner margin slightly
concavely sinuate. Costal nervure curved, terminating nearly opposite end of cell; first subcostal
nervule emitted near middle of cell, second about midway between first and third, third emitted
at about the same distance from end of cell as its base is from that of second, third and fourth
bifureating a little beyond middle of third; first and second median nervules emitting rather more
than one-third nearer together than second and third. Posterior wings short and broad; costal
margin obliquely convex to apex; posterior margin convexly rounded, with a slender tail-like
appendage at apex of submedian nervure in the male, and with an additional and similar appendage
at apex of lower median nervule in the female; anal angle lobately produced, and a somewhat prominent
angulation at apex of second median nervule. Costal nervure arched at base and extending to apex;
subcostal nervules bifureating at about one-third before end of cell; first and second median nervules
emitted close together near end of cell; third at about one-third before end of cell. Body robust; palpi
porrect, second joint about reaching apex of head, third joint long and slender; legs robust; antenne
with a long and gradually formed apical club.
The male, as described by Mr. Moore, possesses ‘a tuft of hair on underside of posterior
margin” of anterior wings, and also “a slightly indicated glandular space between the base of
costal and subcostal veins” of posterior wings.”’
This genus is of moderate extent, and is recorded from North-Eastern India, Ceylon,
the Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo, and the Philippine Islands. It is probably to be found
throughout the true Indo-Malayan region.
1. Iraota boswelliana,{ n.sp. (Tab. XXIL., fig. 25 2.)
Male. Wings above dark fuscous; anterior wings with a large patch of dark bluish seales occupying
base of cell and extending along inner half, but not reaching outer margin; posterior wings with a very
large and similar dark bluish patch occupying the whole discal area; tail-like appendage and the
* Taken from Hewitson's figure.
+ “Species hee et ejus affinis M, crylus, Godt., et Sipylus, Feld., a Myrinis palporum articulo secundo capite breviore,
tertio longo aciculari arcuato antennisque graciliter clayatis recedunt.”
{ In naming this species I have taken a hint from Dr. Johnson. The great lexicographer once remarked to his future
biographer, a y of a moth which fluttered into a candle, ‘‘ That creature was its own tormentor, and | believe its name
Was aarekes his is probably the whole condensed “entomological" observation of Dr. Johnson, and as such may be
remembered,
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 259
angulation at apex of second median nervule dark fuscous, with the apex greyish-white. Wings beneath
warm brownish, shaded with purple. Anterior wings with seven white spots, situate one largest and
elongate in cell, one at end of cell, and five in somewhat curved series between end of cell and outer
margin, of which the third is the largest and extends outwardly, and a submarginal, somewhat obscure,
macular series of small greyish spots; towards inner margin the ground colour becomes much paler.
Posterior wings with the basal half dark purplish, bounded by a central silvery white fascia, which is
widest at abdominal margin and contains some irregular purplish markings; the basal dark purplish
area also contains two silvery white fasciw, the first short and costal, the second very large, extending
from near base of abdominal margin to apex, with a concave depression above and a narrow central
continuation beneath, which reaches the central silvery fascia; beyond this the colour is ochraceous, with
some purplish marginal spots, bordered with white near apex, and a broad bluish marginal fascia bordered
with white, extending from about upper median nervule to anal angle, and containing a darker spot
at either end. Body above and beneath more or less concolorous with wings; legs pale brownish.
Female. Wings above pale uniform ochraceous-brown, the costal area of the posterior wings paler,
the tail-like appendages and angular prolongation darker brown, with their apices greyish. Wings
beneath as in male, but brighter in hue and markings.
Exp. wings, d, 35 to 38 millim.; ¢°, 45 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Penang (Brit. Mus.); Singapore (coll. Godfery).
Although the female is decidedly larger than the male it is probable, if a large series
could be measured, that the diversity is not so great as the above dimensions advocate. The
male also possesses a more elongate appearance than the female, but I was unable to figure
one when the plate was executed.
Considerable confusion has ensued by several distinct species having for a long time been
placed under one name. ‘Thus Mr. Hewitson* has not only considered J. timoleon, Stoll,
I. rochana, Horsf., and J. lazarena, Feld., as one species, but has also included the species
described here, as is evident from the mention of Penang as a locality. In this opinion he
has been copied by Mr. Kirby.+ All these species are, however, clearly distinct and easily
determinable by the emphatic markings on the under surface of the wings, which, in the
Rhopalocera, are the surest guide for specific difference. |
Genus NARATHURA,
Narathura, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 835.
Nilasera, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 114 (1881).
Anterior wings ample; costal margin more or less convex, either oblique towards apex as in
N. centaurus, or convexly depressed towards apex as in N. amphimuta; exterior margin more or less convex ;
inner margin slightly concavely sinuate. Costal nervure short, terminating at about ofie-third of costal
* Til. Inurn. Lep. p. 25 (1869), + Cat. Diarn. Lep. p. 418 (1871),
| Amidst the present creation of specific names, which seem in many cases to be the only reason why certain insects
are called by the term “species,"—that pons asinorum of so many naturalists,—it is refreshing to see clearer views bei
sometimes enunciated. ‘Thus quite recently Mr. W. F. de Vismes Kane (‘ Naturalist,’ November, 1884, p. 78) has well
remarked :— From one point of view there is no sucli a thing as variation of species; since the most rigid and painstaking
serutiny of Nature leads, little by little, slowly but inevitably, it seems to me, to the conclusion that there is no such a thing
as species, if we mean by the term a primeval type which has permanent and unaltered persistence of characteristics.”
The evolution of species appears to have been always admitted by the older anthropologists, for who can doubt the
modifying and constructive # sabe in Nature which has produced the diverse races of mankind, and deny that the same cause
has been imoperative or ineffectual in the case (say even) of butterflies. ;
260 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
margin; first subeostal nervule emitted at about one-third from base, and terminating on costa a little
beyond end of cell, second emitted about midway between first and third, the last of which arises at about
an equal interval from end of cell, third and fourth bifureating at about middle or two-thirds of third;
first and second median nervules about one-third nearer together than second and third, the first convexly
rounded. Posterior wings broad, the costal and outer margins convex, with a short tail-like appendage
at apex of third median nervule, either distinct as in N. centaurus, or short, fragile, and obscure as in
N. amphimuta; anal angle obliquely rounded and not lobed. Costal nervure about reaching apex of wing;
subcostal nervules bifurcating at about one-third before end of cell; first and second median nervules
emitted somewhat close together near end of cell; lower median nervule at about one-third before end of
cell. Body robust; palpi porrect, second joint compressed and flattened. Antennw very slightly and
gradually thickened at apex.
IT have failed to find any structural differences between the two genera Narathura and
Nilasera, as proposed by Mr. Moore, and, although the first and earliest name is here used,
it is not without some hesitation, as no single character of neuration is given in the diagnosis
of Narathura, and it can only be accurately determined by the fact of the typical species
(Amblypodia hypomuta, Hewits.) being given.
This genus and the two following, Panchala and Amblypodia, have till quite recently been
classed and catalogued together as one genus under the last-mentioned name. As, at present,
all the species thus treated have not been examined to ascertain their true generic position, it
will be better to deal with them corporately in ascertaining their geographical distribution. This
distribution is distinctly Oriental, and not only includes Continental India, the neighbouring
islands, and the Malay Peninsula, but also the entire length and breadth of the Malayan
Archipelago. °
Another strongly marked peculiarity of these genera is their singular individuality, both
in depth and intensity of hne and general increase of size, compared with the remaining
Lycenide, which affords some support to the theory that climate has a tendency to influence
coloration. This principle can of course have no universal application, as in the Tropics
we find no diminution of pale-coloured butterflies. The true test seems to be this, whether we
can observe, in different groups, that the most melanie members of those groups are found in
the region of the Tropics, whilst at the same time the most albinic species are discovered only
in the highest latitudes to which the distribution of the group extends.* The whole question,
however, still requires a further amount of material and a patient and qualified investigation.
One other feature of this deep blue coloration is not to be neglected, and that is its
recurrent character throughout the Rhopalocera. In families whose members have a generally
sombre hue it usually appears in an unexpected, complete and brilliant manner, and in
* Mr. de Vismes Kane has recently advocated this view as the result of his study of European peneee ren
(‘ Naturalist," Nov. 1884, p. 77). The result of other investigations has pointed to similar considerations, in which, however,
the controlling or exciting cause has been rather that of southern latitude than of tropical heat. Thus Prof. Milne-Edwards
pursued a course of studies on the colour of birds as connected with their geographical distribution, and found that birds
with black plumage are found in almost all parts of the world; but in certain widely distributed families the tendency
to melanism is displayed only in the southern hemisphere, and especially in the oceanic district including New Zealand,
New Guinea, Madagascar, and the intermediate islands. This was remarkably illustrated in the family of swans, of which
its numerous representatives in the northern hemisphere are all perfectly white, whilst in the southern hemisphere there are
only three species, of which one, that of New Holland, is perfectly black, and of the two others, natives of South America,
one has a few black feathers and the other a black head and neck, the rest of the body being white (‘ Comptes Rendus,'
Dec, 29, 1875). This peculiarity has also been shown by Mr. J. A. Allen to exist in the North American birds (Proc. Bost. Soe.
Nat. Hist. vol. xv. p. 212), and also—and by the same naturalist—to be found in the North American squirrels (Paper read
before U.S. Soc. Nat. Hist. Boston, Feb. 4, 1874).
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. — 261
decided contrast to the allied species. A few examples will suffice. In the genus Kuplea of
the subfam. Danaine, in which the prevailing colour is generally some shade of black or brown,
we see this resplendent blue coloration seeking to establish itself, as in the Midamus group,
and reaching its full splendour in FE. diocletia, Hiibn., a species found in the Philippine Islands.
Amongst the Satyrine of generally sombre hue we again find this colour manifesting itself in
such dull coloured genera as Lethe, where the L. seanda, Moore, a Sikkim species, is in striking
contrast to its specific allies; in the genus Celites this blue coloration assumes a more
dominant form, but reaches its maximum in Ptychandra lorquinii, Feld., another Philippine
species.* In the Nymphalide (referring only to this fauna) we have already seen it as a special
element in the Morphina, and in the Nymphalina, Eurytela castelnaui, Feld., is a striking
example. The eastern Erycinide show little approach ‘to this hue, but still in the subfam.
Libytheine we find again another and excellent illustration of the recurrence in Libythea antipoda,
Boisd., a species found both in Celebes and the Philippine Islands. The Papilionide prove no
exception. In the subfam. Pierine, in which white and yellow hues predominate, this same
phenomenal coloration appears in Appias celestina, Boisd., a Papuan species, whilst in the
Papilionine the most resplendent bluish coloration is exhibited in P. ulysses, Linn., and some
other allied species, likewise found in the Papuan region. These examples are taken solely
from the Oriental and Papuan regions, and could be considerably augmented by increasing the
area of examination. It is such isolated instances, and such concurrent facts, that promote
research, and must be understood before we can arrive at any adequate explanation of the
gorgeous and diverse coloration of butterflies.
The last remark, and one not the least important, is that though the late Mr. Hewitson
was a considerable collector of these butterflies, and has left behind him some beautifully
illustrated results of his study and regard, the figures in these works, which were drawn
by himself, and represent in many cases the types of his own species, will very often be
found to disagree with the figures of the same species given in this publication. The figures have
been, however, carefully compared with his types, and the only explanation feasible is, either
that his figures are not sufficiently exact, or, as I have had reason to believe, in substituting
fresh and perfect specimens for his own cabinet, he has been known to have discarded a faded
type, and replaced it by a well-conditioned specimen of an allied but distinct species.
1. Narathura centaurus. (Tab. XXI., figs. 4¢, 5 ?.)
Papilio centaurus, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 620, n. 329 (1775); Sp. Ins. p. 117, n. 523 (1781); Mant. Ins.
p- 68, n. 646 (1787); Emt. Syst. iii, p. 275, n. 63 (1793).
Amblypodia nakula, Feld, Wien. Ent. Mon. iv, p. 895, n. 4 (1860); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 353, n.1;
Kheil, Rhop. der Insel. Nias, p. 33, n. 121 (1884).
Arhopala nakula, Feld. Reise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 222, n. 244, t. 20, f. 14 (1865); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878,
p- 885; Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J.A.S. Beng. vol. u. p. 251, n. 77 (1881).
Amblypodia centaurus, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 179, n. 1 (1869); Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool, vol. i, p. 548,
n. 1 (1877); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 107, n, 1.
* The occurrence of these two bright blue butterflies in the Philippines, belonging to both the Danaina and Satyrina,
recalls the several similar instances found in insular faunas, given by Mr, Wallace in illustrating his thesis (“On some
Relations of Living Things to their Environment,” Pres. Address, Sect. Biology, Brit. Ass. Glasgow, 1876).
Frsrvuary 20, 1885. ax
262 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Male. Wings above dark violaceous-blue, the fringe brownish. Wings beneath ochraeceous-brown.
Anterior wings with two looped spots, margined with pale bluish in cell and a subquadrate spot, inwardly
margined with pale bluish and outwardly with greyish at end of cell, a waved fascia margined with
greyish crossing wing beyond cell, and the following spots margined with greyish:—one neur costa
above end of cell, and two beneath cell divided by the lower median nervule; the apical third of wing
is somewhat paler, and contains a marginal and submarginal dark fascia, Posterior wings with the
following spots and fascia margined with greyish :—seven basal spots, a central transverse fascia, which is
connected above at the lower subcostal nervule with a broken macular fascia extending to abdominal
margin; 2 marginal and two submarginal somewhat obscure fascie; three transverse marginal metallic
greenish spots near anal angle. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Female. Wings above violaceous-blue, costal and outer margins of anterior wings broadly fuscous ;
posterior wings with the costal margin broadly, and the outer margin narrowly, fuscous. Wings beneath
as in male.
Exp. wings, ¢, 50 to 58 millim.; ?, 52 to 58 millim.
Has.—Andaman Islands; Port Blair (Cale. Mus.).—Tenasserim; Taoo (Limborg—Moore).—Malay
Peninsula; Penang (coll. Dist.); Province Wellesley (colls. Sater and Dist.); Perak (Townsend—coll.
Godm. & Salv.); Sungei Ujong (Durnford—coll. Dist.); Malacea (Biggs—coll. Dist.; Pinwill—Brit. Mus.) ;
Singapore (Kerr—coll. Dist.).—Siam ; Chentaboon, Nahconchaisee (Druce).—Sumatra (Brit. Mus.).—Nias
Island (Kheil),—Borneo (Druce).
This is the true Papilio centaurus, Fabr., of which I have satisfied myself by a comparison
with the Fabrician type contained in the Banksian collection in the British Museum.
Considerable confusion exists as to the true identity of this species, and this has been greatly
due and is still frequently caused by the erroneous representations of the species given by the
late Mr. Hewitson,* which seem to apply to a variety or distinct species found in Continenta]
India. It is probably these figures which have induced many to consider as distinct the Malay
butterfly described by Felder under the name of Amblypodia nakula. Mr. Kirby, in his Catalogue, +
placed the two species as synonymous with one another; and, to render the matter as
complicated as possible, N. M. Kheil has recently pointed out that Mr. Kirby is wrong, and
uses Felder’s name as distinct from the Fabrician. Mr. Butler, in 1869,{ corrected this
error, but his remarks appear to haye been overlooked.
This is an abundant Lycenid in the Malay Peninsula, and its distribution extends through
Tenasserim into Burma, but, owing to the confusion as to identity, its known geographical area
is somewhat difficult to ascertain.
2. Narathura agnis. (Tab. XXL., fig. 29 2.)
Arhopala agnis, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep, ii. p. 228, n, 252 (1965).
Female. Wings above violaceous-blue; costal and outer margins of both wings broadly fuscous.
Wings beneath pale brownish, with the following spots and fascia margined with greyish :—anterior wings
with two spots in cell and one at end of cell, two spots beneath cell divided by the lower median nervule,
a somewhat curved macular fascia between end of cell and outer margin commencing near costa and
terminating at lower median nervule, and a more obscure submarginal fascia; posterior wings with about
seven basal spots, a subquadrate spot at end of cell continued as a macular fascia to abdominal margin, an
outer discal macular fascia which becomes duplex near anal angle, and a somewhat obscure submarginal
* Cat. Lyc. Brit. Mus. t. 2, f. 10—18 (1862). | Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 419-20.
t Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 179.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA, 265
fascia; three transverse, marginal, metallic greenish streaks, the innermost with a black spot near anal
angle (two of these are rubbed or obliterated in the specimen jigured); tail-like appendages with their apices
greyish-white. Body above more or less concolorous with wings, beneath more or less greyish ; legs pale
brownish.
Exp. wings, ?, 60 millim,
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Com. de Castelnau—coll. Feld.; coll. Dist. and Brit. Mus.) ;
Perak (Kinstler—Calc. Mus.).
Since writing the above I have been enabled to examine a male specimen of this species,
and find it is unicolorous and dark violaceous-bluc above, and exactly resembling the female
beneath. It is evidently a much rarer insect than N. centaurus, or at least more seldom met
with by collectors. Mr. Kirby has placed N. agnis as a synonym of the Sumatran species,
N. anarte, Hew., but it is sufficiently distinct for specific separation.
3. Narathura anthelus. (Tab. XXIIL., fig. 4 2.)
Amblypodia anthelus, Doubleday & Hewitson, Gen. Diurn, Lep. t. 74, £. 6 (1852); Hewits. Cat, Lye. Brit, Mus,
t. 3, f. 28, 24 (1862); Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 648, n. 8 (1877).
Satadra anthelus, Moore, J.A.5. Beng. vol. lui. pt. i. no. 1, p. 24 (1884),
Female. Wings violaceous-blue; anterior wings with the costal margin, apex, and outer margin
broadly fuscous, the fuscous coloration also continued in a diseo-cellular streak at end of cell; posterior
wings with the costal margin broadly and the posterior margin more narrowly fuscous; apices of the
tail-like appendages greyish-white. Wings beneath pale brownish, with the following dark purplish or
pale brown spots and fascia margined with greyish; anterior wings with two looped spots in cell and a
subquadrate spot at end of cell, a fractured macular fascia between end of cell and outer margin, which is
strongly dislocated at upper median nervule; between this faseia and base are a series of large irregular
costal spots, a small spot beneath cell between the bases of the second and third median nervules, and
a more obscure and narrow, macular, submarginal fascia; posterior wings with an irregular series of five
subcostal spots, beneath which are four smaller basal spots, a very irregular diseal fascia extending from
lower subcostal nervule to abdominal margin, and an outer pale, waved fascia extending from the outer
subcostal spot to abdominal margin; three transverse metallic greenish spots more or less shaded with
black near anal angle, where the outer margin is narrowly greyish. Body above and beneath, with legs,
more or less concolorous with wings.
Male. I have not seen this sex, but, as figured by Doubleday and Hewitson, it is violaceous-blue
above, with the costal and outer margins narrowly dark fuscous, somewhat more broadly so at the apices
of both wings and at the anal angle of the posterior wings.
Exp. wings, 2, 55 millim.
Has.—Burma ; Moulmein (Doub. & Hew.).—Malay Peninsula; Sungei Ujong (Durnford—coll. Dist.) ;
Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).
4, Narathura maxwelli, n.sp.* (Tab. XXIIL., fig. 10 ¢.)
Female. Wings above violaceous-blue; anterior wings with the costal and outer margins (abruptly
widened at apex) dark fuscous; posterior wings with the costal and outer margins dark fuscous;
abdominal margin fuseous, tail-like appendages with their apices greyish-white. Wings beneath brownish,
with the following spots and fascie margined with greyish :—two in, and one at end of cell; above this
* Named after Mr. W. E. Maxwell, not only well known as the “ Resident” at Larut, but also as the author of
‘A Manual of the Malay Language,’ &c.
264 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA,
last is a small and obscure spot; a curved macular fascia between end of cell and outer margin,
commencing near costa, abruptly dislocated at upper median nervule, from which it is continued by three
fused spots, the uppermost smallest, two spots beneath cell divided by the lower median nervule, and a
submarginal waved fascia; posterior wings with seven basal spots, two transverse, waved, discal fascim
dislocated and fused from lower subcostal nervule to costal nervure, a waved submarginal fascia as on
anterior wings, and three metallic greenish spots, more or less shaded with black near anal angle; body
above and beneath, with legs, more or less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, 50 millim,
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Biggs—coll. Dist.).
One female specimen collected by the Rev. L. Biggs is at present my only knowledge
of this species. It appears, however, quite distinct from anything described, and is an
interesting addition to this large genus.
5. Narathura farquhari,* n. sp. (Tab. XXIIL., fig. 3 ¢.)
Amblypodia eumolphus, Butler (nec Cram.), Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 548, n. 2 (1877).
Male. Wings above bright golden-green; anterior wings with the costal margin narrowly, and the
outer margin more broadly, dark fuscous; posterior wings with the costal, posterior and abdominal
margins dark fuscous, the posterior widest and continued in rays along the median nervules; apices of the
tail-like appendages greyish-white. Wings beneath brownish, with the following spots and fascim margined
with greyish :—anterior wings with two spots in cell, one transverse at end of cell reaching the third
subcostal nervule, a small spot between bases of second and third subcostal nervules, two spots beneath
cell divided by the lower median nervule, a macular fascia between end of cell and outer margin, strongly
dislocated at the upper median nervule, a submarginal and a more obscure marginal fascia; posterior
wings with seven basal spots, two central, transverse macular fascia dislocated and united into one from
the lower subcostal nervule to the costal nervure, marginal and submarginal fasci# as on anterior wings,
but more obscure, and three transverse metallic greenish spots, more or less marked with black, near anal
angle. Body above and beneath, including legs, more or less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, ¢, 54 to 58 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.); Singapore (Kerr, Biggs—coll. Dist. ;
coll. Godfery).
I have not seen the female of this species. Horsfield has given + a deseription of that sex
belonging to the Javan species (under the name of A. ewmolphus) which may or may not be
conspecific, but is certainly very closely allied to N. farquhari. According to that description
the female is black above, ‘‘the greenish golden lustre being limited in the fore-wings to
a medial patch extending to the base, and in the hinder to a triangular spot occupying the
basal areolet.”
This species has hitherto been confounded with the N. ewmolphus of Cramer, but a
reference to that author's figure will at once dispel any ground of misunderstanding, it having
the outer discal transverse fascia to the anterior wings straight and not strongly dislocated as
in this species. Cramer also gives the ‘‘ Coast of Bengal’’ as its habitat,
* Named after Colonel Farquhar, whilom Governor of Malacca, whose worth may be estimated by the tribute paid
to his memory by the native writer, Abdulla bin Abdul Kadar, munshi. This no mean authority, in addition to much other
favourable testimony, states, “‘ All the four races (Malays, Chinese, Klings, and Portuguese) in Malacca were exceedingly fond
of, and attached to, the Governorship of Major Farquhar” (‘Translations from the Hakayit Abdulla,’ by J. T. Thomson,
p- 27). Can Proconsul achieve much more?
+ Cat. Lep. E.1.C. p. 104.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 26a
6. Narathura adatha. (Tab. XXIII., fig. 12, 2 2.)
Amblypodia Adatha, Hewitson, Cat. Lye. Brit. Mus. t. 4, f. 29—81 (1862); Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2,
Aool. vol. i. p. 648, n. 4 (1877).
Before describing this species it is necessary to make two preliminary observations.
Firstly: the figures here given are those of a male and female specimen captured in Malacea
by Capt. Pinwill, and now contained in the British Museum; and secondly: these figures do
not altogether correspond to those given by Mr. Hewitson as representative of his species.
I have, however, carefully compared them with the type specimen of Hewitson, and find that
they are correct and faithful. Mr. Hewitson also obscured the identity of his A. adatha by
firstly placing it as a synonym of the ‘ Arhopala micale”’ of Boisduval,* and subsequently as
distinct from 4. micale, but conspecific with the Amboinese Amblypodia cleander, Feld. +
Male. Wings above dark violaceous-blue ;{ apices of the tail-like appendages to the posterior wings
greyish-white. Wings beneath brownish, with the following spots and fasciz margined with greyish ;
anterior wings with two spots in, and one at end of cell, two spots beneath cell divided by the third median
nervule, a curved fascia (dislocated at the upper median nervule) between cell and outer margin and
a@ narrower submarginal fascia; posterior wings with seven basal spots, a transverse central fascia
commencing at costal nervure and terminating near base of upper median nervule, followed by a transverse
fascia commencing at lower subcostal nervule, a submarginal fascia and three marginal transverse metallic
greenish spots, more or less spotted with black, near anal angle. Body above and beneath more or less
concolorous with wings.
Female. Resembling the male, but with broad darker margins to the upper surface of the wings.
Exp. wings, ¢ and @?, 40 to 42 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.; Biggs—coll. Dist.); Singapore (Kerr—
coll. Dist.).
7. Narathura atosia. (Tab. XXIIL., figs.6 ¢, 5 2.)
Amblypodia atosia, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 9, n. 87, t. 2, £ 8, 9 (1868); Drnce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878,
p. 358, n. 4; Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool, vol. i. p. 548, n. 6 (1877).
The figures of this species, here given, are taken from two Malaccan specimens in the
British Museum. As I have not received the species, I append a copy of Mr. Hewitson’s
description :—
“Upperside. Male.—Lilac-blue; the margins black, very narrow. Anterior wing with a large
central spot of somewhat different colour, not seen except in a certain light, and not produced by any
unusual arrangement of the scales.”
““ Underside rufous-brown. Anterior wing, with the transverse band broken, composed of seven parts ;
three together, the fourth projecting outwardly from the rest, the three following further from the margin
than the fourth.”
* Cat. Lye. Brit. Mus. p. 7 (1862). ! Tl. Diurn. Lep. p. 8, n. 28 (1868).
: } A specinien received from Singapore has the colour above darker blue and less violaceous than in the figures here
given, which are taken from Malaccan specimens in the British Museum.
Fesrvary 20, 1885. 3 Y¥
266 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
“ Female.—Violet-blue. Anterior wing with the costal margin, the apex, and the outer margin
broadly black, the nervures black. Posterior wing with the apex and outer margin broadly dark brown,
the nervures black.”
“Exp. lm inch.”
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).—Sumatra (coll. Hewits.).—Borneo (Druce).
8. Narathura antimuta. (Tab. XXIII, fig. 11 2.)
Arhopala antimuta, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 283, n. 260 (1865),
Amblypodiv antimuta, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 648, nm. 6 (1877).
The Malaccan specimen here figured has been identified and recorded by Mr. Butler as
Felder’s species. The following is a copy of the original description :—
“@. Alm supra obscure violaceo-cyanem, margine externo perangusto fusco, subtus omnes dilute
fusc#, antic intus pallidiores, maculis duabus annularibus in cellula, tertia infra venam medianam,
fasciola discocellulari, fascia exteriore abbreviata catenulari fracta alteraque maculari submarginali fundo
paullo saturatioribus, multo dilutius cinctis, postice macula in costw lobulo, tribus basalibus, quarta
interna, quinta subcostali, sexta majore cellulari annularibus, septima infra hance, vix cordata, fasciola
discocellulari fasciaque externa a margine bene distante macularum subtriangularium fundo saturatioribus,
multo dilutius cinctis, fascia pone medium, catenulata, apud ramum medianum primum valde fracta et per
striolam cum fasciola juncta, postice sursum flexa, fundo paullo saturatiore (maculis duabus supremis ejus
plane separatis, annularibus), maculis duabus analibus nigris, metallico-cyaneo introrsum limitatis et
maculis totidem obsoletis nigris, atomis albidis intus cinctis insedentibus.”
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Com. de Castelnau—coll. Feld. ; Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).
9. Narathura aroa. (Tab. XXIII, fig. 17.)
Amblypodia Aroa, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 18, n. 60, t. 2, f. 12 (1868); Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2,
Zool, vol. i. p, 548, n. 9 (1877).
This is another species not yet obtained by the writer from the Malay Peninsula. The
specimen figured was collected by Capt. Pinwill in Malacca, and I append the description as
given by Mr. Hewitson :—
““Upperside. Male.—Violet-blue: the margins very narrow, black.”
‘Underside rufous-brown. Anterior wing with the band of nearly equal breadth, slightly curved.”
Exp. 1% inch.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).—Sumatra (coll. Wallace—Hewits.).
Mr. Hewitson also remarks, ‘‘ A. Aroa is very nearly allied to A. Hypomuta ;* the blue of its
upperside is less brilliant, and the spots and bands of the underside appear to be much wider
apart. A. Hypomuta seems, on the posterior wing, as if covered throughout with spots, the
spaces between the bands and spots having nearly the same appearance as the usual spots and
bands themselves have.”
* A species deseribed on the following page under the earlier name of N. amphimuta,
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 267
10. Narathura metamuta.* (Tab. XXIII., figs. 19, 18 var. ?)
Amblypodia jwetamuta, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 18, n. 59, t. 2, f. 14, 16 (1863); Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc.
ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 648, nm. 10 (1877). j
This is another of the many species captured in Malacca by Capt. Pinwill that have
apparently been met with by no other collector. The figure represents two such specimens
now contained in the British Museum. Fig. 19 is typical; fig. 18 represents a specimen
catulogued as Hewitson's species by Mr. Butler, and which may probably be but a variety, and
is figured as such ? The original description is as follows :—
‘Underside. Male.—Anterior wing violet-blue: posterior wing brilliant morpho-blue; the margins
broad, dark brown.”
“Underside. Anterior wing with the first three spots of the transverse band placed obliquely outwards,
the two outer spots a little within them and placed transversely.”
«Exp. 14 inch.”
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).—Sumatra (coll. Wallace—Hewits.).
The different colour of the anterior and posterior wings readily indicates the identity of
this species, and, as remarked before, the so-called variety here figured, is only admitted
us such with hesitation, until a series of specimens can be examined.
11. Narathura amphimuta. (Tab. XXL. fig.10¢, and 9 ¢.)
Amblypodia Amphimuta, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. iv. p. 896, n. 6 (1860); Butl., Trans. Linn. Soc. ser, 2
Zool. vol. i. p. 548, n. 6 (1877).
Arhopala Amphimuta, Feld. Reise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 282, n. 269, t. 29, f, 8 (1865),
Amblypodia Hypomuta, Hewits. Cat. Lyc. Brit. Mus. p. 11, n. 52, t. 6, f. 68, 64 (1862); IL. Diurn, Lep. p, 12,
n. 68, t. 2, f. 13 (1863); Drnee, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 854, n. 11; Butl. Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2,
Zool. vol. i. p. 549, n. 11 (1877).
Male. Wings above violaceous-blue, margins narrowly dark fuscous; wings beneath brownish with
the following spots and fascia margined with greyish; anterior wings with two spots in, and one at end ‘of
cell, two beneath cell divided by the lower median nervule, a slightly curved fascia between end of cell and
outer margin, which is strongly dislocated between the lower discoidal and upper median nervules (where
it has the appearance of a projecting spot),t a subcostal spot between the first and second subcostal
nervules and a narrow submarginal fascia; posterior wings with six basal spots, two irregular central
curved macular fascie, dislocated and united into one from lower subcostal nervule to costal nervure,
a submarginal fascia and three marginal metallic greenish spots more or less marked with black near
anal angle: apices of tail-like appendages greyish-white. Body above and beneath with legs more or less
concolorous with wings.
Female. Paler bluish above, the dark marginal shadings very broad on anterior wings at apex and
outer margin, and at apex of posterior wings; wings beneath as in male.
Exp. wings, g and ?, 32 to 45 millim.
“In the specific nomenclature of this genus several authors appear to have not only recognised the difficulty of
properly eats | bests apecies, but to have alsss endeavoured (0) make it almost impossible to remember the names of
such species, by inventing a farrago of euphonious words, as though rhyme was the one thing needful. To this rhythmical
and Inbyrinthian effect the following contributions may be acknowledged :—'‘ muta,’ ‘epimuta,’ ‘amphimuta,' * antimuta,’
‘hypomata,’ ‘metamuta, and ‘perimuta.’ As these are all uames of closely allied species, such “ contributions to science"
require application and study,
| This las not been sufficiently shown in the figure of the female here given, though it is distinctly indicated in
that of the male.
268 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Penang, Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Malacea (Pinwill—Brit. Mus. ;
eolls. Moore and Godm. & Saly.); Singapore (Kerr—coll. Dist.),—Borneo (Druce).
This species varies greatly in size, the smallest specimen examined being a female and
expanding only 32 millim. As Mr. Hewitson pointed out, an excellent differential specific
character is found in the spot-like projection to the discal fascia on the under surface of the
anterior wings ; but when the describer states that in the female the last spot of this fascia also
projects outwardly, he has described what is found on none of the specimens now before me.
Mr. Hewitson recognised the identity of his A. hypomuta with the A. amphimuta, Feld.,*
and though Mr. Butler states+ that the two are quite distinct, and places them wide apart,
I have failed to find these differences. A closely allied species, 4. epimuta, Moore, was included
by Mr. Butler in his catalogue of Malaccan butterflies, ! but could not be found in the National
Collection, for the use of our artist, and so it is not included here.
12. Narathura kurzi,§ n.sp. (Tab. XXI., fig. 1 3.)
Male. Wings above dark violaceous-blue. Wings beneath brownish, with the following spots and
fascie margined with greyish :—anterior wings with two spots in and one at end of cell; two beneath cell
divided by the lower median nervule; a macular fascia beyond cell, which is strongly dislocated at
upper median nervule and is then inwardly continued by an almost separated spot terminating near the
central median neryule; posterior wings with about six basal spots (the extreme basal spots have been
omitted in the figure), a central discal fascia commencing at lower subcostal nervule, followed by a fascia
crossing the whole breadth of wing, a submarginal fascia, and marginal metallic greenish spots, more or
less marked with blackish near anal angle. Body above and beneath, with legs, more or less concolorous
with wings.
Exp. wings, gf 42 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (coll. Dist.).
Only one male specimen of this distinctly marked species is known to the deseriber, and
the female has still to be discovered.
13. Narathura ameria. (Tab. XXI., fig. 30 2.)
Amblypodia ameria, Hewitson, Cat. Lye. Brit. Mus. p. 14, n. 64, t. 8, f. 85, 86|| (1862).
Female. Wings above dark violaceous-blue, costal and outer margins of both wings, and abdominal
margin of posterior wings broadly dark fuseous. Anterior wings beneath somewhat rufous-brown, cell
containing a whitish line near base, two near centre, and two at termination, some obscure whitish linear
marks above the cell; beneath the cell the colour is paler, containing a conical brownish spot between
the second and third median nervules and a broad brown spot between the third median nervule and
* TL. Diurn. Lep. p. 12, n. 58. + Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. 1. p. 549. } Ib. p. 548, n. 7.
& Dedicated to the memory of the late excellent botanist, Sulhiz Kurz, author of the ‘ Forest Flora of British Burma,’ &c.
He died at Penang on his way to the islands of the Malayan Archipelago, for the purpose of botanical exploration.
|| The figure of the underside of this species as given by Hewitson is totally unlike that which I have given here.
I have, however, carefully compared my figure and specimen with the fype specimen of Hewitson's species in the British
Museum, and they are altogether identical. Hewitson's figures of the undersides of these Amblypodie are frequently altogether
misleading.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 269
the submedian nervure, a curved transverse fascia bordered with greyish between end of cell and outer
margin dislocated at the upper discoidal and median nervules, and with a submarginal row of lunulate
spots bordered with greyish. Posterior wings beneath brownish with a steely tinge, the basal third with
reticulated dark brown faseciw, followed by a transverse, discal, angulated fascia of the same colour,
and with a submarginal series of dark brown spots. Body above and beneath with legs more or less
concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, 2? , 44 millim.
Has.—Continental India; N. India (sic) (coll. Hewits.).—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Townsend—coll.
Godm. & Saly.).—Siam (coll. Hewits.).
A female specimen, captured by Dr. Townsend in Perak, is here figured, and is the
only example of the species from the Peninsula of which I have, at present, information.
14. Narathura anniella. (Tab. XXL, fig. 20 ¢.)
Amblypodia anniella, Hewitson, Cat. Lye. Brit. Mus. p. 10, n. 46, t. 8, £ 88, 84 (1862).*
Male. Wings above dark violaceous-blue; costal and outer margins narrowly darker. Anterior
wings beneath pale castaneous with an ochraceous tinge, and with the following dark castaneous spots
and fascie narrowly margined with greyish:—a spot crossing cell near centre (the basal portion of cell
is also dark castaneous), a short broad fascia at end of cell joined to a spot beneath cell and terminating
at lower median nervule: this is followed at a short distance by another fascia commencing nearer costa
and terminating in a spot between the second and third median nervules, and an outer marginal fascia,
becoming obsolete towards outer angle; between these fascim, but particularly at apex of wing, there is a
strongly developed steely-blue tinge. Posterior wings beneath dark castaneous, with the following spots
and fascie margined with steely-blue lines; a looped costal spot near base and terminating near subcostal
nervure: this is connected with three discal fasciw, which are also more or less fused at the extreme
margins, and the uppermost of which is dislocated at the median nervure, and the lowermost is narrowest
and strongly tinged on each side on lower half of wing with steely blue; a small black marginal spot with
some metallic greenish scales between the second and third median nervules, and another near anal
angle. Body above and beneath, with legs, more or less concolorous with wings.
Female. Wings above paler in hue than those of the male, and with the margins (especially at apex
of anterior wings) broadly dark fuscous. Wings beneath as in male.
Exp. wings, ¢ and ¢, 40 to 44 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Perak (coll. Godfy.); Sunge: Ujong
\Durnford—ceoll. Dist.).— Singapore (coll. Hewits.).
15. Narathura lyczenaria.
Amblypodin lycanaria, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. iv. p. 396, n. 9 (1860); Hew. Cat. Lyc. Brit. Mus. p. 12,
n. 64 (1862); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soe. 1878, p. 354, n. 12,
Arhopala lycenaria, Feld. Reise Nov. Lep. 1. p. 232, n. 268, t. 29, f, 18 (1665).
* These figures do not at allagree with the one here given, and I could not have believed that I possessed the species
had I not carefully compared my specimens with Hewitson’s te There can be vo doubt that in the Eastern Lycanide
Hewitson's figures are, in several cases, in direct antithesis s typical specimens, which being now contained in the
National Collection, must be accepted as decisive.
Fersrvary 20, 1885. oz
270 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
The woodeut here given is copied from Felder’s figure, and which when
executed, constituted the writer’s sole knowledge of the species. Since then
a specimen has been received which affords an opportunity of giving a fuller
deseription.
Male. Wings above bright shining cerulean-blue; costal and outer margins
narrowly fuscous. Wings beneath brownish, with the following greyish lines or
ae nome fasciw and spots:—anterior wings with two pairs of transverse lines in cell (one
at base and one near middle), and a similar pair at end of cell; above the last
are two placed closer together, and almost reaching costa; a pair beneath cell situate on each side
of lower median nervule; between cell and outer margin is a curved fascia, strongly dislocated at
the nervules, commencing at second subcostal nervule and terminating at lower median neryule, and
a submarginal row of small greyish spots placed between the nervules; posterior wings with two
basal spots, and the whole disk covered with transverse fascim more or less dislocated and fused ;
three black spots with metallic greenish scales near anal angle. Body and legs more or less coneolorous
with wings.
Exp. wings, ¢, 38 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Penang (Biggs—eoll. Dist.); Malacca (Com. de Castelnau—coll. Feld.) ;
Singapore (Wallace).—Borneo (Druce).
I have not seen a female specimen, but in the male sex the species is rendered very
distinct from any of those preceding and here enumerated, by the metallic cerulean-blue of the
upper surface of the wings. As it is now recorded from Penang, Malacea, and Singapore,
N. lycenaria is probably generally distributed throughout our area.
The following species are only known to the writer by figures and descriptions (both of
which are here reproduced), and seem to belong to the genus Narathura :—
16. Narathura vihara.
Amblypodia vihara, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. iv. p. 895, n. 6 (1860); Kheil, Rhop.
der Insel Nias, p. 88, n. 122 (1884).
Arhopala vihara, Feld, Reise Nov. Lep. i. p. 228, n. 253, t. 29, f. 7 (1865),
Male. ‘Alm supra saturate violaceo-cyaner, antic margine costali et
externo latiusculo nigro-fuscis, postice limbo costali in marginem posticum
latiusculum inerescentem transeunte limboque interno fuscis,”
‘“Ale subtus dilute fusem, fascia submarginali communi, anticarum
maculis binis annularibus fundo saturatioribus in cellula, macula discocellulari,
Fin. 80,—-Nerathera vihara.s Guabus infra venam medianam fasciaque catenulari exterlore apud ramum
medianum primum finita, apud tertium fracta, posticarum maculis quinque
basalibus annularibus fundo saturatioribus, sexta interna, fasciola tripartita discoidali fasciaque exteriore
catenulari apud ramum subcostalem secundum fracta, fasciole contigua, postice sursum flexa et continu
* ‘This figure is taken from the coloured copy of Felder's work. If an uncoloured copy is consulted, the spots on the
under arian of the posterior wings appear to have a greater amount of specialisation.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 271
fuscis, multo dilutius cinctis, antic triente in terno pallido, postiew maculis tribus analibus, inerescentibus
atris, media omnino—, reliquis introrsum metallice cyaneo atomatis.”
Female. ‘Ale supra dilutiores, quam in mare, anticm limbo costali sinuato et margine lato postico
fuseis, postice limbo costali in limbum postieum transeunte ejusdem coloris, limbo interno pallidius
fusco.”’
** Alte subtus omnino ut in mare.”
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malaeea (Com. de Castelnau—coll. Feld.) ; Nias Island (Kheil).
Felder also appends the following remarks :—‘‘ Schon durch die viel dunklere, zeimlich
breit gerandete Oberseite des Miinnehens von der vorbeschriebenen Species anuffallend
abweichend. Die Vorderfliigel sind stumpfer und die Hinterfliigel kiirzer und am Scheitel
mehr vorgezogen, als bei A. Aqnis.”
17. Narathura inornata.
Amblypodia inornata, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. iv. p. 396, n. 6 (1860).
Arhopala inornata, Feld. Reise Nov. Lep. i. p. 284, nm. 261, t. 20, f. 12 (1865).
Male. ‘Al supra vivide saturate cyanem, margine ante cilia fusca, subtus dilu-
tissime fuse, anticw introrsum pallentes, maculis duabus annularibus cellule, tertia
mediana, quarta interiore, quinta discocellulari fasciaque exteriore, curvata, catenulari
fundo paullo saturatioribus, dilutins cinctis, vix conspicuis, fascia submarginali plane
fere evanescente, posticm maculis septem basalibus annularibus (exterioribus sat- So:
7 : ; Mest A : : Fro, 81.—Narathura
magnis), fasciola discocellulari, fascia exteriore vix catenulari, apud ramum sub- canenat.
costalem secundum et medianum primum valde fracta, postice sursum flexa alteraque
submarginali, submaculari, decrescente, fundo paullo saturatioribus, multo dilutius cinctis, linea ante
marginali diluta.”
Female. ‘Ale supra multo dilutiores, antiew margine costali fusco in limbum terminalem ad
apicem sat latum, dein valde decrescentem, intus subarcuatum transeunte, posticm limbo costali fusco,
in marginem externum perangustum, angulum analem versus latiorem abeunte, limbo interno, ut in mare,
fuscescente.”
“Alves subtus omnino ut in mare.”
Han.—Malay Peninsula; ‘‘ Malacca Interior” (Com. de Castelnau—coll. Feld.).
18. Narathura achelous.
Amblypulta Achelous, Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. Brit. Mus. p. 7, n. 30, t. 6,
f. 47, 48 (1862); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 354, n. 18.
“‘Upperside. Male.—Dark blue: the margins with a narrow
border of brown.”
“Underside rufous-brown: the costal margins broadly lilac.
The band of the anterior wing broken, formed of five spots, the middle
spot projecting towards the outer margin. Posterior wing without a
band: the apex with four black spots irrorated with golden-green.”
** Female.—Like the male, except that the blue of the upperside Fro. &2.—Narathura achelous.
is lighter, with the margins broadly brown. The costal margins of
the underside paler.”
Hasn.—Malay Peninsula; “ Singapore" (coll. Wallace—Hewits.).—Borneo (Druce).
272 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
19. Narathura ammon.
Amblypodia Anon, Hewitson, Cat. Lye. Brit. Mus. p, 9, n. 41, t. 5, f. 49,
50 (1882).
“Upperside. Male.—Lilac-blue: the margins with a narrow border
of black.”
‘Underside rufous and lilac-grey. The band of the anterior wing
| | broken, the middle spot projecting outwards. Posterior wing without
irs: 89.5 Wavebhuen vesmeien. a transverse band, with a white spot on the middle of the costal margin:
the black spots at the anal angle irrorated with silvery-blue.”
“ Female—Like the male, except that the margins are much broader.”
Haz.—Malay Peninsula; “ Singapore” (coll. Wallace—Hewits.).
Genus PANCHALA.
Panchala, Moore, Proe. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 251.
Satadra, Moore, J, A.8, Beng. vol. li. pt. 2, no. 1, p. 28 (1884),
This genus is closely allied to Narathura, the only structural difference of any value which
I can discover being in the length of the costal neryure of the anterior wings, which, as pointed
out in the generic synopsis (antea, p. 234), extends to about half the distance of the costal
margin.
I have felt no hesitation in placing Satadra as a synonomy of Panchala, Mr. Moore, its
proposer and describer, stating that its ‘‘ venation”’ is ‘‘ similar to that of Panchala.”
It is, however, a question whether these four proposed genera, viz., Narathura, Nilasera,
Panchala, and Satadra, as formulated by Mr. Moore, and condensed into two by the present
writer, would not even be more naturally treated as one, under two sections. One feels a
reticence in altogether disagreeing with the conclusions of a veteran lepidopterist, but at the
same time how can this generic splitting advance the study of Entomology, which, after all, is
the only excuse for publication ?
The geographical distribution of Panchala has been noticed with that of Narathura,
a. Posterior wings with a slender tail-like appendage at apex of lower median nervule, and a small
rudimentary one at apices of second median nervule and sulmedian nervure.
1. Panchala diardi. (Tab. XXIIL., fig. 142.)
Amblypodia Diardi, Hewitson, Cat. Lye. Brit. Mus. p. 9, n. 48, t. 5, f. 41, 42 (1862); Drace, Proc. Zool. Soc.
1874, p. 107, n. 2.
Amblypodia? Diardi, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 649, n. 13 (1877).
Satadra diardi, Moore, J. A.5. Beng. vol. lit, pt. li, no, 1, p. 26 (1884),
Female. Wings above dark violaceous-blue; anterior wings with the costal and outer margins
broadly (especially at the apex) dark fuscous; posterior wings with the costal and posterior margins
fuscous; tail-like appendages with their apices greyish-white. Wings beneath violaceous-brown, with the
following dark purplish-brown markings and fasci# margined with greyish :—anterior wings with the
basal half of costal area (somewhat paler), basal half of eell (somewhat excavated internally), a broad
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 278
curved and angulated fascia commencing at end of brown costal area and terminating at lower median
nervule, followed by a more regularly curved fascia extending from costa to lower median nervule, and
a narrow marginal and submarginal fascia fused together near apex; posterior wings with a basal
costal spot, followed by eight very irregularly sized spots (some more or less fused and one long and
fascia-like extending from costa to base of upper median nervule) on discal half, again followed by an
outer dislocated narrow fascia, which is merged in a purplish-brown patch near apex, a faint lunulate
marginal fascia including some very small spots, and three large marginal spots of metallic greenish scales
near anal angle, the first and third of which contain a black spot. Body above and beneath more or less
concolorous with wings; legs concolorous, the tarsi greyish.
Exp. wings, 2, 42 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).—Singapore (coll. Godfery) ; Siam: Nahcon-
chaisee (Druce).
The male, as figured by Hewitson, is unicolorous, violaceous-blue above.
\
sy
2. Panchala singhapura, n. sp.
Male. Wings above dark violaceous-blue, the fringe dark fuscous.
Wings beneath violaceous-brown, with the following dark purplish-brown
markings and fascie:—anterior wings marked as in P, diardi; posterior
wings with a basal costal spot, a broad transverse fascia crossing wing at
basal third, followed by a central fasciate spot extending from costal
nervure to base of third median nervule, where it is connected with an
upper spot situate between the median and the submedian nervures; other markings as in P. diardi, save
that the anal angular greenish marginal spots are situate in a broad dark purplish-brown patch.
The ground colour of the under surface of the posterior wings is much more violaceous than that of
the anterior wings.
Female.—Wings above much paler violaceous-blue than in male; anterior wings with the costal
and outer margins (broadest at apex and extending to upper disco-cellular nervules) broadly dark fuseous ;
posterior wings with the costal, outer and abdominal margins dark fuscous. Wings beneath as in male.
Exp. wings, ¢ and 9, 40 to 42 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Singapore (Kerr and Biggs—coll. Dist.).
Fic. t4.—Panchala singhapura >.
This species is closely related to P. diardi, as may be seen by comparing fhe figures here
given, the specific differences being most emphatically illustrated by the distinct markings on
the under surface of the posterior wings. It is also very closely allied to the Philippine
species, P. fulgida, Hew., from which it is most readily discriminated by the much larger
blnish area on the upper surface of the wings in the female sex.
8. Panchala apidanus.
Papilio Apidanus, Cramer, Pap. Ex. ii. t. 187, F, G (1779).
Papilio PDortmond, Stoll, Suppl. Cram, t, 27, f. 4,4 D (1790),
Polyonumatus Apidanus, Godt. Ene. Méth. ix. p. 652, n. 118 (1828).
Amblypodea apidanus, Horef. Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 100, n. 82 (1829);
Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1, C. vol. i. p.39, n. 58 (1857) ; | ,
Snell. Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 16, n. 64(1876); Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. Fic. sakere tna sarc 3 ee
ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 549, n. 12 (1877). a bird, oe
Amblypodia Aphidanus, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. $53, n. 7,
Satadra apidanus, Moore, J, A.5. Beng. vol. liii. pt.2, no. 1, p. 26 (1884).
Frpruary 20, 1885. 44
274 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA,
Male. Wings above dark violaceous-blue, the outer margins narrowly fuscous. Wings beneath pale
violaceous-brown, with the following dark chocolate-brown markings and fascia margined with obscure
greyish :—anterior wings with a basal patch oceupying more than third of wing, to which is attached
a curved fascia crossing end of cell and terminating at lower median nervule, beneath which is a rounded
spot, followed by an outer eurved fascia terminating a little before the lower median nervule, and an
obscure submarginal fascia; posterior wings with a patch occupying about basal third, and outwardly
waved; a central narrow much-waved fascia preceded by a spot between the third median nervule and the
submedian nervyure, an outer wider irregular fascia, a faint submarginal scalloped fascia, and with the
usual greenish scales near anal angle, containing a large black spot at the extreme angle. Body and legs
more or less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, ¢, 44 millim.
Han.—Burma; Moulmein (Grit. Mus.).—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.); Singapore
(coll. Godfery).—Sumatra (Moore).—Java (Horsf.); Batavia (Snellen).—Borneo (Druce).
The late Dr. Horsfield remarked that this butterfly in Java appeared to be a most
abundant species compared with its allies. Strange to say, I did not meet with it myself
when collecting in Province Wellesley, and have seen it in none of the large collections since
received or examined from different parts of the Peninsula, excepting a specimen contained
in the collection of Mr. Godfery, who labels it “rare kind.” It is therefore not common in this
fauna. ‘The specimen figured is one certified by Mr. Godfery to have been mutilated by a bird,
and I have figured it in this condition.
According to Dr. Horsfield, as observed in Java, ‘the larva feeds on the leaves of several
species of Mugenia and Calyptranthes.” *
4. Panchala morphina.
Panchala morphina, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. xiv.
p- 201 (1884).
Male. Wings above dark shining purplish-blue, the margins
(narrowly), nervures, and nervules more or less blackish; abdo-
minal area of the posterior wings fuscous. Wings beneath pale
brownish: anterior wings with the basal area from costa to median
nervure, and extending outwardly to a little beyond cell, darker
brown, followed by a waved fascia of the same colour, terminating
beneath second median nervule, where it is narrowest; the outer
Fra. 8.—Panchala morphina 3 | margin also darker brown, with the apex and extreme margin pale
violaceous. Posterior wings with the basal fourth dark chocolate-
brown, with a narrow outer violaceous margin; a small chocolate-brown spot margined with violaceous
above the submedian nervure, a narrow waved central violet-margined fascia crossing disk, strongly
fractured at end of cell, and then more narrowly continued to internal nervure; this is followed by
a short and somewhat broken fascia, commencing at lower subcostal nervule and narrowly terminating
at lower median nervule, the whole outer margin broadly infuseated, the apex and extreme margin pale
violaceous. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, ¢, 51 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiinstler—Caleutta Mus.).
* Cat. Lep. E.1.C. p. 101.
| The absence of the tail-like appendages to the posterior wings in this specimen is probably due to mutilation.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 276
I have not seen the female of this beautiful species, and its discovery is in a large part
due to the encouragement given to Herr Kiinstler by Dr. Anderson, of the Indian Museum,
Calcutta.
5. Panchala trogon.
Panchala trogon, Distant, Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xiv. p, 201 (1884),
Male. Wings above bright metallic emerald-green; nervures and ner-
vules, extreme margins of the anterior wings, costal area, abdominal area,
and posterior margin—narrowing from apex to upper median nervule and
then broadly to anal angle—of posterior wings dark chocolate-brown; fringe
and short tail-like appendage of the same colour, the latter with its apex
greyish. Wings beneath purplish-brown, the lower half of anterior wings
almost without the purplish reflections: anterior wings erossed by the '!%-"!—Panchala trogon g.
following greyish lines:—two looped and macular crossing cell, two disco-
cellular at end of cell (the innermost continued to third median neryule), two diseal, waved and fractured,
commencing near costa and terminating at third median nervule, and two submarginal, which are narrow
and somewhat obsolete; from base of third median nervule to inner margin is a narrow greyish line, from
which to outer angle the colour is greyish and before which is a small greyish spot: posterior wings
darker purplish, the basal area beneath the median nervure clothed with long brownish hairs and with the
following greyish lines:—four macular, arranged in transverse basal series, followed by three macular,
situate one above and one within cell, and one irregular in shape beneath cell; these are followed by about
four, much waved and fractured, crossing disk of wing, and a waved marginal line from apex to second
median nervule, where there are three blackish spots, much covered with metallic greenish scales and
outwardly bordered with greyish, extending to anal angle. Body above brownish; body beneath and legs
somewhat paler.
Exp. wings, ¢, 86 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiinstler—Calcutta Mus.).
This species is allied to both the N, farquhari, Dist., and the P’. awrea, Hewits. (a Bornean
species), by the metallic emerald-green colour above; it is, however, very distinct from both,
not only by the different markings beneath, but also by the much smaller brownish markings
on the upper surface of the wings.
Genus AMBLYPODIA.
Amblypodia, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.1I.C. p. 98 (1828); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 118 (1881).
Wings broad; anterior wings with the costal margin arched at base and convexly oblique to apex ;
outer margin moderately convex; inner margin slightly concavely sinuate. Costal nervure terminating on
costa a little beyond end of cell; subcostal nervules five in male and four in female; first subcostal
nervule emitted at about middle of cell, second rather nearer first than third, which is about midway
between second and end of cell, third and fourth bifurcating near middle of third, fourth and fifth (in
male) bifurcating about midway between base of fourth and apex of wing; cell broad; first and second
median neryules emitted a little nearer together than second and third. Posterior wings subovate; costal
margin obliquely convex; outer margin broadly rounded, elongated near anal angle, with a short tail-like
appendage at apex of submedian nervure, the anal angle somewhat broadly lobate. Costal nervure convex
and extending to apex; subcostal nervules bifureating at about one-third before end of cell, which is
broad; first and second median nervules emitted close together near end of cell, third emitted a little
276 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
beyond middle of cell. Body robust; palpi robust, porrect, the second joint extending about one-third in
front of the eyes; third joint short. Antenne gradually incrassated.
The note as to the geographical distribution of Narathura (antea, p. 260) must again
suffice here, as it is uncertain how far the genus Amblypodia, as thus restricted, really extends.
It is probable that its species are focussed in the Indo-Malayan region,
1. Amblypodia narada. (Tab. XXI., fig. 25 ¢.)
Amblypodia narada, Horsfield, Cat. Lep, E.1. 0. p. 98, n. 80; Th. N. Le. t. 1, f 8 (1829).
Male. Wings above dark violaceous-blue; anterior wings with the costal and outer margins (the
last most broadly) dark fuscous; posterior wings with the costal and outer margins dark fuscous,
the abdominal margin paler fuscous. Wings beneath somewhat rufous-brown; both wings crossed
by a narrow and somewhat waved fuscous fascia, which commences a little beneath the apex of anterior
wings and terminates on posterior wings near middle of abdominal margin (this fascia is much more
distinct in some specimens than in others); this is followed on both wings by two narrow broken fuscous
fascie, very obscure on anterior wings, where they commence close together near apex, and more distinct
on posterior wings, where they are margined with greyish towards anal angle; the lobular anal angle
fuscous, with some greyish scales; tail-like appendage fuscous. :
Exp. wings, 3, 40 to 45 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Penang (coll. Dist.); Malacca (Biggs—coll. Dist.).—Javwa (coll. Horsf.).
The female of this species is unknown to the writer, but is described by Horsfield as
differing from the male in having the ground colour of the upper surface of the wings paler:
“the blue patch has a light azure tint with a purple reflexion, is less widely diffused, especially
in the posterior pair, and the borders are proportionally broad”; the colour beneath is also
described as ** gray,”
Genus RAPALA.
Rapala, Moore, Lep, Ceyl. vol. i. p. 105 (1881),
Wings broad. Anterior wings with the costal margin arched at base, and then slightly eoAvex, the
outer margin obliquely convex, inner margin slightly concavely sinuate. Costal nervure terminating on
costa nearly opposite end of cell; first subcostal nervule emitted beyond middle of cell; second and third
subcostal nervules emitted nearer together than first and second; third and fourth bifurcating beyond
the middle of third; first and second median nervules emitted at about half the distance that separates
second and third. Posterior wings subovate, the costal margin arched at base and oblique to apex; outer
margin convex, with a short tail-like appendage at apex of lower median nervule; subcostal nervules
bifureating at about one-third before end of cell; first and second median nervules emitted close together
at end of cell.
Male with « tuft of hairs near base of inner margin of anterior wings, and with a broad conical-
shaped glandular depression at base and between the costal and subcostal nervures of posterior wings.
Body robust; palpi mutilated in the one specimen of (A. amisena) only available for examination.
This genus has been so recently proposed, and without the whole of its known species
being enumerated, that it is impossible to properly define its area of distribution. One
species is found in Ceylon, and others are known from the Malay Peninsula and Java. It is
probably common to the Indo-Malayan Region.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 277
I am only able to record one species as found in this fauna, and though another or
others seem necessary to be added, I have, however, no adequate knowledge to justify their
present incorporation. Thus Mr. Hewitson* described (but not figured) a Singapore specimen,
in the collection of Mr. Wallace, as a variety of the Javan species, R. vivarna, Horsf.; and
Mr. Moore + refers to “‘f. orsets from Singapore,” a species described by Mr. Hewitson (and not
figured) as Deudoria orseis,{ and as from Sumatra.
1. Rapala amisena. (Tab. XXIII., fig. 15 2.)
Amblypodia amisena, Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. Brit. Mus. p. 18, n. 62, t. 7, f. 74, 78 (1862); Kheil, Rhop. der
Insel. Nias. p. 38, n. 128 (1884),
Male. Wings above dark violaceous-blue; anterior wings with the costal and outer margins (very
broadly at apex) dark fuscous; posterior wings with the costal and outer margins (the first broadly,
particularly at apex, and the second narrowly) dark fuscous, the abdominal margin somewhat paler
fuscous. Wings beneath dark brownish, with the following dark fuscous markings :—anterior wings
with a linear spot near centre and one at end of cell, a waved and sinuated linear fascia between end
of cell and apex of wing, preceded by a subcostal linear spot situate between the first and second
subcostal nervules, and a submarginal series of small spots placed between the nervules; posterior
wings with a short broken linear fascia near base, commencing at costal nervure and terminating
near submedian nervure, a much-waved and sinuated linear fascia more or less outwardly margined with
greyish, crossing wing beyond end of cell; a submarginal series of spots (largest beyond the upper median
nervule) placed between the nervules, and three metallic greenish marginal spots, more or less centred
with black, near anal angle; tail-like appendage fuscous, with the apex greyish-white. Body and legs
more or less concolorous with wings. Extreme apex of antenne ochraceous.
Exp. wings, ¢, 35 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Singapore (Brit. Mus.; Kerr—coll. Dist.).
The female sex was evidently figured by Mr. Hewitson, and is much paler than the male.
It was described as ‘‘ Upperside dull lilac-blue. Anterior wings with the margins suffused
with brown. Posterior wing rufous-brown, glossed with blue in the middle."
The species was originally described from a Singapore specimen, and I have only received
it from that habitat.
Genus DEUDORIX.
Deudoric, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 16 (1868); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 102 (1881).
Nadisepa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 249.
Baspa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 260.
Vadebra, § Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1888, p. 628.
Anterior wings subtriangular; costal margin arched at base, and more or less oblique to apex;
outer margin either nearly straight or somewhat convex; inner margin slightly coneavely sinuate. Costal
neryure terminating on costa a little beyond end of cell; first subcostal nervule emitted beyond middle of
cell, and at about the same distance from second as second is from third, which is emitted a very little before
end of cell; third and fourth bifurcating a little beyond middle of third; first and second median nervules
** Cat. Lye. Brit. p. 18. + Lep. Ceyl, vol. i. p. 105. { Ul. Diurn. Lep. p. 23, n. 20 (1863).
§ This name has already been used, in an earlier part of the same volume (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883), by Mr. Moore, for
a proposed new genus in a section of Huplea.
Frpsrvary 20, 1885. 4B
278 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
with their bases about half the distance apart as that separating second and third. Posterior wings some-
what elongately subovate; the costal margin convexly oblique to apex; the outer margin oblique, slightly
waved; the anal angle lobately produced, and with a slender tail-like appendage at apex of lower median
nervule; abdominal margin nearly straight and obtusely cleft near anal angle. Costal nervure strongly
arched at base and extending to near apex; subcostal nervules bifurcating about one-fourth before end
of cell; first and second median nervules emitted close together near end of cell; third at a little beyond
middle of cell. Body robust; palpi porrect, second joint projecting a little in front of the head, third
joint slender, nearly one-half the length of second in male, a little shorter than second in female.
Antenne long, with a distinct and well-formed apical club,
This genus is recorded from Continental India, Ceylon, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands,
Burma, and the Malay Peninsula, and is found throughout the Indo-Malayan Region.
1, Deudorix jarbas. (Tab. XXIV., fig. 15¢; Tab. XX., fig. 26 2.)
Papilio Jarbas, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 68, n. 645 (1787); Don. Ins. Ind. t. 40, f. 8 (1800).
Hesperia Jarbes, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. p. 276, n. 65 (1793).
Polyommatus Jarbas, Godt. Ene. Méth. ix. p. 646, n. 108 (1823),
Theela Jarbas, Horsf. Cat, Lep. BE. 1.0. p. 98, n. 26 (1829),
Deudorix Jarbas, Butl, Trans, Linn. Soc. ser, 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 549, n. 8 (1877).
Nadisepa jarbas, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 249.
Male. Wings above bright sanguineous-red; anterior wings with the costal and outer margins
(broadest at apex) dark fuscous, the basal half of cell and the nervures and nervules also dark fuscous;
posterior wings with the outer margin very narrowly dark fuscous, the abdominal margin pale fuscous,
the nervures and nervules very pale fuscous, the lobular anal angle ochraceous (sometimes containing
a black spot), the margin greyish at the anal-angular area. Wings beneath greyish-brown, both wings
with an obscure disco-cellular fascia at end of cells; a narrow and distinct fascia outwardly margined
with greyish between end of cells and outer margins, which is dislocated, waved and sinuated near
termination on posterior wings, and duplex above anal angle, and a fainter submarginal fascia, which
is most distinct on posterior wings, where it is interrupted by a black marginal spot inwardly bordered
with ochraceous between the second and third median. nervules, followed by some seattered bluish
scales, and a large black spot on the lobe at anal angle. Tail-like appendages fuscous, with their
apices greyish. Body above fuscous; head greyish-white between the eyes; body beneath and legs
more or less concolorous with wings.
Female. Wings above reddish-brown, the margins more obscurely fusecous than in male. Wings
beneath as in male.
Kixp. wings, ¢ and ¢?, 80 to 40 millim.
Has.—Continental India; N.W. Himalaya (Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (colls.
Saiier and Dist.); Perak (Townsend—coll. Godm. & Salv.); Sungei Ujong (Durnford—eoll. Dist.) ; Malacca
(Pinwill—Brit. Mus.); Singapore (Kerr—coll. Dist.).—Java (Horsf.).
2. Deudorix sequeira,* n.sp. (Tab. XXIII, fig. 21 2.
Deudoria Petosiris, Butl, (nec Hewits.), Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 549, n. 1 (1877),
Female. Wings above violaceous-blue, the margins obscurely fuscous; a black spot at lobular anaj
angle of posterior wings. Wings beneath pale brownish; anterior wings with a disco-cellular fascia
outwardly margined with greyish at end of cell; a narrow waved dark fascia outwardly margined with
* Named after Diego Lopez di Sequeira, the early Portuguese voyager to Malacca,
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 279
greyish between end of cell and outer margin, and a fuscous marginal and submarginal fascia; posterior
wings with a transverse dark fascia bordered with greyish at end of cell; a narrow and strongly dislocated
fascia outwardly bordered with greyish (dislocated at the nervules from costa to second median nervule
and then continuous and broader to abdominal margin) crossing wing between end of cell and posterior
margin; a marginal and submarginal fascia as on anterior wings, a black marginal spot surrounded with
greenish scales between the second and third median nervules, a pateh of greenish seales between the third
median nervule and submedian nervure, a black spot at lobular anal angle, and two small fuscous spots
beneath costal nervure.
Exp. wings, 2, 35 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Malacea (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).
The female specimen captured in Malacea by Capt. Pinwill, and presented to the British
Museum, was identified in error by Mr. Butler as D. petosiris, Hew., a species, however, from
which D. sequeira differs by the distinct markings on the under surface of the wings, such as
the absence of the transverse spot in the cell of the anterior wings, and by the strongly
dislocated transverse fascia to the posterior wings, kc. ‘The male has still to be discovered,
and will doubtless prove to have the wings above of some shade of rufous-brown. My
collection contains a Burmese example of the true D. petosiris, which perfectly agrees with
Hewitson’s figure.
3. Deudorix utimutis,* n.sp. (‘Tab. XXII, fig. 22 2.)
Deudoriw pheretina, Butl. (nec Hewits.), Trans. Linn. Soc. ser, 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 549, n. 2 (1877).
Male. Wings above dark rufous; a black spot at the lobular anal angle of the posterior wings.
Wings beneath pale brownish, with a transverse dark brown spot margined with greyish, in and at end
of cells of both wings, followed between ends of cells and outer margins by a narrow transverse dark
brown fascia outwardly margined with greyish, which on posterior wings is strongly dislocated and
sinuated from upper median nervule to abdominal margin, where it is considerably widened; an obseure
submarginal fascia to both wings, and three marginal spots to posterior wings near anal angle, the first
and third black, and the central one composed of greenish scales; extreme outer margin narrowly paler,
the fringe dark.
Female. Wings above pale bluish, the margins irregularly pale fuscous. Wings beneath as in male.
Exp. wings, ¢ and ?, 40 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Penang (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).
A male specimen in the British Museum captured by Capt. Pinwill in Malacca, and
a female Penang specimen in my own collection, are the materials which have induced
the description of this species. Though Mr. Butler included it in his list of the Malaccan
butterflies as D. pheretima, he now quite agrees with the writer as to its perfect distinctness
from that species, as a reference to Hewitson’s figure will testify. D. pheretima, Hew. (a Bornean
species), not only has the spots and fascia on the under surface of the wings of a larger
character than in D. utimutis, but also possesses a large spot above the cell of the posterior
wings.
| * Dedicated to the memory of the unfortunate Malaccan rajah Utimutis, a victim to the mistaken ferocity of the early
Portuguese settlers.
250 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
4, Deudorix domitia. (Tab. XXIIL., fig. 7 3.)
Deudoriz Domitia, Hewitson, Ill, Diurn. Lep. p. 19, n. 7, t.6, f£. 6, 7 (1863); Drunee, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873,
p- 858, n.1; Butl. Trans, Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 649, n. 4 (1877).
My only knowledge of this species is derived from the figure and description of Mr.
Hewitson, both of which are reproduced here.
Upperside. Male.— Rufous-brown. Anterior wing with a longitudinal rufous band within the
cell; the anal lobe and the fringe at the base of the tails white.”
“ Underside yellow. Anterior wing with three black spots—one on the middle of the cell, a triangular
spot on the costal margin beyond the middle, and a smaller spot between the second and third median
nervules; the apex and a large spot on the inner margin grey. Posterior wing with one tail; the outer
margin brown: the caudal spot, the lobe, and two spots between them black, irrorated with blue, and
above these spots two parallel black lines.”
“Female does not differ from the male, except that the underside is nearly white, the third spot of
the anterior wing scarcely seen,”
Exp. wings, “ 143 inch.”
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Singapore (coll. Wallace); Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).—Borneo (Druce).
5. Deudorix barthema,* n. sp.
Deudoriz Xenophon, Hewits. (nec Fabr.), ? , Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 21 (1869).
Myrina Meyistia (?), Butl. (nec Hewits.), Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 549, n. 1 (1877).
Female. Wings above fuliginous-brown, with a black spot at the lobe of the anal angle of posterior
wings. Wings beneath yellow, both wings with a very narrow and linear slightly darker fascia outwardly
margined with greyish, situate between ends of cells and outer margins, angulated and inwardly margined
with fauscous from the central median nervule of posterior wings to abdominal margin, where it is duplex;
three marginal spots near anal angle of posterior wings, the first and third black, the central one composed
of greenish seales; extreme outer margin narrowly greyish, the fringe pale brownish.
Exp. wings, ?, 30 to 34 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.); Singapore
(Godfery—coll. Dist.).
I have not seen the male of this species, and I did not receive the other sex in time
to have it figured on the plates. It is, however, closely allied in colour to the male of
D. domitia, wanting, however, the black spots on the under surface of the anterior wings, which
renders it easily distinguishable. I have refrained from giving a woodcut, owing to the little
advantage that such would afford in portraying a plainly coloured and little marked insect.
Genus LOXURA.
Lowtra, Horsfield, Cat, Lep, B.I.0. p. 119 (1829); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 110 (1881).
Anterior wings subtriangular; costal margin strongly arched and convex, apex acute; outer margin
almost straight and slightly oblique; inner margin nearly straight. Costal nervure short, terminating
on costa before the end of cell; first subcostal nervule short, emitted a little beyond middle of cell and
* Named after Ludovico Barthema, of Bologna, who is reported to have visited Malacca about 1508, or six years
before the visit of Sequiera.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 281
terminating nearly opposite end of cell, second emitted about midway between first and third, the
third emitted at end of cell, third and fourth bifurcating beyond middle of third; second and third
median nervules about one-third farther apart than first and second, the first emitted at end of
eell; submedian nervure nearly straight and widely separated from the lower median nervule. Posterior
wings elongately and irregularly subovate, the costal margin obliquely convex, the outer margin
oblique and produced into a long tail-like appendage near apex of submedian nervure; abdominal
margin concavely excavated near anal angle. Costal nervure arched and extending to apex; subcostal
nervules bifurcating at about one-third before end of cell; first and second median nervules emitted
close together near end of cell. Body moderately small; palpi very long, second joint projecting fully
two-thirds in front of head, third joint about half the length of second; antenn# short, gradually
thickened to apex.
This small genus is found in Continental India, the adjacent islands, and throughout the
Indo-Malayan Region. Two species are here understood as found in this fauna.
1. Loxura atymnus. (Tab. XXIV., fig. 7 3.)
Papilio Atymnus, Cramer, Pap. Ex. iv. t. 331, D, EF (1782).
Hesperia Atymnus, Don, Ins. China, t. 89, f. 1 (1798).
Myrina Atymnvs, Godt. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 594, n. 5 (1823); Horsf. Cat. Lep, E.1.C. t. 2, f£..6, 6a (1828);
Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 107, n.1; Kheil, Rhop. der Insel. Nias, p. 32, n. 118 (1884).
Myrina alymnus, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 853, n. 1.
Lowura Atymnus, Horsf. Cat. Lep, E. I. C. p. 121, 0,49, t. 2, f.6, 6a (1828); Boisd. Sp. Gén. i. t. 7, £.3 (1836) ;
Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. vol. i. p. 61, n. 90 (1857); Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2,
Zool. vol. i. p. 550, n. 1 (1877); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 885; ibid. 1882, p.251; de Nie.
J.A.8. Beng. vol. li. p. 68, n. 183 (1882),
Male. Wings above fulvous. Anterior wings with the costal area—very narrowly for about half its
length—and the apex and outer margin broadly dark fuscous; base pale fuscous. Posterior wings with the
base pale fuscous, the outer margin narrowly dark fusecous, the abdominal margin and lobular anal angle
pale fuscous; tail-like appendage more or less streaked with pale fuscous, its apex greyish-white. Wings
beneath bright ochraceous; both wings with a more or less distinct diseal dark transverse fascia and a
submarginal series of small spots (these fascie and spots are extremely variable in intensity of hue);
lobular anal angle pale fuscous; tail-like appendage as above. Body above fuscous, beneath with legs
more or less greyish.
Female. Resembling the male, but with the fuscous margins of the anterior wings rather broader, and
having the costal margin more or less broadly pale fuscous to base.
Exp. wings, ¢ and ?, 32 to 35 millim.
Hasn.—Continental India; N.W. Himalaya (Hocking—Moore); Sikkim (de Nicéville); Canara (Horsf.
and Moore).—Tenasserim; Meetan, Moolai (Limborg—Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley
(colls. Dist. and Sater); Perak (Townsend—coll. Godm. & Salv.); Sungei Ujong (Durnford—eoll. Dist.) ;
Malacea (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).—Siam ; Chentaboon (Druce).—Nias Island (Kheil}.—Java (Horsf.).—Borneo
(Lowe—Druce).
Mr. de Nicéville found this species ‘‘common amongst clumps of bamboos” in Sikkim.*
* J.A.8. Beng. vol. li. p. 68 (1882).
Frpruary 20, 1885. 4c¢
282 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
2. Loxura cassiopela.
Lowura cassiopeia, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. xiv. p. 200 (1884).
Male. Wings above dark reddish ochraceous; anterior wings with the
costal margin (as far as subcostal nervure) and the outer margin (broadest at
apex) fuscous or black, the base tinged with olivaceous-brown; posterior wings
with the outer margin fuscous (darkest at apex), the fringe ochraceous, the base
and abdominal area more or less olivaceous-brown, the tail-like appendage
ochraceous, with an obscure central reddish line, and the apex whitish. Wings
beneath bright ochraceous, with the following brownish spots :—anterior wings
Fro. $8.—Lozura eassiopeia, J. with one about centre of cell, three disco-cellular and contiguous at end of cell,
and beyond these are two separated by the second subeostal neryule; a waved
macular discal band and a submarginal series of very small and somewhat
obsolete spots: posterior wings with some obscure basal spots, a macular band
crossing disk, but not extending below third median nervule, and a submarginal
series of small obscure spots as on anterior wing. Body above fuscous, beneath
greyish ; legs and palpi blackish, speckled with greyish.
Female. Resembling the male, but with the posterior wings above shaded
with fuscous, which is darkest on the costal and outer margins.
Exp. wings, ¢ and ?, 34 to 35 millim,
Fic, 60.—Loxura cassiopeia, 2 . Han.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kunstler—Calc. Mus.).
The nearest ally of this species is the L. prabha, Moore, from the Andaman Islands.
marciana. (Tab. XXIIL., fig. 16 2.)
Myrina marciana, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn, Lep. p. 34, n, 22, t. 12, f, 12, 18 (1868); Butl. Trans. Linn. Soo.
per. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 549, n, 4 (1877).
The figure here given is taken from the Malaccan specimen contained in the British
Museum, and referred to as above by Mr. Butler. I have since examined this specimen, and
find it is considerably mutilated, and that it should in a perfect condition possess two
tail-like appendages to the posterior wings. It thus evidently belongs to the genus Tajuria,
but I have thought it better to merely refer to the figure on this occasion, and to endeavour
to obtain perfect specimens to allow of a proper description in the subsequent appendix to
this volume.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 288
Fam. PAPILIONIDA.
Panilionide, Leach, Sam. Comp. p. 284 (1819);
Swains. Phil. Mag. ser. 2, vol.i. p. 187
(1827); Westw. Introd. Mod. Class. Ins.
p. 347 (1840); Bates, Journ. Ent. vol. i.
p. 219 (1861); ib. vol. iu. p. 177 (1664);
Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i, p. 116 (1681);
Marsh. & de Nic. Butt. Ind. Burm. & Ceyl.
vol, i. p. 18 (1882).
Six perfect legs in both sexes. Discoidal cells
of wings perfectly closed. Pupa secured by the tail
and a girdle across the middle.
Under the name of Papilio, Linneus ori-
ginally grouped as one genus all the day-flying
Lepidoptera ; the name is now usually restricted
to one very large genus, which perhaps, from
the size and diversiformity of its species, is the
best known of any of the Rhopalocera. It like-
wise now dictates the construction of the above
family name, which comprises the two well-
marked and extensive subfamilies Pierine and
Fic. 01.—Pupa of Hebomoia
glaucippe. (From Horsf.
Cat. Lep. E.1. C.)
é 2
Fra. 00.—Anterior legs (showing
tarsi) of Ornithoptera hephestus
var.
Papilionine, both of which from the variety and beauty of the butterflies which are thus
divisionally classified, have long been the pride of the amateur’s collection, and the admiration
of all lovers of Nature.
Another result of their handsome appearance is that they are better known by name
or individuality than most other butterflies, and consequently observations made by non-
entomological observers can be with some degree of certainty connected with the true species,
which is more than can be said for many other insects thus referred to, by which the value
of numerous entomological facts and observations recorded in books of travel is frequently
destroyed.
Subfam. PIE RIN/E.
Pierine, Swainson, Cab. Cycl. p. 87 (1840); Dates, Journ. Ent. vol. ii. p, 177 (1864); Moore, Lep. Ceyl.
vol. i. p. 116 (1881); Marsh. & de Nic. Butt. Ind., Burm. & Ceyl. vol. i. p, 18 (1882).
Pieridae, Dup. Cat. Lep. Fr. p. 28 (1846); Doubl. Gen. Diurn.
Lep. p. 82 (1847); Trim. Rhop. Afr. Austr. p. 24 (1862),
Pierides, Westw. Introd, Mod, Class. Ins. p. 849 (1840); Voll.
Faun. Ind-néerl, Mon. Pier, p. 1 (1865).
OO ee :
ree nme
Abdominal margin of the hind wing not curved inwardly, Fia, 02.—Larva of Hebomota glaucippe.
nor channelled, to receive the abdomen. Larve more or less
(From Horsf. Cat. Lop, i. 1.C.)
264 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
pubescent and attenuated at each end without any nuchal tentacles. Anterior tibim not provided with
a medial spur.*
In this large and well-known subfamily considerable variation ensues in the neuration of
the wing (a character of great differential value in the diagnosis of genera), and also in the
structure of the antenne. The Pierinew are very well represented in the Malayan Region, and
have induced the publication of two fine monographic works by the late Dr. Snellen van
Vollenhoven+ and Mr. Wallace, * whilst a study of the neuration of the whole subfamily with
a view of generic division has been attempted by Mr. Butler. §
Like the Lycenide, the Pierinw are ubiquitous, are recorded from the highest latitudes of
butterfly distribution, and also produce some of the best known and most abundant species
found in either temperate or tropical areas. It is, however, in the tropics that the Pierina reach
their full maximum of colour decoration, the plain whites and brimstones of the Palearctic
area being frequently shaded by the most vivid hues in tropical regions.
But the most remarkable features connected with the Pierine are their gregarious and
migratory habits. Of the first peculiarity we have.many independent records from different
parts of the world, a few only of which can here be recapitulated. In South Africa Mr. Trimen
bears witness that ‘the habits of the species of this division are often gregarious or pseudo-
gregarious, as considerable numbers of one kind are often found about some favourite spot or
attractive flowers; and little clusters of some species of ‘ Whites’ may frequently be seen
congregated on the damp mud at the margins of pools or brooks.” || This was strongly
witnessed in South-west Celebes by M. OC. Piepers, and well described by that entertaining
entomologist. When travelling in that region,—to use his own words,—‘*my companion
suddenly exclaimed, as we were crossing a nearly dry brook, ‘Oh, look what a beautifal
flower!’ And on looking where he pointed I saw in the bed of the stream, amongst the damp
gravel, a beautiful orange-coloured flower with a white centre, about ten centimetres in
diameter. The strangeness of the occurrence led me to step nearer in order to observe it more
closely, when what did I see ?—the flower consisted of two concentric rings of butterflies
(Callidryas scylla, Linn.), which had closed their wings (which are yellow, and orange beneath),
and were busily sucking up the moisture from the damp sand, and thus represented in the
most closely deceptive manner the petals of a flower. They surrounded five of another white
species of Pieris similarly occupied, which thus seemed to form the white centre of the flower.
I still remember the amazement of my travelling companion, when on my nearer approach the
whole flower dissolved into a swarm of butterflies.” {]
It was probably Pierine, or principally butterflies belonging to that subfamily, which
surprised and delighted Mr. E. L. Arnold in Southern India, on one of his excursions in the
dry season. He graphically relates that he “came upon a quiet nullah meandering through
the jungle. The bed by chance, just there, was broad and sandy, and the stream a single
* The two subfamilies may also, apparently, be separated by their mode of flight, as Dr. Collingwood, who observed
both in Bornoo, describes ‘the swift fight, mow over the tops of the trees, now down near the ground," as characteristic of
the Piertwe, whilst the Papilionine were distinguished “by their strength of wing and straight headlong course” (“ The
Lepidopt, of Labuan "— Entomologist,’ 1868, p. 14).
+ Faun. Ind-Neerl. Mon. Pier. 1905. | Trans. Ent. Soc. 1567.
§ Cistula Entomologica, vol. i. (1870). || Rhop. Afr, Austr. p,. 25,
"| Tijd. Ents xix. pp. xviii to xxiv, and English translation by Kirby, ‘ Entomologist,’ x. p. 267.
*
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 285
thread that seemed every moment in danger of vanishing. But to my astonished eyes the
whole place appeared a garden of flowers of a thousand colours, and crowded so close by the
water that the sand could scarcely be seen. I looked and looked again, and then stepped
down to observe the parterre closer; but as I did so these animated blossoms sprang into the
air in a huge cloud, and the truth was plain that they were a countless host of thirsty
butterflies, collected from the forest all round to drink at this thread of liquid.”* Sometimes
these swarms appear both suddenly and unexpectedly, as related of a species, T'erias lisa, in
Bermuda. According to Mr. Jones, the butterfly was first observed on ‘‘ 10th October, 1847,
on which day it suddenly appeared in great abundance, hundreds being seen in every
direction. . . . . They all disappeared, however, in the course of a few days.” +
This brings us to the subject of migration, and here we are again indebted to Mr. Jones
for an exeellent account of a swarm of this same species which visited the Bermudas in
October, 1874. ‘Several persons living on the north side of the main island perceived, as they
thought, a cloud coming over from the north-west, which drew nearer and nearer to the shore,
on reaching which it divided into two parts, one of which went eastward and the other
westward, gradually falling upon the land. They were not long in ascertaining that what they
had taken for a cloud was an immense concourse of Terias lisa, Boisd., which flitted about all
the grassy open patches and cultivated grounds in a lazy manner, as if fatigued after their long
voyage over the deep. Fishermen out near the reefs, some few miles to the north of the
island, very early that morning, stated that numbers of these insects fell upon their boats,
literally covering them. They did not stay long upon the island.”} During Mr. Spruce’s
sojourn in South America he witnessed large flocks of butterflies pass across the Amazons near
the mouth of the Xingt in November, 1849, in a direction from about N.N.W. to S.S.E.,
evidently in the last state of fatigue, “all of common white and orange-yellow species.” The
little wind there was’ blew from EH. to N.E., and therefore the butterflies steered their course at
right angles to it.§ In Ceylon Sir Emerson Tennent watched the “extraordinary sight”
‘of flights of these delicate creatures, generally of a white or pale yellow hue, apparently miles
in breadth, and of such prodigious extension as to occupy hours, and even days, uninterruptedly
in their passage—whence coming no one knows; whither going no one can tell.’’ || On Sunday,
July 5th, 1846, an enormous flock of white butterflies arrived at Dover from the French coast.
It was deseribed as being so extensive as to pass like a cloud of snow.{| ‘The late Mr. Darwin
describes one such swarm which he witnessed when about ten miles from the Bay of San Blas.
‘Vast numbers of butterflies, in bands or flocks of countless myriads, extended as far as the
eye could range. Even by the aid of a telescope it was not possible to see a space free from
butterflies. The seamen cried out ‘it was snowing butterflies'’”; and these again were
principally Pierine, as Mr. Darwin found the most common butterfly to be a species of the
genus Colias.**
The pseudonymous ‘Eha,’ who has written so pleasantly of Natural History in India,
observes that “butterflies of some kinds—especially those energetic greenish-white ones of the
si On the Indian Hills,’ vol. ii. p. 314. + «Naturalist in Bermuda," p. 120.
} ‘Psyche,’ Dec. 1875, No. 20, p. 121. § Journ. Linn. Soe., Zool. vol. ix. p. 356.
|| ‘Nat. Hist. Ceylon, p. 403. *| J. Pemberton, ‘ Zoologist,' vol. iv. p. 1442.
** * Voyage of the Beagle,’ p. 158, :
Marcu 20, 1885. ay
286 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
family surnamed Callidryas*—are sometimes seized with a mania for migrating to the far
West. . . . . I have stood near one of the parade-grounds at Poona, and watched them,
with scarce a pause to rest their wings or sip a flower, from eight or nine o’clock until the
afternoon, as far as eye could reach, the host kept streaming past, like the fugitive Gauls
after one of Ceesar’s great battles.” +
These interesting facts could be multiplied if our space permitted, and the only reason
why they have been thus somewhat amply recorded, is to show, what an interesting, and
phenomenal phase of butterfly existence, still requires a scientific explanation.
In my treatment of the neuration of these Pierinz, I am not altogether in unison with the
views of my contemporaries Messrs. Butler and Moore, who also differ somewhat im this respect
from one another. I only recognise a discoidal nervule, as such, when its basal emergence is
distinctly traced from some portion of the end of the cell. Mr. Butler has a contrary opinion, and
treats as a discoidal nervule what I consider as a lower subcostal neryule. The genus Delias
affords a good example. In this genus Mr. Butler counts three subcostal nervules ;{ I enumerate
four, the difference being due to a divergence of view as to what is really a discoidal nervule.
Here I am supported by Mr. Moore, whose view, however, of this nervule is somewhat capricious,
as in Hebomoia he describes five subcostal nervules,§ whilst Mr. Butler and myself can see
but four. a.
—
SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.
1. Anterior wings with one discoidal nervule.
A. Anterior wings with four subcostal nervules.
<r a. Discoidal nervule of anterior wings emitted near upper end
—— . of cell. te > Bs - - - Leprosta.
aa. Discoidal nervule of anterior wings emitted at middle apex
Fro, 05,— Arrangement of nervules of cell. - - - = = os = = - Denis.
epee = of Delias par- B, Anterior wings with five subcostal nervules,
b. Upper disco-cellular nervule of anterior wings longer than
lower. - = © = - - - - - PRIONERIS.
bb. Up disco-cellular nervule of anterior wings shorter than
ower.
¢. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted at
about middle of cell. - . : - - + Caropsmta.
| ec. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted beyond
(7 middle of eell. |
———— d. First and second subcostal neryules emitted some-
Si An peated ee al what close together near end of cell.
Ps Ah ame Of Derviiles. . F * *
in anterior ives of Udaiana é. Third and fourth subcostal nervules bifurcating
cynis. nearapexofwing, - - - = «= = Uparana.||
_ = The writer evidently means the genus Callidryas, which is now correctly restricted to American species. Hiibner's
earlier genus Catopsilia embraces all the Old World species. It is usual to find these butterflies spoken of as “ Callidryada™
in the East; but it is also common to hear about boa-constrictors, alligators, hamming birds, &c., inhabiting the same region !
+ ‘The Tribes on my Frontier,’ p. 118. } Cist. Entom. vol. i. p. 565. § Lep. Ceyl. vol. i, p. 127.
|| Gen. nov. type Pieris eynis, Howits. Mr. Butler (Cist. Ent. vol. i. p. 49, 1870) gave this species as the type of his
genus Phrissura, He subsequently (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1871, p. 171) stated that this was an error, and that the species “ agrees
in venation, and in every other character, with the species of the genus Belenots.” But the type of Belenois, as given by
Mr. Butler himself (Cist. Ent. vol. i. p. 34), is the Papilio Calypao, Dra., a species in which the first subcostal nervule is more
or less anastomosed with the costal nervure, a character not applicable to P. cynis, and I have therefore been compelled to
erect a new genus for its reception.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. - 287
SSSXQ. ee. Third and fourth subcostal nervules bifurcating
=r \ almost midway between end of cell and apex
2: of wing,
J. Diseoidal cell about half the length of anterior
Fre. 05.— Arrangement of nervules 1 2 Z ; - s = : =
in anterior wings of Dercas cs bie Sass . ; TeRtas.
gobrias, Jf. Diseoidal cell not half the length of anterior wings. Drrcas.
dd. First and second subcostal nervules emitted some
distance before end of cell.
g. Third and fourth subcostal nervules bifureating about
midway between end of cell and apex of wing. - Ixtas.
eT auc r oe ae adie gg. Third and fourth subcostal nervules bifarcating near
nathalia, J. apex of wing. - - - - - Apptas.
C. Anterior wing with five subcostal nervules in male and four
in female.
ggg. Third and fourth subcostal nervules bifnreating in
male at extreme apex of wing. - - - BaALerara. *
4 FA 2. Anterior wings with two discoidal nervules.
ie UE abe Ca ok Nepiooraes C. Anterior wings with four subcostal nervules. - - - Heromota.
hippia. D. Anterior wings with five subcostal nervules. - : - NEPHERONIA.
Genus LEPTOSIA.
ptosia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p.95 (1816); Seudd. Proe. Am. Arts & Sci. vol. x. p. 204, n. 618 (1875).
Nychitona, Buil. Cist. Ent. vol. i. pp. 84, 41 (1870); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i, p. 117 (1881),
Nina, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E. I. C. p. 140 (1829).
Pontia, Boisd. (nec Fabr.), Spec. Gén. i. p. 480 (1886).
Anterior wings subpyriform; costal margin arched and convex; apex rounded; outer margin very
convex; inner margin nearly straight, very slightly sinuate. Costal nervure terminating nearly opposite
end of cell; first subcostal nervule emitted beyond middle of cell, second a little before end of cell, third
and fourth bifureating at about one-third from base of third; lower disco-cellular nervule inwardly bent and
angulated, upper minute; discoidal nervule emitted from near upper apex of cell; upper median nervule
somewhat convex, second and third wide apart. Posterior wings subovate; costal margin slightly oblique,
posterior margin strongly convex, abdominal margin oblique towards anal angle. Costal nervure short,
terminating on costa nearly opposite end of cell; first subcostal nervule emitted beyond middle of cell, curved
and extending to apex, second at a short distance before end of cell; upper disco-cellular directed outwardly,
lower more or less inwardly bent and angulated; position of the discoidal and median nervules as in
anterior wing. Body slender; palpi moderately short, and strongly pilose beneath; antenns with a long
compressed and pointed apical club.
This is a small but widely distributed genus. It is found in Tropical and Southern Africa,
Madagascar, Continental India, and generally throughout the Malay Peninsula and Malayan
‘Archipelago, absent—according to Mr. Wallace+—from the Moluccas and New Guinea, but
extending through the islands east of Java to Timor, and thence nto North-West Australia,
Mr. Wallace, who had opportunities of observing the habits of these butterflies, has
stated that they “fly about slowly in woods and shady places, keeping near the ground, and
often settling on leaves and flowers.” {
The fragile butterflies of this genus, which possess a facies distinct from most of the
other Picrine, and have a more or less superficial resemblance to the Lycenad genus Liptena,
“ Gen. nov. type Pierts nathalia, Feld. + Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. iv. p. 316 (1867). } Ibid.
288 * RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
appear to be a very ancient and little differentiated generic group. This is evidenced by their
wide geographical distribution as a genus, the extremely large area in which two, at least,
of the species* are also found, and their generically distinct appearanee combined with
smallness of specific differentiation.
1. Leptosia xiphia. (Tab. XXVL., fig. 8.)
Papilio Xiphia, Fabricius, Spec. Ins. ii. p. 48, n. 180 (1781); Mant. Ins. p. 20, n. 204 (1787).
Papilio Nina, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 194, n. 604 (1793).
Pieris Nina, Godt. Enc. Méth,. ix. p. 162, n. 147 (1819).
Pontia Nina, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E.1.C. p. 140, n. 66 (1829); Boisd. Sp. Gén. 1. p. 481, mn. 2 (1836);
Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I. 0. vol. i. p. 69, n. 180 (1857); Voll. Faun. Ind-Néerl. Pier.
p. 3, n, 1 (1865); Wall. Trans, Ent. Soc, ser, 3, vol. iv. p. 817, n. 1 (1867); Snell. Tijd. Ent. xix.
p. 16, n. 65 (1876); Lep. v. Midden-Sumatra, p. 22, n. 1 (1880),
Pontia Xiphia, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 229, n. 2 (1869); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 854, n. 1; ibid.
1874, p. 107, n. 1.
Nichitona Xiphia, Moore, Proe. Zool. Soe, 1878, p. 887; Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 118 (1881).
Var. a, Leptosia Chlorographa, Hiibn. Zutr. Ex. Schmett. f. 47, 48 (1818),
Male and Female. Wings above white. Anterior wings with the costal margin narrowly blackish, the
basal third of which is spotted with greyish, apex, and a large spot at about centre of upper median nervules
black. Anterior wings beneath with the costal area and apex speckled with fuscous strige ; an outer marginal
series of small black spots, and the discal spot as above, but paler. Posterior wings beneath crossed with
irregular fuscous strigm, those on the disk assuming the form of transverse fascie. Body above blackish,
beneath greyish; legs greyish, streaked with fuscous.
Exp. wings, ¢ and ¢, 40 to 44 millim.
Has.—Continental India; Bombay (Leith —ceoll. Dist.); Calcutta (de la Chaumette).— Ceylon
(Thwaites—coll. Dist.).—Tenasserim; Ahsown (Limborg—Moore).— Malay Peninsula; Sungei Ujong
(Durnford—coll. Dist.); Malacea (Wallace).— Siam; Chentaboon, Nahconchaisee (Druce).— Sumatra
(Snellen).—Java (Horsfield)—Borneo (Druce); Sandakan (Pryer—coll. Dist.).—Bali (Wallace).—F lores
(Wallace).—Timor (Vollenhoven).—Philippine Islands (Brit. Mus.).
Mr. Wallace, who examined a long series of this species from many habitats, states that
it varies but little throughout its extensive range, and that the specimens from the Philippine
Islands “are very large.’’+| Some variation does, however, ensue, Vollenhoven writes, ‘* Chez
un individu de Sumatra le sommet des ailes supérieures est presque entiérement blanc en
dessous. Les individus de Timor ont la tache post-cellulaire plus grande que les autres.” }
Horsfield found it ‘by no means unfrequent” in Javya’”;§ but it appears to be a moderately
scarce insect in the Malay Peninsula. In North-Western India, Capt. Lang only met with it
‘‘in one place, a forest in the interior of Oudh, in the month of October,’ where it seemed
**to be afraid to fly boldly from the shelter of the bushes.”’|| Capt. de la Chaumette, however,
found it ‘in great abundance in Caleutta, flying very softly about as if blown by the wind,”
and during the months of March and April.{{ It would appear to be found nearly all the year
round, as Mr. Hutchison, in Ceylon, records it as found at Matale in August, and from June
to December, in gardens at Colombo.**
* L, aleesta in the Ethiopian, and L. xiphita in the Oriental Regions.
+ Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. iv. p. 317 (1867). } Faun. Ind-Neerl. Pier. p. 4. § Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 141.
4 Ent. Mo. Mag. vol. i. p. 102. 7 Ibid. vol. ii. p. 36. ** Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 118..
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 289
Genus DELIAS.
Delias, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 91 (1816); Butl. Cist. Ent. vol. i. p. 40 (1870); Moore, Lep. Ceyl.
vol. i. p. 189 (1881).
Cathamia, Hiibn, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 92 (1816).
Pontia, Hiibn. (nec Fabr.), Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 92 (1816).
Thyea, Wallengr. Svensk. Acad. Férh. 1858, p. 76; Wall. Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 8, vol. iv. p. 844 (1867).
Pieris, sect. 1, Doubl. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 44 (1847).
Anterior wings somewhat elongate; costal margin moderately convex, the apex rounded, outer
margin obliquely rounded, inner margin nearly straight. Costal nervure extending to about two-thirds
of wing; first subcostal nervule emitted at about one-fourth before end of cell, second and third bifurcating
near apex of second, fourth springing from second at about one-third beyond end of cell; upper disco-
cellular obliquely directed outwardly, lower disco-cellular somewhat concave; discoidal nervule emitted at
central apex of cell; median nervules emitted wide apart, first and second a little nearer to each other
than second and third. Posterior wings elongately subovate; the costal margin oblique, the posterior
margin convex, abdominal margins obliquely divergent towards anal angle. Costal nervure extending
to about two-thirds of costal margin, first subcostal nervale emitted at about one-third before end of cell,
second almost midway between bases of the first and of the discoidal nervule; upper disco-cellular oblique,
lower disco-cellular very slightly coneaye; upper median nervule emitted at apex of eell, second and third
median nervules almost twice as wide apart at base as first and second; submedian nervure slightly curved
outwardly; internal nervure reaching about centre of abdominal margin. Body somewhat robust; head
and pronotum clothed with long hairs; palpi porrect, extending considerably beyond the head, and clothed
with long hairs beneath; legs long and slender; antenne with a well-formed and moderately channelled
apical club.
This is an extremely large genus, and one in which the coloration of the wings assumes
a most vivid and extraordinary character. It is on the under surface of the wings that the
most brilliant hues and markings are found, and these are often of a bizarre and ostentatious
description, Mr, Wallace has thought that these butterflies may have some special protection
which renders the disguise of sombre colours unnecessary, and this seems the more probable
when it is found that some of them are the subjects of “‘mimicry”’ by species of the genus
Prioneris.*
Delias has a wide geographical distribution; it inhabits Continental India and the
neighbouring islands, Burma, the Malay Peninsula, the length and breadth of the Malayan
* ‘Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. iv. p. 344.
This exposure of the gaily-coloured under surfaces of the wings is often equalled in moths where a bright-
eoloured upper surface is only seen when at rest. Protection is, however, generally afforded in some respect.
Mr. Johnston observed such a case on the banks of the Congo. He saw such a moth sitting “complacently, not fearing
to attract attention by the magnificent carmine of the upper side of the wings, although their underside is leaf-brown
and ‘protective’ in colour, and, if the creature liked, would when closed render it quite indistinguishable from the
dead and serubby foliage it haunts” (‘The River Congo,’ p. 330). In this ease, however, the same author remarks that
he was never able to secure it, “for the reason that it enters a tangle of thorny bush where capture is impossible,” and
that it was there he thus observed it. Difficulties, however, do occur in the thorough explanation of facts afforded by the
theories of “mimicry” and “protective resemblance." Thus Mr.Jolinston, who ia a thorough evolutionist, remarks that
“large green mantisses or ‘praying imsects’ are chasing small flies with their great pouncing fore legs, and every now and
then a blue roller-bird snaps up a mantis in spite of its wonderful assimilation to its leafy surroundings” (‘The River Congo,’
p- 37). Another new feature in the theory of mimicry is afforded by that competent travelling naturalist, Mr. Herbert Smith.
n Brazil he noticed spiders which mimic ants, but the peculiarity was that the spiders “eat the particular ants which they
mimic.” But, as Mr. Smith remarks, “ It is difficult to suppose that the quick-witted ants would be deceived, even by so close
a resemblance; and in any ease it would seem that the spiders do not require such a disguise to capture slow-moving ants."
The supposition is therefore hazarded that as ants evjoy an immunity from the attacks of birds, the spiders thus acquire
a similar protection from the same enemies" (‘ Brazil, the Amazons, and the Const,’ p. 228).
Marcu 20, 1885. - 4E
290 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Archipelago, North Australia, many of the Pacific Islands, and is found as far north as China.
Mr. Wallace had many opportunities of observing the habits of these butterflies, in more than
one habitat, and he reports that ‘they all fly weakly and slowly, yet they are by no means
rare, since in almost every locality I found some of the species very abundant in the forests,
flying lazily along near the ground, sometimes settling on a flower, but more generally seeming
to wander aimlessly through the pathless recesses of the forest.’ *
Seven species of Delias are here included as found in this fauna.+
1. Delias dione. (Tab. XXIV., fig. 5%, 62.)
Papilio Dione, Drury, Il. Ex. Ent. ii. t. 8, £. 8, 4 (17738).
Delias pasithoé var. dione, Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 29, n. 6.
Pelias dione, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 550, n. 2 (1877).
Male. Anterior wings aboye very dark indigo-blue; the basal half pale bluish, with the extreme
base, costal and inner marginal areas and neuration dark indigo-blue; a small pale spot beyond cell,
and a submarginal series of pale linear ray-like spots placed between the nervules. Posterior wings above
dark indigo-blue, the basal half pale bluish, the abdominal margin more or less yellowish, the extreme
base dark indigo-blue; a small pale spot at end of cell, and a marginal series of pale linear ray-like spots,
but less distinct than those on anterior wings. Anterior wings beneath dark fuscous, a broad and irregular
greyish fascia crossing very near centre, divided by the fuscous neuration; a pale spot beyond cell as
above, and the submarginal spots as above, but larger and more greyish. Posterior wings yellow, the
basal third, the neuration and the outer margin blackish, the last widening at apex, and apparently
containing five yellow spots; the basal black area crossed by a bright carmine-red fascia. Body above
indigo-blue, thorax beneath and legs blackish. Abdomen beneath greyish.
Female. Wings above dark fuscous; anterior wings with a broad irregular central greyish fascia
divided by the fuscous neurations, and a submarginal series of greyish linear spots; posterior wings
crossed by an oblique, broad, greyish fascia near base, divided by the dark neuration. Wings beneath nas in
male, the central fascia to anterior wings broader and absorbing the spot at end of cell; posterior wings
with the yellow colour paler and more greyish. |
Exp. wings, ¢ and ¢, 65 to 72 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (colls. Saiier & Dist.) ; Malacea (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).—
Borneo (Brit. Mus.).
This species is intermediate between D. pasithoe, Linn., a species found in Continental
India, and D. egialea, Cram., which is a Javan species. It is one of the many distinct forms
or species found in this region, in which more or less common features bear witness to a
common progenitor. t
* Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. iv. p. 844.
+ In a synonymie list of the species of Deliag (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 20), Mr. Butler has given D. hierte, Hiibn.,
D. eucharis, Dru., and D. descombesi, Goisd., as found in Penang, but I have as yet failed to find any corroboration of the fact
of such species being found there.
| The Rev. L. C. Biggs has given some interesting facts relating to this butterfly, under the name of Delias Aigialea.
He speaks of it as the “common coasting butterfly," and describes it as being found sometimes in an “ apparently endless
stream" all following one direction, and numbering twenty to thirty in sight per minute from any one point, but forming
& belt several miles broad, extending far inland from the coast, and from morning till night continuing to pass any fixed
point for a fortnight or more. “It seema seldom to feed or alight during these migrations, except at night or in earl
morning, when with dawn it resumes ita flight. . . . . Now and then it is entangled in a sort of eul de sac, formed by thie
clumps of fruit trees, or the high walls of houses, against which it will dash itself repeatedly and recklessly, willing to
persevere until death. This is especially apt to be the ease when a strong head wind is blowing against it” (‘ Monthly
Packet,’ vol. ii. pp. 186-7, 1881).
-RRHOPALOCERA- MALAYANA. 991
2. Delias parthenope. (‘l'ab. XXIV., fig. 42.)
Thyca parthenope, Wallace, Trans, Ent. Soc, ser. 8, vol. iv. p. 847, no. 8, t. 6, f. 5, 5a (1867); Butl, Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 29, n. 1.
Male. Anterior wings above blackish, with the following bluish-grey markings :—a broad cellular
streak, a large spot occupying about two-thirds of the area between the third median nervule and the
submedian nervure, a smaller spot between the second and third median nervules, a sublunulate spot at
end of cell, two contiguous spots beyond end of cell (these are sometimes fused with the marginal spots),
and a series of submarginal elongate spots placed between the nervules, of which the two lowermost are
shortest and more or less relieved with greyish. Posterior wings above with a bright earmine-red patch at
base, and oceupying basal third of cell, which is followed by a transverse bluish patch: apex of cell and the
area from the upper median nervule to apex of wing blackish, remaining portion bright yellow: neuration
and outer margin black, narrowing towards anal angle and inwardly angulated at the nervules. Anterior
wings beneath as above, but with the spots larger and more marked with greyish. Posterior wings beneath
with a large and outwardly transverse basal patch of carmine-red, broadly margined with blackish;
remainder of wing bright yellow, the neuration and outer margin black. Body above and thorax beneath,
with legs, black, shaded with bluish; abdomen beneath greyish.
Exp. wings, ¢, 55 to 70 rnillim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Penang (Biggs—coll. Dist.); Provinee Wellesley (colls. Dist. and Sater) ;
Singapore (Wallace).
The female of this species is unknown to the writer, and the male was alone described by
Mr. Wallace. It is allied to the Indian D. pyramus, and bears a similar relationship to that
species as we have seen to exist between D. dione and D. pasithoé.
8. Delias ninus.
Thyea ninus, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soe. ser. 8, vol. iv. p.847, n.9, t.7, £1 EOF);
Delias ninus, Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 29, n. 2.
' This species is only known to the writer by the figure and
description given by Mr. Wallace, both of which are here reproduced.
** Closely allied to T. pyramus, Wall. Mole<-Wings broader, uppers more
triangular, the outer margin not concave and produced. Above: upper wings
marked nearly as in J’. pyramus, but the ground colour is blacker, and the
basal patches bluer and less elongate; lower wings with the red patch at the
base much smaller, not filling one-third of the cell, below it a broad transverse
bluish-ashy band, paler at the abdominal margin, a large ochre-yellow patch Fre. 98.—Delias ninus 3.
ut the anal angle divided into four parts by the nervures; outer angle black,
without whitish markings. Beneath almost exactly as in 7’. pyramus, but the red semicircle does not
extend quite so far down, and the posterior markings of the hind wing are more clearly defined, and
of a nearly uniform ochre-yellow.”
Exp. wings, ‘‘3 inches.”
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Malacea; Mount Ophir (coll. Wallace).
Mr. Wallace accurately states the systematic position of his species in the following terms :—
‘‘ This insect differs so clearly in form, size, markings, colouration, and locality from its allies,
292 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
that I have felt obliged to give it a different name, although its general appearance is such
that many entomologists would at once pronounce it ‘a mere variety.’ Male specimens were
only taken by myself at Malacca.”
Mr. Wallace appears to have been perfectly justified in this course. The amount of
differentiation is equivalent to what is considered as specific by entomologists, subject of course
to the final ruling of the breeder of this and the allied species.
4. Delias ithiela.
Thyca Ithiela,. Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat.
Hist. ser. 4, vol. iv. p. 242 (1869).
Delias Ithiela, Butl. Lep. Ex. p. 62, t. xxiv.
f.1 (1871); Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872,
p. 80, n. 18.
This is another of those species
which are at present only known to
the writer by the original figure and
description, both of which are accord-
ingly reproduced.
‘Ale supra nigre, velut in D. Hors-
Be T= Aa ANE, jieldio* cinereo plagiate et maculate ;
, postice macula subcostali apud basin
aureo-flava; maculis quatuor discalibus et uno apicali albidis; area abdominali albicante (haud flavo
maculata): corpus nigrescens, antennis nigris; ale subtus fere velut in D. Horsjfieldio, maculis
posticarum multo minoribus, latius separatis: corpus cinereum, abdomine albicante, antennis nigris,
cinereo squamosis: exp. alar. une. 8, lin. 8}."
Has.—Malay Peninsula; ‘‘ Penang (colls. Brit. Mus, & W. W. Saunders).”’
This is another differentiated or local race of an Indian species, the D. belladonna, Fabr.
5. Delias hyparete, var. metarete. (Tab. XXIV., figs. 132,142.)
Papilio Hyparete, Linneus, Mus. Ulr. p. 247 (1764); Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 768, n. 92 (1767).
Delias metarete, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 650, n. 1 (1877).
Male.—Wings above greyish-white; onterior wings with the neuration blackish, the apical third
dusted with blackish, and with a series of marginal black spots at the apices of the nervules; posterior
wings with the apices of the nervules and the outer margin irregularly blackish, the red submarginal spots
beneath giving a roseate tint above. Anterior wings beneath as above, but with the apical blackish area
more broken, and containing a series of five greyish-white spots. Posterior wings beneath greyish-white,
the neuration blackish, the inner area bright ochraceous, and with a submarginal series of large red spots,
the largest towards anal angle, outwardly and somewhat broadly margined with black, and inwardly more
narrowly and obscurely with the same colour from apex to the lower median nervule. Body above and
beneath dark greyish; legs dark greyish, more or less streaked with blackish.
Female. J’orm a.—Anterior wings above more or less suffused with blackish, the cell and inner area
from lower median nervule to margin being palest; five or six distinct, but obscure, greyish subapical
spots. Posterior wings above, with the outer margin (not reaching apex of cell) broadly blackish, the
* Synonymie with D. belladonna, Fabr., an Indian species.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 293
red spots beneath being obscurely visible above; neuration of both wings broadly blackish. Wings
beneath as in male, but with all the black markings larger and darker.
Female. Form b.“—Resembling form a, but with the black suffusions above larger, and altogether
covering the anterior wings and reaching the apex of the cell in posterior wings.
Exp. wings, ¢ and ?, 72 to 80 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. & Sauer); Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.—
coll. Dist.) ; Singapore (Kerr—coll. Dist.).—Borneo (Brit. Mus.); Banjermassin (coll. Dist.).
The two forms of the female here described seem to negative the probability that we are
dealing with anything but a simple variety of D. hyparete, more especially as in Bornean
specimens in the writer’s collection, Sarawak examples agree with the form found in the
Peninsula, whilst others received from Banjermassin are almost inseparable from Javan
D. hyparete.
6. Delias singhapura.
Thyca Singhapura, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 8, vol. iv. p. 863, n. 29, t. 7,
f. 2 (1867).
Delias Singhapura, Butl. Proe. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 88, n. 36; Drnee, Proe. Zool.
Soc. 1878, p. 855, n. 8.
“Male. Wings elongate; above white, the costal margin and the outer
half of the uppers dusky, nearly black at the apex, and with an ill-defined inner
edge; lower wings with a narrow interrupted black border behind, within which
dusky patches of scales extend a short distance along the nervures. Beneath:
upper wings white, the nervures of the upper half black-margined, the apex Fro, 100.—Delias «inghapwra g.
blackish, leaving a row of six distinct ovate white spots; lower wings bright
yellow, the nervures black-bordered, and a rather broad black border round the hind margin enclosing
a row of six whitish spots, the inner ones bifid, the outermost yellow-tinged.”
Exp. wings, “‘ 34 inches.”
Has.—Malay Peninsula; ‘‘ Singapore (coll. Wallace).""—Borneo (Druce' ; Sarawak (Brit. Mus.).
This species has not been received by the writer, nor seen by him in any of the many
collections examined, which have been formed in different parts of the Peninsula.
7. Delias orphne.
Thyca Orphne, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 8, vol. iv. p. 861, n. 56, t. 8, £. 2
(1867).
“Male. Above, white, with the base dusky; upper wings with a narrow
black border from the apex to near the outer angle, the costa dusky, as well as
the extremity of the cell, and a broad marginal band beyond as if smeared with
black; the lower wings have a very narrow dusky edging behind. Beneath:
the uppers have the base dusky, a broad patch at the end of the cell nearly
black, and a broad dusky outer margin enclosing a row of six white spots, the
two lower the largest; lower wings black, but nearly covered with chrome-
Fie, 101.—Delias orplne ff.
= This is represented by the figure (Tab, XXIV., fig. 14).
Marcu 20, 1885. 4
294 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
yellow, which covers the whole abdominal margin to the middle of the wing, beyond which are three
large oval spots near the outer angle; another band of yellow crosses the lower half of the cell, and
reaches up to the inner margin near the base of the wing.”
Exp. wings, “ 24 inches,”
Has.—Malay Peninsula; ‘* Malacca—Mount Ophir—(coll. Wall.).”
This, judging from Mr. Wallace’s figure and deseription, is a very distinct species, and
from its general absence in collections, appears to be a very scarce one. As Mount Ophir is
given as the precise locality where the species was taken, it may probably be peculiar to that
little—entomologically—known and worked district.
Genus PRIONERIS.
Prioneris, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 8, vol. iv. p. 888 (1867); Butl. Cist. Ent. vol. i. p. 89 (1870);*
Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 140 (1881).
Anterior wings somewhat elongately subtriangular; costal margin arched at base, the apex
subacutely rounded; outer margin oblique, inner margin slightly concavely sinuate. Costal nervure
extending to nearly two-thirds the length of costal margin; first subcostal nervule emitted near middle
of cell, second at a short distance from first, third and fourth bifurcating at about two-thirds the length
of third, third and fifth bifurcating at about one-fourth of the length of third from end of cell; upper
disco-cellular nervule very oblique and longer than the lower; cell extending to more than half the length
of wing, median nervules situate wide apart. Posterior wings somewhat elongately subovate; costal
margin oblique to apex, which is broadly rounded; outer margin convex and slightly and irregularly
sinuate. Precostal nervure curved outwardly; costal nervure convexly rounded; first subcostal nervule
emitted near middle of cell, second midway between bases of the first and of the discoidal nervule;
disco-cellular nervules oblique, the uppermost much the longest; first and second median nervules a little
closer together than second and third; submedian nervure nearly straight; internal nervure recurved
and reaching to about two-thirds the length of abdominal margin. Body somewhat large and robust;
head and pronotum very hairy; palpi long, and clothed with very long hairs beneath; legs long; antenn»
long, with a gradually thickened apical club.
Costal margin of the anterior wings minutely serrated.
This is a very distinct genus, both by its neuration and also by the peculiar character
of the serration of the costal margin of the anterior wings, which is immediately discovered
if the finger is passed from the apex towards the base. In colour and markings the species
approximate towards those of Delias, or, as "Mr. Wallace remarks, ‘‘seem to mimic’ them,
as in all the cases the species of Delias “‘ are very abundant, and are weak, slow-flying insects,
while the mimicking species of Prioneris are rare, and in all cases the pairs which resemble
each other inhabit the same district, and they often are known to come from the same
locality.”’ t
Prioneris 18 a somewhat small genus, and its species are distributed from Continental
India and Ceylon throughout the Indo-Malayan region. One species is found in the Malay
Peninsula.
* In describing this genus Mr, Butler has omitted one of the subcostal nervules to the anterior wings.
+ Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. iv. p. 883 (1867).
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 295
1. Prioneris clemanthe. (Tab. XXIV., fig. 16 2.)
Pieris clemanthe, Doubleday, Ann, Nat. Hist. vol. xvii. p. 28 (1846); Moore, Proe. Zool. Soc, 1865, p. 758 ;
Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 854, n. 1.
Prioneris clemanthe, Wall. Trans. Ent, Soc. ser. 3, vol. iv. p, 885, no. 4 (1867); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878,
p- 839.
Pieris Berenice, Lue. Rev. Zool. 1852, p. 824.
Pieris Helferi, Feld. Reise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 161, n. 181, t. 25, f. 10, 11 (1865).
Male. Wings above greyish-white; anterior wings with the neuration (widely broadened towards
apex and outer margin) black, the costal and apical areas and outer margin powdered with blackish ;
posterior wings with the neuration only blackened on outer third, the posterior margin blackish. Anterior
wings beneath as above, the cell either immaculate as in the specimen figured, or sometimes contaming
two or three longitudinal blackish lines; posterior wings with the whole of the neuration black, a bright
red basal spot, the whole disk yellow, the apex and the area beyond cell between the upper subcostal
and the second median nervules greyish-white, the outer margin broadly blackish towards anal angle,
sometimes continued to apex by a narrow submarginal fascia, which is absent in the specimen figured.
Body above more or less coneolorous with wings; thorax beneath and legs blackish; abdomen beneath
greyish white.
Exp. wings, ¢, 70 to 85 millim.
Has.—Continental India ; Bengal (Moore).—Burma; Moulmein (Felder).—Tenasserim ; Houngduran
source, Nathoung to Paboga (Limborg—Moore!.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Perak
(Kiinstler—Cale. Mus.); Malacca (Biggs—coll. Dist.).—Borneo (Druce).
The females of this genus are exceedingly scarce, and | have not seen that of this
species.
Genus CATOPSILIA.
Catopsilia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p.98 (1816); Butl. Lep. Exot. p. 154 (1873); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i.
p. 121 (1881). !
Murtia, Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p, 98 (1816).
Callidryas, Trim. (nec Boisd.), Rhop. Afr. Austr. p. 67 (1861).
Anterior wings subtriangular; costal margin arched and convex, outer margin oblique, Inner margin
slightly sinuate. Costal nervure arched and extending beyond middle of costal margin; first subcostal
nervule emitted at about middle of cell, second from near end of cell, third and fourth bifureating at about
two-thirds the length of third, fifth bifurcating from third at about one-third beyond cell; disco-cellular
nervules oblique, both somewhat concavely bent inwardly; discoidal nervule emitted from about their
middle; first and second median nervules with their bases slightly nearer to each other than those of
second and third. Posterior wings broadly subovate, costal and outer margins convex, the abdominal
margins obliquely divergent at anal angles. Costal nervure arched and not quite reaching apex of wing,
subcostal nervules bifureating at about one-fourth before end of cell, disco-cellulars oblique, the lowermost
the longest and slightly bent inwardly; upper median nervule from end of cell, the bases of the first and
second about one-fourth nearer together than those of second and third; submedian nervure nearly
straight, very slightly curved; internal nervure slightly curved. Body stout, pronotum hairy; palpi
porrect, projecting one-third beyond the head, second joint laterally compressed; legs slender; antenna
gradually thickened into an apical club, which is truncate at tip.
Male with a tuft of silky hairs near base of inner margin of anterior wings, and with a glandular
patch of raised scales above the subcostal nervure of the posterior wings.
296 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
This genus until quite recently was better known under the name of Callidryas, and
embraced a number of American species as well as those of the Old World. Subsequent and
more careful examination has shown that the butterflies of these areas are generically quite
distinct, the peculiarity in neuration of the wings being sufficient to easily separate them.
The Old World species are thus grouped under Hiibner’s genus Catopsilia, and are found in
Western, Southern and Eastern Africa, Madagascar and the African Islands, Continental India,
the Malay Peninsula, throughout the Malayan Archipelago, and also in Australia and New
Zealand.
The species of Catopsilia are usually very abundant and gregarious, and notices of their
habits have already been given under the generic name of Callidryas (antea, pp. 284-5).
1. Catopsilia crocale. (Tab. XXV., fig. 11¢, 12°.)
Papilio Crocale, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. t. 65, C, D (1779).
Papilio Jugurtha, Cram. Pap. Exot. ii. t. 187, E, F (1779).
Papilio Alemeone, Fabr. (nec. Cram.), Ent. Syst, iii. p. 196, n. 611 (1798),
Colias Jugurthina, Godt. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 96, n, 21 (1819).
Callidryas crocale, Boisd. Sp. Gén. i. p. 625, n. 19 (1886); Wall. Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. iv. p. 400,
n. 7 (1867); Butl. Lep. Ex. p. 22, t. 9, f. 1, 2,8, 6(1870); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 855,
n.1; ibid. 1874, p. 108, n. 2; Snell. Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 18, n. 66 (1876); ibid. xxi. p, 35, n. 184
(1878); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 387.
Catopsilia crocale, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 550, n, 1 (1877); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc.
1877, p. 591; ibid. 1882, p. 258; Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 122, t. 48, f. 1, 1a, 6 (1881); Wood-Mas. and
de Nic. J.A.8. Beng. vol. xlix. p, 286, n. 60 (1880); de Nic. J. A.5. Beng. vol. li, p. 63, n. 188 (1862) ;
Kheil, Bhop. der Insel. Nias, p. 85, n. 184 (1884).
Colias Alemeone, Horsf. Oat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 181 (1829).
Callidryas Alemeone, Horsf. & Moore, Cap. Lep. Mus. E. 1. C. vol. i. p. 57, t. 1, £. 7, Ta (1857).
Var. ?. Callidryas Findeer, Boisd. Voy. Astr. Lep. p. 63, t. 2, £. 8, 4 (1882).
Male. Wings above very pale greenish-white; anterior wings with the costal and outer margins—
broadest at apex and not reaching the outer angle—dark fuscous; the basal third of wing and costal area
to a little beyond end of cell sulphur-yellow; posterior wings with the inner half—concave externally—
sulphur-yellow. Wings beneath pale stramineous, with an ochraceous tinge; anterior wings with the
lower half—beneath cell and extending to outer margin—pale greenish-white. Body above with the
pronotum dark and thickly covered with long pale greenish hairs, the abdomen pale ochraceous, eyes
castaneous, body beneath with legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Female. Wings above greenish-white or pale sulphureous, both wings with the basal areas more
or less suffused with darker sulphureous or pale ochraceous asin male. Anterior wings with the costal
and outer margins broadly and irregularly dark fuscous, broadest at apex, where there is a more or less
distinct subapical fascia enclosing some pale apical spots; a dark fuscous spot at end of cell sometimes
connected with the dark costal margin. Posterior wings above with the outer margin broadly and
irregularly dark fuscous, sometimes having some faint and obscure pale fuscous submarginal markings.
Wings beneath as in male, but darker, with one small disco-cellular spot on anterior wings and two on
posterior wings.
Exp. wings, ¢, 52 to 68 millim.; %, 70 to 78 millim.
Has.—Continental India; N.W. Himalaya (Hocking—Moore) ; Darjeeling, Punjaub, Nepal (Butler) ;
Madras Coast (Brit. Mus.); Bombay (Leith—coll. Dist),—Ceylon (Moore).—Andaman Islands; Port Blair
(Wood-Mas. & de Nic.).—Nicobar Islands; Kamorta (Moore).— Burma; Moulmein (Brit. Mus.).—
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 297
Tenasserim ; Moolai to Meetan (Limborg—Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. and
Sauer); Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).—Siam; Chentaboon, Nahconchaisee (Druce).— Hong Kong
(Butler)— Sumatra (Wallace).— Nias Island (Kheil).— Java (Horsfield).—Borneo (Lowe—coll. Dist.).—
Lombock (Butler).—Philippine Islands (Wallace).—Celebes (Snellen).—Batchian, Ceram, Timor (Wallace).
—<Australia ; Queensland (Wallace); Moreton Bay (Brit. Mus.).
Although -this is such a widely distributed species, I did not find it unusually
abundant in the Malay Peninsula. In Ceylon Capt. Hutchison reports that it is found
“everywhere. Plains and hills up to 6000 feet, in forest and cultivated land. Have taken
them at almost all times. Flight strong, quick, sits in crowds on damp spots of roadside.” *
Capt. de la Chaumette observed it frequenting the gardens at Saugor, and states that it is
“very fond of flying about the outside branches of the ‘ Babool’ (Acacia arabica)"; and that
it is ‘‘on the wing from July to November.” + Capt. A. M. Lang writes that ‘this species
frequents Cathartocarpus fistula, an introduced plant in gardens of the North Indian plains, but
indigenous to the lower slopes of the Himalayan ranges, 2000 to 5000 feet.”
2. Catopsilia catilla. (Tab. XXV., figs. 16¢,15 2%.)
Papilio Catilla, Cramer, Pap. Ex. iii, t. 229, D, EB (1782).
Papilio Hilaria, Oram. Pap. Ex. iv. t. 889, A, B (1782),
Papilio Titania, Fabr. Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 428 (1798).
Callidryas Phlegeus, Wall, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 8, vol. iv. p. 401, n. 8 (1867),
Callidryas Hilaria, Boisd. Sp. Gén. i. p. 626, n. 20 (1836); Wall. Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 8, vol. iv. p. 400,
n. 6 (1867),
Colias Catitla, Godt. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 95, n. 20 (1819).
Colias Hilaria, Godt, ib. p. 96, n. 25 (1819).
Colias Titania, Godt. ib. p. 97, n. 26 (1819),
Jallidryas Catilla, Butl. Lep. Ex. p. 24, t. 9, f. 7-10 (1870); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 855, n. 2;
Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 887; Godm. & BSaly. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 640, n. 24.
Catopsilia catilla, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 551, n. 2 (1877); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc.
1877, p. 591; ib. Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 122 (1881); Enys, Cat. Butt. New Zeal. p. 17, n. 14 (1880);
Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J. A. 5. Beng. vol. 1. p. 251, n, 87 (1881); de Nie. J. A.8. Beng. vol. li, p. 68,
n. 187 (1882).
Male. Wings above pale greenish-white. Anterior wings with the costal margin narrowly dark
fuscous, the apex a little more broadly so of the same colour, and the outer margin as far as the middle
median nervule also narrowly but irregularly dark fuscous; basal area—occupying nearly half of cell and
extending to inner margin—and costal area from base to a little beyond middle of cell, bright sulphur-
yellow. Posterior wings with the basal third—becoming narrower and paler towards anal angle—bright
sulphur-yellow, Wings beneath greenish-white, sometimes with an ochraceous tinge; anterior wings with
a small reddish disco-cellular spot at end of cell, and sometimes a reddish narrow angulated fascia between
end of cell and outer margin; apex and outer margin narrowly pale reddish; posterior wings with two
reddish disco-cellular spots at end of cell—these have pearly centres and sometimes have an outer
encireling ring. Body above with the pronotum dark and covered with long greenish hairs, the abdomen
ochraceous, the eyes castaneous: body beneath and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
* Moore's Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 123. + Ent. Month. Mag. vol. ii. p. 36. { Ibid. vol. i. p. 108.
Marcr 20, 1885. 4G
298 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Female. Wings above dark sulphureous; anterior wings with the costal margin commencing about
one-third from base—narrowly—and the apex and outer margin—broadly and irregularly—dark fuscous ;
a fuscous spot at end of eell, and a more obseure, angulated, transverse fascia between end of cell and
outer margin; posterior wings with the outer margin spotted with fuscous. Wings beneath ochraceous,
the disco-cellular spots as in male; the anterior wings with the apex and outer margin somewhat broadly
pale reddish, and with a distinct pale reddish angulated transverse fascia between end of cell and
outer margin; posterior wings with a transverse linear reddish spot between the costal nervure and the
first subcostal nervule, and an outer discal, waved, pale reddish, transverse fascia: marginal spots much
smaller than above.
@. Var. a.—Wings beneath with the disco-cellular spots much larger and darker, the linear spot
between the costal nervure and first subcostal nervule of the posterior wings also much larger and
darker.
¢. Var. b.—Anterior wings beneath with the disco-cellular spot surrounded by a large dark dull
reddish patch, the discal transverse fascia also broader and dull dark reddish. Posterior wings
beneath with a very large discal, dull and dark reddish patch extending from costal nervure to upper
median nervule; this patch occupies outer third of cell and is inwardly and outwardly much angulated
and is continued beneath the upper median nervule by a narrow fascia becoming obsolete towards
abdominal margin.
Exp. wings, 3, 75 to 80 millim.; ?, 58 to 80 millim.
Han.— Continental India; Silhet (Brit. Mus.); Sikkim (de Nic.); Bengal, Nepal, Caleutta (Butler).—
Ceylon (Moore).—Andaman islands ; Port Blair (Wood-Mas. & de Nic.).—Burma; Moulmein (Butl.).—
Tenasserim; Hatsiega to Houngduran; Naththoung to Paboga; Moolai (Limborg—Moore).— Malay
Peninsula; Penang (coll. Dist.) ; Province Wellesley (colls. Sauer & Dist.); Perak (Kimstler—Cale. Mus.) ;
Sungei Ujong (Durnford—ceoll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).—Billiton Island (Godm. & Salv.).—
Java (coll. Dist.).—Borneo (Druce).—Philippine Islands (Wallace).—Celebes, Moluccas, Timor (Wallace).—
Australia; Queensland (Butler); Brisbane (coll. Dist.); Rockingham Bay, Moreton Bay (Brit. Mus.),—
New Zealand (Enys).
The females of this species are eminently variable, both as regards the size of the spots
and the presence of the dark patches on the under surface of the wings; the commonest form
is the one here figured. In North-West India, according to Capt. Lang, this butterfly frequents
the Cathartocarpus jistula, as does the previous species C. crocale.* In Ceylon Capt. Hutchison
reports this species as being ‘‘at all times very local. Found in several spots of limited
extent; and always there.” + It is also, in the same habitat, a remarkably migratory species,
Mr. Mackwood stating that ‘In the flights along the sea-coast, beginning generally in
November, this species of Catopsilia forms about a third of the number, always travelling
to the north; the flights lasting for days, thousands of them passing in an hour.” {
8. Catopsilia scylla. (Tab. XXIV., figs.1 3, 2°.)
Papilio Scylla, Linneus, Mus. Ulr. p. 242 (1764); Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 768, n. 95 (1767); Joh. Ameen. Acad.
vi. p. 404, n. 67 (1764); Houtt. Nat. Hist, i. 11, p. 256, t. 88, f. 5 (1767); Mill. Natures. vy. 1, p. 592,
n. 95, t. 18, f. 5 (1774); Meerb. Afbeeld, t. 16, (1775); Cram. Pap. Ex. i. t. 12, C, D (1775); Sulz.
Gesch. Ins. p. 148, t, 15, f. 6 (1776); Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. 5, p, 2268, n. 95 (1790); Herbst, Naturs,
Schmett. v. p. 198, n, 105, t. 111, f. 5, 6 (1792); Don. Ins. Ind. t. 28, f. 8 (1800); Turt. Syst. of
Nat. iii. 2, p. 72 (1806).
* Ent. Month. Mag. vol. i. p. 108. + Moore's Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 122. | Ibid.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 299
Colias Seylla, Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 99, n. 1050 (1816); Godt. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 95, n. 19 (1819);
Horsf. Cat. Lep. E.1.C. p. 183, n. 59 (1829),
Cailidryas Scytla, Boisd. Sp. Gén. i. p. 681, n. 25 (1886); Luc. Lep. Exot. p. 80, t. 40, f. 1 (1845); Horsf. and
Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C,. vol. i. p. 68, n. 102 (1857); Voll. Faun. Ind. Néerl. Pier. p. 62, n. 4
(1865); Butl. Lep, Exot. p, 81, n. 6, t. 12, f. 5—8 (1870); Snell. Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 18, n. 64 (1876);
ibid. xx. p. 2 (1877); ibid. xxi, p. 35, n, 138 (1878); Lep. v.. Midden. Sumatra, p. 28, n. 2 (1880).
Catopsilia Seylla, Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 486, n, 28 (1871); Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. 1.
p. 551, n. 4 (1877); Avurivill. Kongl. Sv. vet. Akad. Handl. Bd. 19, no. 5, p. 55 (1882).
Papilio Cornelia, Fabr. Mant. Ins. il. p. 21, n. 229 (1787).
Var. Callidryas Gorgophone, Doubl. & Hew. (nec. Boisd.), Gen. Diurn, Lep. t. 9, £2 (1847).
Var. Callidryas Ftesia, Hewits, Ex. Butt. iv. Call. t. 1, £. 5, 6 (1867).
Male. Anterior wings above pale greenish-white; costal margin—very narrowly—and apex and
outer margins—broadly—idark fuscous. Posterior wings above bright» ochraceous, with some scattered
small and obscure fuscous marginal spots. Wings beneath dark sulphureous; anterior wings with the
internal area—beneath cell and lower median nervule—pale greenish-white; a duplex pale castaneous
spot at end of cell, a waved and broken pale castaneous fascia between end of cell and outer margin,
and the apex and outer margin of somewhat the same colour; posterior wings with two small pale
castaneous spots at end of cell, followed by an outer discal waved and broken pale castaneous fascia, and
with small dark marginal spots as above. Body above greyish-white, the pronotum clothed with pale
greenish hairs; abdomen beneath greyish-white; thorax and legs ochraceous; eyes dark castaneous.
@. Var. a.—Anterior wings above with the apex, costal and outer ta very pale brownish ; wings
beneath with the discal fascie almost obliterated.
Female. Anterior wings above as in male, but with the apex and margins more broadly and
irrecularly dark fuscous, and with a narrow, angulated, macular fascia between end of cell and outer
margin. Posterior wings paler ochraceous than in male, the dark marginal spots very large and with
faint indications of a dark macular fascia between end of cell and outer margin. Wings beneath as
in male, but with all the markings broader and darker, and with some additional spots near base of
posterior wings.
Exp. wings, ¢ and ?, 57 to 75 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (colls. Sater & Dist.); Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.) ;
Singapore (Kerr—coll. Dist.).—Sumatra (Snellen).—Java (Horsf.) ; ock; Timor
(Wallace).—Celebes (coll. Dist.).—Ternate, Batchian (Wallace).—Australia; Champion Bay (Boulay—
Brit. Mus.); Port Essington (Brit. Mus.).
This is a variable species, and the figures here given represent the form existing in the
Malay Peninsula, which certainly does not reach the maximum of size and coloration as
found elsewhere.
The larva and pupa, as found in Java, have been figured by Dr. Horstield,* who states
that the larva ‘feeds on various species of Cassia, particularly on the Cassia fistula and
C, obtusifolia.” “Tt is, however, occasionally found on other plants; it is extremely abundant,
particularly in the early part of the rainy season, after the renewal of the foliage of these
plants.”” +
* Cat. Lep. E.I.C. t. iv. £. 6, 6a. + Ibid. p. 184.
800 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
4, Catopsilia chryseis. (Tab. XXV., fig. 227, 192; Tab. XXVL., fig. 20 2 var.)
Papilio Chryseis, Drury, Tl, Ex. Ent, i. t. 12, f. 8, 4 (1779).
Papilio Aleyone, Cram. Pap. Ex. i. t. 68, A—C (1779).
Callidryas Chryseis, Butl. Lep. Ex. i. p. 85, n. 8, t. 15, f. 4—T (1870).
Catopsilia Chryseis, Butl, Trans. Linn, Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p, 551, n. 8 (1877); Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877,
p. 818, n. 28; Moore, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1877, p. 691; Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 126 (1881).
Callidryas pyranthe, Wall. (nec. Linn.), Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. iv. p. 400, n. 8 (1867).
Male. Wings above pale greenish-white; anterior wings with the costal margin—very narrowly—
and the apex and outer margin—not reaching outer angle—dark fuscous; a dark fuscous spot at end of
eell; posterior wings with some very minute and obscure marginal spots. Wings beneath pale greenish
ochraceous, thickly covered with darker strige, which form an indistinct fascia on both wings between
end of cell and outer margin; anterior wings with the inner area oceupying lower half of cell and
extending to outer margin, pale greenish-white, both wings with a small brownish spot at end of cell.
Body above with the pronotum dark and covered with long greenish-white hairs, the abdomen obscure
ochraceous, eyes castaneous, body beneath and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Female. Resembling the male above, but with the costal margin more broadly fuscous, and with
a short subapical fuscous fascia, apparently enclosing two or three pale spots; posterior sig with a
distinct marginal series of brownish spots. Wings beneath generally as in male.
Female. Var. a.—Anterior wings above with the fuseous apex and subapical fascia eairaniaeads
posterior wings with the outer margin broadly and irregularly dark fuscous.
Exp. wings, ¢ and ?, 60 to 66 millim.
Has.—Continental India; Assam, Bengal (Brit. Mus.).—Ceylon (Moore).—Andaman Islands; Port
Blair (Moore).— Burma; Moulmein (Brit. Mus.).— Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ;
Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.); Singapore (Kerr—coll. Dist.).—Sumatra (Wallace).—Java; Bantam (coll.
Dist.).—Flores (Wallace).—Philippine Islands; Manilla (Brit. Mus.).—Formosa (Brit. Mus.).—Australia ;
Port Stephen, Queensland (Brit. Mus.).
The females of this species vary considerably in the amount of the dark fuscous marginal
shadings on the upper surface of the wings.
Genus UDAIANA.
Udetana, Distant, antea, p. 286.
Anterior wings subtriangular, the costal margin arched at base, and then somewhat oblique to apex;
apex obtuse; outer margin convex; inner margin nearly straight, very slightly sinuate. Costal nervure
terminating on costa a little beyond apex of cell; first and second subcostal nervules emitted somewhat
close together near end of cell, third and fourth bifureating near apex of wing, fourth and fifth bifurcating
almost midway between end of cell and apex of wing; upper disco-cellular nervule obliquely concave near
its upper end, lower oblique and slightly bent inwardly; median nervules about equally wide apart, upper
from end of cell. Posterior wings somewhat elongately subovate; costal margin obliquely rounded to
apex; outer margin convex; abdominal margins obliquely divergent at anal angle. Costal nervure
rounded, extending to a little more than half the length of costal margin; subcostal nervules bifureating
at about one-third before end of cell; diseco-cellular neryules oblique, the upper slightly bent inwardly ;
upper median nervule from end of cell; bases of the first and second median nervules about one-fourth
nearer together than those of second and third; submedian nervure nearly straight; internal nervure
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. o01
directed inwardly. Body moderately robust; pronotum hairy; palpi long, porrect, projecting beyond
the head, the second joint very longly hirsute; antenne moderately long, with a short but well-thickened
apical elub; legs long and slender.
The position of the first and second subcostal nervules of the anterior wings have
compelled the erection of a new genus for the reception of the Pieris cynis, Hewits. Udaiana
has a superficial resemblance to some species of Appias and Belenois, and with the last genus
it has been sometimes incorporated.
1. Udaiana cynis. (Tab. XXVL., figs. 5 ¢, 62.)
Pieris cynis, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. iii. Pier. t. 8, f. 54 (1866); Wall. Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. iii. vol. iv. p. 341.
n. 41 (1867),
Phrissura eynis, Butl. Cist. Ent. vol. i. p. 49 (1870).
Belencis cynis, yar., Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1871, p. 171.
Belenois eynis, Butl. Tyans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool, vol. i. p. 651, n. 1 (1877).
Male. Wings above pale greenish-white; anterior wings with the basal half of costal area dark
greyish, speckled with black; remainder of costal area, the apex—broadly—and the outer margin—
angulated internally—black; posterior wings with some small black spots on outer margin. Anterior
wings beneath as above, but with the black markings paler; posterior wings beneath without the black
marginal spots. Body above fuscous, beneath with legs more or less coneolorous with wings.
Female.- Anterior wings above fuscous, with an outer discal curved fasciate series of large whitish
spots; posterior wings above greyish-white, with the base and outer marginal area fuscous. Anterior
wings beneath as above, but with the white markings rather larger; posterior wings beneath as above,
sometimes with a faint central transverse narrow fuscous fascia.
Exp. wings, ¢ and 2, 50 millim.
Haz.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kinstler—Cale. Mus.); Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus. ; Biggs—coll.
Dist.) ; Ayerpanas (Godfery—eoll. Dist.)—Sumatra (Hewits.).
This species has a close ally in North Borneo, of which I append deseription.*
The dissimilarity of the sexes in this species affords a good example of what is generally
found more or less throughout this subfamily. Mr. Darwin, as is well known, sought the
explanation in his theory of “sexual selection.’ Dr. Weismann, on the contrary, considered
the formation of these secondary sexual characters to be “ due in great part to the difference
of physical constitution between the sexes.’’ +
“ Udaiana pryeri,n. sp. Male.—Wings above closely resembling those of U. cynis; anterior wings beneath with the
basal costal area somewhat broadly fuscous; posterior wings beneath with the basal fourth also fuscous, and with some
indistinet narrow discal fuscous markings.
Exp. wings, 55 millim.
Has.—Borneo; Sandakan (Pryer).
{ * Studies in the Theory of Descent,’ Eng. transl. p. 62.
June 20, 1885. 4
302 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Genus TERIAS.*
Terias, Swainson, Zool. Illustr. i. t. 22 (1820-21); Horsf. Cat. Lep, B.1.C. p. 184 (1829); Boisd. Spec. Gen.
i. p. 661 (1886); Doubl. Gen. Diurn. Lep, p. 76 (1847); Butl. Cist. Ent. vol. i. p. 44, n. 16 (1870);
Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 118 (1881).
Anterior wings subtriangular, apex generally more or less rounded, costal margin rounded and arched
at base, outer margin more or less oblique, inner margin sinuate. Costal nervure terminating on costa
a little beyond end of cell ; first subcostal nervule emitted at about one-fourth before end of cell, second very
near end of cell, third and fourth bifureating about midway between end of cell and apex of wing, third and
fifth bifurcating beyond cell at about one-third the distance between end of cell and apex of wing; upper
disco-cellular neryule shorter than the lower, which is concave, with its lower half directed outwardly ;
discoidal nervule emitted at the junction of the disco-cellulars; cell broad and extending to about half the
length of wing; upper median nervule somewhat convexly bent and emitted from end of cell, second with
its base about half the distance from that of first as from that of third. Posterior wings broadly subovate,
costal margin obliquely convex, outer margin rounded. Precostal nervure more or less atrophied; costal
nervure arched and almost reaching apex of wing; subcostal nervules bifurcating close to end of cell;
disco-cellular and median nervules arranged much as in anterior wing. Body slender; pronotum hairy;
palpi short, scarcely extending beyond the head, second joint broadly compressed, third joint minute and
pointed ; legs slender; antennz with a gradually formed apical club.
This genus is almost universally distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical
portions of the world; and this is easily understood when we reflect on the migratory habits
of so many observed species. In the Hast the species are, as a rule, of some shade of orange-
yellow, with black apical and marginal markings. In the Neotropical region many species
have the ground-colour white, instead of yellow, and this hue is also found in some African
and Oriental species.
By the general consent of all who have worked at this genus, it is agreed that the
discrimination or separation of the species affords the greatest difficulty. This is owing to the
extreme variability of the species, and to the disinclination of some cabinet entomologists to
admit the same, or at least with the adequacy necessary to meet these difficulties. A good
example of this has been afforded by the treatment accorded to some Japanese specimens.
T. hecabe and T. mandarina are two so-called species, which, taken in their typical forms, would
scarcely leave a doubt as to their being thoroughly distinct and good species. In 1880
Mr. Butler published a paper in which he stated that, by the aid of 154 specimens received
from Nikko, he had ** been able to arrange a perfect gradational series of scarcely differing
forms, from the most heavily-bordered of the Japanese representative of T’. hecabe to the palest
T’. mandarina, in which the border has practically disappeared.” Mr. Butler, however, did not
conclude from this that 7’. hecabe and 7’, mandarina are but extreme forms of one species, but
suggested a theory of ‘ hybridization,” and described three of the series under new specific
names.t Subsequent to this paper Mr. H. Pryer, an entomologist with the advantage of
* Mr. Kirby (Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 441) has substituted Hiibner’s earlier published name Ewrema for this genus,
which seems strictly correct; but as there appears to be a consension among lepidopterists to use the better known,
and generally accepted, name Terias, I have followed that course here, which, though eminently reasonable and
conducive to the study of the butterflies, as against that of generic words, is still scarcely logical and in keeping with the
method pursued by myself elsewhere.
| Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, pp. 197—200.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 303
residing in Japan, has by careful breeding proved that T. heeabe and T. mandarina are one
species, or rather what Mr. Pryer calls ‘temperature forms” of one species, and he accounts
for the fact of breeding so many intermediate forms from one batch of eggs by the qualifying
conditions of ‘‘ having reared these specimens in a cold room, without much direct sunlight." *
Neotropical species afford the same difficulty, and that excellent naturalist, Mr. Bates, has
supplemented his account of those of the Amazon Valley by a ‘‘ note” stating that ‘the species
of Terias are a most difficult study, and it is with some hesitation that I have described several
as new.’ He further remarks:—‘' Their specific characters are not at all trenchant; the
peculiar markings which may serve to distinguish well-characterised examples of a species are
subject to become obsolete in other examples; the species, again, present many local varieties
in different parts of their area of distribution.” + I fully entertain this view with regard to the
species or varieties found in the Malay_Peninsula, and where [ have been unable to find a
published name for any species have refrained from giving it a new one, prefering to have
that done by some local lepidopterist who could give certitude to his work by breeding the
different forms.
The Rev. L. C. Biggs writes:—‘* These butterflies are often seen by dozens together in
moist places on the road, or singly near the Malay villages, under the shade of cocoa-nut
trees, or crowding round the inky pools too often found in closest proximity to the Malays’
dwellings. ‘They, with the smallest Lycwnidw and the Skippers, are among the first to venture
out in the morning after heavy dew, or at any time after a storm,” +
1. Terias tilaha. (Tab. XXV., fig. 82.)
Yerias Tilaha, Horatield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 136, n. 62 (1829); Boisd, Spec. Gén. i. p. 668, n. 26 (1836);
Voll. Mon. Pier, p. 65 (1865); Wall. Trans. Ent. Soc. ser, iii. vol. iv. p. 326, n. 27 (1867); Butl.
Proc. Zool. Soe. 1871, p. 5387, n. 64.
Male. Wings above bright sulphureous; anterior wings with the costal margin narrowly, the apex
and outer margin broadly, and the inner margin also broadly, black (the apical and outer marginal black
area is inwardly oblique and dentately sinuate, occupying about half the distance between end of cell and
apex of wing, and terminating somewhat narrowly at the outer angle). Posterior wings with the outer margin
somewhat broadly black and inwardly obscurely sinuate. Wings beneath less brilliant sulphureous than
above; anterior wings with a curved black line near base of cell, two connected disco-cellular black lines at
end of cell, and a fainter curved narrow blackish fascia near apex; posterior wings with one or two small
blackish spots near base, two connected disco-cellular blackish lines at end of cell, a submarginal series of
small blackish spots, preceded on the costa by a larger and darker one, and a series of small but dark
marginal spots placed between the nervules. Body above black, beneath with legs sulphureous, tarsi
infuscated.
Exp. wings, ¢, 43 to 46 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Perak (Kinstler—Cale. Mus.).—Java
(Horsf.).—Borneo (Voll.); Sandakan (Pryer—coll. Dist.).
I have not received the female of this species, which is probably paler in hue than the
male, and with the blackish margins broader.
* Trans. Ent. Soc. 1882, pp.488-9. In recording the fact of Mr. Pryer'’s breeding the writer does not aecept Mr. Pryer's
further proposition, that Australian, West African, and other described species, should also be considered as varicties of
T.. heeabe, or rather should, in defiance of all canons of nomenclature, be called under a new name,
| Journ. Entomology, i. p. 245 (1861). t Month. Packet, vol. ii. p. 187 (1881).
=
804 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
2. Terias hecabe. (Tab. XXVI., fig. 19 2.) .
Papilio Heeabe, Linnzeus, Syst. Nat. ed. x. p. 470, mn. 74 (1758); ib. ed. xii. p. 768, nu. 96 (1767); Clerck,
Ieones Ins. iii. (ined.) t.6, f. 4, a, b (1764); Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 472, m. 125 (1775); Spec. Ins. ii.
p. 42, 0.178 (1781); Sulz, Gesch. Ins. p. 148, t. 15, f.7 (1776); Cram. Pap, Exot. ii. p. 40, t. 124, B, 0
(1779); Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. 5, p. 2269, n. 96 (1790); Herbst, Naturs. Schmett. v. p. 171, n. 82,
t. 106, f. 3, 4 (1792).
Kurema Heeabe, Hiibn, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 96, n. 1022 (1816); Aurivill. Kongl. sv. vet. Akad. Handl.
Band. 19, no. 5, p. 60 (1882),
Pieris Hecale, Godt, Kine. Méth. ix. p. 184, n. 61 (1819),
Terias Heeabe, Swains. Zool, Tl. i. t. 22 (1820); Horsf. Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 185, n. 60, t. 1, f. 12 (1829);
Boisd. Spec. Gén, i. p. 669, n. 27 (1836); Luc. Lep. Exot. p. 75, t. 38, f. 2 (1845); Butl. Proe. Zool.
Soc. 1870, p. 727, n.1; ib. 1871, p. 536, n. 59; ib. 1874, p. 286, n. 71; Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878,
p. 836; Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 118, 4. 45, f. La, 6, ¢ (1881); Snell. Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 18, n. 67 (1876);
ib. Lep. vy. Midden-Sumatra, p. 23, n. 1 (Leiden, 1880); Wood-Mas, & de Nic. J. A.5. Beng. vol. xlix.
p. 285, n. 56 (1880); ib. vol. 1. p. 236, n. 49 (1881); Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 881.
Terias hecabeoides, Butl, Trans. Linn, Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. 1. p. 640, n. 3 (1877); Moore, Lep, Ceyl. vol. i.
p. 119, t. 45, f. 3, 3a, 6 (1881).
Terias multiformis, Pryer (part), Trans. Ent. Soc. 1882, p. 489.
Male. Wings above bright sulphureous; anterior wings with the costal margin narrowly, and the
apex and outer margin broadly, blackish; the outer black area is concayely and sinuately oblique to upper
median nervule, then strongly deflected towards margin, slightly but distinctly angulately produced
at second median nervule, and inwardly extending along inner margin for about one-fourth of its length ;
posterior wings with the outer margin blackish, which becomes evanescent towards the anal angle.
Wings beneath somewhat less brilliant sulphureous than above; anterior wings with a small dusky spot
near base of cell, and with two slender and connected angulated disco-cellular lines at end of cell; apical
and outer margin minutely spotted with fuscous; posterior wings with three rounded dusky spots near
base, two angulated and connected disco-cellular lines at end of cell, and some outer discal small dusky
patches; posterior margin minutely spotted with fuscous. Body above blackish, beneath, with legs, more
or less ochraceous; tarsi somewhat infuscated.
Female. Paler sulphureous than the male, the dark markings also paler and somewhat broader.
Exp. wings, # and ?, 35 to 50 millim.
Han.—Continental India; N.W. Himalaya (Hocking—Moore); Bombay (Leith—coll. Dist.) ; Gujerat
(Brit. Mus.); Silhet (Brit. Mus.); Sikkim (de Nicéville)—Ceylon (Thwaites—coll. Dist.).— Andaman
Islands; Port Blair (Wood-Mas. & de Nic.).—Nicobar Islands; Katschall, Trinkut, Nankowri (Wood-Mas.
and de Nie.).—Burma; Moulmein (Brit. Mus.).—Tenasserim; Meetan; Hatsiega: Naththoung to Paboga
(Limborg—Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Penang, Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Sungei Ujong (Biggs—
coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.) ; Singapore (Kerr—coll. Dist.).—Siam ; Naheonchaisee (Druce).—
Sumatra (Snellen).—Nias Island (Kheil).—Billiton (Godm. & Salv.)—Java (Horsf.); Batavia (Snellen);
Bantam (coll. Dist.).—Borneo (Druce); Sandakan (Pryer—coll. Dist.).—Celebes (coll. Dist.)—Formosa
(Brit. Mus.).—China, Japan (Hlwes).—Aru Islands (‘ Challenger * Exped.).—New Guinea (Godm. & Salv.).—
New Ireland (coll, Dist.).—Australia; Cape York (Brit. Mus.); Port Essington, Rockingham Bay (Brit.
Mus.).—South Sea Islands; Vanua, Valava (Herr Schiiff,).
Var. a. (Tab. XXVI., fig. 15¢, 11 2.)
More or less completely resembling typical form of T'. hecabe above, but beneath with a more or less
developed irregularly formed subapical fuscous streak to anterior wings, and the dark markings somewhat
more numerous and better pronounced on posterior wings.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 805
Han.—Continental India; Bombay (Leith—coll. Dist.).— Malay Peninsula; Penang (coll. Dist.) ;
Perak (Kunstler—Cale. Mus.; Biggs—ceoll. Dist.) ; Sungei Ujong (Durnford—coll. Dist.).
This varietal form somewhat approaches the T. wsiope of Menetries, and is intermediate
between that form and typical 7’. hecabe. It seems impossible to come to any other conclusion
than that this species is extremely variable; and this view is not only prompted by the extent
of its geographical distribution, but has also been proved by the breeding experiments of
Mr. Pryer in Japan (antea, p. 302).* In my own opinion the following species (?), T’. sari, should
also be considered as a variety of T. hecabe, but as breeding experiments have not yet proved
this to be the case (as I have little doubt will subsequently be demonstrated), I have kept
them as distinct in a classificatory sense.
The larva and pupa, as observed in Java have been figured by Horsfield, + who describes
the first as feeding on the ‘‘ dischynomene sesban,” and as “found abundantly from January
to April.”{ In Ceylon, according to Dr. Thwaites, the larva feeds on Leguminosw, and
Mr. Mackwood gives the ‘‘ Madras thorn”’ as the food-plant. §
3. Terias sari. (Tab. XXYV., fig. 3 3.)
Terias Sari, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.1I.C. p. 186, n. 61 (1829); Wall. Trans, Ent. Soc. ser. 8, vol. iv. p, 826,
. n, 25 (1867); Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 687, n.68; Trans. Linn. Soe. ser, 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 550,
n. 211877); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 354, n. 4.
Terias Hecale, var. 2, Boisd, Sp. Gén. i, p. 670 (1836).
Male. Wings above closely resembling those of 7’. hecabe, but the anterior wings beneath with a
large apical fuscous subquadrate spot.
Female. Resembling the male, but paler sulphureous, and with the dark marginal markings paler
and broader.
Var. a. (Tab. XXVI., fig. 32.)
Resembling typical form of T'. sari, but with the subquadrate apical fuscous spot on the under surface
of the anterior wings more or less cleft.
Var. b. (Tab. XXVL., fig. 7.)
Pale and dwarf form of the species.
Exp. wings, 34 to 52 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Provinee Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Perak (Kinstler—Cale. Mus.); Malacea
(Pinwill—Brit. Mus.); Singapore (Kerr— coll. Dist.).— Sumatra (Wallace).— Java (Horsfield).— Borneo
(Druce); Sandakan (Pryer—eoll. Dist.).—F lores, Timor, Australia ? (Wallace).
As previously stated, the writer can see no improbability, but rather every possibility, that
breeding will prove the 1’, sari, Horsf., to be only a variety of 7’. hecabe, Linn. The typical
sari, as deseribed by Horsfield, is the form figured (Tab. XXYV., fig. 3). The dwarf form
(Tab. XXVL., fig. 7) is not uncommon, as the British Museum also contains an example which
was captured by Capt. Pinwill in Malacca.
* T have not included in the synonymy all the named forms which Mr. Pryer found to be conspecific in Japan, as some
of them do not appear to be found in this fauna.
+ Cat. Lep. E.1.C. t. iv. £. 8, 8a. } Tbid. p. 136. § Moore’s Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 119.
June 20, 1885. 41
806 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
4. Terias vallivolans. (Tab. XXVLI., fig. 17 2.)
Terias vallivolans, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xi. p. 420, n. 71 (1888).
This species or variety appears to differ only from T'. heeabe by the narrower black marginal borders
to the wings.*
Exp. wings, 46 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Singapore (Kerr—coll. Dist.).—Philippine Islands; Mindanao (‘ Challenger’
Exped.).
The reason why the writer considers it probable that this is but another variety of
T’. hecabe is partly derived from the remarks of Mr. Butler himself, who describes 7’. vallivolans
as “in pattern and coloration nearest to Terias mariesii, var. e (Trans. Ent. Soc., 1880, pl. vi.,
fig. 5), but with narrower wings, &c.”” Now as Mr. Pryer has stated that his breeding
experiments have proved that 7’. mariesii and its varieties are together but seasonal forms of
T. hecabe,+ we must, if we credit Mr. Pryer, as certainly doubt that we are here dealing with
specific differ ences.
5. Terias pumilaris, var. (Tab. XXYVI., fig. 10 2.)
Terias pumilaris, Butler, Proce. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 617, n. 36, t. 67, f. 7{ (1875); Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2,
Zool, vol. i. p. 550, nm. & (1877).
This is a species enumerated by Mr. Butler in his list of the Butterflies of Malacca
collected by Capt. Pinwill, and the specimen here figured has been compared (in company with
Mr. Butler) with the type of 7. pumilaris, from which it slightly varies. I give a copy of
the original description :
“‘Sulphur-yellow; primaries with the costal margin blackish, outer margin rather broadly and
regularly brown-bordered, the border being bisinuated within the median interspaces; secondaries with
brown spots at termination of the nervures, sometimes concurrent; body blackish: wings below paler
yellow; nervures terminating in black dots; an annular marking at the terminations of the discoidal
cells; secondaries with an annular marking on the subcostal area near the base; body pale dull yellow:
expanse of wings 1 inch to 1 inch 8 lines.”
Han.— Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.); Singapore (Kerr—coll. Dist.).— New
Hebrides; Tanna, Vaté (Brit. Mus.).
Mr. Butler adds to his description the following remarks :—‘‘ This species belongs to the
T’. hecabe group, but differs from all its allies in its narrow elongated primaries with more
rounded apex: the sinuation of the onter border is also much less marked; so that the insect
has a very different aspect.”
The specimen here figured, and which has been compared with the type, does not bear
out these distinctions, and as Mr. Butler could find no “ distinguishing characters” to separate
the Malayan form collected by Capt. Pinwill from the representative in the New Hebrides,” §
we can see that if varies in itself. Heretical as it may appear, the writer believes that any
Malayan lepidopterist can prove that this also is but a form of T. hecabe.
“ The minute dark outer marginal spots exist as in T. hecabe, but have unfortunately been overlooked by our artist,
+ Trans. Ent. Soc. 1882, p. 458-9. { This figure is very indifferent and confusing.
§ Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 550.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 307
6. Terias senna. (Tab. XXVI., fig. 13; Tab. XXV., fig. 14 2.)
Lerias Senna, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 212, n. 226 (1865).
Terias santana, var. senna, Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 535.
Male and Female. Wings above pale sulphureous; anterior wings with the basal portion of costal
margin speckled with blackish, thence narrowly black to the apical and outer marginal black area, which
is very broad, commencing at less than midway between end of cell and apex of wing, oblique to near
discoidal nervule, then curved inwardly to near upper median nervule, strongly excavated and sinuated
between upper and lower median nervules, and terminating broadly on inner margin near outer angle.
Wings beneath in some specimens almost spotless (as in the female here figured), in others (as in the
male specimen figured), with distinct double dark disco-cellular streaks on both wings, an elongate spot
between upper discoidal nervule and costal margin of posterior wings, and with some indistinct dispersed
diseal mottled markings, especially on posterior wings; im some specimens the outer black area to the
anterior wings is reflected beneath.
Var. a. Terias inanata,* Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 550, nm. 4 (1877).
This variety appears to have the black margin of the anterior wings somewhat narrower than in
typical specimens.
Haz.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Malacea (Com. de Castelnau—coll. Feld. ;
Pinwill—Brit. Mus. ; Biggs—coll. Dist.).
This species seems clearly the T. senna described by Felder, and I possess four examples,
all perfectly constant in markings above, but varying beneath as previously described. It is
closely allied to the 7’. venata, Moore.
7. Terias harina. (Tab. XXV., fig. 13 ¢.)
Terias Harina, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.1.C. p. 187, n. 68 (1829); Boisd. Sp. Gén. i. p. 668, n. 25 (1836);
Wall. Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 8, vol. iv. p. 820, n. 1 (1867); Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 540, p. 94;
Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 854, n. 1; Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J.A.5. Beng. vol. xlix. p. 235,
n. 57 (1880).
Hurema formosa, Hiibn. Zutr. Ex. Schmett. f. 979, 980 (1887).
Terias fornosa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 590; ib. 1878, p. 886; Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool,
vol. i. p. 550, n, 1 (1877); de Nic. J. A. 8S. Beng, vol. li. p. 68, n. 186 (1882).
Male. Wings above pale sulphureous; anterior wings with the apex and outer margin—narrowing
towards outer angle—blackish; posterior wings without dark marginal border. Wings beneath pale
sulphureous and unspotted.
Female. Wallace deseribes this sex as “much paler, and sometimes has a broader apical border.” +
Exp. wings, 3, 40 to 48 millim.
Has.—Continental India; Sikkim (de Nic.); Assam, Silhet (Brit. Mus.).— Andaman Islands; Port
Blair (Moore, Wood-Mas. & de Nic.).—Tenasserim; Hatsiega (Limborg—Moore).— Malay Peninsula;
Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Perak (Kinstler—Cale. Mus.) ; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.); Singapore
(Kerr—coll. Dist.).—Java (Horsfield).—Borneo (Druce) ; Sandakan (Pryer—coll. Dist.).—Philippine Islands
(Wallace).—Celebes (coll. Dist.)—Amboina, Waigiou (Brit. Mus.).—Batchian, Ceram, Aru Islands
(Wallace).
= This species was originally described from specimens collected at the New Hebrides, and I here only refer to the
Malaccan specimen, enumerated under the same name by Mr. Butler.
| Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 8, vol. iv. p. 820 (1807).
308 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Genus DERCAS.
Dercas, Boisduval, in Doubl. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 70 (1847); Butl. Cist. Ent. vol. 1. p. 45 (1870).
Anterior wings subtriangular, the costal margin convex, the apex more or less dentate, the outer
margin oblique, the inner margin coneayely sinuate. Costal nervure terminating on costa a little beyond
end of cell: first subcostal nervule emitted at less than one-third before end of cell, second near end of
cell, third and fourth subcostal nervules bifureating nearer end of cell than apex of wing, fifth emitted at
about two-thirds the distance between end of cell and bifurcation of third and fourth; upper diseo-cellular
nervule coneave and a little less than one-half the length of lower, which is directed outwardly towards
its base; upper median nervule convexly rounded at base and emitted from end of cell; second from
a little before end of cell, lower at about one-third before end of cell; cell short and broad; sub-
median nervure somewhat bent inwardly near base, and then outwardly along its apical half. Posterior
wings elongately and irregularly subovate; costal margin obliquely convex, outer margin prominently and
angularly produced at upper median nervule, from whence to anal angle the margin is more or less
concavely sinuate. Costal nervure short, extending to about half the length of costal margin; first
subcostal nervule emitted at about one-fourth before end of cell, second from end of cell; upper median
nervule short and oblique, lower more than twice the length of upper and bent inwardly; upper median
nervule from end of cell, second emitted at about half the distance from first as from third; submedian
nervure moderately bent outwardly; internal nervure bent inwardly. Body moderately robust, pronotum
pilose; antenngw short, with a gradually formed but distinct apical club; palpi short, compressed, broad,
and clothed with long adpressed hairs, apical joint minute.
This genus is of small extent, and may be taken as an Hastern representative of the genus
Gonepteryx. Dercas is found in Continental India, the Indo-Malayan region, and in China.
One species inhabits the Malay Peninsula.
1. Dercas gobrias. (Tab. XXVI., fig. 18 3.)
Gonepterya Gobrias, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 8, vol. ii. p. 246, n. 5, t. 16, f. 1 (1864); Butl. Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1865, p. 492, t. 25, f. 4.
Rhodocera Gobias, Voll. Mon. Pier. p. 68, n. 1 (1866),
Dereas Gobrias, Wall. Trans, Ent. Soc. ser. 8, vol. iv. p. 898, n. 1 (1867); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 856.
Male. Wings above bright sulphureous, the costal margin—especially near base—more or less
infuscated, the apex broadly dark chocolate-brown,—this patch is inwardly sinuate to discoidal nervule,
and then concavely narrowed outwardly; outer margin narrowly dark chocolate-brown, all the brown
markings narrowly inwardly margined with ochraceous; an ochraceous disco-cellular streak at end of cell,
and an oblique narrow ochraceous discal fascia. Posterior wings with the outer margin narrowly
chocolate-brown, the fringe reddish ochraceous. Wings beneath as above, but anterior wings with the
costal margin—especially near base—reddish ochraceous, followed by two small costal spots of the same
colour, the apical patch and outer margin paler than above, and the first with an oblique violaceous spot,
the diseo-cellular spot and the discal fascia darker than above; posterior wings with some reddish
ochraceous markings at base, and with an oblique, narrow, discal, ochraceous fascia. Pronotum dark
greyish ; eyes castaneous; abdomen sulphureous; body beneath, with legs, concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, ¢, 65 to 68 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Perak (Kiinst,—Cale. Mus.).—Sumatra
(Hewits.).—Java (coll. Dist.).—Borneo (coll. Godm. & Salv.).
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 809
[ have not as yet seen the female of this species, which is deseribed by Mr. Wallace as
being ‘‘larger than the male, pale yellow, the discoidal spot and transverse streak almost
obsolete.”’* The same author describes D. gobrias as flying “slowly in forest clearings near
the ground, often settling in damp places.” +
Genus IXIAS.
Txias, Hibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p.95 (1816); Butl. Cist, Ent. vol. i. p.48 (1870); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i.
p. 125 (1881).
Thestias, Boisd. Sp. Gén. i, p. 590 (1836); Doubl. Gen, Diurn. Lep. p. 60 (1847).
Anterior wings subtriangular, costal margin arched and convex towards apex, outer margin somewhat
oblique and rounded at outer angle, inner margin slightly sinuate. Costal nervure very robust, terminating
on costa a little beyond end of cell; first subcostal nervule emitted at about one-third before end of cell;
second about midway between base of first and apex of cell; third and fourth bifurcating somewhat nearer
apex of wing than end of cell; fifth bifurcating a little beyond end of cell; upper disco-cellular nervule
strongly concave, shorter than the lower, which is less prominently concave; upper median nervule from
end of cell, first and second median nervules nearer together than second and third; submedian nervure
strongly sinuate. Posterior wings suboyate, posterior margin slightly waved. Costal nervure extending
to about two-thirds of costal margin, first subcostal nervule emitted at about one-fourth before end of
cell; diseo-cellular nervules oblique, the lower one longest and bent at its junction with the upper;
position of median nervules much the same as in anterior wings, submedian nervure somewhat straight.
Body moderately robust; pronotum hairy; antenne slender, of moderate length, and with a well-formed
apical club; legs somewhat slender; palpi clothed beneath with long adpressed hairs, the apical joint
minute.
This genus appears to be distributed thronghout India and the Indo-Malayan region ;
it is also found in many other parts of the Malayan Archipelago, is recorded from China, and,
according to Mr. Butler, is also found on the White Nile. |
1. Ixias birdi.§ (Tab. XXVI., fig. 4 ¢.)
Ivias Birdi, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xu. p. $51 (1888).
Male. Anterior wings black; basal third (consisting of lower and inner half of cell obliquely
terminating at a little beyond base of lower median nervule, and from thence continued to inner margin
at about one-fourth from posterior angle) sulphureous; the black area is invariably angulated beneath the
lower median nervule, and is crossed by a broad irregular orange-coloured fascia, divided by the black
nervules, commencing a little above the costal nervure, and outwardly oblique to upper discoidal nervule,
then convexly suberect to upper median nervule, after which it is outwardly elongated, and terminates at
about the lower median nervule; inwardly it is excavated at the disco-cellular nervules, before which and
in the cell it possesses an extension of two irregular spots. Posterior wings sulphureous, with a broad
outer black margin. Wings beneath sulphureous; anterior wings faintly showing the orange-coloured
fascia above, sparingly speckled with fuscous in upper portion of cell and along the costal and outer
* Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 8, vol. iv, p. 808 (1867). + Ibid. p, 897.
t Trans. Ent. Soc. 1871, p. 254. nos. 14 and 15.
§ Named after Mrs, Bishop, who, writing under her well-known maiden name (Isabella L. Bird), is the author of
a recent and pleasant work on the Malay Peninsula, entitled ‘The Golden Chersonese.’
June 20, 1885. 4k
310 KHOPALOCERA MALAYANA,
margins (most broadly so at apex), and with a dark fuscous spot at outer angle; posterior wings also
sparingly speckled with fuscous. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, ¢, 54 to 56 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Penang (Biggs—coll. Dist.) ; Perak (Kunstler—Calc. Mus.); Sungei Ujong
(Godfery—coll. Dist.).
This species is allied to the J. anexibia, Hiibn., a species found in Continental India, and
to the J. latifasciatus, Butl., described from Burma. Several species of this group of the
genus have a very similar facies, if examined superficially, but the extent of the black apical
area to the anterior wings, with the size and shape of the orange-coloured fascia, will generally
alone afford a key to differentiation.
Genus APPIAS.
Appias, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 91 (1816); Butl. Cist. Ent, vol, i, p. 49 (1870); Moore, Lep. Ceyl.
vol, i. p. 184 (1881).
Catophaga, Hitbn, Vers. bek. Schmett. p. 93 (1816); Moore, Lep, Ceyl. vol. i. p. 181 (1881).
Hiposeritia, Geyer, in Hibn. Autr. iv. p. 16 (1882); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i, p. 188 (1881).
Tachyris, Wall. Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. iv. p. 861 (1867).
Huphina, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 136 (1881).
Anterior wings subtriangular, costal margin arched and conyex, the apex either pointed and
subacute or rounded, outer margin slightly concavely sinuate, inner margin slightly sinuate. Costal
nervure extending to a little beyond end of cell; first subcostal nervule emitted beyond middle of cell,
second rather nearer to first than to apex of cell, third and fourth bifurecating near apex of wing, fifth
at about one-fourth beyond end of cell; upper disco-cellular nervule concavely bent, much shorter than
the lower, which is more or less oblique; median nervules wide apart, first and second a little closer
together than second and third; submedian nervure waved and bent inwardly at base. Posterior wings
more or less elongately subovate, costal margin oblique, posterior margin rounded and very obscurely
waved. Costal nervure almost reaching apex of wing; first subcostal nervule emitted at about one-third
before end of cell; upper disco-eellular nervule oblique and slightly bent inwardly; lower oblique, slightly
bent outwardly ; upper median nervule from end of cell, first and second median nervules with their bases
about half the distance apart as those of second and third; submedian nervure slightly curved outwardly.
Body moderately robust; pronotum hairy, less moderately slender; palpi with the apical joint long and
pointed, the second joint clothed with long hairs beneath. Legs moderately slender.
Mr. Wallace drew particular attention to the anal valves of the males as being “ elongated
and provided with a tuft of long and stiff hairs at each side of the base beneath,” * and ag
peculiar and characteristic of his genus Tachyris—a character which, though applicable
to that restricted genus, does not possess universal application in the more comprehensive
genus Appias as here used.
This is a very extensive genus, the study of which has not been simplified by recent
minute generic subdivision. It is found throughout the tropical portion of the Old World, and
is not uncommon. Mr. Wallace describes most of the species he observed as flying swiftly, and
‘‘many of the males assemble in troops about wet places and on river margins, after the
manner of the genus Callidryas.” +
* Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. iv. p. 862 (1867). + Ibid,
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 811
1. Appias nero. (Tab. XXIV., figs. 97,102.)
Papilio Nero, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 158, n. 471 (1793); Don. Ins. Ind. t. 82, f. 1 (1800).
Pieris Nero, Boisd, Sp. Gén. i. p. 485, n, 72 (1886).
Pieris Thyria, Godt. Ene. Méth. ix. p. 147, n. 101 (1819); Luc. Lep. Ex. t. 25, f. 3 (1885),
Pontia Thyria, Horsf. Zool. Journ. y. p. 69, t. 4, f. 2 (1829).
Pieris figquiina, Butl. Ann, Nat. Hist, ser, 3, vol. xx. p. 899, t. 8, £ 1 (1867),
Tachyris nero, Wall. Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. iv. p. 878, n.40 (1867); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878,
p. 355, n. 56; Kheil, Rhop. der, Insel Nias, p. 34, n. 128 (1884),
Appias nero, Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 46, n. 26; Trans. Linn. Soc. ser, 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 651, n. 6 (1877).
Appias figulina, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 551, n. 7 (1877).
Male. Wings above either carmine or vermilion-red; anterior wings with the basal costal area
speckled with fuscous and greenish, the. neuration blackish, the apical area more or less infuscated, and
with a more or less distinct submarginal series of obscure blackish spots placed on the nervules; posterior
wings with the neuration only darkened towards outer margin, which is more or less distinctly fuscous.
Wings beneath paler than above; anterior wings with the costal and apical areas more or less ochraceous,
and with some obscure submarginal fuscous spots; posterior wings paler and more ochraceous than the
anterior, the abdominal margin distinctly ochraceous,—in some specimens with a more or less obscure
discal fuscous fascia. Body above fuscous, beneath greyish; thorax beneath, and legs more or less
ochraceous.
Female. Darker than the male; anterior wings with the basal area infuscated, the costal area pale
fuscous; the apex and outer margin broadly dark fuscous, and with an elongated transverse dark fuscous
spot reaching from end of cell to near outer margin above the upper median nervule, and a submarginal
dark fuscous spot extending between the second and third median nervules; posterior wings with the basal
area infuscated, the outer margin broadly dark fuscous, and the neuration towards the outer margin also
infuscated. Anterior wings beneath reddish ochraceous, with the dark markings as above, but paler and
with a subapical transverse greyish streak. Posterior wings pale reddish-grey, with the outer margin
fuscous, tinged with ochraceous, and an irregular broad fuscous submarginal fascia.
Exp. wings, # and ?, 70 to 73 millim.
Has.— Malay Peninsula; Penang (Biggs—coll. Dist.); Province Wellesley (colls. Sauer & Dist.) ;
Perak (Kiinst.—Cale. Mus.) ; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.) ; Singapore (Brit. Mus.).—Siam (Brit. Mus.).—
Nias Island (Kheil).—Java (Brit. Mus.).—Borneo (coll. Godm. & Salv.—coll. Dist.).
This species is of a variable character, there being two forms of the male, one much
brighter and paler than the other. ‘This has induced Mr. Butler to separate these forms as
distinct species, the pale form being identified as his A. figulina.* I do not think, however,
that this specific separation can be maintained, as precisely similar variation is found in allied
species, and notably in the Celebesian A. zarinda, Boisd. A still more remarkable variation,
and that of a structural character, is to be found in the bifurcation of the third and fourth
subcostal nervules of the anterior wings, which in some specimens occurs much nearer to the
apex of the wing than in others.
2. Appias hippo. (Tab. XXV., fig. 4¢, 52%.)
Papilio Hippo, Cramer, Pap. Ex. iii. t. 195, B, C (1782).
Pieris Hippo, Godt, Enc, Méth. ix. p. 148, n, 89 (1819); Boisd. Sp. Gén. i. p. 634, n, 141 (1836).
Appias hippo, Butl, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 47, n. 88; de Nic. J. A. 8. Beng. vol. x, p. 52, n. 64 (1881),
Pieris Eleonora, Boisd. Sp. Gén. i. p. 481, n. 64 (1836),
Appias eleonora, Butl. Trans, Linn, Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 651, n, 8 (1877).
* Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 551 (1877).
312 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.,
Male. Wings above creamy white; anterior wings with the costal area dark bluish-grey, the outer
margin black, which is inwardly strongly sinuated and angulated between the nervules; posterior wings
with the outer margin black as on anterior wings, but broadly preceded by bluish-grey. Anterior wings
beneath creamy white, the costal (from near base), apical, and outer (inwardly angulated) areas dark
fuscous, containing a subapical sulphureous spot; posterior wings dark sulphureous, the outer margin
very broadly dark fuscous, which margin is inwardly sinuated and angulated. Body above and beneath
greyish-white.
Female. Wings above dark fuscous; anterior wings with two whitish streaks beyond cell, and three
large whitish streaks (the uppermost obscure) beneath cell, divided by the second and third median
nervules; posterior wings with the basal half more or less greyish, the fusecous being darkest at margin,
and from thence along the nervules. Anterior wings beneath as above, but with the greyish markings
larger and brighter, an obscure paler subapical spot, and with a long greyish streak in cell; posterior
wings sulphureous or greyish (as in specimen figured*), the neuration and the outer margin (broadly)
dark fuscous.
Exp. wings, ¢ & 2, 47 to 64 millim.
Has.— Continental India; Bombay (Leith—coll. Dist.); Sikkim (de Nicéville).— Malay Peninsula;
Province Wellesley (colls. Saiier & Dist.); Perak (Kiinst.—Cale. Mus.); Sungei Ujong (Durnford—coll. Dist.) ;
Malacea (Biggs—coll. Dist.).—Borneo; Sandakan (Pryer—coll. Dist.).
This species varies remarkably in size, as the above dimensions testify; it is, however,
constant in markings, and is an abundant species.
3. Appias enarete, var.
Pieris Fnarete, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. i. p. 480, n, 61 (1886);
Feisth, Rey. Zool. 1839, t. 18, f. 1.
Appias enarete, Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 47, n. 87.
Tachyris enarete, Wall. Trans. Ent. Soc. ser, 3, vol. iv. p. 866,
n, 10 (1867); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 855, n. 6.
Male. Wings above very similar to those of the preceding
species (A. hippo), but with the bluish-grey submarginal
border to the posterior wings broader. Wings beneath as in
A. hippo, but the anterior wings with the subapical spot
Pia. 10R—Appias enavete white, instead of yellow, and the posterior wings having the
fuscous outer margin much broader, and the base of costal
margin, the costal and subcostal nervures, and the subcostal nervules more or less infuscated.
Exp. wings, ¢, 64 to 70 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Sungei Ujong (Durnford—coll. Dist.); Malacca (coll. Moore).—Sumatra
(Forbes—coll. Dist.).—Borneo (Lowe—coll. Dist.); Sandakan (Pryer—coll. Dist.).
The female is no doubt closely allied to the corresponding sex of A. hippo, but having the
nervures and nervules of the posterior wings infuscated as in the male. This last character
is not so prominent in the specimens from the Malay Peninsula as in those from Borneo, and
the fuscous margin of the posterior wings is very slightly narrower.
* This is probably a rubbed specimen. Fresh examples have the ground colour yellowish.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA., 313
4. Appias leis. (Tab. XXV., fig. 74; figs. 6 & 10 vars. 2.)
Catophaga Leia, Hiitbner, Zutr. Ex. Schmett. f. 771, 772 (1882).
Lachyris alope, Wall. Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. iv. p. 872, n. 24 (1867).
Pieris Amasene, Boisd. (nec Cram.), Sp. Gén. i. p. 635, n. 148 (1836); Voll. Mon. Pier. p. 35, mn. 45 (1865).
Pieris neombo, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. vol. i. t. 2a, f. 3 (1857).
Appias alope, Butl. Proo. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 48, n. 3.
Male. Wings above white, with a faint pale greenish tinge; anterior wings with the base and basal
half of costal area bluish-grey (this is much more pronounced in some specimens than in others),
remainder of costal margin narrowly black, apex and outer margin (the last inwardly dentately sinuate),
and a submarginal curved fascia commencing at fifth subcostal nervule, forming a large subquadrate spot
between the first and second median nervules, and from thence sometimes carried obscurely and narrowly
towards outer angle, black; posterior wings with the base more or less bluish-grey, and with a marginal
row of blackish spots placed between the nervules. Anterior wings beneath white, with a faint pale
greenish tinge, basal area sulphureous, apical area pale ochraceous, and with the black submarginal fascia
above more or less plainly visible beneath; posterior wings pale ochraceous. Body above with the
pronotum dark bluish-grey, the abdomen pale fuseous; body beneath and legs more or less concolorous
with wings.
Female. Wings above white, with a faint pale greenish tinge; anterior wings with the basal area
dark greyish, the apex and outer margin broadly black, and containing four subapical white spots—the black
area obliquely crosses the upper extremity of cell, is more or less truncate to second median nervule, and
narrowed between second and third median nervules; posterior wings with the base dark greyish and the
outer margin broadly blackish. Anterior wings beneath as above, but with the basal area ochraceous,
and the apical black area from the four whitish spots to apex bluish-grey, with the extreme margin
ochraceous; posterior wings with the extreme margins and neuration ochraceous, the black margin above
being seen as bluish-grey beneath.
Var. a. @. The posterior wings beneath pale ochraceous, the outer margin more or less violaceous.
(Tab. XXV., fig 6.)
Var. b. 9. The posterior wings beneath dark ochraceous, with a broad chocolate-brown outer
margin containing a few obscure ochraceous spots. (Tab. XXV., fig. 10.)
Var.c. 2. Wings beneath with the apex of the anterior wings and the whole of the posterior wings
dark ochraceous, the last with only faint indications of the dark chocolate-brown outer margin.
Exp. wings, ¢ & ?, 46 to 62 millim. :
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Perak (Biggs—coll. Dist.); Malacea,
Ayer-panas (Godfery—coll. Dist.)— Sumatra (Brit. Mus.).— Java (Brit. Mus.).— Borneo (Brit. Mus.) ;
Sandakan (Pryer—eoll. Dist.).
Both sexes of this species are of a very variable character. Thus the males vary in the
intensity of the black markings above, a peculiarity which is strongly exhibited in a series of
North Bornean examples now before me, in the palest specimens of which the black marginal
spots to the anterior wings are almost obliterated, and the black markings of the anterior
wings are pale and somewhat effaced.
Some confusion has existed in the identification of this species, several authors having
considered the Catophaga leis, Hiibn., as being synonymic with the Papilio paulina, Cram., but
besides colour differences in the female sex—such as the width of the dark margin to the
posterior wings—the males are very distinct.
June 20, 1885. 41
314 RHOPALOCERKA MALAYANA.
I feel no doubt as to the Tachyris alope, Wall., being the male sex of A. leis. I have
received all male examples of the first and female representatives only of the second, whilst
examination of the specimens in the British Museum and im the fine collection of Mr. I’. Moore,
show the same facts. Mr. Wallace* refers to a Sumatran female of A. alope in the British
Museum, but this is evidently an error, as Mr. Butler has searched for me and ean find no
such specimen, + the probability being that the female of some other species was substituted.
5. Appias leptis, var. plana. (Tab. XXV., fig. 9 2.)
Pieris Leptis,|Felder, Reise Noy. Lep. nu. p. 168, n. 136 (1865).
Appias plana, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 651, n. 1 (1877).
Hyposeritia plana, Moore, MBS.
Male. Wings above pearly-white; anterior wings with the base bluish-grey, the base of costal area
dusted with dark greyish, the apieal area broadly black, containing two small white subapical spots, and
inwardly much angulated, touching upper extremity of cell, inwardly angulated between first and second
median neryules, and narrowest and terminating a little above outer angle; posterior wings with a slight
black marginal spot at apex. Anterior wings beneath with the black apical area as above, but with the
apex broadly brownish-grey ; posterior wings with an ochraceous tinge, the costal margin narrowly darker
ochraceous. Body above with the pronotum clothed with long pale greenish hairs, the abdomen infuscated ;
body beneath and legs more or less concolorous with wings, legs streaked with fuscous.
Female. Wings above resembling the male, but with the black apical area of the anterior wings
larger and with a black margin to the posterior wings, which is less distinct and more or less broken up
from the discoidal nervule to anal angle. Wings beneath as in male, the posterior wings having sometimes
a roseate tinge, and sometimes indications of an obscure, waved and broken fuscous submarginal fascia.
Exp. wings, ¢, 50 millim.; ¢?, 58 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Perak (Kunstler—Calc. Mus.); Malacca
(Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).—Sumatra (coll. Dist.).—Java (coll. Horsf.).—Borneo (Lowe—coll. Dist.).
Mr. Butler separated his species on the following characters of a male specimen, the
colour ones of which, though slight, appear to be quite constant, but are considered here as
only of a local varietal nature :—‘*‘ Constantly differing from the Javan A. leptis of Felder in the
absence of the black border of secondaries, a trace only of which exists at the apex of these
wings; also larger, the primaries more produced;} the apex of primaries below and the
secondaries of a clearer cream-colour.”’ §
6. Appias amalia. (Tab. XXXIIZ., fig. 1 ¢.)
Pieris Amalia, Vollenhoven, Mon, Pier, p.23, u,28, t.3, f.6, 9 (1865); Wall, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. iv.
p. 886, n. 22 (1867).
Pontia Amalia, Butl, Proce. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 60, n, 24.
Huphina amalia, Moore, MS.
Male. Wings above creamy white. Anterior wings with the extreme base, basal costal area, and the
median nervure dark bluish-grey; apical half of costal margin, apex and outer margin (from the last of
* Trans, Ent. Soe. ser. 2, vol. iv. p. 873,
+ Mr. Butler writes, ‘We have two male A. alope from Sumatra, and one of these is a little more heavily marked than
the other, and may be the female of Wallace’s description.”
| This difference of size is not observable in the specimens before me.
§ Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 551.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 315
which some ray-like spots extend inwardly along the nervules, which give the appearance of two whitish
spots surrounded by black near apex) black; the upper median nervule is also completely shaded with black.
Posterior wings with the basal half from base, beneath cell to nearly the upper median nervule, deep orange-
yellow, the outer margin black,—narrowed towards anal angle,—the extreme base, the subcostal and median
nervures, and the subcostal nervules dark bluish-grey, the same colour preceding the black margin near
apex. Anterior wings beneath ereamy-white, the costal area, margins of cell, apex and outer margin
fuscous, beyond cell are four whitish spots, and three subapical sulphureous spots, the base of costal area
is also shaded with sulphureous. Posterior wings dark sulphureous, the anal area bright orange; outer
margin fuscous, enclosing a large sulphureous spot between the subcostal nervules, and a smaller one
beneath it, the margin also inwardly becomes somewhat broken and macular from the upper median
nervule to anal angle; costal, subcostal and median nervures, subcostal and upper median neryules
infuscated. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Female. This sex has not been seen by the writer, but has been deseribed and figured by
Vollenhoven as the male. The wings above are much infuscated, and the orange colour of the posterior
wings extends quite to the upper median nervule, the outer margin of these wings being broadly fuscous
to the orange anal area, and emits a short fuscous extension into that area.
Exp. wings, ¢, 50 to 54 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kinstler—Cale. Mus.); Singapore (Wallace).—Sumatra (Vollen-
hoven).—Banca (Vollenhoven).
A. amalia is closely allied to A. lea, Doubleday (a species which will also probably be
discovered in this fauna), but the narrower dark margin on the under surface of the posterior
wings will alone distinguish it.
7. Appias andersoni. (Tab. XXXIIL., fig. 2%.)
Appias Andersoni, Distant, Entomologist, vol. xviii. p. 146 (1885).
Male. Wings above creamy-white ; anterior wings with the apical area—from less than midway between
end of cell and apex of wing and narrowing to outer angle—blackish; neuration more or less blackish; basal
half of costal area more or less shaded with greenish; posterior wings with the outer margin blackish, the
neuration more or less darkened. Anterior wings beneath creamy-white, costal area and apex ochraceous,
with a greenish tinge, the last with three obscure paler subapical spots; upper and lower cellular margins
broadly blackish ; beyond cell the colour is blackish, neuration more or less blackish, the two upper median
nervules darkest and connected with a transverse black spot; outer margin pale blackish. Posterior wings
beneath bright orange-yellow, the neuration blackish; apex of cell and two large elongate spots beyond cell
pale sulphureous; apical and outer margins and a transverse fascia extending from discoidal nervule to
about lower median nervule obscure olivaceous. Body above more or less concolorous with wings; abdomen.
beneath creamy-white; thorax and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, ¢, 54 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiinstler—Calc. Mus.).
This species belongs to the section of the genus which has been generically separated by
Mr. Moore, under the name of Huphina; it is allied to the Javan A. nama, Moore, and is
represented by a single example in a fine collection of Perak butterflies belonging to
Dr. Anderson, of the Caleutta Museum, which collection has been most considerately placed
in my hands for study and comparison.
516 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
8. Appias cardena. (Tab. XXXIILI., fig. 3, 2).
Pieris cardena, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. ii. Pier, t. 8, f. 17,18 (1861),
Pieris Hagar, Voll. Mon. Pier. p. 38, n. 49, t. 4, f. 6 (1865).
Tachyris cardena, Wall. Trans, Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. iv. p. 363, n. 2 (1867); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873,
p. 355, n. 1.
Appias cardena, Butl. Proc. Zool, Soc. 1872, p. 48, n. 1; Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 551, n. 2
(1877).
Male. Wings above creamy-white; anterior wings with the costal area bluish-grey, the apex and
outer margin broadly blackish, and containing three white spots—two separated by the fifth median
nervule and one between the first and second median nervules; posterior wings with the outer margin
somewhat broadly blackish, the dark coloration extending inwardly and ray-like a short distance along the
neuration. Anterior wings beneath as above, but the dark area much paler and more-broken up with
whitish; posterior wings with the neuration blackish, a broad blackish marginal fascia, most distinct
at anal angle, and from thence to apex broken and indistinct, basal and abdominal area ochraceous, this
hue not extending beyond the cell. Body above more or less concolorous with wings; abdomen beneath
ereamy-white ; thorax and legs greyish-white, the last streaked with fuscous.
Exp. wings, ¢, 70 millim.
Har.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiinstler—Cale. Mus.); Malacca (coll. Wall.).— Sumatra (coll. Wall.) ;
Padang (Vollenhoven).—Borneo (coll. Hewits.); Sarawak (Brit. Mus.).
In his paper on the ‘ Hastern Pieridw,’ Mr. Wallace observes, in relation to this species,
‘‘my specimens are intermediate between Hewitson’s and Vollenhoven's figures, and I have no
doubt but that they represent one rather variable species.”"* This remark exactly applies to
the Perak specimen here figured, for an examination of which I am indebted to Dr. Anderson.
Genus SALETARA.
Saletara, Distant, antea, p. 297.
This genus is closely allied to Appias, and is separated on the structural characters of the subcostal
nervules of the anterior wings, which, as in S. nathalia, Feld., number five in the male and four in
the female, or, as in 8S. panda, Godt.,+ number only four in each sex. This variation exists in the third and
fourth subcostal nervules, which when present in the male bifurcate close to the apex of the anterior
wing.
This is a genus in which we can almost see the characters in course of consolidation.
Not only is there the difference already pointed out between the subcostal nervules in
S. nathalia and S. panda, but in a specimen of the first-named species in my own collection,
one wing possesses the third and fourth subcostal nervules and the other wing only one of
them, as in the female, and as in both sexes of S. panda.
Saletara is a genus of small extent, and is apparently confined to the Malay Peninsula
and some of the islands of the Malayan Archipelago.
© Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 8, vol. iv. p. 568 (1867).
} According to the series of that species contained in the British Museum.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 317
1. Saletara nathalia. (Tab. XXVLI., fig, 1%, 22.)
Pieris Nathatia, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. vi. p. 285, n. 40 (1862).
Tachyris Nathalia, Wall. Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 8, vol. iv. p. 869, n. 16 (1867); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878,
p. 855, n. 2; Kheil, Rhop. der Insel, Nias, p. 34, n, 124 (1884),
Appias nathalia, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 551, n. 4 (1877).
Male. Wings above very pale ochraceous; anterior wings with the costal and outer margins dark
fuscous. Wings beneath as above, but with the posterior wings darker ochraceous and the fuscous
margins to the anterior wings very much paler than above, the outer fuscous margin being often
practically obsolete. Body above more or less dark greyish or fuscous, the anterior area of pronotum
greenish ochraceous; body beneath with legs more or less concolorous with wings, the legs streaked with
fuscous.
Female. Anterior wings above whitish, posterior wings pale sulphureous; anterior wings with the
basal area dark greyish, the costal area (from about middle of cell), the apex and outer margin broadly
dark fuscous; posterior wings with the outer margin somewhat broadly dark fuseous, the dark margin
being inwardly broken and sinuated towards apex. Anterior wings beneath as above, but with the basal
area ochraceous, the apical and outer marginal dark border somewhat paler than above and abbreviated,
the whole apical area very pale violaceous, with the extreme margin ochraceous. Posterior wings paler
sulphureous than above, the costal and outer margins narrowly ochraceous, and the outer dark margin
above seen as pale obscure violaceous beneath.
Exp. wings, ¢ and ¢, 54 to 60 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.; Biggs—coll. Dist.) ; Ayer-panas (Godfery—
coll. Dist.); Singapore (coll. Wall.).—Nias Island (Kheil)—Sumatra, Java, Borneo (Wallace).—Celebes
(coll. Dist.).—Philippine Islands (coll. Felder).
This does not appear to be a very common species, the female especially being seldom
received from collectors.
2. Saletara panda.
Pieris Panda, Godart, Ene. Méth. ix. p. 147, n. 102 (1819); Boisd. Sp. Gén. i. p. 485, n. 71 (1886).
Pieris Sulphurea, Voll. Mon. Pier. p. 32, n. 41, t. 4, f 4 (1865).
Tachyris panda, Wall. Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. iv. p. 368, n. 15 (1867).
Appias panda, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 551, n. 5 (1877).
A single specimen collected by Capt. Pinwill was recorded by Mr. Butler as A. panda,
with the qualifying remark, ‘‘'This appears to be only the worn male of A. nathalia; but the
black border seems narrower.” I have examined this specimen, and find the fourth subcostal
nervule absent,—a character which, as before remarked, is peculiar to A. panda,—though the
possession of a specimen of A. nathalia, in which that nervule is present in one wing and not
on the other, points to a gradual transition of that character between the two species.
Male. A. panda principally differs from A. nathalia by the more sulphureous coloration of the wings.
Female. Differing principally from the corresponding sex of A. nathalia by having the ground
colour of both wings sulphureous.
Exp. wings, 58 millim.
Har. — Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit, Mus.)— Sumatra (Forbes—coll. Dist.).—Java
(Brit. Mus.).
Jung 20, 1885. 4
818 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.,
Genus HEBOMOLIA.
Hebomoia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. pp. 95, 96 (1816); Doubl. Gen. Diurn. Lep, p. 62 (1847); Butl. Cist,
Ent, vol. i. p, 48, n. 28 (1870); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 127 (1881),
Iphias, Boisd. Sp. Gén. i, p. 595 (1886); Wall. Journ. Ent. ii. p. 1 (1863),
Anterior wings subtriangular, the costal margin somewhat strongly convex, the apex subacute, outer
margin oblique, inner margin concavely sinuate. Costal nervure extending to about two-thirds the length
of costal margin; first and second subcostal nervules emitted close together at about one-fourth before the
end of cell, third emitted close to end of cell, third and fourth bifureating near apex; upper discoidal
nervule emitted at upper end of cell, lower a little above middle end of cell; upper disco-cellular
nervule oblique and slightly concave, lower disco-cellular concave, obliquely bent outwardly at its
lower half; upper median nervule moderately convex and emitted at end of cell, second rather nearer
first than third, which is emitted a little beyond middle of cell; submedian nervure strongly recurved ;
cell long and broad, extending a little beyond middle of wing. Posterior wings broadly obovate;
costal margin arched at base and then nearly straight, being very slightly oblique; outer margin
convex and moderately waved, abdominal margin oblique. Costal nervure convex and extending
to near apex, precostal nervure prominent, and curved and directed outwardly; first subcostal nervule
emitted a little beyond middle of cell, second at about end of cell; diseo-cellular nervules long and
oblique, lower about one-third longer than upper; cell long and extending to about two-thirds the
length of wing; upper median nervule slightly convex and emitted from end of cell, second much nearer
first than third, which is emitted beyond middle of cell; submedian nervure nearly straight, internal
nervure slightly recurved. Body long and robust; pronotum clothed with long hairs; head pilose and
tufted anteriorly; palpi clothed with long and stiff hairs beneath, the apical joint minute; legs long and
slender; antennw long and gradually thickened into an ill-defined and truncated apical club.
Hebomoia is a genus of moderate extent, is found in Continental India, Ceylon, the
Andaman Islands, and the Malay Peninsula, and is distributed more or less throughout the
Malayan Archipelago. Considerable variation ensues in the amount of sexual difference
among the species. Thus in H. glaucippe (a species found in this fauna) the female more or
less resembles the male, with additional dark markings, but in H. borneensis and H. celebensis
(species whose habitats are denoted by their names) the females are altogether without the red
subapical markings to the anterior wings.
1. Hebomoia glaucippe. (Tab. XXVL., fig. 9 #.)
Papilio Glaucippe, Linneus, Mus. Ulr. p. 240 (1764); Syst. Nat. 1.2, p. 762, n. 89 (1767); Drury, DL Ex.
Ent, i. t. 10, f. 8,4 (1778); Clerck, Icones, t. 85, f. 1 (1764); Cram. Pap. Ex. ii. t. 164, A—C (1779);
Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 474, n. 184 (1775); Spec. Ins. nu. p. 45, n. 191 (1781); Mant. Ins. ii. p. 21,
n. 216 (1787); Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 198, n. 618 (1798); Donov. Ins. China, t. 81, f. 1 (1798).
Papilio Callirhoe, Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 478, n. 138 (1775).
Pieris Glaucippe, Godt. Ine. Méth. ix. p. 119, n. 2, t. 18, f. 1 (1819).
Colias Giaucippe, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 180, n. 65 (1829).
Iphias Glaucippe, Boisd. Spec. Gén. Lep. i. p. 596, n. 1 (1836); Blanch. Hist, Nat. Ins. p. 482 (1841); Wall.
Journ, Ent. ii. p. 2 (1863); Voll. Mon, Pier, p. 63, n. 1 (1865).
Anthocaris Glaucippe, Lucas, Lep. Exot. p. 66, t. 34, f. 8 (1845).
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 319
Hebomoia Glaucippe, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. vol. i. p. 60, n. 105 (1857); Moore, Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1878, p. 8387; Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 127, t.49, f.1, la, 4 (1881); Snell. Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 17,
n. 62 (1876); Lep. v. Midd. Sum. p. 23, n. 1 (1880); Butl. Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 551,
n. 1 (1877); De Nic. J. A. 5. Beng. vol. 1, p. 52, n, 57 (1881); Tbid. vol. li. p. 64 (1882); Aurivill.
Kongl. sv. vet. Acad. Handl. Band 19, no. 5, pp. 58-4 (1882),
Male. Wings above creamy-white, with a very faint pale greenish tinge; anterior wings with the
basal half of costal area speckled with dark fuscous; apex (crossing upper end of cell and more or less
oblique to near outer angle) blackish, containing six large and elongate contiguous reddish-orange spots,
only divided by the nervules, the second, third, fourth and fifth containing a blackish spot near their
apices, the sixth shortest and inwardly blending with the blackish ground colour, the first narrowest, and
the first and second preceded at their base by a small reddish spot of the same hue situate in upper
extremity of cell; posterior wings with a few marginal blackish spots (placed on the apices of the nervules)
on the apical half of wing. Anterior wings beneath creamy-white, the black apical area above mottled
pale brownish beneath; posterior wings mottled pale brownish, with darker reticulations and with an
oblique fuscous line passing through centre of cell and terminating on outer margin between the discoidal
and upper median nervules. Body above and abdomen beneath pale greenish, anterior collar of pronotum
and head pale brownish; thorax beneath and legs more or less concolorous with wings; legs streaked with
brownish.
Female. Resembling the male, but the anterior wings above with the creamy-white having a more
decided pale greenish tinge, the blackish spots at the apices of the reddish-orange spots larger; posterior
wings with a marginal and submarginal series of large dark fuscous spots, the marginal series being more
or less confluent. Wings beneath as in male.
Exp. wings, ¢ and ?, 90 to 100 millim.
Has.—Continental India; Sikkim (de Nicéville) ; Darjeeling, Madras (coll. Dist.),—Ceylon (Thwaites—
coll. Dist.)—Tenasserim ; Houngduran Source (Limborg—Moore).— Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiinst.—
Cale. Mus.; coll. Godfery) ; Malacea (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.); Sumatra (Snellen).—Java (Horsfield); Batavia
(Snellen).
Mr. de Nicéville writes of this species that “it has a very rapid flight; when settling on a
flower it is very inconspicuous, the mottled hind wing and the apex of the fore wing. which is
also much mottled and which alone is left uncovered by the hind wing, render it diflicult to be
seen on account of its close resemblance to a dead leaf.’'*
In Java, according to Dr, Horsfield, the larva feeds “on a species of Capparis,
distinguished by the native name MVanwannan.’’| In Ceylon the same food-plant is recorded
by Dr. Thwaites. }
The larva and pupa have been already figured in this work (antea, p. 288, figs. 91, 92).
Genus NEPHERONIA.
Nepheronia, Butler, Cist. Ent. vol. i, pp. 88, 68 (1870); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 188 (1881),
Valeria, Horsf. Cat, Lep. E.1.C. p. 189 (1829).
Fronia (part), Doubl. Gen, Diurn. Lep. p. 64 (1847), §
Anterior wings subtriangular, costal margin arched and convex, outer margin generally more or less
concave (sometimes scarcely discernible), inner margin slightly sinuate. Costal nervure extending to
* J.A.5. Beng. vol. 1, p. 62 (1881). + Cat. Lep. E.T.C. p. 181, } Moore’s Lep, Ceyl. vol. i. p, 128.
§ Mr. Moore (Lep. Oeyl. vol. i. p. 188) gives Hronia (part), Boisduval, as a synonym of this genus. This, however,
is a slip, as Boisduval’s type, and only species given, is the B. cleodora, Hiitbn., which is given by Mr. Butler as the type of that
genus and not included in his Nepheronia.
320) RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
almost two-thirds the length of costal margin; first and second subcostal nervules emitted elose together
at about one-fourth before end of cell, fourth and fifth bifureating near apex, third emitted a little before
their bifurcation; upper disco-cellular nervule deeply concave, lower oblique, nearly straight; upper
discoidal nervule emitted from upper end of cell, lower from about middle end; upper median nervule
nearly straight and emitted from end of cell, the median nervules about equally'wide apart; submedian
nervure waved. Posterior wings subconical; costal margin nearly straight, slightly convex, outer margin
more or less convex. Costal nervure extending to apex of wing; first subcostal nervule emitted at about
one-fourth before end of cell; disco-cellular nervules oblique; upper median nervule short, emitted from
end of cell; lower median nervule from about middle of cell; submedian nervure nearly straight; internal
nervure recurved. Body long; pronotum hairy; palpi short, hairy beneath; legs long and slender;
antenne moderately long, with a distinctly formed apical club.
Nepheronia is found throughout the tropical portions of Africa and Asia. The species
inhabiting the two continents have a very dissimilar facies, those from Africa being much more
brightly coloured. Two species are here enumerated as found in this fauna.
The females are excellent ‘‘ mimics” of species of the protected genus Danais.
1. Nepheronia lutescens. (Tab. XXVI., fig. 142.) —
Nepheronia lutescens, Butler, Cist. Ent. vol. ii, p. 431 (1879).
Eronia tuteseens, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 838.*
Male. Wings above pale greenish, the neuration (excepting the greater portion of the diseo-cellular
nervules of both wings) dark fuscous; anterior wings with the costal area blackish, speckled with greyish,
the apex and outer margin somewhat broadly blackish, the last continued if short ray-like streaks along
the nervules; posterior wings with the outer margin broadly blackish, and inwardly continued as on
anterior wings, the subcostal nervure and lower subcostal nervule being somewhat broadly infuscated.
Wings beneath as above, but paler, and with the apical and marginal dark markings almost obsolete.+
Body above fuscous, beneath greyish; femora dark, covered with greyish pile; tibiw and tarsi pale
brownish.
Exp. wings, ¢, 78 millim.
Has.—Tenasserim; Meetan (Limborg—Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kunstler—Cale. Mus.) ;
Sungei Ujong (Durnford—coll. Dist.).— Borneo (Low—Brit. Mus.); Sandakan (Pryer—coll. Dist.) ;
Banjermasin (coll. Dist.).
The writer is only acquainted with the male of this species, which appears to be
moderately rare in the Malay Peninsula.
2. Nepheronia hippia, var. gea. (Tab. XXVI., figs. 16¢, 122.)
Papilio Hippia, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 55, n. 545 (1787).
Eronia Gea, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 190, n. 188 (18665),
Pieris Valeria, var. A., Boiad. Sp. Gén. i. p. 444, n. 9 (1886).
Male, Wings above very pale greenish. Anterior wings with the neuration, costal area, apex, and
outer margin (the last inwardly and ray-like, continued for a short distance along the nervules) blackish,
* Though Mr. Moore's citation of the species has priority over Mr. Butler's description, the difference of dates ia a matter
of accident only, and as Mr. Moore did not describe it, no difficulty arises.
+ In some Bornean specimens the under surfaces of the lower wings have a decidedly ochraceous tinge.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA, B21
the apical and outer black area with a series of small pale spots. Posterior wings with the neuration and
the outer margin blackish (the last often containing a small pale spot near anal angle as in the specimen
figured), the subcostal nervure and subcostal nervules being very broadly black. Wings beneath much paler
than above, the posterior wings especially having a pearly reflection, the dark margins to both wings mucli
paler than above, but both containing a series of paler spots. Body above and beneath more or less
eoneolorous with wings; legs greyish, the tibia and tarsi pale brownish.
Female. Wings above fuscous, with the following greyish-white markings :—anterior wings with two
long cellular streaks, a discal curved series of six elongate spots beyond cell, placed between the nervules,
the fifth being short and broad, and the sixth longest, two long and inwardly connected fasciate-like spots
between the third median nervule and the submedian nervure, and a submarginal series of smaller spots
placed between the nervules, the innermost of the series being that placed between the first and seeond
median nervules, and that at outer angle being duplex. Posterior wings marked much as the anterior
wings, but the discal series of spots smaller and more uniform, the submarginal series more regular and
the base of the cell and the abdominal area more or less ochraceous. Anterior wings beneath paler than
above, but marked in like manner; posterior wings paler greyish, the disk more or less infuseated, the
outer margin fuscous, with the submarginal row of pale spots as above. Body above and beneath more or
less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, ¢, 75 to 80 millim.; ?, 80 to $3 millim.
Has.—-Continental India; Canara (Brit. Mus.); Bengal (Stoliczka—coll. Feld.).—Burma (Brit. Mus.
and coll. Dist.).—Tenasserim (Brit. Mus.).—Malay Peninsula; Quedah * (coll. Dist.); Province Wellesley
(coll. Dist.).
I treat this species as a variety of N. hippia, and as distinct from the N. valeria, Cram.,
by the character of the pale-spotted outer margin of the anterior wings. Even treated as a
distinet variety, considerable variation is discovered amongst the female examples, particularly
as regards the amount of ochraceous markings on the abdominal area of the upper surface of
the posterior jsixgs, and the depth of hue of the under surfaces of the same wings, which are
either infuscated as in the specimen figured, or almost greyish as in other examples. The
fuscous margin containing the series of pale spots is, however, always present.
Subfam. PAPILIONINAS.
Papilionine, Swainson, Cab. Cyel. p. 87 (1840); Bates, Journ. Ent.
vol. i. p. 177 (1864); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 141 (1881) ;
Marsh. & de Nic. Butt. Ind. Burm. & Ceyl. vol. i. p. 18 (1882).
Papilionide, Doubl. Gen. Diurn. Lep. i. p. 1 (1846); Trim. Rhop.
Afr. Austr. p. 10 (1862).
Papilionides, Boisd. Sp, Gén. i. p. 171 (18861; Westw. Introd. Mod.
Class. Ins. vol. ii. p. 849 (1840).
Abdominal margi 1 ine r¢ i lly Fic. 103.—Larva and pupa of Papilio pammun.
gm of the hind wing curved inwardly, not (From Horsf. & Moore, Gut, Lep, ins, Mus.
channelled to receive the abdomen.+ Anterior tibiw provided with E. 1.)
* I have adhered to the old way of spelling this name, though Keddah, or Kedah, is now the general spelling.
+ By an unfortunate oversight, at p. 283, in the diagnosis of the subfamily Pierinw, the word “nor” has been
substituted for “but”, thus completely destroying the true character: “nor chanelled” should read “but chanelled.”
The Pierine being thus partly distinguished from the Papilionine by having the abdominal margins of the posterior
wings chanelled to receive the abdomen.
June 20), 1885. 4
322 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
a stout medial spur. Larve stout, subcylindrical; the prothoracic
segment furnished with two retractile tentacles.*
Anterior wings having the lower discoidal nervule united to the
median nervure, and thus appearing as a fourth median nervule.
ff ce oe ~ The Papilionine, by the above detailed characters, are the
most distinct and easily recognised subfamily of Rhopalocera.
Fee ee nitcn ofmetian ‘Lhe apparently four-branched median nervure of the anterior
nervules, wings is found in no other group of butterflies, and is a
neural feature of so simple and clear a character that a glance at the wings is sufficient to
decide whether a butterfly belongs to the Papilioninw or not. The larve, again, possess an
extraordinary organ in a Y-shaped tentacle situate on the prothoracic segment, which,
concealed in a state of repose, is capable of being suddenly thrown out by the caterpillar when
alarmed. On this point Mr. Wallace has well remarked:—‘ When we consider this singular
apparatus, which in some species is nearly half an inch long, the arrangement of muscles for
its protrusion and retraction, its perfect concealment during repose, its blood-red colour, and
the suddenness with which it can be thrown out, we must, I think, be led to the conclusion
that it serves as a protection to the larva, by startling and frightening away some enemy when
about to seize it, and is thus one of the causes which has led to the wide extension and
maintained the permanence of this now dominant group.” +
This subfamily includes but few genera, its strength lying in the genus Papilio itself.
Three genera—or, as treated here, two genera and one subgenus—are found in the Malay
Peninsula, and, excluding Tetnopalpus,{ there is little probability of more being found,
as the others are principally denizens of higher altitudes. These three genera, however,
viz., Ornithoptera, Papilio, and Leptocireus, are of very unequal value, the first two being
almost inseparable, in a structural sense, if we retain the genus Papilio in its old and
undivided condition. There can be no question that in Papilio, as thus understood, we
do find structural and neural characters that in other subfamilies are ranked as correctly
proving the existence of distinct genera, and which, if the useful though artificial canons
of classification were here rigidly adhered to, would compel the generie disintegration
of Papilio.§ The objections, however, to that course appear to have at least considerable
* Prof. Westwood (Introd. Mod. Class. Ins. vol. ii. p, 348) states that the larve are “never villose nor hairy,” but this
does not appear to be always true 1m the earlier stages of development, as Mr. Forsayeth describes the young larva of Papilio
erithonius as differing greatly “‘from the mature caterpillar, having numerous processes, armed with stiff hairs or spines,
along either side and head" (Trans. Ent. Soc, 1884, p. 386).
| Trans. Linn, Soc. vol, xxv. p. 3 (1865).
The use of this organ has been observed in the common Palearctic butterfly, Papilio machaon. Bonnet states that
when he pressed this caterpillar, near its anterior part, it darted forth ita horn as if it meant to prick him with it. directing it
towards his fingers; but withdrewing it as soon as he left off pressing it. ‘“ This horn smells strongly of fennel, and probably is
employed by the insect, by means of its powerful scent, to drive away the flies and ichneumons that annoy it" (Kirby & Spence,
Introd. Ent. Tthed.p,418). Renme observed the same action in larve of the buttertly found feeding on fennel in the Jardin deg
Plantes at Paris, and concludes that it might be “intended to intimidate the ichneumons from depositing their parasite eggs
in its body, or warning off the thrushes or the carnivorous locust (Acrida verrucivora) from devouring it. On the sime plant
indeed where these caterpillars were feeding we saw one of the latter lurking about, no doubt with evil intent" (* Insect
Miscellanies,” pp. 53-4). Mr, Forsayeth describes the larve of Papilio erithonius as found at Mhow, in Central Indio, and
spenking of these tentacule, states that “on pressure between finger and thumb, a double horn, soft and erectile, of a pink
colour, shoots out and quivers slightly...... When extrusion takes place a rather pungent, aromatic, but certainly not
disagreeable, odour is given out. The larve seldom shoot forth these processes on being handled or irritated, but or Ly on
ressure being made" (Trans, Ent. Soc, 1884, p. 886). The odour thns emitted is not, however, always pleasant, as Lacordaire
as informed us:—* Dans certaines espéces Américaines (Papilio Crassus, Archelaus, &c.), que nous avons eu occasion
d'observer, cette odeur est plus ou moins désagréable" (Introd, a l'entomol. i. p. 108).
{| A genus found in North-Eastern India.
3 The Ceylon species have thus been treated by Mr. Moore (Lep. Ceylon, vol. i.).
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 323
biological value. Papilio has its species existing in what may almost be called small
‘“‘coteries,’’ and thus has always been divided with facility into groups, which possess the
advantages of genera, minus the true structural definitions. , Divided in such groups the genus
has been studied by some authors (as subsequently detailed) who have done so much to enrich
our lepidopteral literature by a number of epoch-marking memoirs, and as the name Papilie
is so universally known and used in connection with these butterflies, the writer will certainly
pause before supporting a system which, though correct in classificatory practice, is likely to
add new terrors to those numerous observers and lovers of nature who give us so many FACTS,
and receive from cabinet entomologists so many divisional HusKs in return.
Taking the three genera Ornithoptera, Papilio, and Leptocircus as representing this
subfamily (for these alone are found in this fauna) we can obtain an approximate idea as to the
number of species known in entomological literature. Im 1852 Mr.G. R. Gray published his
Catalogue of the Papilionide, and enumerated 337 species; in 1864 C, and R. Felder, in their
‘Species Lepidopterorum—Papilionidx,’ were able to give the names of 493 species, whilst
subsequently Mr. Kirby, in lis Catalogue, issued in 1871 and his supplemental list to 1877,
only recognises 398 species.* The Malayan region is exceedingly rich in Papilionine, and
this, as Mr. Wallace has pointed out, can be readily appreciated by ‘‘ comparing the number of
species found in the different tropical regions of the earth.”’+ The genus Papilio is almost
ubiquitous, but Ornithoptera and Leptocireus are contined to the Kastern tropics.
During the last few years great attention has been paid to the anal strueture of insects,
as a guide to specific and generic division.{ In this country two memoirs describing these
organs in the Rhopalocera have been recently published. ‘The one by Dr. Buchanan White,
‘Qn the Male Genital Armature in the European Rhopalocera,’$ and the other by
Mr. P. H. Gosse, “On the Clasping Organs ancillary to Generation in certain Groups of
the Lepidoptera,” || which is confined to the Papilioninw alone. Dr. White’s studies led him
to the conclusion that in the structure of these parts ‘‘ not only generic, but in many (if not in
every) species good specific characters are to be found.” Mr. Gosse, however, does not speak
in this unqualified sense, for though he observes that out of the number of specimens he had
examined he had not found “any two species whose apparatus is alike, or even so nearly alike
that a moment's observation is not sufficient to show the difference,’’ yet he adds :-—* It might
seem that, by the aid of organs so uniformly present, so easily examined, and so varied
* The discrepancy between the figures of the Felders and Kirby 1s due to the different estimate of the value of species
heli by the authors, many which are specifically recognised and described by the first being simply treated as varieties by the
second. Even then too mueh statistical reliance must not be placed on Mr. Kirby's estimate, as in his original volume of 1871
he has critically enumerated the species, whilst in his Supplement he has merely recorded the recently described species.
This author has since estimated the species of the genus Papilio alone as about 500 (Cassell’s Nat, Hist, vol, vi. p. 50),
Of other collections we have the following published information:—The Natural History Museum at Leyden, m 1860,
contained, according to Snellen van Vollenhoven, 168 species (Tijd. Ent. iii, pp. 70—88), In 187) three other Catalogues were
published. The first refers to the species contained im the collection of Mon. Ch. Oberthiir at Rennes, and 843 species are
recorded (‘ Etudes d'Entomologie,' Quatr. Livr.). The second is Mr. Kirby's ‘Cat. Coll. Diurn. Lep. formed by the late
W..0. Hewitson,'’ in which 389 species are catalogued. The third refors to the collection in the Museum of Science and Art,
Dublin, is likewise made by Mr. Kirby, and enumerates 220 species (Scient. Proc, Roy. Dubl. Soc, 1879), Of purely local
collections that contained in the late Museum of the East India Company may be mentioned, which numbered 62 species
collected in the Indo-Malayan region alone (Horsf, & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus, EK. 1. C, vol. 1. 1857.
| Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 27 (1865).
| This has been recently and exhaustively studied and deseribed in the Trichoptera of the European fauna by
Mr. R. M*Lachlan, and in the Rhynchotal subfamily Cydninaw by Dr. V. Signoret.
§ Trans, Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 357 (1877). | Ibid. vol. ii. p. 265 (1888).
824 F RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
in different species, while constant in the same, great facilities must be afforded for the
determination of specific identity and limitation. Yet, in practice, I fear this cannot be carried
out, without severing species which otherwise seem most closely allied, and linking others
which have little else in common.” *
Discarding the further generie segregation of Papilio for the reasons already given, and
unable to separate Ornithoptera from that genus save in a subgeneric sense, the writer can only
enumerate two genera as Malayan representatives of this subfamily.
SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.
A. Third subcostal nervule of anterior wings free. - - - Paprto.:
B. Third, fourth, and fifth subcostal nervules of anterior wings
Fie. 105.—Anterior wing of Lepto- : imn. « = = = - -
Sieckia mages: shbwine position with a common origin. Leprocrrcts.
of subcostal neryvules,
Genus PAPILIO.
Papilio, Linneus, Syst, Nat. i. 2, p. 744 (1767); Latr. Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. xiv. p. 108 (1805); Ene. Méth.
ix. p. 9 (1819); Boisd. Sp. Gén. i. p. 188 (1886); Doubl. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 5 (1846); Trim. Rhop.
Afr. Austr. p. 11 (1862).
Pathysa, Reak. Proe. Entom. Soc. Philad. iii. pp. 508-4 (1864); Moore, Lep. Oeyl. vol. i. p. 141 (1881).
Zetides, Hiibn. Verz. bek, Schmett. p. 85 (1816); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 144 (1881).
Orpheides, Hiitbn, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 146 (1816); Moore, Lep. Ceyl, vol. i. p. 146 (1881).
Iliades, Hitbn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 88 (1816); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 147 (1881).
Laertias, Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 84 (1816); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 150 (1881).
Menelaides, Hibn. Verz. bek. Schimett, p. 84 (1816); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 151 (1881).
Daichina, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 148 (1881).
Harimala, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 145 (1881).
Charus, Moore, Lep, Ceyl. vol. i. p. 149 (1881).
Chilasa, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 158 (1881).
This genus is difficult to accurately diagnose in its neural characters, and these will be
more fully treated when discussing the different groups into which Papilio is divisible. As
already pointed out, the apparently four-branched median nervure of the anterior wings is
a strongly distinguishing character, and the free position of the third subcostal nervule of the
same wings sufficiently separates it from Leptocircus, the only other genus of Papilionine at
present known from the Malay Peninsula. The body is moderately large, the pronotum rather
stout and convex, the eyes prominent and rounded; the palpi short, closely pressed to the
head, the apical joint being short and indistinct.
Papilio is widely distributed in most parts of the world, but the peculiarities of
geographical distribution will be best given in application to its different groups as found in
this fauna.
* Messrs. Salvin and Godman have for the last few years exhaustively studied these organs in the Neotropical
ye snore, and made magnificent preparations of the same. The early publication of these details is greatly to be
esiderated. .
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 325
Subgenus ORNITHOPTERA.
Ornithoptera, Boisduval, Voy. Astr. Lep. p. 88 (1882); Sp. Gén. i. p. 1738 (1886); Doubl. Gen. Diurn. Lep.
p- 8 (1846); Wall, Trans, Linn. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 85 (1865); Moore, Lep, Ucyl. vol. i, p. 154 (1881),
Amphrisius, Swains. Zool, [lustr. ser. 2, t. 98 (1882-8),
Troides, Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 87 (1816).
Pachlioptera (part), Reak. Proc. Entom. Soc. Philad. iii. p. 504 (1864).
Anterior wings large, elongate and subtriangular, narrower in the male than in the female. Costal
nervure extending to about three-fourths of costal margin ; first subcostal nervule emitted at about middle of
cell; second either at about one-fourth before end of cell, or at about one-third before cell as in O. brookeana,
third emitted at about end of cell and terminating at apex of wing, fourth and fifth bifurcating at either
less than one-half the distance between end of cell and outer margin, or at about one-fourth the distance,
as in QO. brookeana; cell extending beyond half the length of wing; upper disco-cellular nervule straight,
shorter than the lower, which is somewhat obliquely concave ; upper discoidal nervule emitted at junction of
diseo-cellular nervules, lower discoidal from extreme end of cell and having the appearance of a fourth median
nervule; lower median nervule emitted either at about middle of cell or before middle as in O, brookeana,
second median nervule nearer lower than upper, which is emitted before the end of cell at more than half
the distance between it and the second median nervule; submedian nervure slightly curved and with a
short basal internal nervule. Posterior wings small and subovate, costal margin convexly rounded,
posterior margin convex and scalloped, abdominal margin folded. Precostal nervure with two branches,
the lower most united with the costal nervure, which does not quite reach the apex of wing ; first subcostal
nervule emitted at about one-third before end of cell (at about one-half in O. brookeana); upper diseo-
cellular nervule oblique, longer than the second; discoidal nervule emitted near extreme end of cell; upper
median nervule emitted a short distance before end of cell, second nearer upper than lower, submedian
nervure recurved. Male with the abdomen provided with two large anal valves.
The larvm, as described by Mr. Moore,* are “ elongated, thick, slightly attenuated at both ends, with
dorsal and lateral rows of rather long fleshy tubercles.”
I have here treated Ornithoptera as a subgenus—firstly, in order to use that well-known
name, and secondly, because there is no valid character or characters to separate it generically
from Papilio, Doubleday, seeing these difficulties, sought the divisional element in the larvae,
which he stated differed ‘‘in having an external forked sheath for the prothoracic tentacula.”’ +
This, however, has been disproved by Mr. Wallace, who found that in O. poseidon the larva has
no ‘external sheath.” Mr. Wallace therefore relied on a character found in the perfect insect,
viz., the ‘anal valves in the male.’’{ But Mr. P. H. Gosse has found a very similar structure
in some species of Papilio,§ and Reakirt proposed a new genus—Atrophaneura—tor a species of
Papilio, || which he found to be intermediate between Papilio and Ornithoptera, possessing the
‘large anal valves” of the last.{{ It thus seems that the only reliable characters. to
distinguish Ornithoptera are, to use the words of Mr. Wallace, “the great strength and size
of these insects, the thick texture of their wings, their long, curved and stout antenne, their
* Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p.155. The larva and pupa of O. darsius are figured from drawings made by the Bros. de Alwis,
ibid., t. 65, f. 1, 6.—Horsfie d has also figured the larva and pupa of a species found in Java (Cat. Lep. E, LC. t. iv. £, 18, 18.4).
+ Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 8. : } Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 55 (1865).
§ Trans. Linn, Soe. ser. 2, Zool. vol. ii, p, 271 (1583).
|| P. sempert, Feld., from the Philippines (described by Reakirt as a new species).
| Proc. Entom. Soc. Philad. iii, pp. 446-7 (1864).
JuNE 20, 1885.
826 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
peculiar form, colour and distribution”; but these alone can only be considered as of subgenerie
value.
Ornithoptera is not an extensive genus, and the difficulty of estimating the number of its
species is enhanced by the divergent views held by different entomologists as to whether many
of its members should be considered as species or varieties.* Taking the analytical view, and
looking at all the distinct forms as species, we find that these are between thirty and forty in
number, and are truly Hastern, or rather almost Malayan, in distribution. Ornithoptera is
found in Continental India, Ceylon, the Andaman Islands, Burma, the Malay Peninsula,
throughout the length and breadth of the Malayan Archipelago,—as far east as the Duke of
York Island and New Ireland,—and in Australia.
There are several distinct colour types in the genus, of which the yellow and black,
dominant in this fauna, is confined to the Indo-Malayan region, whilst O. brookeana still forms
a section by itself. +
A. Outer margin of anterior wings more or less concavely sinuate.
a. Matreme bases of wings beneath fringed with carmine.
1. Ornithoptera rhadamanthus. (Tab. XXVIL.a, fig. 5 &, small var.)
Ornithoptera Rhadamanthns, Boisduval (part), Sp. Gén. i. p. 180, n. 8 (1886); Gosse, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2,
Zool. vol. ii. p. 289 (1882),
Papilio (Ornithoptera) rhadamanthus, de Nicév. J. A.5, Beng. vol. lii. p. 98, n. 255 (1883),
Crnithoptera Khadamanthus, var. Thomsonit, Bates, Thompson's Straits of Malacea, p. 546 (1875),
Male. Anterior wings sooty black, the nervules more or less broadly margined with greyish, fringe
alternately greyish and black ; posterior wings bright and pale golden yellow, the neuration, costal margin
(broadest at base), abdominal margin, and outer margin (inwardly scalloped, and with the last three
scalloped spots divided by the median nervules inwardly margined with powdery fuscous) black. Wings
beneath as above, but anterior wings with the greyish markings more distinet than above, and tinged with
yellowish towards inner margin; posterior wings with the powdery fuscous near anal angle much less
distinct than above, and with two contiguous black spots above anal angle; extreme bases of both wings
beneath edged with carmine. Head and pronotum black, the last with a narrow anterior earmine collar;
abdomen above fuscous, with the segmental incisures ochraceous and the anal valves greyish; thorax
beneath and legs black; abdomen beneath yellow.
* Prof. Westwood has made some true observations on this point:—* Another difficulty, unknown to the older
writers. ... . has arisen from the exploration of numerous adjacent localities, which, whilst it has added greatly to our
knowledge of new and quite distinct species, has also shown that the wide geographical range of a species is often attended
with the development of slightly moditied races, which have by some writers been indifferently regarded as distinct species,
or have been sunk to the rank of local varieties. ‘Thus, of the gigantic t of the diurnal Lepidoptera, which, from their size,
have been well named Ornithopterus, and which are natives of the East, we find the single species Papilio Priamus, in
Mr. Kirby's Catalogue, made to comprise not fewer than seventeen of these local forms, These have been specifically named
and regarded by others as distinct species” (Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 156).
{ Amongst the most beautiful of the species may be mentioned the O. wrvilliana, described by Guerin-Ménévyille, in 1829,
from specimens obtained in New Ireland during the voyage of the ‘Coquille,’ and of which nothing more was known till
1877, when specimens were sent home from that island by the Rey. G. Brown. The male in this species is of a lovely blue
colour. Another splendid species is the Q. er@sus, discovered by Mr. Wallace in the island of Batchian, and described by that
naturalist, the males of which are “velvety black and fiery orange."" Mr. Wallace describes the excitement under which he
lirst captured this entomological prize :— On taking it out of my net, and opening the glorious wings, my heart began to beat
violently, the blood rushed to my head, and I felt much more like fainting than 1 have done when in apprehension of
immediate death" (‘The Malay Archipelago, 8rd ed. p. 336). These are the sensations of the searchers for “ hid treasures" in
Palestine, and Dr. Thompson tells us that he has “heard of diggers actually fainting when they have come upon even a single
coin” (‘The Land and the Book,’ p. 135).
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 827
Female. Larger than the male, the anterior wings with the greyish markings more distinct, the
posterior wings above possessing a submarginal series of large black spots, the basal black area larger than
in male, and occupying base of cell, and continued for about half the length of cell between the median and
submedian nervures, an irregularly shaped black spot at anal angle; posterior wings beneath as above,
but the black inner margin of cell continued and fused with the lower submarginal spot.
Exp. wings, ¢, 98 to 145 millim.; ? (one spec.), 145 millim.
Has.—Continental India; Gudwal (coll. Dist.); Sikkim (de Nicéville).— Malay Peninsula; Perak
(Kunst.—coll. Semper); Selangor—Kwala Lumpor (Biggs—coll. Dist.).—Siam (Thomson—coll. Godm.
and Salv.).
Fra. L0U.—Ornithoptera rhadamanthus, 9.
Some confusion formerly existed as to the identity of this species, Boisduval’s types,
—derived from Cochin China and Manilla,—forming a composite species,* of which the
Philippine insect has been correctly separated by G. R. Gray under the name of O. nephereus.
I am indebted to my friend Mr. O. Salvin for comparing my figure of the Perak female with
those in his own collection from N. India, and which he writes me do not disagree. Mr. Salvin
also writes, ‘‘ Ornithoptera rhadamanthus, var. Thomsonii, Bates, ex Siam, is based upon two
MALE specimens, which are hardly to be distinguished from 0. rhadamanthus of N. India. The
wings are rather more elongate, but the difference is very slight and not constant.”
The male here figured (Tab. XXVIL.a, fig. 5) is a very dwarfed form captured at Kwala
Lumpor by the Rev. L. C. Biggs; the female (of which a woodeut is given) is a Perak specimen
kindly lent me for examination by Herr Georg Semper, of Altona.
* Boisduval distinctly descriles the female as having on the posterior wings “la bordure préeéddée d'un rang de taches
ovales,” which agrees with what is here understood as his species, whilst he describes os his var. a, a * femelle ayant la bordure
enti¢rement confluente avec les taches,” which entirely denotes the Philippine species renamed by G. BR. Gray.
328 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
2. Ornithoptera hephzstus. (Tab. XXVII., fig. 3¢, 42.)
Papilio Hephaestus, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. i. p. 16, n, 8 (1865),
Ornithoptera Leda, Wall. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 89, n. 8 (1865).
Male. Anterior wings velvety black, the outer marginal fringe alternately greyish-white and black ;
posterior wings bright pale golden yellow, the neuration, outer margin (inwardly scalloped), abdominal
margin, and basal area—crossing upper end of cell and terminating on costal margin beyond middle of
costal nervure—black. Wings beneath as above; anterior wings generally with the median nervules more
or less margined with greyish; posterior wings with the portion of the scalloped margin situate between
the second and third median nervules broken and maculate, and with a notched black spot on abdominal
area a little above anal angle. Body above with the head and pronotum black, the last with an anterior
carmine collar; abdomen above fuscous, the segmental Meisures ochraceous, and with a basal central pale
fascia; thorax beneath and legs black, the first with its margins at bases of wings carmine; abdomen
beneath yellow.
Female. Larger than the male, the posterior wings above with a submarginal series of black spots,
the one between the second and third median nervules touching the scalloped margin, two large
spots—sometimes fused into an elongate patch—at anal angle. Wings beneath as above; the anterior
wings with the neuration more or less obscurely margined with greyish, and sometimes with a distinct
greyish patch near posterior angle, the spots on the posterior wings sometimes narrowly margined with
bluish-grey.
Var. a. &. Posterior wings with the scalloped margin between the second and third median nervules
broken and macular as beneath, and with a more or less distinet submarginal series of minute black spots
placed between the nervules—more distinct beneath than above.
Var. ad, ? * (Tab. XXVIL., fig. 2.)
Ornithoptera ruficollis, Butl., 2, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 552, mn. 1 (1877).
Anterior wings above sometimes black as in typical specimens (Tab. XXVII., fig. 4) or streaked with
greyish at end of cell, and with the nervules more or less broadly margined with greyish; posterior wings
with the submarginal row of spots larger.
Exp. wings, 3, 140 to 150 millim.; ¢, 168 to 185 millim.
Hazs.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (colls. Saiier and Dist.); Perak (Biggs—coll. Dist.).—
Celebes (colls. Wallace, Felder, Gosse); Menado (coll. Dist.).
This is a race of the O. pompeus, Cram., and which has another closely allied race or
species in the North Indian 0. cerberus, Feld. Mr. Butler had described the female specimen
in my own collection (Tab. XXVIL., fig. 2) as the female of his O. rujicollis, but this is at once
seen to be an error by the wings beneath having their bases carmine, a character not found in
O. ruficollis.
b. Extreme bases of wings beneath not fringed with carmine.
3. Ornithoptera ruficollis. (Tab. XXVII., fig. 1 ¢.)
Ornithoptera rujicollis, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 552, n. 1 (1877), (part).
Male. Anterior wings velvety black; apex of cell, and the area above and beyond apex of cell elongately
continued along the nervules, ochraceous; fringe alternately grey and white. Posterior wings bright and
pale golden yellow, the neuration, costal, abdominal and outer margins—the last narrow and scalloped
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. $29
internally—black; between the second and third median nervules the scalloped margin is continued as an
elongate spot. Wings beneath as above, the markings on the anterior wings somewhat paler, brighter and
more greyish. Head and pronotum black, with an anterior carmine collar; abdomen above pale yellow,
the basal half tinged with brownish; thorax beneath and legs black; abdomen beneath pale yellow; anal
valves greyish white.
Fre. 107.—Ornithoptera rujicollis, ? i
Female. Anterior wings above velvety blackish, with the following greyish markings :—two large
contiguous spots at end of cell, the area above and beyond apex of cell elongately continued along the
nervules, and a spot near apex of second and third median nervules and of submedian nervure. Posterior
wings above very bright and pale yellow; the neuration, a large basal transverse patch extending from
base of cell to costal margin beneath the costal nervure, the abdominal margin, and the posterior margin
inwardly scalloped and connected with a submarginal series of six large spots placed between the nervules,
the three uppermost of which are irregularly rounded, the fourth, fifth and sixth pyriform, black; near the
abdominal fold and above the submedian nervure the ground-colour is dusted with dark greyish. Wings
beneath as above, but the greyish markings on the anterior wings paler beneath, and the posterior wings
not dusted with dark greyish near abdominal margin. Body above with the head and pronotum black, the
last with a narrow carmine collar; abdomen above greyish-brown; abdomen beneath with about half of its
lateral margin bright yellow; thorax beneath and legs black.
Var.a, &. (Tab, XXVII.a, fig. 1.)
Differs from typical form of ©. ruficollis by having the submarginal row of spots to the posterior
wings distinctly separated from the posterior margin.
June 20, 1885. 4p
380 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Exp. wings, ¢, 115 to 187 millim.; ¢, 140 to 155 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Penang (Biggs—coll. Dist.); Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Perak
(Kiinstler—Cale. Mus.) ; Sungei Ujong (Durnford—coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).
As already explained (antea, p. 328), when Mr. Butler described this species the true
female had not been received, and he described a specimen in my own collection as being the
missing sex of 0. ruficollis. Since then, by the kind assistance of Dr. Anderson, I have been
able to examine a fine series of both sexes, and no mistake can be made if the bases of the
wings beneath are consulted, as in O. hephestus these are tinged with carmine—a character
totally absent in O. rujicollis. .
B. Outer margin of anterior wings nearly straight.
4. Ornithoptera brookeana. (Tab. XXVII.), fig. 1 ¢; XXVII.a, fig. 4 2.)
Ornithoptera Brookiana, Wallace, Proc. Ent. Soc. ser. 2, vol. iii. p. 104 (1855).
Ornithoptera Brookeana, Hew. Ex. Butt. i. Orn. d Pap, t.1, f£. 1 (1855); Wall. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxv,
p. 40, n. 16 (1865); Gosse, Ent. vol. xiv. p. 156 (1881); Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. ii. p. 291,
t. 27, f. 5-8 (1882),
Papilio Brookeana, Snell. Lep. v. Midd. Sum. p. 24, n. 1 (1880).
Papilio Trogon, Voll. Tijd. Ent. iii. p, 69, t, 6 (1860),
Male. Wings above velvety black, the fringe narrowly greyish; anterior wings with a series of seven
large submarginal lanceolate, metallic, emerald-greenish spots, broadest inwardly, and each centrally
divided by the neuration, the uppermost smallest and situate on the lower subcostal nervule, the seventh
broadest and divided by the submedian nervure; posterior wings with the disk from near base to about
one-third beyond cell metallic emerald-greenish, divided by the black neuration. Wings beneath black,
but more opaque than above; anterior wings with the greenish spots smaller and more obliterated than
above, followed by some more or less distinet greyish duplex spots divided by the nervules, the basal costal
area, and a broad curved streak beneath base of cell, metallic-blue; posterior wings with some metallic-
bluish spots at base, and with a broad submarginal greyish fascia, which is outwardly lunate and inwardly
more or less effectively encloses a series of black spots. Body and legs black, base of head above and
a broad pronotal collar dark brilliant carmine; thorax beneath with the posterior margins of the meso-
and metasternums, and a maculate tuft on each side of base of abdomen dark brilliant carmine.
Female. Wings above less intense and brilliant black than in the male, the anterior wings also
differing in having the emerald-green spots replaced above the lower diseoidal nervule by a large subapical
greyish-whité patch, divided by the black nervules and outwardly deeply and acutely cleft; posterior wings
with the discal emerald-greenish patch having the dividing neuration more broadly blackened, shaded with
bluish at base, and outwardly bordered by a submarginal lanceolate dark greyish fascia, which is palest
towards apex; wings beneath paler and more fuscous than above; anterior wings with the emerald spots
above as well as the subapical patch greyish-white beneath, those beneath the cell inwardly tinged with
greenish, the metallic-blue markings as in male; posterior wings with a broad submarginal greyish-white
fascia, outwardly lunate and inwardly more or less effectively enclosing a series of spatulate dark spots.
Body above with the pronotal collar less broadly carmine than in male, the abdomen dark olivaceous-
brown; abdomen beneath blackish, the sternum and base of abdomen marked with carmine as in male.
Exp. wings, 3, 166 to 172 millim.; ¢, 172 to 180 millim.
Has.— Malay Peninsula; Perak (coll. Gosse; Kimstler—Cale. Mus.; Lowe—coll. Dist.); Malacca
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. ool
(Biggs—coll. Dist.); Johore (Annesley).*—Sumatra (Snellen).—Borneo; Sarawak (Wallace); Sandakan
(Pryer) ; Banjermasin (coll. Dist.).
This very beautiful butterfly holds an intermediate position between the subgenera
Ornithoptera and Papilio, but, as argued by Mr. Wallace, it agrees with Ornithoptera ‘in the
form and stoutness of the wings, the long, stout and curved antenne, the red collar and
patches at the base of the wings beneath, the abdominal fold, and the flight and general
appearance.” + For many years the female was quite unknown, and though contained in some
very few collections was subsequently first described by Mr. P. H. Gosse.{ It is still, however,
exceedingly scarce. Mr. Low, the Resident at Perak, through whose kind assistance the first
examples of this species from the Peninsula reached my hands, wrote to Mr. Logan that the
specimens were all males, as “the females are rarely met with.’’ ‘wo females only have
passed through my hands, one belonging to Mr. Godfery, and the other (now contained in my
own collection) having been captured by Mr. R. D. Hewett at Kinta, in Perak, and that the
only example amidst a collection of some hundred male specimens. Herr Kiinstler, who has
spent some time in Perak collecting Natural-History specimens, has forwarded me the following
information as to the species: §—‘‘ During the last five years I have caught over a thousand
males, and about fifteen females only. On some days the males are very plentiful; a man may
catch as many as fifteen to twenty in a day. On other days they are not to be seen. I have
only seen them in the Kinta district in Perak nearly all the year round, but principally in
March, April, May and June, in showery weather, when they are to be seen flying over muddy
streams (coming from the tin mines) with overhanging jungle. They generally resort to spots
where there is decayed animal matter, and may, in fact, be enticed to those spots if the same
is suitably prepared. Have never bred any, but have once observed a female laying one egg
on a creeper ;—the egg was lost on my removing. The female is so scarce that during the
three months in which, with the assistance of three men, I obtained over 800 males, I did not
get a single female, and only saw during that period from twenty to thirty females, which were
flying high and settled only on flowers on high trees. The bait which attracted the males
never attracted the females, which fly mostly by themselves, and seldom near the males,
excepting when the latter are in pursuit of them.”
Mr. I’. W. Burbidge, during his travels in Borneo, observed this species in abundance.
He writes :—*‘ Now and then the most splendid Ornithoptera are seen, their strong and swift
flight resembling that of a bird. One lovely fellow, fully six inches across the wings, settled
on my boot as I remained motionless watching it. ..... These delicate insects are generally
most numerous by rivers, or in sunny places by the dry beds of streams, and, singularly
enough, are most abundant during the cool wet monsoon.’’ ||
This butterfly, in the male sex at least, will soon be a drug in collections. Thousands
have been recently sent to Europe, and I was lately told by an extensive cabinet and
“ I record a capture of the species at Johore on the nuthority of a communication from Mr. Godfery.
+ Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xxv. p. 41 (1866). | ‘ Entomologist,’ vol. xiv. p. 156 (1881).
$ This information was forwarded in 1883. | ‘The Gardens of the Sun," p. 260.
832 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
furniture maker that he had been offered a large quantity at a low rate for the decoration of
screens | *
Subgenus PAPILIO. “
The principal diagnostic characters of Papilio have already been given (antea, p. 324), and
the characters by which Ornithoptera differs in a subgeneric sense have also been described
(antea, p. 325), so that it only remains to give the strucipral characters of the groups into
which Papilio is divided.
One great feature in Papilio is the extraordinary diversity of coloration found among its
species. Even in this fauna we have melanic types, like P. pammon, P. iswara, and others,
whilst in P. antiphates we have a totally dissimilar and paler coloration, The whole question
as to the coloration of insects is still extremely obscure, though a new theory is sometimes
advanced. + ’
In the tropies the Papilios form no inconsiderable portion of the principal feature of
butterfly existence. Dr. Hooker vividly describes their abundance and appearance near
Darjeeling. ‘* They were seen everywhere, sailing majestically through the still hot air, or
fluttering from one scorching rock to another, and especially loving to settle on the damp sand
of the river-edge; where they set by thousands, with erect wings, balancing themselves with
a rocky motion, as their heavy sails inclined themselves to one side or the other; resembling a
crowded fleet of yachts on a calm day. Such an entomological display cannot be surpassed.” }
In Angola, Mr. Monteiro found the finest Papilios, in contrast to the shade-loving habits of
some other genera, “only in the full sunshine, on the low bushes and flowering plants,
skirting, as with a broad belt, the woods or forest.""§ On the contrary, however, Mr. Bates,
when in South America, and in the rich rhopalocerous region of Para, found “ those species
of Papilio which are most characteristic of the country, so conspicuous in their velvety-black,
green, and rose-coloured hues... . . never leave the shades of the forest.’’|| Doubieday
* It is surprising how many living creatures are almost exterminated by man for his gratification in ornamentation, or to
satisfy his utilitarian propensities. Quite recently, in this country the robin was slaughtered to provide « head-dress for ladies,
and at the present time the hats and bonnets of our fernale friends are frequently decorated with the skin of some tropical bird.
At the Norfolk Broads the angler catches the bream for sport, and often consigns them to the cottager to manure his garden;
whilst at Skomer Island, we have recently learnt from the Rev. M. A. Mathew, that multitudes of shearwaters are ‘‘ destroyed
by the farm servants, and the bodies of the birds ploughed into the ground as a dressing for wheat" (‘ Zoologist,' ser. 3, vol. vi.
p. 435). Even man does not spare his fellow in this civilizing process, as in the time of the great French Revolution, when,
as Carlyle tells us, the hair of the guillotined was used for the manufacture of “ perruques blondes,” and quotes Montgaillard
that at Meudon “there was a tannery of human skins; such of the guillotined as seemed worth flaying; of which perfectly good
wash-leather was made.”
+ One of the most important suggestions on this subject has recently been formulated by Lord Walsingham (‘* On some
probable causes of a tendency to melanie variation in Lepidoptera in high latitudes,” the annual Presidential Address to the
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, Doncaster, March 3, 1885), In diseussing the probable explanation of the white covering of
many Arctic and Alpine mammals and birds, and the dark hue of many lepidopteral species in the same habitats, he has
aeeepted the views set forth at least by Craven in 1846, as explanatory of the first phenomenon, which accounts for the same hy
the well-known fact of white being a bad radiator of solar energy, and white-covered animals thus being able to retain their heat
to the greatest advantage. The dark insects, on the contrary, are considered to have their advantage in being better able to
absorb the solar radiation. Mr. Meldola has well summarised these views in the following words:—" In the case of warm-
blooded animals the loss of heat by radiation is retarded by the white covering, whilst in insects, which develop but little heat
by respiration, it is of the utmost importance to utilize as much as possible of the solar energy" (‘ Nature,’ vol. xxxi. p. 505).
An excellent reswmé of Lord Walsingham’s theory has been given by Mr. J. Jenner Weir (‘ Entomologist,’ vol. xviii. p. 81).
This theory throws little light, however, on the coloration of tropical butterflies, a question still requiring suggestions
for e solution.
: ‘Himalayan Journals,’ vol. i. p. 148, § ‘Angola,’ vol. i. p. 171.
i * The Naturalist on the Amazons,’ 3rd edit. p. 52.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 333
observed several species to “ take long circuits, returning after the lapse of a few minutes in
the same direction, and often in precisely the same track they have just passed over. I have
often, in the old cotton-fields of East Florida, waited by the side of a large bush of some
Vaccinium, or Andromeda, for a specimen of P. ajax, which I had seen pass it; and my patience
in remaining quiet for a few minutes has mostly been rewarded by its capture.”’ *
As already remarked (antea, p. 322), Papilio, although treated here as a single genus,
possesses structural characters which in other families have been—and by myself in this
work—used to denote generic separation, and though several lepidopterists are now proposing
this course with Papilio, the work@fas been already exhaustively done by C. and R. Felder in
their ‘Species Lepidopterorum,’ in which the structural details which separate their sections
and subsections are fully and carefully given, so that the work of the generic creator in
Papilio is almost merely that of a proposer of new generic names. I have also followed the
method of specific grouping proposed by Mr. A. R. Wallace in his well-known memoir, ‘ On
the Papilionide of the Malayan Region.”
Prof. Wood-Mason has drawn attention to ‘‘mimicry’’ among several Indian species
which belong to ‘*scentless’’ groups, and which ‘* mimic"’ other species belonging to ‘‘ strong-
scented and nauseous” groups. +
NOX Group.
a. Now-group, Wallace (part),{ Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 28 (1865).
Sect. LXVI. et LXVIL., Felder, Spec. Lepid. Pap. pp, 37, 84-5 (1864).
Abdominal fold in ¢ very large; anal valves small but swollen; posterior wings simple or caudately
produced,
This is a small group of obseurely coloured species, which is almost confined to the
Indo-Malayan region, and particularly well represented in the island of Borneo. The females
are larger and always somewhat more brightly coloured than the males. In the Philippine
species P. semperi, Feld., the posterior wings are caudately produced. §
Two species only are known to the writer as found in the Malay Peninsula. A third—
P. nox, Swains.—has been recorded by Mr. Wallace as found at Penang, on the authority of
a male specimen contained in the British Museum, but this appears to be incorrect, as
Mr. Butler, who kindly looked into the matter for me, writes “ locality Penang 1s not attached
to our ¢ P. nox, and does not exist in our Register. The specimen was presented by
Dr. J. Hooker.”’
* Gen. Diurn. Lep. vol. 1. p. 7.
} Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist,, February, 1882, p. 108, Mr. Wood-Mason in this paper promised a more exhaustive memoir
on the subject, Notes on the Phenomena of Mimicry, as exemplified by the Papilionidw of our North-eastern Indian
Possessions,” a publication which has not yet appeared.
' Mr. Wallace proposed to include here the “ Indian Philorenus-group, but this seems better treated separately as by the
Felders in a separate section (Sect. LXIX.—Spec. Lepid. Pap. pp. 87 and 86), since generically named Byasa by Mr. Moore
(Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 258),
€ Mr. Wallace has also given the larval elmracters of this and the two following—Coon and Polydorwa—groups, as
“ Larve short, thick, with numerons fleshy tubercles; purplish.'’ I have not relied on these characters, as the life-history of
all the butterflies included in the groups are not known; aud though analogous reasoning would point to a similarity of larval
character, we must not forget that in nature it is the unexpected that is so frequently discovered.
Sepr. 25, 1885. 4Q
334 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
l. Papilio erebus. (Tab. XXXI., fig. 1g, 22.)
Papilio Erebus, Wallace, Trans. Linn, Soc. vol. xxv. p. 41, m. 19 (1865).
Papilio Nox, var., De Haan, Verh. Nat. Ges. Ned. overz. Bez. p. 41, t. 5, f, 3 (1840),
Papilio Nox, Gray (part), Cat. Lepid. Papil. p. 8, mn. 28 (1852).
Male. Anterior wings above dark indigo-black; posterior wings dark olivaceous; anterior wings
beneath with the neuration beyond cell margined with pale obscure fuscous, the inner margin more or
less olivaceous; posterior wings beneath darker than above. Body above more or less concolorous with
wings; pronotum with a villose carmine collar; thorax beneath and legs blackish, the lateral margins at
extreme base of wings brilliant carmine; abdomen beneath dark fuscous.
Female. Much larger than the male; wings above more or less concolorous with those of the male,
but the anterior wings having the median nervules margined with pale fuscous, and the remainder of the
neuration beyond cell (excluding extreme apex) margined with greyish-white; posterior wings with the
posterior margin distinctly scalloped, the fringe greyish-white, and with a series of large dark lanceolate
marginal spots placed between the nervules; wings beneath as above, but the anterior wings having all
the nervules margined with pale greyish-white, and the apical half of cell also inwardly more or less
distinctly margined with the same colour; posterior wings having the apices of the nervules at posterior
margin obscurely bordered with greyish. Body coloured as in male, but with a carmine tuft between the
eyes and the apex of the abdomen beneath of the same colour.
Exp. wings, ¢, 85 to 98 millim.; ?, 121 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Perak (Kanst.—Cale. Mus.); Sungei
Ujong (Durnford—coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (coll. Wallace).—Borneo; Banjermasin (De Haan).
An opportunity has now been afforded of figuring what appears to be both sexes of
this scarce species.* Prof. Westwood, in recently describing some new species belonging
to the group, also gave a description of what he considered the female P. erebus as “ black
above,’ which, with other characters enumerated‘ do not apply to the species.
2. Papilio varuna. (Tab. XXXL, fig. 33,42.)
Papilio Varuna, White, ‘Entomologist,’ i. p. 280 (1842); Gray, Cat. Lepid. Papil. p. 8, n. 27 (1952);
Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. vol.i. p.98, n. 199 (1857); Wall. Trans, Linn. Soe.
vol. xxv. p. 42, n. 20 (1865); Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 653, n. 20 (1877).
Papilio Chara, Westw. Ann. Nat. Hist. ix. p. 87 (1642); Arc. Ent. ii. t. 66, f. 2 (1844),
Papilio Astorion, Westw. Ann. Nat, Hist, ix. p. 87 (1842); Are. Ent. i. t. 66, f. 1 (1844),
Male. Anterior wings above dark glossy blackish, with an olivaccous tinge, and with a few greyish
streaks near outer angle (these are absent in some specimens); posterior wings dark shining olivaceous;
anterior wings beneath as above, but with a series of longitudinal greyish strigw on outer half of wing,
faintest at apex and most distinct and palest at outer angle; posterior wings darker and blacker than
above. Body above blackish; an anterior pronotal collar and tuft between the eyes carmine; body
beneath blackish; lateral margins of the thorax, and a large basal tuft to the abdomen carmine; abdomen
beneath carmine, spotted with black; legs blackish.
Female. Considerably larger than the male. Anterior wings above blackish, irrorated with obscure
greyish, the last colour most distinct and prominent near the submedian nervure; posterior wings as in
male; wings beneath as in male, but the anterior wings having the greyish markings larger, more
numerous, and distributed over the whole area of wing. Body as in male.
ae * Both sexes have been received together, and presumably represent one species, despite several and not inconsiderable
differences.
+ Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1872, p. 98.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 335
Exp. wings, 7, 104 to 110 millim.; ?, 188 millim.
Han.—Continental India; Sikkim (coll. Dist.); Darjeeling (Horsf. & Moore).—Malay Peninsula;
Penang (Brit. Mus.); Province Wellesley (colls. Sater and Dist.) ; Malacea (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).
Some difference of view exists as to the priority of the nomenclature of this species.
Mr. Kirby* records it under the name proposed by Prof. Westwood,—P. astorion,—but, after
perusing the explanatory note or almost pathetic remonstrance of Adam White, + there seems
scarcely any doubt that the usual course, and that followed by most writers, of giving White's
name priority, is inevitable.
COON * Group.
b. Coon-group, Wallace, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xxv. p. 23 (1865).
Sect. LXXI. & LXXII., Felder, Spec. Lepid. Pap. pp. 88, 86 (1864),
Abdominal fold in male small; anal valves small but swollen; posterior wings caudately
produced.
This section embraces a small group of species which are found in Continental India,
the Andaman Islands, Burma, the Malay Peninsula, and the islands of the Indo-Malayan
Region.
These butterflies have a distinct facies by their elongately produced wings, the posterior of
which are caudately developed. ‘Two species have been received from the Malay Peninsula.
8. Papilio neptunus. (Tab. XXXIII., fig. 5¢, 62.)
Papilio Neptunus, Guérin, Deless. Souv. Inde, ii. p. 69 (1848); Wall. Trans, Linn. Soc, vol. xxv. p. 42, n. 22
(1865); Gray, Cat. Lepid. Papil. p. 15, n. 19 (1852); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 857, n. 8;
Oberth, Etudes d’Ent. Quatr. Livy. p. 45, n. 62 (1879); Kheil, Rhop. der Insel. Nias, p. 86, n.188 (1884).
Papilio Satarnus, Guér. Deless. Souy. Inde, il. t, 19 (1848). §
Male. Anterior wings above blackish, with two long transverse greyish patches, the first and most
distinet crossing cell, the other near apex; posterior wings black, with four contiguous red spots above
anal angle, one small above the upper median nervule, the two largest divided by the second median
nervule and the fourth, minute, beneath the lower median nervule; caudate prolongation long and
slender, black. Wings beneath as above. Body above and beneath with legs black; abdomen with
nearly apical half ochraceous, lateral margins of thorax beneath at extreme base of wings carmine.
Female. Wings broader than in male, the greyish patches to the anterior wings larger, paler and
brighter; posterior wings with the uppermost red spot sometimes missing as in the specimen figured
(fig. 6); caudate prolongation broader and more spatulate.
Exp. wings, ¢ & 2, 95 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Penang (coll. Oberth.; Biggs—coll. Dist.) ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.
and Satier); Perak (Kiunstler—Cale. Mus.); Malacca (Wallace).—Nias Island (Kheil).—Borneo (Druce and
Wallace).
* Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 553, n. 227 (1871). + Entomological Notices, p. 9.
oe { P. coon, Fabr., is a species found in Sumatra, Java, and Borneo, and is replaced on the continent by P. doubledayi,
§ Guerin’s plate was lettered erroneously, the species being fixed by that author's description.
336 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
This does not appear to be an abundant species; it was not contained in the large
collection made by Capt. Pinwill at Malacca, and has been ineluded in very few of those sent
home to the writer as contributory material for this work.
4. Papilio doubledayi. (Tab. XXXIIL., fig. 4 2.)
Papilio Doubledayi, Wallace, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 42, note (1865); Oberth. Gitudes d'Ent. Quatr.
Livr. p. 45, n, 64 (1879); Gosse, Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Zool. vol. u. p. 828, t. 32, f. 17, 18 (1882),
Female. Anterior wings above dark fuliginous, with dark fuscous streaks in cell and along and
between the nervules; posterior wings black, with two white spots in cell, five similarly coloured spots
beyond cell, of which two almost subquadrate are separated by the lower subcostal nervule, the other three
oblong and divided by the median nervules, the innermost spot longest; three submarginal greyish spots
divided by the lower subcostal and discoidal nervules and two red marginal spots, one at apex of second
median nervule and the other at anal angle; caudate prolongation black. Anterior wings beneath as
above; posterior wings as above, but with an additional spot in cell and two additional spots beyond cell,
one between the discoidal and upper median nervules and one above the upper subcostal nervule, the lower
submarginal greyish spot tinged with reddish, and an additional submarginal red spot between the first
and second median nervules. Head and pronotum black, with an anterior pronotal collar and a tuft
between the eyes carmine; abdomen above ochraceous, the base and some dorsal spots black; thorax
beneath and legs black, lateral margins of the thorax at extreme base of wings carmine; abdomen beneath
ochraceous, spotted with black.
Exp. wings, ?, 125 millim.
Hazn.— Continental India; Assam (Wallace); N.E. Himalayas (coll. Dist.).— Burma (coll. Dist.);
Moulmein (Wallace).—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.).
This appears to be a very scarce Papilio in the Malay Peninsula, as I have only seen
one specimen from that locality, and that an example from Province Wellesley in my own
eollection.* I have given the description of that specimen, but the species would seem to
be very variable, as I have Burmese examples in which the white spots in the cell of the
posterior wings are amalgamated and the surrounding spots also larger, whilst in one specimen
I possess, from the N.E. Himalaya, the spots in the cell are almost obsolete.
POLY DORUS + Group.
ce. Potydorws-group, Wallace, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 23 (1665).
Sec. LXXII., Felder, Spec. Lepid. Pap. pp. 87 (1864).
Menelaides, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 84 (1816); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 161 (1881).
Abdominal fold in male small, or none; anal valves small or obsolete, hairy; posterior wings
simple or eaudately produced.
This is a somewhat larger group of species, the distribution of which is focussed in the
Malayan Archipelago, throughout which region it is found. One species only is known from
the Malay Peninsula.
* Since this was written I have been advised by Mr. Walter Egerton of a specimen taken at the Langkawi Islands,
off the const of Quedah.
| P. polydorus, Linn., is a species found in many of the eastern islands of the Malay Peninsula, but not in this fauna,
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 387
5. Papilio aristolochiz var. diphilus. (Tab. XXXLI., figs. 6 & 7 vars.)
Papilio Aristolochia, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 448, n. 8 (1775); Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lepid. p. 258, n. 78 (1869) ;
Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 840.
Papilio Polidorus, Cram. Pap. Ex. ii. t. 128, A, B (1779).
Papilio Polydorus, Jabl. Naturs. Schmett. ii. t. 15, f. 8 (1784); Godt. Ene. Méth. ix. p. 71, n. 180 (1819);
Boisd. Spec. Gén. i. p. 267, n. 90 (1886); De Haan, Verh. Nat. Ges. Ned. overz. Bez. p. 88, t. 8,
f. 1 (1840).
Papilio Diphilus, Esper, Ausl. Schmett. t. 40 B, f, 1 (1785—1798); Hiibn. Samml. Ex. Schmett. (1806—
1816); Gray, Cat. Lepid. Papil. p. 10, n. 84 (1852); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus, E. 1. C. vol. i.
p- 94, n. 190 (1857); Voll. Tijd. Ent. iii. p. 79, n. 78 (1860); Wall. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 48,
n. 26 (1865); Moore, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1865, p. 756; Druce, Proce, Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 109, n. 8; Pryer,
Ent. Mo. Mag. vol. xiv. p. 52 (1877); Butl. Trans. Linn, Soe, ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 653, n, 21 (1877);
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 153, n. $1; Gosse, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. ii. p. 829, t. 33,
f. 17—20 (1882).
Menelaides Aristolochia, Moore, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1882, p. 259.
Papilio Adamas, Zink. Nova. Acta. Ac. Nat. Cur. xv. p. 144 (1881).
Polydorus Thoas, Swains. Zool. Ill. Ins. ii. t. 101 (1883).
Male. Anterior wings above fuliginous, the basal area blackish, and the remaining area streaked with
blackish, both in cell and between the nervules; posterior wings blackish, with five whitish spots beyond
cell, the first and smallest situate above the discoidal nervule, the fifth between the lower median nervule
and the submedian nervure, and a submarginal row of six reddish spots placed between the nervules, of
which the upper three are the most obscure; a red spot above anal angle more or less fused with the inner
whitish spot. Anterior wings beneath as above, but paler; posterior wings with the red spots larger and
brighter than above, and with a small additional whitish spot within and just before end of cell (this spot
is frequently visible above). Head and pronotum black, with an anterior pronotal collar and a tuft between
the eyes carmine-red; abdomen red, spotted above and beneath with black; thorax beneath and legs
black; lateral margins of the thorax at base of wings carmine-red.
Female. Resembling the male, but with the anterior wings broader, and the red submarginal spots
to the posterior wings rather more obscure.
Eixp. wings, ¢ & 2, 70 to 90 millim.
Has.—Continental India; N.W. Provinces (Swinhoe—Butler; N.W. Himalaya (Hocking—Moore) ;
Bengal (Moore); Caleutta (Horsf. & Moore).— Burma; Moulmein (Limborg).—Tenasserim; Meetan,
Hatsiega, Naththoung to Paboga (Limborg—Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Penang (coll. Dist.); Province
Wellesley (colls. Satier and Dist.); Perak (Kiinstl—Cale. Mus.); Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).—Siam ;
Nahconehaisee (Druce).—Java (Voll. and eoll. Wallace).— China; Chekiang and Kiangsu Provinces (Pryer).
This is a very variable species, the race found in the Malay Peninsula being somewhat
inconstant in character, especially by the presence or absence of the whitish spot in and near
the end of cell of the posterior wing. When a series of specimens are examined, collected over
a large area, and combining typical examples of P. aristolochia and P. diphilus, the difficulty of
properly separating these forms seems to be insuperable, and Mr. Moore—who cannot be accused
of too synthetic an arrangement of species—has recently published the two names as synonyms.*
The flight of this butterfly has been differently described. Capt. de la Chaumette reports
it (when observed in Continental India) as being ‘slow and heavy”;+ whilst at Malacca the
Rev. L. C. Biggs describes it as having ‘‘a curious hurried flight,” and that it ‘‘ will often
bear you company for quite a long distance upon the road, returning even after being
* Proo. Zool. Soe. 1882, p. 259. + Ent. Month. Mag. vol. ii. p. 87.
SEPT. 25, 1885. 4n
338 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
threatened with the net.”* Mr. L. de Nicéville states that the ‘* species contains in itself the
elements of protection in having a very strong somewhat rose-like odour, which is probably
distasteful to birds.” +
The larva and pupa of this insect were discovered by Horsfield in Java, drawings of which
have been published. { In India the larva is recorded as feeding on ‘* Aristolochia.’ §
PERANTHUS Group. ~*
@. Peranthus-group, Wallace, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 28 (1865),
Sect. LXIII., Sub-sect. C, Felder, Spec. Lepid. Pap. pp. 84, 83 (1864).
Havimala, Moore, Lep. Ceyl, vol. i. p, 145 (1881).
The characters of this and the four following groups are thus given by Mr. Wallace :—
‘‘Larve with third segment swollen, transversely or obliquely banded; pupa much bent. Imago
with abdominal margin in # plaited, but not reflexed.” Posterior wings often caudately produced.
This is a small and distinctly coloured group of Papilios, all more or less marked with
metallic-greenish scales. P. peranthus, Fabr. (the name of which Mr. Wallace has applied to the
group) is found in Java and some of the neighbouring islands, most of the other species being
scattered throughout the Malayan Archipelago; the group is also represented in Continental
India ; one species is found in Ceylon and one in this fauna.
6. Papilio brama. (‘Tab. XXXII, fig. 42.)
Papilio Brama, Guerin, Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 48, t. 1, f. 8, 4; Deless. Souv, Inde, ii. p. 71 (1848); Wall. Trans.
Linn. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 46, n. 89 (1865); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 867, n. 15.
P, Palinurus, De Haan (nec Fabr.), Verh. Nat. Ges. Ned. overz. Bez. p. 28, t. 7, £. 8 (1840).
Male. Wings above fuscous, thickly covered with minute greenish scales; anterior wings with a
transverse metallic-greenish fascia crossing wing at end of cell—where it is narrowest—and reaching inner
margin near outer angle—where it is broadest; posterior wings with a similarly coloured fascia crossing
wing from between the subcostal nervules—where it is broadest—to the abdominal margin near anal
angle—where it is narrowest; a dark spot lunulated with dull red and violaceous at anal angle, and a
marginal series of greenish lunulate spots; caudate appendages dark fuscous. Wings beneath dark
brownish, somewhat thickly covered with minute ochraceous scales; anterior wings with a broad pale
brownish fascia transversely crossing wing near apex—broadest at costal margin and narrowest at outer
angle; posterior wings with the outer margin paler and containing a marginal series of dark lunulate spots
irrorated with dull reddish and violaceous, the spot at apex inwardly greyish-white. Body above and
beneath with legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Female. Resembling the male, but larger, and with the metallic-greenish fascia to the anterior
wings narrower.
Exp. wings, ¢, 88 to 90 millim.; ?, 100 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Malacea (Biggs—coll. Dist.).— Sumatra
(Wallace).—Borneo (Druce),
This was considered one of the rarest species when the writer collected in the
Peninsula. A female Malaccan specimen sent home by the Rev. L. C. Biggs had this
* Month. Packet, vol. ii. p, 191 (1881). + 'The Asian Sporting Newspaper,’ vol. iv. p. 175 (1880).
} Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus, E.1.C. vol. i, t. 11, f. 5, 5a.
§ Capt. de la Chaumette, Ent. Month. Mag. vol. ii. p, 87 (1865).
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 339
label attached :—“ On Bamboo in compound of Malay house, at 4.30 p.m., composing itself
for the night.”
MEMNON Group.
{. Memnon-group, Wallace, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 23 (1865),
Sect, LXY,, Sub-sect. CO. Felder, Spec. Lepid. Pap. pp. 86, 84, 84 (1864).
Tiades, Hiibn, Vera. bek. Schmett. p. 88 (1816); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 147 (1881),
This is one of the most typical and interesting groups in the Malayan Papilionine, and
is distributed from Continental India and the Malay Peninsula throughout the Malayan
Archipelago. It is in relation to species of this group that Mr. Wallace first formulated his
celebrated conclusions as to the dimorphism, trimorphism, and polymorphism in the character
of the female sex, conclusions that were subsequently accepted and corroborated by
Mr. Trimen, who made similar observations in South Africa, and since supplemented by
Mr. W. H. Edwards in North America, who has shown seasonal variation in species belonging
to that fauna.
One dominant species of this group, P. agenor,—and one found in this fauna,—has been
recorded by Mr. Wallace* as having two forms of the female; but since then Mr. Butler has
treated one of these and two others as distinct species, considering he can separate the males,
and that it is only the non-appreciation of the lesser differences observable in the male sex
that has induced observers to consider them as one species.
The difficulty of deciding which of these views to accept (in the absence of exact breeding
experiments) has been much enhanced to the writer by having to deal with six distinct female
forms, if the view of one species only be adopted, whilst, on the other hand, a number of males
have been submitted to Mr. Butler, who has diseriminated three species, according to his
view, and another since received varies sufficiently on these lines to be estimated as a fourth.
This gives four males only to six females, and therefore, awaiting the decision of the breeder,
I have adopted a tentative course here, treating the different forms as subspecies or distinctly
recognised varieties, + and it is to be hoped that Mr. Biggs or Mr. Durnford will soon settle
the question.
7. Papilio agenor. (Tab. XXIX., fig. 1 2.)
Papilio Agenor, Linneus, Mus, Ulr. p. 194 (1764); Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 747, n. 14 (1767); Clerck, Icones,
t. 15 (1764); Cram. Pap. Ex. i. t.32, A, B (1776); Godt. Ene. Mcth. ix. p, 28, n. 9 (1819); Aurivill,
(part), Kongl. sv. vet. Akad. Handl. Band 19, no, 6, p. 18 (1882).
Papilio Androgeus, Wall, (part), Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxv. p.47, n.44 (1865); Oberth. (part), fiudes d’Ent.
Quatr. Livr. p. 84, n. 11 (1879).
Papilio Memnon, Gray (part), Cat. Lepid. Papil. p, 18, n. 47 (1862); Horsf. & Moore (part), Cat. Lep. Mus.
E.1. 0. vol. i. p. 99, n. 202 (1857); Reak. (part), Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. ii. p. 449 (1864).
Female. Anterior wings above pale fuscous, with dark longitudinal fuscous streaks in cell and
between the nervules; about half of inner marginal area, and about half of outer marginal area
* Under the name of P. androgeus, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 47, n. 44 (18695).
+ Papilio cenea, an African butterfly, has been shown by the breeding experimenis of Mr. Mansel Weale, to have four
distinct forms, one male and three female, and Mr. Trimen, in commenting on this observation, remarks that “the males
present the customary amount of variation” (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1874, pp. 181 & 187 et seq.
540) RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
grevish-white; a triangular carmine spot occupying base of cell, beneath which the base of wing is also
black; posterior wings greyish-white, the basal and cellular areas, neuration, abdominal margin, and
a submarginal row of large spots placed between the nervules (that at anal angle smallest), black; these
spots are followed by marginal ochraceous coloration, which is also more or less distributed on the
abdominal area. Anterior wings beneath as above, but paler; posterior wings as above, but with carmine
basal spots and without the ochraceous marginal coloration. (Body mutilated.) *
Male. I am not sure of this sex, but it is closely allied to the males of the following five species,
subspecies, or varieties? and will be almost indistinguishable from them above, only differing? by the
nature and arrangement of the spots to the under surface of the posterior wings.
Exp. wings, ?, 155 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Singapore + (Godfery).
One mutilated specimen, collected by Mr. Godfery at Singapore, is the only example
I have seen from the Malay Peninsula.
7a. Papilio phoenix, n.sp. or var.? (Tab. XXVII. b, fig. 7 2.)
Female. Anterior wings above fuscous, with the neuration and longitudinal streaks in cells and
between the nervules blackish, a large triangular red spot occupying base of cell, a very small red spot
beneath base of cell, and the basal area beneath cell black; posterior wings black, dusted with a few
scattered bluish scales, beneath cell and from lower subcostal nervule to abdominal margin the colour is
greyish-white, with the neuration blackish, the outer marginal area dull reddish, containing a submarginal
series of large blackish spots (that above anal angle smallest), the posterior margin and anal angle
also black. Anterior wings beneath as above, but paler; posterior wings as above, but with basal red
spots and the submarginal black spots continued to apex, the two uppermost margined above with reddish.
Body and legs dark fuscons.
Exp. wings, 2, 140 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.).
A female specimen collected by myself in Province Wellesley, in 1868, is the only
example which I possess or have observed in any other collection. For the reasons given
above, it is here treated provisionally as a subspecies under a distinctive name; it may
probably be proved by breeding to be a seasonal form or variety of P. agenor.
7b. Papilio cilix, n.sp. or var.? (Tab. XXIX., fig. 4 ¢ & 5 2.)
Male. Wings above dark greenish, the anterior wings with the cellular area, basal area beneath cell,
the neuration, and longitudinal streaks between the nervules blackish, and a reddish basal streak in cell ;
posterior wings brighter and paler greenish, the basal area, the neuration and longitudinal streaks between
the nervules blackish, and an obscure reddish spot at anal angle. Anterior wings beneath paler greenish,
the neuration, longitudinal streaks in cell and between the nervules and basal area beneath cell blackish,
a triangular basal red spot in cell; posterior wings blackish, with basal red spots, the outer marginal area
somewhat more opaque, containing a submarginal row of spots inwardly bordered with bluish-green placed
between the nervules, and a marginal series of three spots situate between the discoidal nervule and the
lower median nervule; a large subquadrate anal-angular space reaching the second median nervule reddish,
* This description is taken from a badly mutilated specimen taken at Singapore.
+ The writer has only recorded the locality from which he has received this form of the species, and is unable to
quote the habitats given by other authors, as their treatment applies also to the following forms as varieties of P. agenor;
a conclusion which may be correct, but is not yet verified.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 541
containing two of the submarginal and one of the marginal spots, the anal angle also black. Body above
more or less concolorous with wings.
Female. Anterior wings above as in P. phoenix, but with an obscure pale fascia near apex; posterior
wings blackish, dusted with some scattered minute metallic-greenish scales, three large greyish-white spots
separated by the first and second median nervules,—the uppermost more or less obsolete; these pale
spots are followed by three large dark black marginal spots, the lowermost of which is posteriorly margined
with red, a large reddish patch at anal-angular area, containing a rounded black spot with the extreme
angle itself black. Anterior wings beneath as above, but paler, and with a greyish patch at inner margin
and a smaller one beyond cell; posterior wings beneath as above, but darker, with basal red spots,
the reddish patch at anal-angular area larger, a marginal series of large black spots placed between
the nervules, the reddish patch also containing two submarginal spots; extreme anal angle black as
above. Body and legs fuscous or black.
Exp. wings, #, 116 millim.; ¢, 147 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Biggs—eoll. Dist.).
This interesting form, for the acquisition of which I am indebted to the exertions of the
Rey. L. C. Biggs in Malacca, is closely allied—especially in the female sex—to P. thunbergii,
Sieb.,* a Japanese insect. Whether its position in relation to P. agenor is that of a distinctly
specific or varietal character is, as stated before, a perfectly open question, and one awaiting
solution.
7c. Papilio esperi. (lab. XXVIII, fig. 1¢,+ and 62.)
Papilio Esperi, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser, 2, Zool. vol. i, p. 558, n. 17, t. lxviii. fig. 7 (1877).
Papilio Protenor (part), Esper (nec Cramer), Ausl, Schmett. t. 29, f 2 (1785-08),
Male. Wings above and beneath resembling those of P. ciliz, but the posterior wings beneath
having the marginal spots continuous and inwardly bounded by more or less distinct reddish lunules, the
spots in the red anal-angular area also much larger.
Female. Resembling the male above, but with the anterior wings dark greyish, the basal area,
neuration, and longitudinal streaks between the nervules black, and with a large diffused broad subapical
whitish fascia. Posterior wings as in male, but with a reddish spot at anal angle, and sometimes a
smaller but similarly coloured spot on posterior margin between the third median nervule and submedian
nervure. Anterior wings beneath as above; posterior wings beneath as in male, the spots in the red
anal-angular patch somewhat smaller, and the red submarginal lunules obsolete.
Exp. wings, ¢, 145 millim.; ¢?, 140 to 155 millim.,
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Quedah (coll. Dist.); Province Wellesley (coll. Sauer); Malacea (Pinwill—
Brit. Mus.; Biges—coll. Dist.).
7d. Papilio mestor. (Tab. XXVIII., figs. 2 ¢,1 7 2.)
lliades Mestor, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 89, n. 931 (1816).
Papilio Mestor, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 558, n. 18 (1877).
Papilio Androgeos, 3, Cram, Pap. Ex. i. t. 91, f£. A,B (1779) ?.
“ Considered a synonym of P. agenor by Mr. Kirby (Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep., Suppl. p. 810, 1877); and treated as a
aynonym of 2. memnon by Mr. Elwes (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 873).
+ As proposed by Mr. Butler.
| As proposed by Mr. Butler, Tho under surface of the posterior wings only given.
bepr. 25, 1885. 4s
542 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Male. Resembling P. esperi, but the under surface of the posterior wings having a more or less
distinct double row of marginal spots, the innermost being bounded by bluish lunules.,
Female. Resembling P. esperi, but the anterior wings having the white subapical fascia absent and
transferred to the inner marginal area; posterior wings haying the reddish anal-angular patch larger than
in P. esperi, and containing a dark spot. Wings beneath as in P. esperi, but with the corresponding
differences as above.
Exp. wings, ¢, 130 to 140 millim.; ?, 142 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Quedah (coll. Dist.); Province Wellesley (coll. Sater); Malacca (Pinwill—
Brit. Mus.; Biggs—coll. Dist.) ; Singapore (coll. Godfery).
These last five species? or varieties? here described and figured exhibit in a marked
degree the gradual transference of the male characteristics to the female sex. J’. agenor, ?,
and P. phenix, 2, show the strongest sexual divergence, whilst P. ciliz, ?, P. esperi, 2, and
P. mestor, @ , more closely,—and in the order named,—approach the hue and markings of the
male.
Te. Papilio achates. (Tab. XXVIIL., figs.3 & 42," 52.)
Papilio Achates, Cramer, Pap. Ex. ii. t. 182, A, B (1779); Godt, Enc, Méth. ix. p. 64, n, 107 (1819); Butt.
Trans, Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Zool, vol. i. p. 558, n. 19 (1877),
Papilio Memnon, var. Achates, Druce, Proc. Zool. Boe. 1874, p. 109.
Papilio Androgeos, De Nic. J, A.8, Beng. vol. 1. p. 68, n. 62 (18681),
Male. Differing principally from the same sex of the preceding species? or forms described by
having the red anal-angular patch on the under surface of the posterior wings much more restricted.
Female. Anterior wings above resembling those of P. phenix, 2, but somewhat paler; posterior
wings caudately produced, creamy white, the neuration (broadly), a basal patch occupying nearly half of
eell, a broad submarginal fascia,—widest and terminating at the median nervules,—anal angle and a
spot above it on abdominal margin, and the caudate appendages, black; a patch on abdominal margin
(containing the black spot), two marginal lunulate spots divided by the median nervules, and sometimes
more obscure marginal lunulate spots extending to apex, reddish; fringe of both wings greyish. Wings
beneath as above, the posterior wings with red basal spots. Pronotum and head black; abdomen above
yellowish-grey, with a dorsal blackish fascia; body beneath and legs fuscous or black.
Exp. wings, ¢, 1380 millim.; 92, 145 to 154 millim.
Han.—Continental India; Sikkim (de Nicéville).—Malay Peninsula; Quedah (coll. Dist.); Penang
(Biggs —coll. Dist.); Province Wellesley (coll. Sater); Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).—Siam; Chentaboon
(Druce).
The question whether this is merely another female form of P. agener requires solution.
Evidence in favour of its being so is found in the statement of Wallace,{ that in a closely
allied species, P. memnon,{ ‘* the males, the tailed and tailless females, have all been bred from
a single group of the larve by Messrs. Payen and Bocarme in Java.”
* As proposed by Mr. Butler. The under surface of the posterior wings only given.
+ Trans. Linn, Soc. vol. xxv. p. 6 (1865).
| P. memnon is closely allied to P. agenor, and represents the insular species, whilst P. agenor is the continental form.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA, 343
HELENUS Group.
g. Helenus-group, Wallace, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xxv. p. 49 (1865).
Sect, LX., Sub-sect, B, Felder, Spec. Lepid. Pap. pp. 81, 79 (1864).
Charus, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 149 (1881).
This is a somewhat extensive group of sombre-hued Papilios, which are distributed from
Continental India to the confines of the Malayan Archipelago. Four species are found in this
fauna, the sexes of which are more or less similar, but other species are contained in the group
in which the greatest sexual dissimilarity is manifest. Prof. Wood-Mason, remarking on this
fact, infers “the probable descent of all the members of this group from an ancestor with
tailless, rounded wings in both sexes, closely resembling P. dravidarum,* but with diffused discal
markings in the hind-wings, and probably also in the fore-wings; the conspicuous wing-
blotches of P. helenus, P. castor,} &c., having apparently resulted from the concentration, so to
speak, of such diffused colouring in the direction of the breadth of the wing, just as have the
discal bands of spots in P. dravidarum and P. mahadena{ from a similar process of modification
in the opposite direction.” §
Mr. Wallace, who observed this group in their natural condition, states that P. iswara, and
another species allied to P. helenus,|| ‘‘ have an undulating flight, very like that of the South
American Morphos, or even sometimes approaching that of the large Noctuide, and they rest
with the upper wings deflexed over the lower.’ {
8. Papilio helenus. (Tab. XXIX.,, fig. 3.)
Papilio Helenus, Linneus, Mus. Ulr. p. 185 (1764); Syst. Nat. i, 2, p. 745, n. 4 (1767); Cram, Pap. Ex. ii,
t, 158, A, B (1779); Clerck, Icones, t. 13, f. 2 (1764); Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 448, n. 6 (1775); Spec.
Ins. ii. p. 8, n. 7 (1780); Esper, Ausl. Schmett, p. 18, t. 2, f. 2 (1784); Jabl. Naturs. Schmett. ii.
p. 166, n. 40, t, 14, f. 4 (1784); Godt, Enc, Méth. ix. p, 68, n. 117 (1819); Boisd. Sp. Gén., i. p, 211,
n. 25 (1836); Gray, Cat. Lep. Papil. p. 18, n. 77 (1852); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep, Mus, E.1.C,
vol. i. p. 101, n. 205 (1857); Voll. Tijd. Ent. iii. p. 74, mn. 28 (1860); Reak. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. iii.
p. 464, n. 18 (1864); Wall. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 50, n. 66 (1865); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soe.
1865, p. 757; ibid. 1878, p. 840; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. B57, n. 13; DButl. Trans. Linn.
Soc. ser, 2, Zool, vol. i. p. 658, n. 18 (1877); Oberth. Etudes d’Ent. Quatr. Livr. p. 45, n. 68 (1879);
Snell, Lep. v. Midd. Sum. p. 25, n. 7 (1880); De Nic. J.A.5. Beng. vol. uv. p. 68, n. 60 (1881) ;
Aurivill, Kongl. Sv. vet. Akad. Handl. Band 19, no. 6. p. 10 (1882); Gosse. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2,
Zool. vol. ii. p. B00, t. 29, f. 1—B (1882); Kheil, Rhop. der Insel. Nias, p. 37, n. 140 (1884),
Achillides Helenus, Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 85, n. 874 (1516).
Charus Helenus, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 149, t. 58, f. 3 (1881).
Male. Wings above blackish; posterior wings with three large, fused, discal, pale stramineous spots,
separated by the subcostal nervules and a more or less obscure marginal series of reddish lunules not
reaching the apical area. Anterior wings beneath with longitudinal greyish rays in cell, and an outer
series of similar but broader greyish rays, becoming paler towards outer angle; posterior wings with the
diseal spots much whiter than above, the outer marginal series of reddish lunules continuous to apex,
those at anal angle enclosing black spots, and above anal angle are two others, one being macular; fringe
* A species found in Continental India. + Another species found in Continental India.
{ A Burmese species, § J.A.S. Beng. vol. xlix. p. 149 (1880).
|| Probably the P. preraspes, Feld. "| * Zoologist,’ p. 4637 (1885).
B44 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.,
and extreme outer margin alternately greyish-white between the nervules, greyish slender longitudinal rays
in cell and basal area dusted with minute greyish seales. Body above black, the pronotal collar and base
of head with minute greyish spots; body beneath blackish, the sternum spotted with greyish; legs
blackish, the femora streaked with greyish.
Female resembling the male, but larger.
Exp. wings, ¢ and ?, 120 to 144 millim.
Has.—Continental India; Southern India (coll. Dist.); Sikkim (de Nic.); Bengal (Moore).—Ceylon
(Moore). —Tenasserim; Hatsiega; Moolai to Moolat (Limborg—Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Penang;
Province Wellesley (colls. Sauer and Dist.); Perak (Kimst.—Cale. Mus.); Sungei Ujong (Durnford—coll.
Dist.); Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.; Biggs—ceoll. Dist.)— Sumatra (Snellen).— Nias Island (Kheil).—
Java (Voll. and Oberth.).—Borneo (Druce); Banjermasin (coll. Dist.).—Philippines (Reakirt).—Celebes
(Piepers).—China (Gray).
This widely distributed species appears to be of migratory habits, as I received in 1879
a specimen taken at sea during a calm, thirty miles from Singapore and nine from the nearest
land.* If during a calm one of these butterflies can be found so far at sea, if can be easily
imagined that in such a region of sudden squalls and storms involuntary migration must
frequently take place.
Herr ©. Piepers, whose interesting observations of butterfly life in Celebes have been
previously referred to, gives an interesting fact relating to this species :—‘* While I stood on
the bank of the river, which forms at this spot an apparently still and very clear pool before
entering the cleft in the rock, from which it reappears as a foaming and thundering waterfall,
a specimen of Papilio Helenus, Linn., came flying over the water. Flying low, as is the habit
of this species, it came within a short distanee of me, when I saw it suddenly half close its
wings and dive down close beside me, so that the whole body and about a third of the wings,
which slanted upwards, were immersed; it then raised itself again out of the water and
flew away.” +
According to Mr. Wade, this species in Kandy, Ambogamua, and Kottawa forest, in Ceylon,
‘frequents high jungle only.’’ Whilst, on the same island, Mr. Mackwood describes it as ‘‘found
principally in open glades and roadways in the jungle, from about 2000 to 4000 feet.’’
I have received from Penang specimens of a large dragonfly and this species, labelled
respectively by the Rev. L. C. Biggs “ pursuer and pursued.”
9. Papilio iswara. (Tab. XXX., figs. 1¢, 2%.)
Papilio Iswara, White, Entom. i. p. 280 (1842); Doubl. Hew, Gen. Diurn. Lep, t. 2, f. 1 (1846); Gray, Cat.
Lep. Papil. p. 19, n. 78 (1852); Horsf. & Moore, Cat, Lep. Mus. E. 1.0. p. 101, n. 204 (1857); Wall.
Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xxv. p. 51, n. 58 (1865); Butl. Trang. Linn. Soc, ser, 2, Zool. vol. i, p. 543,
n. 16 (1877).
Male. Wings above black; anterior wings with obseure longitudinal brownish streaks in cell, and
still more obscure streaks on outer area, the fringe narrowly spotted with whitish; posterior wings with
a large whitish discal macular pateh, divided by the nervules, and extending from costal margin, where it
© T originally referred to this specimen, in error, under the name of P. hystaspes, a local form of P. helenus (Proc. Ent,
Soc. Lond. 1879, p. xxx).
4 Tijd. Ent. xix. pp. xviii to xxiv, and English translation by Kirby, ‘ Entomologist,' x. p. 268.
t Moore's ‘ Lepid. Ceylon,’ vol. i. p. 149.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. B45
is narrowest, to the upper median nervule where it is broadest, more or less convex inwardly and obtusely
dentate outwardly ; between the spot and the abdominal margin are three small patches of whitish scales,
a red lunulate spot above anal angle, and the fringe alternately white and black. Wings beneath less
glossy black than above; anterior wings with the cellular margin, the longitudinal streaks in cell, and
a series of streaks near outer margin greyish; posterior wings with the basal portion of the neuration,
longitudinal streaks in cell, and some scattered scales between the costal and subcostal nervures greyish,
the discal whitish patch narrowed and more macular, being divided by the black neuration, two lunulate
greyish spots divided by the second median nervule, three lunulate bluish spots divided by the first and
second median nervules and two red spots with black centres and outwardly margined with greyish,
one a little before and the other a little above anal angle, the last containing an upper violaceous streak.
Body above concolorous with wings, the pronotal collar spotted with greyish; body beneath with legs
blackish or dark fuscous; a streak on inner side of eyes, posterior margin of head, some spots on
prosternum, longitudinal streaks on femora, and some obscure abdominal spots, greyish.
Female. Larger than the male; anterior wings above with the longitudinal streaks paler, brighter,
and more ochraceous-brown; posterior wings with the discal patch more stramineous than in male, and
with two red spots with black centres, one a little before and the other a little above the anal angle;
anterior wings beneath with the outer longitudinal streaks much broader than in male; posterior wings
beneath with the markings larger and somewhat brighter than in male.
Exp. wings, #, 142 millim.; ¢, 152 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Penang (Brit. Mus.); Province Wellesley (colls. Saiier and Dist.); Malacca
(Pinwill—Brit. Mus.) ; Singapore (coll. Wall.).—Borneo (Wall.).
P, iswara does not appear to be an abundant species, and is apparently almost confined
to this fauna.
10. Papilio prexaspes. (Tab. XXIX., fig. 22.)
Papilio Prexaspes, Felder, Reise Noy, Lep. i. p. 107, n. 82, t. 15, f. d (1865); Butl. Trans, Linn. Soc. ser. 2,
Zool. vol. i. p. 553, n. 14 (1877).
Male. Wings above black; posterior wings with a discal, pale stramineous, macular patch divided
by the black neuration and extending from near the apex (where it is narrowest) to the upper median
nervule (where it is broadest) inwardly somewhat convex and outwardly obtusely dentate; fringe
alternately greyish and black; anterior wings beneath with cellular and outer brownish longitudinal
streaks, and with a greyish spot near outer angle; posterior wings with the macular diseal patch whiter
than above, and between it and the abdominal margin are three lunulate greyish spots divided by the
median nervules, followed by a series of more or less obseure bluish spots, and dark ochraceous marginal
spots, which are almost completely obliterated from beneath the upper median nervule; a dark ochraceous
spot above the anal angle; the fringe as above. Body above black, the pronotal collar spotted with
greyish-white; body beneath with legs blackish; interior margin of eyes, basal margin of head, under
surface of legs, and spots to thorax and abdomen, greyish-white.
Exp. wings, 3, 110 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Selangor—Kwala Lumpor (Biggs—coll. Dist.) ; Malacea (Com. de Castelnau
—coll. Feld. ; Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).
11. Papilio nephelus, var. saturnus (Tab. XXX., figs. 32, 42, 52, var.)
Papilio Nephelus, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. i. p. 210, n. 24 (1886); De Haan, Verh. Nat. Ges. Ned. overz. Bez. p. 29,
t. 4, f. 4 (1840); Wall. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 51, n. 61 (1865); Oberth. Etudes d’Ent. Quatr.
Livr. p. 45, n. 66 (1879).
SEPT. 25, 1885. dt
346 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Papilio Saturnus, Guérin, Deless. Souv. Ind. ii. p. 70 (1848); Feld. Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. p. 820, n. 412,
p. 867, n, 248 (1864); Batl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 558, n. 16 (1877).
Papilio Neptunus, Guér. Deless, Souy. Ind. ii. t, 18 (1848)."
Papilio Nephelus, var. Saturnus, Gray, Cat. Lepid. Papil. p, 18 (1852).
Male. Wings above black; anterior wings dusted with minute bronzy scales, which form longitudinal
rays in cell, a subapical transverse fascia of five pale stramineous spots divided by the nervules, and
sometimes with a sixth very slender linear subcostal spot; outer margin with minute white spots between
the nervules; posterior wings with a large discal macular pale stramineous patch divided by the nervules,
extending from near costa—where it is narrowest—to the second median nervule, more or less convex
inwardly, and outwardly strongly and obtusely dentate, principally produced between the discoidal and upper
median nervules; fringe alternately greyish and black. Wings beneath as above, but the anterior wings
with the subapical transverse macular fascia larger and whiter than above, and with two whitish spots
near outer angle divided by the submedian nervure, the lowermost of which is very small; posterior wings
with the diseal macular patch whitish, and not pale stramineous as above, and continued to abdominal
margin by two somewhat violaceous spots divided by the lower median nervule, a submarginal series of
subviolaceous linear spots divided by the nervules and two similarly coloured spots near anal angle, the
lowermost smallest; the fringe more broadly alternately greyish than above, the same colour extending to
the basal margins of the caudate appendages. Body above blackish, the pronotal collar spotted with
greyish; body beneath and legs blackish; the inner margin of eyes, posterior margin of head, spots
to thorax and abdomen, and under surface of femora greyish.
Female. Anterior wings above with the subapical fascia larger and darker than in male, and with
two obscure and dull ochraceous spots near outer angle divided by the submedian neryure; posterior wings
above with the discal patch continued to abdominal margin by two dull ochraceous spots divided by the
lower median nervule. Wings beneath as in male, but posterior wings with the submarginal apical spot
much enlarged and continued inwardly, the submarginal spots larger than in male.
Exp. wings, ¢, 97 to 120 millim.; 2, 80 to 182 millim.
Has.—Continental India; Assam (Brit. Mus.).—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (colls. Sater
and Dist.); Perak (Kiimstler—Cale. Mus.); Malacca (coll. Wall.; Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).—Sumatra (coll.
Wall.; Forbes—coll. Dist.).—Borneo (Lowe—coll. Godm. & Salyv.); Banjermasin (coll. Dist.); Elodina
(Pryer—coll. Dist.).
In some specimens, especially in a Sumatran one now before me, the pale stramineous
markings above are more or less shaded with dark ochraceous; in other respects the species
seems fairly constant in character.
PAMMON + Group.
h. Pammon-group, Wallace, Trans, Linn. Soc, vol. xxv. p. 51 (1865).
Sect. LX., Sub-sect. A, Felder, Spec. Lepid. Pap. pp. 80, 78, 79 (1864).
Laertias, Hibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 84 (1816); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 150 (1881).
This abundant and interesting group of Papilios is found in Continental India, and
from thence distributed eastward through the continent as far north as China; it is also
found in the Indian islands and throughout the Malayan Archipelago.
The group is also remarkable for the varietal and diverse forms of the females of the same
species, as 1s shown in the only one found in this fauna.
* Guerin’s plate, as already noticed (antéa, p. 385, note) was lettered erroneously, the species being fixed by that
author's description.
| P. pammon ie here enumerated and described under the older name of P. polytes.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. o47
12. Papilio polytes. (Tab. XXIIL., figs. 7¢; 8, 9, 102.)
Papilio Polytes, Linneus, Syst. Nat. ed, x. p. 460, n. 7 (1758); ib. ed. xii. p. 746, n. 5 (1767); Clerck, Icones,
t. 14, f.1 (1759); Cram. Pap, Ex. iii. t. 265, A—C (1782); Esper, Ausl, Schmett, p. 19, t. 8, f. 1 (1784);
ibid. p. 50, t. 12, f. 1 (1786); Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 448, n. 2 (1775); Spee. Ins. ii. p. 2, n. 4 (1781);
Mant, Ins. ii, p. 1, n. 6 (1787); Ent. Syst. iii, p. 2, mn. 5 (1798); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus.
B.I.C. vol. i. p. 108, n. 208 (1857); Reak. Proc, Ent. Soc. Phil. iii. p. 468, n. 16 (1864); Moore,
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 487; ibid. p. 756; Butl. Lepid. Fabr. p. 2563, n. 62 (1869); Trans. Linn.
Soc. ser, 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 652, n, 12 (1877); Druce, Proc, Zool, Soc. 1873, p. 857, n. 10; ibid, 1874,
p. 108, n.4; Snell. Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 155, n.71 (1876); Lep.v. Midd. Sum, p. 25, n.6 (1880); de Nic.
J. A. 8. Beng. vol. u. p. 58, n. G1 (1881); Aurivill. Kongl. sv. vet. Akad. Handl. Band 19, no, 5,
pp. 11, 12, 14 (1882).
Papilio Polites, Godt, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 70. n, 126 (1819).
Princeps Stichius, Hibn. Samml. Ex. Schmett. (180G—1816).
Menelaides Polytes, Hibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 85, n. 869 (1816).
Menelaides Alphenor, Hibn, (part), Vera. bek. Schmett. p. 85, n, 870 (1816),
Papilio Pammon, Linn, Syst. Nat. ed. x. p. 460, n. 8 (1758); ibid. ex. xii. p. 746, n. 8 (1767); Clerek, Icones,
t. 14, f. 2 (1759); Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 445, n. 18 (1775); Spee. Ins. ii. p. 4, n. 16 (1781); Mant. Ins.
il, p. 3, n. 16 (1787); Ent. Syst. iii. p, 7, m. 20(1799); Cram. Pap. Ex. i. t. 141, B (1779); Esp.
Ausl. Schmett. p, 246, t. 40, B. f. 1 (1793); Godt. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 74, n. 189 (1819); Boisd. Spee.
Gén. i. p. 271, n. 96 (1886); Gray, Cat. Lepid. Papil. p. 19, mn, 82 (1852); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep.
Mus. B.1.C. vol. i. p. 104, m. 209 (1857); Reak. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. iii. p. 466, n. 15 (1864) ;
Wall. Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xxv. p. 51, n. 62, t. 2, f. 1, 8, 5, 6 (1865); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865,
p. 487; ibid. p.'756; ibid. 1878, p. 840; Voll. Tijd. Ent. iii, p. 79, mn. 79 (1860); Snell. Tijd. Ent.
xx. p. 8 (1877); Godm. & Salv. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 641. n. 30; Oberth. Htudes d'Ent. Quatr.
Livr. p. 47, n. 79 (1879); Gosse, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. ii. p. 801, t. 29, f. 7—9 (1882).
Princeps Pammon, Hiibn. Samml. Ex. Schmett, i, t. 109 (1806-16),
Laertias Pammon, Hubn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 84, un. 861 (1816); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 259.
Papilio Romulus, Cram. Pap. Ex. i. t. 48, A (1776); Gray, Cat. Lep. Papil. p. 20, n, 83 (1852); Moore, Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 765.
Laertias Fomulus, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 140, t. 59, f. 1, a, 6, ¢. (1881).
7
Male. Wings above blackish or very dark fuscous; anterior wings with an outer marginal series of
small creamy spots placed between the nervules; posterior wings with a transverse discal series of large
ereamy spots divided by the nervules, the fringe alternately creamy and blackish. Wings beneath as
above, but the posterior wings having a submarginal series of lunulate ochraceous spots, two spots a little
above anal angle, the uppermost largest, reddish, and preceded by some bluish scales, the fringe-like spots
much larger than above. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Female. Varietal form a.—Closely resembling the male above, but with a red spot at a little above
anal angle of posterior wings; wings beneath as in male, but the reddish spot above anal angle of posterior
wings duplex, and preceded by a somewhat reddish spot thickly irrorated with bluish scales situate between
the second and third median nervules.
This is the form depicted at Tab. XXXIII., figs. 8 and 9, the last figure illustrating a specimen with
a more or less distinct series of reddish submarginal spots to the posterior wings above, whilst the spot
above anal angle is distinctly larger and enclosing a blackish centre.
Female. Varietal form b.—Anterior wings above much paler, the basal area darker and with darker
streaks in cell and between the nervules; posterior wings with five creamy discal spots, one in and near
end of cell and four beyond apex of cell divided by the discoidal and first and second median nervules,
the innermost spot being more or less ochraceous and situate in a larger reddish patch irrorated with
348 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
violaceous scales which extends to abdominal margin, and being divided by the lower median nervule; a
submarginal series of reddish lunulate spots placed between the nervules, the two within the area of the
caudate appendage duplex, and a large reddish spot near anal angle with a blackish centre, the fringe
alternately creamy and blackish. Anterior wings beneath much paler than above; posterior wings as
above, but with the submarginal spots larger and irrorated with bluish seales and the fringe-like spots
also larger than above.
This is the form depicted at Tab. XXXIIL., fig. 10.
Exp. wings, ¢ and ?, 80 to 110 millim.
Has. — Continental India; N.W. Himalaya (Lang and Hocking—Moore); Bengal (coll. Moore) ;
Sikkim (de Nicéville)—Ceylon (Thwaites—coll. Dist.)—Tenasserim; Ahsown, Meetan, Taoo (Limborg—
Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Quedah, Penang, Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Perak (Kiinst—Cale. Mus.) ;
Malacea (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.; Biggs—coll. Dist.) ; Singapore (coll. Wall.).—Sumatra (Snellen).—Billiton
(eoll. Godm. & Salv.).—Java (Vollenh.); Batavia (Snellen); Bantam (coll. Dist.).—Borneo (Lowe—coll.
Godm. & Salv.); Sandakan (Pryer—coll. Dist.) ; Banjermasin (coll. Dist.)—Timor (Vollenh.).—Philippines
(Reak.).—Siam; Chentaboon, Naheonchaisee (Druce).—Cochin China (Oberthur).—China (Horsf. & Moore) ;
Canton (Vollenh.); Chekiang and Kiangsu Provinces (Pryer*).—Chusan (Horsf. & Moore).
Considerable variation exists in the length of the caudate appendages to the posterior
wings, and as Mr. Wallace pointed out, ‘ The continental specimens .... have all considerably
developed tails in both sexes; the insular specimens, on the other hand (which I treat as
a separate species), have only a prominent tooth or very short tail in the males.” + Messrs.
Godman and Salvin also described the same character in Billiton specimens, in which the
* caudal appendage” ‘is but slightly developed, and in this respect they agree best with Javan
examples.” * I cannot, however, separate the continental and insular specimens as distinct
species, for my own collection contains examples from Banjermasin in which the males have
these appendages well developed, whilst in other males from North Borneo they are almost
obsolete. We can, however, accept Mr. Wallace’s axiom in a general sense, and certify that
insular specimens do, as a rule, vary from continental ones more or less in this respect.
The most interesting fact in relation to this species is its polymorphism in the female sex.
Mr. Wallace first published these facts in his excellent memoir on the Malayan Papilionide,
and they have since been abundantly verified. The first form of the female more or less
resembles the male, as has already been pointed out (Tab. XX XIII, figs. 8 and 9); the second
and most common form is that depicted at Tab. XXNXUIL, fig. 10, whilst a third form—but
one at present unknown to the writer as having been found in the Malay Peninsula—is the
P. romulus, Cram. These facts do not rest on mere conjecture. We have the statement of the
late Dr. Thwaites that in Ceylon he had ‘repeatedly reared the three forms of female from
larve apparently quite indistinguishable from one another.”§ Mr. L. de Nicéville has also
by experimental breeding placed the question beyond doubt, although, as he says, ‘‘ My
experiments have so far been only partially successful, as from one form of female I have been
able to breed males and two forms of females, one like the mother, the other like one of the
two female forms”; still, as his experiments were with females of forms II. and IIL., the
* Ent, Month. Mag. vol. xiv. p, 52 (1877). } Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xxv. p. 51.
| Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 641. § Moore's Lepid. Ceylon, vol. i. p. 151.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA, B49
evidence is convincing, if not decisive.* The rationale of this female polymorphism has been
sought in the doctrine of **mimiery,” the second form of the female more or less resembling
Papilio aristolochie, which, as already pointed out (antea, p. 338), possesses an odour which is
probably distasteful, and hence protective from that butterfly’s enemies, by affording an
immunity from attack. The female form III. (not at present known from the Peninsula) more
or less resembles Papilio hector, Linn., which is also absent from our fauna, and therefore we
can scarcely expect to find the imitator in the absence of the imitated. Mr. Meldola has
offered a suggestion on the subject in the proposition ‘that the di- and trimorphism displayed
by certain butterflies has originated through polymorphism from ordinary variability.” It
being only necessary ‘‘for the immediate female forms to become extinct” in order to have
true cases of the phenomena.t| That the variation is somewhat of a seasonal nature is
indicated by the statement of the Rev. J. H. Hocking that in the N.W. Himalaya,—where the
larva was found on lemon-tree ‘‘ June 19,”—*‘ The perfect insects (male and female of pammon
form) fly from March to December, at an elevation of 6000 feet. The polytes form 2, is more
restricted to the hot valleys, not appearing before June, and very rarely found above
4000 feet.”’ |
The larva and pupa of this species (under the names of P. polytes and P. pammon) have
been figured by Horsfield and Moore,§ and reproduced here (antea, p. 321), and the larva is
stated to feed in Java ‘on a species of Citrus bearing the native name of Juruk.”” Mr. de
Nieéville deseribes the ** common lime”’ as ‘ one of the common food-plants of this species.”’
FP. polytes is an abundant species wherever it is localised. Mr. Collingwood, when in
Borneo, found it “floated over every hedgerow,” || and scarcely a collection arrives from the
Kast that does not contain its familiar presence.
DEMOLION Group.
k. Demolion-group, Wallace, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxv. p, 50 (1865).
Sect. LIX., Subsect, B., Felder, Spec. Lepid. Pap. pp. 80, 78 (1865).
This is a small group of Papilios inhabiting many of the islands of the Malayan
Archipelago, and might be considered altogether insular but for the one species here
enumerated, which is found on the continent.
13. Papilio demolion. (Tab. XXVII.b, fig. 3 2.)
Papilio Demotion, Cramer, Pap. Ex. i. t. 89, A, B (1779); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. vol. i.
p- 105, n. 210 (1857); Wall. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 59, n. 79 (1865); Druee, Proc. Zool. Soc.
1878, p. 857, n.9; ibid. 1874, p.108,n.8; Butl. Trans, Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Zool. vol. 1. p.562, n.9 (1877);
Kheil, Rhop. der Insel. Nias. p. 87, n. 139 (1884),
Papilio Creaphontes, Faby. (nee Cram.), Spec. Ins. ii. p. 19, 0. 77 (1871); Godt. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 61, n. 98
(1819); Luc. Lep. Ex. t. 15, f. 1 (1835); Boisd. Sp. Gén. i. p, 220, n. 88 (1886),
© An interesting account of these experiments is contained in ‘The Asian Sporting Newspaper,’ vol. iv. p. 175 (1830).
+ Weismann’s ‘ Studies in the Theory of Descent,’ Eng. Transl. p. 250, note.
| Proc. Zool: Soe. 1882, p. 259.
§ Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. t. 8, figs, 3, @; 4, a. The lorve of the two forms are also, according to Horsfield, seasonal in
their appearance, as that of the form P. polytes is stated to feed in Java from January to May, and that of the form P. pamon
from November to April (Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. 1. C. vol. i. p. 105).
|| * Entomologist,’ vol. iv. p. 15 (1868),
Surr. 25, 1885. 4u
350 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Male. Wings above blackish; anterior wings crossed by a pale greenish fascia, broadest at inner
margin and narrowed, broken and macular above the median nervules, the spots placed between the
nervules, the uppermost and smallest being subapical; posterior wings with a broad transverse pale
greenish fascia on inner half, a submarginal series of pale greenish, somewhat lunulate spots, and a reddish
spot with a black centre above anal angle. Wings beneath much paler than above; anterior wings
with pale stramineous streaks in cell, and the macular fascia as above; posterior wings much paler than
above, the dark area before and beyond the transverse fascia being thickly dusted with pale greenish
scales, beyond the fascia are a duplex series of black spots (some fused) separated by small patches
of bluish scales, an ochraceous patch at apex and anal angle, the last containing a black spot, the
submarginal series of pale greenish spots above, enlarged, fused and fascia-like beneath. Body above
blackish ; body beneath and legs more or less concolorous with wings; the legs much darker above.
Female. Larger than the male, colour somewhat paler, and the submarginal spots to the upper
surface of the posterior wings ochraceous towards anal angle.
Exp. wings, ¢, 95 to 100 millim.; ?, 98 to 105 millim.
Has.—Burma; Moulmein (Brit. Mus.).—Malay Peninsula; Penang, Provinee Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ;
Perak (Kiinst.—Cale. Mus.) ; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.) ; Singapore (Wallace)._-Sumatra (Wallace).—
Nias Island (Kheil).—Java (Horsf. & Moore).—Borneo (Druce); Sandakan (Pryer—coll. Dist.) —Siam ;
Chentaboon (Druce).
ERITHONIUS Group.
]. Erithonius-group, Wallace, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxv. pp. 28, 59 (1865).
Sect. XXXIX,, Subsect. B., Felder, Spec. Lep. Pap. pp. 21, 68 (1864).
Orpheides, Hibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 86 (1816); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 146 (1881).
The characters of this ‘and the three following groups are thus given by Mr. Wallace :—
‘“‘Larve subeylindrical, variously coloured. Imago with abdominal margin in 3 plaited, but not
reflexed; body weak; antenns short, with a thick curved club; wings entire."
This is an exceedingly small group, containing three species as enumerated by the
Felders, two of which are, however, synthetically treated as one by Mr. Wallace. The sexes
are similar, and the area of geographical distribution embraces Tropical and Subtropical
Africa, and extends froni Continental India to Australia.
14. Papilio erithonius, var. malayanus. (Tab. XXYVII. J, fig. 6.)
Papilio Erithonius, Cramer, Pap. Ex. iii. t, 282, A, B (1782); Gray, Cat. Lep. Papil. p. 21, n. 92 (1852) ;
Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. vol. i. p. 105, n. 211 (1857); Reak. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. iii.
p. 472, n, 19 (1864); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 487, n.6; ibid. p. 757; Wall. Trans. Linn. Soc,
vol. xxv. p. 59, n. 81 (1865); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 108, n.2; Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877,
p. 814, n. 85; Oberth. Etudes d'Ent. Quatr. Livr. p. 57, n. 129 (1879); Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soe. 1881,
p. 878; Gosse, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. ii. p. 814, t. 81, £. 9—12 (1882).
Papilio Epius, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 85, n. 102 (1793); Don. Ins. China, t. 29, f.2 (1799); Godt. Enc.
Méth. ix. p. 48, n. 53 (1819); Boisd. Sp. Gén. i. p. 288, n. 61 (1886),
Papilio Demoleus, Kp. Ausl. Schmett. t. 50, f. 1—4 (1785—1798); Don. Ins. China, t. 29, f. 1 (1799).
Papilio Mrithonius, var. Malayanus, Wall. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 59, n. 81 (1865).
Papilio Malayanus, Butl, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 652, n. 8 (1877).
Orpheides Erithonius, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 147, t. 61, £. 2, a, b (1881); Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 258.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA, S51
Male. Wings above blackish; anterior wings with the cell and basal area marked with pale
yellowish strige and a basal subcostal streak, and with the following spots of the same colour :—two in and
before end of cell, two at extremity of cell, four subapical, an oblique series of five beneath cell and an
outer submarginal series of smaller spots, fringe alternately yellowish; posterior wings with the basal
area minutely speckled with yellowish, a broad and irregular macular pale yellowish transverse fascia
divided by the nervules, generally followed by a small spot between the bases of the first and second
median nervules, and containing a large black spot ocellated with bluish at the costal margin, an irregular
submarginal series of pale yellowish spots and the area between these and the transverse fascia minutely
speckled with yellowish, a dark red spot at anal angle posteriorly united to a small yellow spot and the
fringe alternately spotted with pale yellowish. Anterior wings beneath spotted as above, but with basal
pale ochraceous streaks both in and beneath cell, and with some ochraceous spots between the four
subapical and the submarginal yellowish spots; posterior wings with the base ochraceous, outwardly
margined with and inwardly containing a forked narrow black fascia, the central transverse fascia as
above followed by ochraceous containing a blackish spot outwardly margined with bluish in and near end
of cell, a transverse series of six similarly coloured spots beyond cell; five blackish spots at outer margin
of the ochraceous area and a marginal blackish scalloped fascia; other spots and markings as above.
Body above more or less concolorous with wings; body beneath pale yellowish, striped with blackish ;
legs yellowish, streaked with blackish.
Exp. wings, ¢, 80 to 82 millim.
Has.—Continental India; N.W. Himalaya (Lang & Hocking—Moore); Bengal (Moore); Canara,
Caleutta (Horsf. & Moore).—Ceylon (Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Quedah, Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ;
Perak (Kiinst—Cale. Mus.); Sungei Ujong (Durnford—coll. Dist.); Malacea (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.) ;
Singapore (coll. Dist.).—Philippines (Reakirt).—Siam ; Nahconcliaisee (Druce).—Cochin China (Oberthur).
—Formosa (Brit, Mus.).—China; Foochow (Elwes).
*
Mr. Wallace described his local form malayanus as wanting “ the two spots on the lower
margin of the cell of the hind wings,” but these are really present—though in a modified
form—in all the specimens now before me from the Peninsula, excepting in one example
from Singapore. The width of the transverse fascia in the cell is also somewhat wider
than in the typical forms of P. erithonius, but the differences seem simply of a local and
varietal character. In Western Australia a distinct form of this species is found, in the
P. sthenelus, M‘Leay.
As pointed out by Reakirt,* several descriptions of the larva of this species had been
published, which differed in several particulars. Since then the drawings of its transformations
made by the Bros. de Alwis in Ceylon have appeared, and may be taken as decisive.+
In Continental India the larva has been recorded by Capt. Hutton as feeding on the Citron ;{ _
in the Bengal Presidency its food-plants have been described, by Capt. Mortimer Slater, as the
‘* Lime, Orange, and ‘ Bel’ tree’;§ Mr. Hamilton’s statement is that ‘‘the larva of this
butterfly feeds on the -Lime and Citron’’;|| in N.W. India Capt. Lang found this species
constant to the ‘* Aurantiacem”’;{] at Mbow Mr, Forsayeth not only found the larva ‘‘on a
species of orange or sweet lime tree, a large shrub with green fleshy leaves and thorny
branches, common in Indian fruit gardens,”’ but subsequently ‘‘on a small green herb,
* Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. vol. iii. p. 475.
+ Moore's Lep. Ceyl. p. 14, t. 61, f. 2a, b. | Proe. Ent. Soc. vol. v. p. 48.
§ Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C., Append. p. 111. 4 Ibid.
| Ent. Month. Mag. vol. i. p. 104.
352 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. :
growing in grassy patches amongst cultivated fields.”* Mr. Forsayeth also adds the following
interesting particulars:—‘‘The larve appear invariably to attach themselves to the leaf
on which they are feeding by a fine, almost invisible, web. On removing a larva from the
leaf the web is dragged away by the feet, and then is easily seen. I have also noticed that
they devour their exuvim, at least I never could find a cast skin in the cages in which I bred
the larve from early youth to maturity.” +
Dr. E. Bonavia found, whilst breeding this species at Etawah, in India, that the larve
were attacked by parasitic flies belonging to the Tachininw, whose eggs thus deposited in the
caterpillar resulted in one chrysalis having succumbed in the struggle for existence with six
larvie as internal parasites.” +
PARADOXA § Group.
m. Paradoxa-group, Wallace, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xxv. p. 60 (1865).
Sec, XXXVIL. (part), Felder, Spec. Lep. Pap. pp. 20, 66 (1864),
This is a remarkable group, the distribution of which is focussed in the Indo-Malayan
region. These Papilios “mimic” other protected butterflies, principally species of the genus
Euplea. ;
T'wo species—according to present knowledge—are found in the Malay Peninsula; a third,
P. enigma, has been recorded by Mr. Wallace || as common to Malacca, Sumatra, and Borneo,
but the first locality is probably incorrect, as the Malay Peninsula possesses a closely allied
form or species in the P. butleri, Jans., here enumerated, and we have seen in other families
that these local forms or species are generally quite constant and peculiar to their restricted
habitats.
15. Papilio butleri. (Tab. XXVII.a, fig. 64; Tab. XXVIL., fig. 6 ¢.)
Papilio Butleri, Janson, Cist. Ent. vol. ii. p. 488 (1879).
Male. Anterior wings above dark velvety indigo-blue, the base somewhat brownish, and with the
following pale violaceous markings:—a spot in and near end of cell, a small subcostal streak beyond
end of cell, and a series of seven large linear submarginal spots placed between the nervules, which
become fainter and somewhat broken towards the outer angle; posterior wings above dark chocolate-
brown, with a faint submarginal series of very small bluish spots with dark margins, one near apex largest
and brightest. Wings beneath pale chocolate-brown; both wings with a submarginal series of small and
very pale violaceous spots; anterior wings with two pale streaks beneath base of cell; fringe alternately
greyish. Body above somewhat blackish; pronotum anteriorly spotted with greyish; body beneath
blackish, spotted with greyish; legs blackish, streaked with greyish.
Female. Wings above brown; anterior wings spotted as in male, but the spots greyish-white ;
posterior wings with a submarginal series of lunulate greyish spots; wings beneath generally as above.
Exp. wings, ¢, 90 to 95 millim.: ?, 95 to 108 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Selangor, Kwala Lumpor (Biggs—coll.
Dist.) ; Malacca (Janson).
* Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1884, p. 386. + [bid. { * Nature,’ vol. xxxi. p. 20.
§ P. paradowa, Zink., is a Javan species, || Trans. Linn, Soe. vol. xxv. p. 60 (1865).
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 853
This appears to be a moderately scarce species, and is related to some very closely allied
forms in the neighbouring islands. Were the butterflies of the whole Malayan region being
described, it would be possible to pursue the more reasonable course of arranging these local
though distinct forms under one specific grouping, but, as the Rhopalocera of the Malay
Peninsula are here alone enumerated, that course cannot be followed.
16. Papilio caunus, var. egialus. (Tab. XXVII.J, fig. 5 2.)
Papilio Caunus, Westwood, Cat. Orient. Ent. t. 9, f. 2, 2* (1848).
Papilio Caunus, race egialus, Distant, Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xii. p. 352 (1883).
Male. Wings above dark indigo-blue. Anterior wings with the following greyish-white spots :—
a. large spot crossing cell just before its extremity, preceded by a subcostal streak and followed beneath by
two spots separated by the upper median nervule and a submarginal row of small spots which are more
or less tinged with bluish; a small bluish discal spot between the second and third median nervules.
Posterior wings with the cell, and adjoining streaks between the nervules,—practically absent between the
upper discoidal and first median nervules, and longest and largest between the lower median nervule and
submedian nervure,—greyish white; these streaks are outwardly notched and margined with pale bluish:
a submarginal series of small lunulate whitish spots. Wings beneath dark brownish, with the greyish-
white markings as above, the submarginal spots tinged with bluish. Body dark indigo-blue, spotted—
especially beneath—with greyish; legs dark indigo-blue.
Exp. wings, ¢, 90 to 94 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Sungei Ujong (Durnford—eoll. Dist.) ; Singapore (coll. Godfery).
The interest attaching to this local race of H. cawnus is principally owing to its being
a “mimic” of Huplwa diocletianus, which is also the local race or form in the Malay Peninsula
of FE. rhadamanthus.* We thus see this mimicking Papilio modified in the same manner as
its mimicked Kuplea, and if FE. diveletianus is to be recognised as a distinct species, this local
form, variety, or race, will have (in an artificial and systematic sense only) to be recorded
in the same way. I have been recently informed by Mr. O. Salvin that he has received
Bornean examples of the Papilio which mimic the Bornean form of the Euplwa, viz. LE. lowet.
DISSIMILIS Group.
n. Disstmilis-group, Wallace, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxv. pp. 238, 61 (1865).
Sect. XXXVI. (part), Felder, Spee. Lep. Pap. pp. 20, 66 (1865),
Arishe, Huibn. (part), Verz. bek. Schinett. p. 89 (1816).
Clytia, Swains. Zool. lust. ser, 2, iii, t. 120 (1888).
Chilasa, Moore, Lep, Ceyl. vol. i. p, 158 (1881),
This is a small group of species found in and between Continental India and the Malayan
Archipelago.
17. Papilio clytia. (Tab. XXVII.b, fig. 22.)
Papilio Clytia, Linneus, Syst. Nat. ed. x. p. 479. n. 125 (1758); Mus. Ulr. p. 296 (1764); Syst. Nat. ed. xii.
p. 781, n. 189 (1767); Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 607, n. 270 (1775); Spec. Ins. u. p. 95, n, £15 (1781);
Mant. Ins. ii. p. 50, n. 600 (1787); Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 127, nm. 887 (1793); Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. 6,
p. 2324, n. 189 (1790); Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 244, n. $9 (1869); Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool.
vol. i. p. 552, n. 11 (1877); Aurivill. Kongl. sv. vet. Akad. Handl. Band. 19, p. 96, n. 114 (1882).
© Antea, p. ZB.
Octroner 15, 1885. 4x
354 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Papilio Dissimilis, Linn, Syst. Nat. ed. x. p. 479, n. 180 (1758); Mus. Ulr, p. 301, n, 119 (1764); Syst, Nat.
ed. xii. p. 782, mn. 195 (1767); Clerck, Icones. Ins. i. t.16, f.2 (1759); Pabr. Syst. Ent. p. 511, n. 288
(1775); Spee, Ins. ii. p, 101, n, 444 (1781); Mant. Ing, ii. p. 54, n. 539; Ent, Syst. iii, 1, p. 38, n. 118
(1798); Cram. Pap. Exot. i. t. 82, C, D (1775); Sulz. Gesch. Ins. p. 145, t. 18, f. 6 (1776); Gmel.
Syst. Nat. i. 5, p. 2825, n. 195 (1790); Herbst, Naturs. Schmett. vi. p. 41, n. 23, t. 126, f. 2, 8 (1798);
Esper, Ausl. Schmett. p. 233, t. 57, f. 8 (1798); Godt. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 75, n. 148 (1819); Lueas,
Lep. Exot. p. 46, t. 28, f. 2 (1885); Boisd. Sp. Gén. 1. p. 377, n. 224 (1836); Gray, Cat. Lep. Papil.
p. 71, n. 880 (1852); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus, E.1.C. vol. i. p. 91, n. 187 (1857); Voll. Tijd.
Ent. iii. p. 88, n. 155 (1860); Reak, Proc. Ent, Soc. Phil, iii, p, 490, n. 28 (1864); Moore, Proe. Zool,
Soc. 1865, p. 486; ibid. p. 756; Oberth. Etudes d'Ent. Quatr. Livr. p. 100, n. 823 (1579),
Ulytia Dissimilis, Swains. Zool. Ill. Ins. ii. t. 120 (1838),
Chilasa Dissimilis, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. 1. p. 153, t. 57, f. 1, a, 6 (1881); Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 261.
Male. Wings above blackish, with pale ochraceous markings ; on anterior wings these markings consist
of a narrow basal subcostal streak, a triangular patch outwardly and triple-cleft oceupying about basal
half of cell, three spots in and before end of cell, followed by a curved discal series of ten spots irregular
in shape and size, two long and basally fused fasciate-like spots between lower median nervule and
submedian nervure, a submarginal row of smaller spots, a prominent apical spot, and a series of minute
fringe-like spots; on posterior wings the markings are as follows :—a large patch more or less occupying
cell, which is surrounded by a series of long and fasciate-like spots placed between the nervules; these
spots are outwardly lunate and somewhat lanceolate inwardly,—that between the lower median nervule
and the submedian nervure being much the longest,—and «a submarginal series of lunate spots; two dark
ochraceous spots at anal angle and the fringe alternately of that colour. Wings beneath much paler than
above; anterior wings spotted as above, but the spots paler than above and somewhat shaded with bluish ;
posterior wings creamy, the neuration broadly blackish, a submarginal series of creamy spots with blackish
margins, 4 marginal series of dark ochraceous spots with inner blackish margins and a large and similar
spot, with a blackish centre at anal angle; fringe alternately creamy-white. Body above and beneath
blackish, spotted and striped with pale ochraceous; legs blackish; streaked with pale ochraceous.
Exp. wings, 92 to 110 millim.
Has.—Continental India; N.W. Himalaya (Lang & Hocking—Moore); Canara (Horsf. & Moore);
Darjeeling (coll. Dist.)—Ceylon (Thwaites—coll. Dist.)—Malay Peninsula; Penang; Province Wellesley
(coll. Dist.); Perak (Biggs—coll. Dist.)—Philippines (Reak.).—Cochin China (Oberth.)—China (Voll.);
Hong Kong (Gray).
The larva and pupa of this species have been figured by Horsfield and Moore,* and were
copied from the drawings of General Hardwicke, in the Library of the British Museum. They
have also been figured in Moore’s ‘ Lepidoptera of Ceylon,’+ from drawings made on that
island by the Bros. de Alwis, and the larva is there stated to feed on ‘ Tetranthera,”’ and
again by Mr. Mackwood to feed on Cinnamon.{ MHorsfield and Moore also state that the
transformations were observed by Lady Gilbert,—presumably in Continental India,—who
described the larva as feeding on a plant called by the natives Maike. ‘The larva was
obtained on the 26th July; two days after it commenced its transformation, and on the
following day the chrysalis resembled a dried twig, adhering to the frame only by the
extremity of the tail, and supported on each side by two fine threads; in this state it died.’’§
In N.W. India, Capt. Lang writes:—‘*'The only place in which I have seen this species
is Subbathoo, altitude 4000 feet, in June, frequenting a grassy undulating down, flying rapidly
= Oat. Lep. Mus. E. I. 0., T. 11, f. 8, 8a, 88. + Lep. Coylon, vol. i. t. 57, f. 1a, 18, } Ibid, p, 153,
§ Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. vol. i, p. 92.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 355
in long cireuits, pitching occasionally on grassy knolls, and generally returning by the same
route to the same spot after a flight.”* In the same district the Rev. J. H. Hocking
describes the flight of this butterfly as ‘‘ very strong.” +
18. Papilio onpape. (Tab. XXVII., fig. 5.)
Papilio onpape, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 840.
Wings above dark brownish, with the following pale creamy ochraceous spots :—anterior wings with
four subapical spots divided by the nervules—of which the uppermost is much the largest—followed by a
submarginal series of smaller spots divided by the nervules—duplex between lower median nervule and
submedian nervure—and a marginal series of small subquadrate spots; posterior wings with a double
sumarginal series of spots, the innermost faintest, lanceolate, and not extending above the lower subcostal
nervule, the outermost brighter and lunulate, excepting the two subapical spots which are rounded, the
innermost above anal angle being dark ochraceous; fringe alternately pale ochraceous and a dark ochraceous
spot at anal angle. Wings beneath as above, but the anterior wings having the spots somewhat paler
and the large subapical spot more or less broken; posterior wings as above, but with a marginal series
of large ochraceous spots placed between the nervules. Head and thorax above blackish; head and
pronotum spotted with greyish; abdomen above brownish; body beneath more or less dark brownish,
spotted and marked with greyish; (legs in specimen here described mutilated).
Exp. wings, 100 millim.
Has.—Tenasserim; Hatsiega, Houngduran Souree, Naththoung (Limborg— Moore), — Malay
Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.).
This is a local race or form of P. panope, Linn., found in Continental India, and is not
at all a common insect in collections received from the Malay Peninsula.
MACAREUS! Group.
o. Macareus-group, Wallace, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxv. pp. 28, 61 (1866),
Sect. XXXVL, Felder, Spec. Lep. Pap. pp. 20, 66 (1864).
The butterflies of this group ‘“* mimic” different species of the ‘ protected” subfamily
Danaine, and are found from Continental India throughout the Malayan Archipelago. ‘This
and the two following groups have been thus diagnosed by Mr. Wallace :—
‘‘Larve elongate, attenuate behind, and often bifid, with lateral and oblique pale stripes, green.
Imago with the abdominal margin in ¢ reflexed, wooly or hairy within; anal valves small, hairy;
antenn# short, stout; body stout.”
* Proc. Zool, Soc. 1865, p. 486. + Lbid, 1882, p. 261.
The difficulty of capturing the strong and swift-flying Papilios is not inconsiderable, and Mr, Collingwood in Labuan
found that “the sacrifice of a single specimen will often secure others; for butterflies are gregarious, and a dead specimen
pinned upon & conspicuous twig will often arrest an insect of the same species in its headlong flight, and bring it down within
easy reach of the net, especially if it be of the opposite sex” (* Rambles of a Naturalist,’ p. 182). Insects can also be deceived
by painted representations of flowers and fruits. Our celebrated painter, Mr. Millais, has related the following curious facts:—
‘“T was painting in spring a picture which I called * Apple Blossoms.’ 1 painted the trees when they were in full flower, and,
not being able to finish the work in one spring, I continued the picture the following spring, 50 that many of the flowers were
quite dry. I should tell you that I had my canvas out in the orehard, and worked direct from Nature. I was perfectly annoyed
by bees crawling over my canvas, and distinctly going to the centre of my painted blossoms—those a year old and scentless—
as well as the wet ones, which might have had attractions in the way of sniell, from oil and turpentine. To my mind they
mistook the imitation for the real flower. They were a great nuisance, and retarded my work, dragging their legs, clogged
with white and pink paint across the canvas. Some of the blossoms I painted in the foreground were nearly the real size, and
to those they chiefly went" (W. L. Lindsay's * Mind in the Lower Animals,’ vol. 1. p. 617).
| P. macareus, Godt., is a species found in Continental India, and recorded also from Java and Borneo.
356 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Two species are here enumerated, but two others, P. macareus, Godt., and P. dehaanii,
Wall., are likewise recorded by Mr. Wallace as found at Malacca;* these are not here
included, as up to the present time the writer has neither received nor seen specimens from
the Peninsula.
19. Papilio delessertii. (Tab. XXVIL.}, fig. 4, ¢).
Papilio Delessertii, Guérin, Deless. Souv. Inde. ii. p. 68, t. 17 (1848); Gray, Cat. Lep, Papil. p. 71, n. 825
(1862); Wall. Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xxv, p, 62, n. 93 (1865); Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool.
vol. i. p. 552, m. 10 (1877).
Male and Female. Wings above pale lavender in hue; anterior wings with the whole costal area
and apex black, containing a series of small whitish spots above cell; cell black, with two small basal
spots and four transverse fascie pale lavender,—of these fasciw the two innermost are oblique, the two
outermost irregularly bent, and the one at apex of cell frequently broken,—neuration broadly blackened,
and thus widened triangularly at outer margin; a submarginal series of black spots divided by the
nervules and a black patch resting on bases of the discoidal and upper median nervules—in many
specimens the ground colour is broken up and appears at end of cell as a series of about five pale spots.
Posterior wings with the neuration—broadly—a submarginal series of spots, and a broad outer margin
black; the two submarginal spots near anal angle more or less margined with bright ochraceous. Wings
beneath as above, but paler, the black markings smaller, broken, and there replaced by pale purplish black ;
posterior wings with a large bright ochraceous patch above anal angle, and the outer margin broken and
macular. Body more or less concolorous with wings; legs streaked with blackish.
Exp. wings, d and ?, 83 to 95 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula‘ Provinee Wellesley (colls. Sater and Dist.) ; Sungei Ujong (Durnford—coll.
Dist.); Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.; Biggs—coll. Dist.) ; Singapore (Gray).—Borneo (Lowe—coll. Dist.) ;
Elodina (Pryer—coll. Dist.).
This is not an abundant species in the Peninsula, and though most collections made
there contain it, it is always in very limited number.
20. Papilio leucothoe. (Tab. XXVII.a, figs. 2¢, 32.)
Papilio Leucothoe, Westwood, Are, Ent. ii, t. 79, f. 3 (1845); Oberth. Fitudes d’Ent. Quatr. Livr. p. 100,
n. 517, and p. 117, n. B17 (1879).
Male. Anterior wings above dark fuscous, with the following greyish-white markings :—two small
basal spots, five small spots in and towards end of cell,—the outer four arranged in pairs,—three small
spots beyond end of cell, followed by four larger spots separated by the nervules, three long fasciate-like
streaks beneath cell divided by the second and third median nervules,—the innermost longest and
duplex,—a streak on inner margin, and a submarginal series of small spots; posterior wings greyish-
white, with the neuration, a basal patch emitting a streak which enters and nearly crosses cell, and
a marginal and submarginal fascia—enclosing a series of pale lunulate spots—dark fuscous. Wings
beneath with the markings similar, but the dark coloration very much paler than above. Body above very
dark fuscous, the inner margin of eyes and spots on pronotum greyish-white; body beneath dark fuscous,
the thorax spotted, and the abdomen striped with greyish-white.
Female. Darker and brighter than the male, and differing from that sex in the following
particulars :—the anterior wings do not possess the pale cellular spots, and the three fasciate-like streaks
* Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 62 (1865).
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 557
beneath cell are very much abbreviated and lanceolate in shape; in the posterior wings the streak which
nearly crosses cell in male, completely crosses it and is continued beneath to the lower median nervule.
Wings beneath as above, but paler.
Exp. wings, ¢, 88 millim.; ¢, 98 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Selangor: Kwala Lumpor (Biggs—coll. Dist.); Malacea (coll. Oberth.).—
Sumatra (coll. Oberth.).
The resemblance of this species—especially in the male—to a Danaid is one of those facts
which support the true theory of ‘‘mimiery,” and the protection thus acquired by so closely
simulating a protected or distasteful Danaid is self-evident.*
ANTIPHATES Group.
p: Antiphates-group, Wallace, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 68 (1865).
Sect. XXI., Sub-sect. C. Felder, Spec. Lepid. Pap. pp. 14, 58 (1864),
Pathysa, Reak. Proc. Ent. Soe. Phil. iii. pp. 50B—4 (1864); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 141 (1881).
In this group the posterior wings possess the maximum of caudate prolongation, and
really merit the popular name of ‘“ swallow-tails.” Their area of distribution comprises
Continental India, the adjacent islands, the Malay Peninsula, the Malayan Archipelago,
portions of Australia, and extends as far north as China.
One species is at present only known in this fauna.
21. Papilio antiphates, var. pompilius. (Tab. XXXI., fig. 52.)
Pamilio Antiphates, Cramer, Pap. Ex. i. t. 72, A, B (1779); Boisd. Spec. Gén. i. p. 248, n. 72 (1886); Gray,
Oat. Lep. Papil. p. $1, n. 147 (1862); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep, Mus, E.1.C, vol. i. p. 116, n. 232
(1857); Voll. Tijd. Ent. iii. p. 77, n. 67 (1860); Wall. Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xxv. p. 63, n. 99 (1860) ;
Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 757; ibid. 1877, p. 593; ibid. 1878, p. 841; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc.
1878, p. 357, n. 20; Snell. Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 155, n. 68 (1876); Lep. v. Midd. Sum. p. 25, n. 2 (1880);
Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i, p. 552, n. 1 (1877); Godm. & Salv. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878,
p. 641, n. 27; Oberth. Etudes d’Ent. Quatr. Live. p. 63, n. 156 (1879),
Papilio Aleibiades, Fabr. Mant. Ins. ii. p. 8, n. 65 (1787).
Papilio Antiphates, var, Aletbiades, Dutl, Cat. Fabr. Lep, p, 240 (1869).
* It may be not altogether supererogatory to give a few facts relative to the insect depredations of birds, and hence
the need of some form of protection on the part of edible insects. This can be evidenced by observations made in this country
alone, and we will take the Rev. F. O. Morris as witness, He states “that not only such birds as sea gulls, but that all the
owls, even up to the eagle owl, feed on insects when they come in their way, and not only the owls, but all the six British
species of true faleons,—... . ,—as also most, if not all, of the hawks, and some, if not all, even of the eagles, the spotted
eagle for instance? Few persons are aware of the innumerable number of insects thus destroyed by birds. The following
observations, and several of them are much below the mark, will show this :-— ; sir
“The blue titmouse has been watched, and found to feed its young from 3.30 a.m. to 8.30 p.m. 476 times, bringing one
large or two or three small insects each time.
“ The thrush, from 1.15 a.m, to 9.15 p.m., 206 times.
“The blackbird, from 3.15 a.m. to 8.40 p.m., 118 times.
“'The miseltoe thrush, from 4.20 a.m., to 8 p.m., 66 times, each time bringing several large worms or insects.
“The sparrow, from two or three to six or eight insects at once, and as this goes on for all the day, and they frequently
linve two or three broods in the year, they must destroy an immense number. :
“T watched the other day a wagtail catching insects to feed its young, and it took eight or nine into its bill in a minute
or two, and had not left off when I turned awny."—‘ Letters to “‘ The Times” about Birds, dc.,’ p. 40.
The quantity of insects in the tropics is something enormons, and requires “checks.” In Mexico, Mr. IE, B. Tylor has
related that in order to supply an armadillo with food an old Indian “walked out into the fields with an earthen pot, and
returned with it fall of insects in about half-an-hour. We reckoned that there were over fifty species in the pot” (* Analiuac,’
p. B19),
Ocroser 15, 1885. 4¥
338 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Papilio Pompilius, Fabr. Mant. Ins. ii. p. 8, n. 66 (1787); Godt. Enc. Meth. ix. p. 49, n. 70 (1819).
Podatirius Pompilius, Swains. Zool. Til. Ins. ii. t. 105 (1883).
Pathysa Antiphates, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 142, t. 68, f. 1, 1a (1881).
Papilio itamputi, Forbes.*
Male and Female. Wings above pale stramineous; anterior wings with the cell crossed by five
black fasciw, the first and second slender, the third broad, the fourth wedge-shaped and not reaching
the median nervure, the fifth broadest and occupying extremity of cell, a broad marginal and a submarginal
black fascia which amalgamate at about the second median nervule, and the marginal fascia not quite
reaching the outer angle, the ground colour of the basal half of cell and of the apical area is pale greenish,
the costal margin being narrowly black; posterior wings with a black lunate and broken marginal fascia,
the caudate appendages black, outwardly and narrowly margined with ochraceous, with their apices
greyish, a plumbaginous patch at anal-angular area containing two or three submarginal narrow
transverse black spots, and extending a short distance down the caudate appendages, anal angle inwardly
margined with ochraceous, with a black spot above. Anterior wings beneath marked as above, but with
the two basal fascia extending a short distance beneath cell, the fourth fascia almost reaching the median
nervure, the marginal and submarginal fasci# not amalgamated at the second median nervule, and the
ground colour at the area of the median nervules pale greyish-white; posterior wings beneath with
the basal half greenish, crossed by three longitudinal narrow black fascim, the outermost irregular and
sometimes more or less broken; this is followed by a series of irregular black spots; the ground colour
is then dark ochraceous, with a submarginal series of black spots approaching closer to the margin
towards anal angle, a broken lunately macular black margin which at anal angle is preceded by dark
plumbaginous between it and the submarginal spots; a large black spot above anal angle preceded by
two transverse yellowish spots, margined on each side by blackish; caudate appendages as above, but
with a pale central line almost reaching their apices. Body above with the thorax pale plumbaginous ;
the abdomen ochraceous, with dorsal black spots; body beneath and legs very pale ochraceous, the
abdomen and thorax margined with blackish, the legs streaked with blackish.
Exp. wings, ¢ and ?, 72 to 84 millim.
Hazs.—Continental India; Silhet (Horsf. & Moore); Sikkim (coll. Dist.) —Ceylon (Moore).—Andaman
Islands; Port Blair (Moore).—Tenasserim; Houngduran Source (Limborg—Moore).—Malay Peninsula ;
Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. and Sauer); Perak (Kiinst.—Cale. Mus.) ; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).—
Sumatra (Snellen)—Billiton (Godm. & Salv.).—Java (Horsf. & Moore); Batavia (Snellen).—Borneo
(Lowe—coll. Dist.) ; Banjermasin, Pontianak (Voll.).—Philippines (Semper).—China ; Hong Kong (Gray).
This species is very variable and extremely difficult to properly identify under its several
named forms. Firstly, all the Malaccan forms are distinctly separable from the true
P. antiphates in not having the first and second basal fasciw of the anterior wings extending
beneath the cell, and also in not having the outer marginal fascia quite reaching the outer
angle. ‘This form is found in Continental India (I have specimens from Sikkim) and in
China. We have now three named forms differing in these respects from P. antiphates,—the
P. alcibiades, Fabr., P. pompilius, Fabr,, and P. itamputi, Forbes,—and for drawings made of
these, and for precise and liberal information concerning the same, I am much indebted
to Mr. A. G. Butler. I thus learn that P. aleibiades is the Javan form of the species, and that
‘the P. pompilius of Fabricius is I believe correctly identified by Swainson ..... and is the
Malacean form of P. alcibiades, difficult to separate from it indeed by description ..... but
* Tam informed by Mr. Butler that this form is described in Porbes' ‘Nat. Wand. East Archipel.,’ but I have not yet
seen that work.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 359
nevertheless having a different aspect; it is somewhat larger, has all the markings blacker and
thicker on both surfaces, the triangular band (t.¢., the fourth true band) broader, and more
elongated so as almost to cross the cell,’’ &c. Now this last character is very variable in
Malaccan specimens, for in my own collection are examples in which this band completely
crosses the cell; others in which it does not reach the median nervure, as in the specimen
figured (Tab. XXXI., fig. 5), and which is the form Pompilius; whilst in others the band is
much abbreviated and barely crosses a third of the cell, thus approaching and sometimes
completely agreeing with the form P. alcibiades, and these three different aspects of the species
are to be found in a single collection made in Perak at the same time. I have therefore
thought it best to treat P. antiphates and all its varieties synthetically, and its habitats thus
and here given must be understood to apply in this larger sense.
It should be added that the form discriminated by Mr. Forbes under the name P, itamputi
is found in Sumatra.
The larva and pupa as found in Java have been figured by Horsfield and Moore," and
the first is stated to feed ‘‘on a species of Uvaria bearing the native name of Kalak.” +
EURYPYLUS } Group.
q. Hurypylus-group, Wallace, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 64 (1865),
Bect. XXVII., Felder, Spee. Lepid. Pap. pp. 16, 61 (1864).
ZActides, Hiibn. Verz, bek. Schmett, p. 85 (1816); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p, 144 (1881).
Chlorisses, Swains. Zool, Ill. ii. 89 (1832),
Dalchina, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. 1. p. 148 (1881).
This is a somewhat numerous group of species whose distribution is focussed in the
Malayan Archipelago, and its habital area also comprises Continental India and adjacent
islands, the Malay Peninsula, China, Japan, and some parts of Australia.
Mr. Wallace, who observed these beautiful butterflies in a state of nature, describes them
as flying “with the greatest rapidity of any Papilios; the eye can scarcely follow them;
in fact, they much resemble in habit the humming Sphinxes, and hover over flowers, or more
frequently over damp places on the ground, with a constant vibration of the wings.”’ §
Seven species are known to the writer as inhabiting the Malay Peninsula.
22. Papilio sarpedon. (Tab. XXXIL., fig. 6.)
Papilio Sarpedon, Linnwus, Mus. Ulr. p. 196 (1764); Syst. Nat. ed. xii. p. 747, n. 15 (1767); Fabr. Syst. Ent.
p- 447, n. 21 (1775); Spec. Ins. 1. p. 8, n. 26 (1781); Mant. Ins. ii. p. 4, n. 80 (1787) (part); Ent.
Syst. 11. p. 14, n. 41 (1793) (part); Esper, Ausl. Schmett. p. $8, t. 8, f. 2(1785); Godt. Ine. Meéth.
ix, p. 46, n. 62 (1819); Lue. Lep. Exot. p.9, t.5, £1 (1835); Boisd. Spee. Gen. i. p. 235, 0.57 (1836);
Gray, Cat. Lep. Papil. p. 28, 1. 185 (1852); Horsf, & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. vol. i. p. 118,
n. 226 (1857); Voll. Tijd. Ent. ii. p. 76, n. 48 (1860); Reak. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. iii. p. 483, n. 24
(1864); Wall. Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xxv. p. 65, u. 110 (1865); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 487,
n. 8; ibid. p. 757; ibid, 1879, p, 841; Druee, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 357, n. 21; Snell. Tijd. Ent,
xix. p, 155, n. 69 (1876); ibid. xx. p. 3 (1577); Lep. v. Midd. Sum. p. 25, n. 4 (1880); Butl. Proe.
Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 814, 0.34; Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol.i. p. 652, n. 2 (1877); Godm. & Saly,
* Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. t. iii. fig. 10, 104. + Thid. p. 116.
} P. ewrypylus, Linn., is a species found in the eastern islands of the Malayan Archipelago.
£ ‘Zoologist,’ p. 4086 (1855).
360 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Proc. Zool, Soc. 1878, p. 641, n. 28; Oberth. Etudes d'Mint. Quatr. Livr. p. 59, n. 144 (1879); De Nic.
J.A.8. Beng. vol. nu. p. 59, n. 118 (1881); Aurivill. Kongl. sv. Vet. Akad. Handl. Band. 19, no 5,
p- 20 (18832).
4etides Sarpedon, Hiibn. Samm]. Exot. Schmett, iii. t. 25 (1824-41).
Chlorisses Sarpedon, Swains. Zool. Ill. i. t. 89 (1883).
Dalchina Sarpedon, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 257.
Papilio Demophon, Meerburgh, Afbeeld, t. 9 (1775); Shaw, Gen. Zool. vi. t. 64 (1806).
Male and Female. Wings above blackish; both wings crossed by a pale green discal fascia, which
on the anterior wings is narrowed, broken, and macular above the median nervules and on the posterior
wings is narrowed and elongately angulated beneath the median nervure; posterior wings with a
submarginal series of lunulate green spots and three narrow pale greyish fringe-like spots at anal angle.
Wings beneath paler than above; posterior wings having the base of the green fascia inwardly margined
with a black and red spot, a black spot outwardly margined with red oceupying apex of cell, between which
and the submarginal green spots there are an irregular series of blackish spots which from cell to anal
angle are more or less marked with carmine-red. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings;
legs more or less greyish.
Exp. wings, ¢ and ?, 72 to 85 millim.
Has. — Continental India; N.W. Himalaya (Lang and Hocking—Moore); Sikkim (De Nic.) ;
Darjeeling (coll. Dist.).— Tenasserim; MHatsiega, Houngduran Source (Limborg—Moore).— Malay
Peninsula; Quedah, Province Wellesley, Penang (coll. Dist.); Perak (Kunst.); Malacea (Pinwill—Brit.
Mus.}.—Sumatra (Voll.).— Billiton (coll. Godm. & Salv.).—Java; Batavia (Snell.).— Borneo (Druce);
Elodina (Pryer—coll. Dist.) ; Banjermasin (coll. Dist.).—Philippines (Semper).—Celebes (Voll.),—Amboina
(Voll.).— Aru Islands (Wallace).— New Guinea (Wallace!.— Formosa (Brit. Mus.).—China; Shanghai
(Pryer—Elwes).—Japan (coll. Dist.).
This is an abundant species, and its habits have been variously described. Thus
Mr. de Nicéville found it in Sikkim as particularly fond of imbibing moisture from damp spots
on the ground, and as returning to the same place, however often disturbed,* and the first part
of this observation coincides with the writer’s experience in Province Wellesley. In the
N.W. Himalaya Capt. Lang described it as ‘‘seen but in few places, and never more than one
atatime. It is bold and rapid in flight, and not easily captured.” + In the same habitat,
Mr. Hocking found it flying ‘round and round the tops of trees.’’{ At Masuri, Capt. Hutton
records it as ‘*one of the commonest, but not the least beautiful, of our butterflies; it appears
early in May, and is found till the end of the rains in September. It usually frequents the
tops of oak trees, where it flies about with a jumping or jerking flight, and is somewhat
difficult to capture from its quickness, and the height at which it keeps.” §
23. Papilio evemon. (Tab. XXXIU., fig. 1.)
Papilio Evemon, Boisduval, Spec. Gén. i. p, 234, n. 55 (1836); Butl. Tegan, Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Zool. vol. 1.
p. 562, n. 8 (1877); Oberth. tudes d'Ent. Quatr. Livr. p. 59, n. 189 (1879); Kheil, Rhop. der Insel.
Nias, p. 37, n. 142 (1884).
Papilio Jason, var. Evemon, Wall. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 67 (1865).
Male and Female. Wings above black, with the following pale greenish markings :—five spots in
eell,—the basal three linear, the outermost two broader,—beyond cell is a discal series of eight spots
& 7.4.8, Beng. vol. i. p. 59 (1881). { Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 487.
| Proc. Zool, Soc. 1882, p. 257. § Proce. Ent. Soc. Lond. v. p. 61 (1848).
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 361
completely crossing wing, of which the five uppermost are quite detached and the third minute, the sixth,
seventh and eighth being largest and fused, a submarginal series of small spots and a small subapical spot ;
posterior wings with a central discal macular fascia, not reaching anal angle and becoming narrowed
and elongated between the second and third median nervules, a submarginal series of small spots,
a greyish marginal spot above anal angle, and the fringe alternately greyish-white. Wings beneath very
dark brownish, with a bronzy tinge, the pale greenish markings above very much paler and silvery
beneath, the spots larger than above, the basal spot in cell of anterior wings much larger and continued
beneath median nervure, meeting a similar basal spot on posterior wings which does not enter the cell;
base of both wings silvery, posterior wings having the central fascia from end of cell to abdominal margin™
bordered with black and red spots; this central fascia at costal area is tinged with yellowish. Body above
blackish, beneath greyish; legs blackish, speckled and streaked with greyish.
Exp. wings, ¢ and ?, 75 to 88 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Penang; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Perak (Kiinst.—Cale. Mus.) ;
Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).—Sumatra (Boisd.).—Nias Island (Khetl).—Java (coll. Oberth.).
This is one of the commonest Papilios in the Malay Peninsula, and is found in every
collection.
24. Papilio mecisteus, 2. sp.
Papilio Avion, Butl. (nec. Feld.j), Trans. Linn. Soc.
ser, 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 652, n. 4 (1877).
Wings above almost indistinguishable from P.
evemon; beneath differing principally from that species
in the posterior wings. which have the short costal
fascia, which amalgamates with the longitudinal
fascia, rather closer to it and red spotted, and the
central pale macular fascia more notched at cellular
area.
Exp. wings = exp. P. evemon. —
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malaeca (Pinwill—Brit. Fic. 108.—Papilio mecisteus.
Mus. ).—Borneo; Sandakan (Pryer—eoll. Dist.).
* The figure is taken from a Malaccan specimen in the British Museum, which has eon
recorded as P. avion. A reference to Hiibner’s figure,* however, to which Felder refers as
indicating his P. aion, will at once separate it, and the junction of the short red-spotted
costal fascia to the longitudinal one parallel with the abdominal margin of the posterior wings
will, even alone, distinguish it from that species; a difference which is i ai in Felder’s
description.
25. Papilio telephus.
Papilio Telephus, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. i. p. 64, n. 49 (1866).
Zetides Telephus, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 144, t. 63, f. 8 (1881).
Papilio Jason var, Evemonides, Honr, Berl. Entom. Zeitschr. Bd. xxviii. p. 806, t. x. f. 2 (1684),
* Under the name of Zetides ewrypylus, Bamml. Ex. Sclimett. (1816—1841).
Ocroper 25, 1885. er
362 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA,
Male and Female. Closely allied to P. evemon above,
but with the basal linear spot in the cell of the anterior
wings continued beneath to near the inner margin. Wings
beneath as in P. evemon, but the short dark costal fascia
to posterior wings red-spotted as in P. mecisteus, but not
passing beyond the subcostal nervure, and thus being well
separated from the basal longitudimal fascia which runs
parallel with the abdominal margin.
Exp. wings, ¢ & @, 75 to 80 millim.
Has.—Ceylon (Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Penang
(Biggs—coll. Dist.) ; Perak (Kunst.—Calc. Mus.).—Borneo ;
Sandakan (Pryer—coll. Dist.).
Fic. 100.—Papilio telephus,
25. Papilio bathycles. (Tab. XXAIL, fig. 2 3.)
Papilio Bathycles, Zmken-Sommer, Nova Acta Ac. Nat. Cur. xv. p. 157, t. 14, f. 6, 7 (1881); Boisd. Sp. Gén,
i. p. 282, n. 62 (1836)?; Luc. Lep. Ex. t. 6, f. 2 (1835); Gray, Cat. Lep. Papil. p. 28, n. 182 (1852);
Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. vol. i. p. 114, n. 228 (1857); Voll. Tijd. Ent. iii. p. 76, n. 46
(1860); Wall. Trans, Linn. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 66, n, 118 (1865); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 367,
n. 23; Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. 1. p. 652, n. 6 (1877); Oberth. Kitudes d’Ent. Quatr.
Livr. p. 58, n. 187 (1879); Gosse, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 813, t. 81, £. 1—5 (1882).
Papilio Bathyeles var, Bathycloides, Honr, Berl. Entom, Zeitechr, Bd. xxviii. p. 806, t. x. f, 8 (1884),
Male. Wings above black, with the following pale green markings :—anterior wings with five spots
in cell,—the one at apex small and rounded, the others more or less linear,—a diseal oblique row of eight
spots commencing just beyond end of cell and terminating on mner margin,—of these the third spot
is smallest, and the sixth, seventh and eighth much the largest, the last two being more or less fused
together,—a small subapical spot and a submarginal row of still smaller spots; posterior wings with
the basal half of costal area greyish, three large discal spots,—the largest in cell, the smallest above cell,
and the other situate between the two lower median nervules,—a submarginal row of small spots and
a large greyish patch on abdominal margin, fringe alternately greyish. Wings beneath paler than above,
the spots silvery in hue; anterior wings spotted as above; posterior wings with the three discal spots
continued to costa in a large silvery patch, yellowish at base, and traversed by two dark fuscous fascim,—
one near base parallel with abdominal margin, the other concave at about centre of wing, between these
fascie the median nervure is broadly blackish; beyond cell and extending to a little above anal angle are
a series of red spots, the innermost of which is followed by a small greyish spot; the submarginal spots
much larger than above, with two additional linear spots situate one on each side of the upper subcostal
nervule. Body above with the head and pronotum blackish; the abdomen fuscous; body beneath greyish ;
legs greyish, streaked with blackish.
Exp. wings, ¢, 74 millim,
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Penang (Gray); Perak (Kunst.—Calc. Mus.) ; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.;
Biggs—coll. Dist.) ; Singapore (Gray).—Java (colls. Voll. and Wall.).—Borneo (Druce).
27. Papilio arycles. (‘Tab. XXXIL,, fig. 5.)
Papilio Arycles, Boisduval, Sp. Gen. i. p, 231, n. 61 (1886); Gray, Cat. Lepid. Papil. p. 27, n. 181 (1852);
Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 857, n. 25; Butl. Trans. Linn, Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i, p, 552, n, 6
(1877); Oberth. Etudes d’'Ent. Quatr. Livr. p- 58, n. 184 (1879).
Papilio Rama, Feld, Wien, Ent. Mon. iv. p. 894, n. 1 (1860); Reise Novy. Lep. i. p. 71, n. 54, t. 12d (1865);
Wall. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 68, n. 119 (1865).
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA, 363
Male and Female. Wings above blackish, with the following pale greenish spots :—five spots in cell,
the apical spot smallest,. an oblique discal row of eight spots commencing just beyond end of cell
and terminating on inner margin,—of these spots the third is minute, the sixth and seventh largest,
and the eighth moderately attenuated,—two contiguous spots at base parallel with basal spot in cell,
a small subapical spot and a submarginal row of small spots; posterior wings with two costal basal
very pale spots, and the following spots as on anterior wings:—two elongated spots parallel with
abdominal margin, the uppermost being situate in cell, a discal row of three much smaller spots, the
second of which is situate in apical portion of cell, and a submarginal row of small spots, the fringe being
alternately greyish. Wings beneath paler than above; anterior wings spotted as above, but the spots
much paler; posterior wings spotted as above but paler, the two elongate spots parallel with abdominal
margin preceded by two contiguous spots, between which and a large costal spot is a small spot of reddish-
carmine, the small green spot between bases of first and second median nervules above red beneath, and
followed by two other red spots, the last of which is situate on abdominal margin; the discal spots on the
posterior wing have a yellowish tinge, and the basal portion of the abdominal margin is of the same hue
marked posteriorly with a red streak. Body above blackish; body beneath and legs greyish-white, the last
streaked with blackish.
Exp. wings, ¢ and ?, 70 to 72 millim.
Has,—Continental India; N.E. India (Gray).—Malay Peninsula; Penang, Province Wellesley (coll.
Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.; Biggs—coll. Dist.) ; Singapore (coll. Oberth.).—Borneo (Druce).
28. Papilio agamemnon. (Tab. XXXIL., fig. 7.)
Papilio Agamemnon, Linneus, Mus. Ulr. p, 202 (1764); Syst. Nat. ed. xii. p, 748, n. 22 (1767); Fabr. Syst.
Ent. p. 455, n. 51 (1775); Spec. Ins. p, 20, n. 81 (1781); Mant. Ins, ii. p. 10, n. 92 (1787); Ent.
Syst. iii, 1, p. 88, n. 98 (1793); Hsp. Ausl. Schmett. t. 46, f. 1—8 (1796); Donoy. Ins. China, t. 27,
f. 2 (1798); Godt. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 46, n. 68 (1819); Boisd. Sp. Gén. p. 280, n. 49 (1886); Gray,
Cat. Lep. Papil. p. 27, n. 180 (1852); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. vol. i. p, 114, n. 229
(1857); Voll. Tijd. Ent. iii. p. 76, n. 44 (1860); Reak. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. iii. p. 478, n. 22 (1864);
Wall. Trans. Linn, Soe. vol. xxv. p. 67, n.118 (1865); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 767;
ibid. 1877, p. 592; ibid. 1878, p, 841; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 857, n. 24; ibid. 1874,
p. 108, n.1; Snell. Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 155, n. 70 (1876); ibid. xxi. p. 88 (1878); Lep. vy. Midd.
Sum. p. 25, n. 6 (1880); Butl. Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 652, n. 7 (1877); Oberth.
Etudes d’Ent. Quatr. Livr. p. 58, n. 185 (1879); Wood-Mas, and de Nic. J. A. 8. Beng. vol. xlix.
p- 238, n. 69 (1880); Gosse, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 814, t. 81, f. 6B—8 (1882);
Aurivill. Kongl. sv. vet. Akad. Handl. Band 19, n. 5, p. 24 (1882); Kheil, Rhop. der Insel. Nias,
p. 87, n. 148 (1884).
Iphiclides Agamemnon, Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 82, n. 841 (1816).
Zetides Agamemnon, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 145, t. 68, f. 2, 2a (1881).
Papilio Dorylas, Sulz. Gesch. Ins. t. 18, f. 8 (1776).
Papilio Agistus, Cram. Pap. Ex. ii. t. 106, C, D (1779).
Male and Female. Wings above blackish, with the following pale green spots :—anterior wings with
nine spots in cell,—one at extreme base, the second large and transversely oblique, the ninth near apex,—
two small spots beyond cell, two small subapical spots, an oblique discal series of eight larger spots,—the
uppermost placed above the upper discoidal nervule, the first to the fifth gradually increasing in size,
the sixth and seventh sometimes divided and duplex, the eighth basal,—a submarginal series of smaller
spots and a spot on inner margin; posterior wings with three costal greyish spots and the following pale
green spots:—two elongate and subparallel with abdominal margin, followed by a curved discal series
of five spots and a submarginal series of spots, the one at anal angle being very small, two greyish streaks
B64 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
on abdominal fold, the innermost being more more or less—mostly so in female—greenish. Wings beneath
with the ground colour purplish-brown, mottled with darker patches ; anterior wings with the spots as above ;
posterior wings with two additional and contiguous pale green spots at base, spots generally more obscure
than above, a large greyish-white spot near costa inwardly margined with a black and red spot, a black
and red spot close to the upper discal green spot, the lower discal spot with a black centre, the marginal
spots more or less margined with blackish, a small whitish fringe-like spot above anal angle preceded by a
reddish spot bordered with greyish and black; abdominal fold dark greyish, sometimes more or less greenish.
Body above brownish, with a broad central black fascia, which is margined with greenish on pronotum
and with greyish on abdomen; inner margin of eyes greyish; body beneath greyish; legs streaked with
dark fuscous.
Exp. wings, ¢ and 2, 46 to 95 millim.
Has.—Continental India; Silhet, Dukhun (Horsf. & Moore); Darjeeling (coll. Dist.).— Ceylon
(Moore).—Andaman Islands; Port Blair (Wood-Mas. and de Nic.).—Nicobar Islands; Kamorta (Moore).—
Burma; Moulmein (Moore).—Tenasserim; Meetan, Hatsiega, Houngduran Source (Limborg—Moore).—
Malay Peninsula; Penang, Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Perak (Kiinst.—Cale. Mus.) ; Malacca (Pinwill
—Brit. Mus.).—Siam; Chentaboon (Druce).—Nias Island (Kheil).—Sumatra (Forbes—coll. Dist.).—Java
(Horsf. & Moore); Batavia (Snellen).—Borneo (Voll.); Elodina (Pryer—eoll. Dist.); Bangermasin (coll.
Dist.).—Philippines (Semper).—Celebes (Snell.).—Amboina (Voll.).—Cochin China (Oberth.).
The larva and pupa of this species have been figured by Horsfield,* and the larva in Java
is stated to feed on the same plant as P. antiphates.+ The larva and pupa are also figured from
drawings made by the Bros. de Alwis in Moore’s ‘ Lepidoptera of Ceylon,’ and the larva
in Ceylon is said to feed on Magnoliacee and Anonacea, and also—on the authority of
Mr. Mackwood—on ‘Soursop and Cinnamon,’’§ whilst both in Batavia and South-West
Celebes M. C. Piepers found it “feeding on the leaves of Anona muricata, Linn., a plant
introduced from the West Indies.’’ || |
This species is of a varietal nature, and several local races appear to have a moderately
distinct facies. Thus the length of the caudate appendages to the posterior wings is longer
in specimens found in Continental India than in the Malay Peninsula, whilst Celebesian
examples can easily be recognised by their generally larger size and smaller spots. {
* Cat. Lep. Mus. E. 1. C. vol. i. t. 111, f. 9, 9a. + Antea, p. 859. t T. 68, f..2, 2a. § Thid. p. 145.
| Tijd. Ent, xix. pp. xviii to xxiv, and English translation by Kirby, ‘Entomologist,’ x. p. 272.
Fritz Miiller has recently given some interesting facts as to the botanical discrimination of butterflies. Writing from
Santa Catharina, Brazil, he remarks:—‘ The caterpillars of Mechanitis, Dircenna, Ceratinia, and Ithomia feed on different
species of Solanacew (Solanum, Cyphomandra, Bassonia, Cestrwm), those of the allied genera Thyridia on Brunfelsia, Now
this latter genus of plants had been placed unanimously among the Scrophularine, till quite recently it was transferred by
Bentham and Hooker to the Solanaceae. Thus it appears that butterflies had recognised the true affinity of Brunfelsia long
before botanists did 50... . . There is yet another and more curious instance of our butterflies confirming the arrangement
of plants in Bentham and Hooker's ‘Genera Plantarum.’ Ageronta and Didonis were formerly widely separated by
lepidopterists, being even considered as constituting distinct families, but now they are to be found beside one another
among the Nymphdling, and the structure of their caterpillars leaves no doubt about their close affinity. 'The caterpillars
of Ageronia teed on Dalechampia, those of Didonis on Tragia. Now these two Euphorbiaceons penera were widely
separated by Endlicher, who ed the former among the Euphorbiew, the latter among the Acalyphee ; Bentham and
Hooker, on the contrary, Pp em close together in the aame sub-tribe of Plukenetiew, and thus their close affinity, which
had been duly appreciated by butterflies, has finally been recognised by botanists also,"—(‘ Nature,' vol. xxx., p. 240.)
‘| Mr. Wallace enumerates six local forms of this species (Trans, Linn. Soc., vol. xxv., pp. 67-8 (1855), and Mon.
Oberthur has more recently described two under distinct varietal names (Etudes d'Ent. Quatr. Livr., p. 58 (1879).
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 365
Genus LEPTOCIRCUS.
Leptocireus, Swainson, Zool. Ill. Ins. ii, p. 106 (1832-83); Boisd. Sp. Gén. i. p. 880 (1886); Doubl. Gen.
Diurn. Lep. p. 22 (1847).
Lamproptera, Gray, Griff. Ann. Kingd. xv. t. 102, f. 4 (1882).
This genus, as already pointed out (antea, p. 324), differs from Papilio in all its sectional groups, by
haying the third, fourth, and fifth subcostal nervules of the anterior wings with a common origin. More
detailed diagnosis appears unnecessary here, as these characters are not only clearly defined, but the
general facies of the species are almost indicative of the genus.
Leptocireus seems well and naturally classified in a position intermediate between the
“‘ Swallow-tail’’ Papilios and the Hesperiide, many species of which—especially from ‘Tropical
America—have more or less similar caudate prolongations to the posterior wings.
The genus is not of large extent, and is purely Eastern in distribution. It appears to
be confined to the Indo-Malayan region, and other portions of the Malayan Archipelago.
Two species are here recorded as from the Malay Peninsula.
=
*
Leptocircus meges. (‘l'ab. XXXIL., fig. 3.)
Papilio Meges, Zinken-Sommer, Nova Acta Ac. Nat. Cur, xv. p. 161, t. 15, f. 8 (1831),
Erycina Curius, Godt. Ene. Méth. ix. Suppl. p. 827 (1528),
Lamproptera Curius, Gray, Griff, An. Kinged. xv. t. 102, f, 4 (1832),
Leptocireus Curius, Swains. Zool. Ill. Ins. ii. t. 106 (1833); Boisd. Sp. Gén. i. p. $81, t. 7, f. 1 (1886).
Leptocircua Meges, Doubl,.Zool. i. pp. 110, 111, fig. (1843); Gray, Cat. Lep, Papil. p. 78, n. 837 (1852);
Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. H.I.C. vol. i. p. 85, n. 178 (1857); Feld. Spec. Lepid. Papil. p. 1,
n. 2 (1864); Reak, (part), Proce. Ent. Soc. Phil. ii, p, 494, n. 29 (1864); Wall. Trans. Linn. Soc.
vol. xxv. p. 68, n. 120 (1865).
Male and Female. Anterior wings above pale hyaline, the neuration, the margins, and basal half
black, the black area being divided by a broad, pale greenish fascia; posterior wings black, a greenish fascia
parallel and similar to that on anterior wings, but attenuated posteriorly, and not extending beyond the
central area; the anal-angular area and caudate appendages dusted with greenish scales, the lower half of ”
fringe, inner margins and apices of caudate appendages greyish-white. Wings beneath as above, but
inner area of both wings pale greenish, thus giving the appearance of two greenish fascia, the central fascia
greyish on posterior wings, and the posterior wings with the abdominal margin above anal angle marked
with three oblique pale greenish stripes. Body above black; beneath, with legs, greyish-white; legs
streaked with blackish,
Exp. wings, 45 millim.
Haz.—Continental India; Silhet, Assam (Feld.).—Malay. Peasoculs; ; Perak :Kiinst.—Cale. Mus.) ;
Sungei Ujong (Durnford—coll. Dist.); Malacca (Feld. and Wall.).—Java (Zink. and Wall.).
In February, 1884, my friend Capt. Godfery sent me some interesting observations on
this species. He wrote:—‘“‘In Perak ....I invariably found this butterfly over running
water, and its appearance was so peontiad that, had I not known what to expect, I might
almost haye passed it by, thinking it was not one. The transparent wings and long streaming
tails give it a certain resemblance to a dragon-fly, and since its haunts are by the water-side,
this may be of service to the insect. Its flight, however, hardly bears out this resemblance,
consisting of a kind of dancing motion,—a series of mid-air jumps, so to speak,—very different
to the direct swift flight or the steady hovering motion of the Libellulide. Still the rapid
Aprin 30, 1886. 5A
366 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
vibration of its transparent wings strongly reminded me of the dragon-fly, and it is possible
that if sometimes hovers in its flight, after the manner of the latter, though I did not
see it do so.”
Subsequent to the above, and with reference to another species, Mr. Forbes has published
similar observations made in Sumatra :—‘‘ By the margin of a small stream I caught Leptocircus
virescens, which derives protection from mimicking the habits and appearance of a dragon-fly,
in a crowd of which it is often to be found. In form it reminded me of the European genus
Nemoptera. It flits over the top of the water, fluttering its tails, jerking up and down just as
dragon-flies do when flicking the water with the tip of their abdomens. When it settles on
the ground it is difficult to see, as it vibrates in constant motion its tail and wings, so that
,a mere haze, as it were, exists where it rests.” *
2. Leptocircus curius. (Tab. XLIL., fig. 1.)
Papilio Curius, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 9, n. 71 (1787); Ent. Syst. iii. p. 28, n. 81 (1798); Don. Ins. Ind.
t. 47, f. 1 (1800).
Erycina Curius, Godt. Ene. Méth. ix. p. 564, n. 6 (1823).
Leptocireus Curius, Gray, Cat. Lep. Papil. p. 78, n. 886 (1852); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I1.C. vol. i.
p. 86, n. 172 (1857); Feld. Spec. Lepid. Pap. p. 1, n. 5 (1864); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 758;
Wall. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 69, n. 123 (1865); Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 269, n. 1 (1869);
Kheil, Rhop. der Insel Nias. p. 87, n. 144 (1884).
Male and Female. Differs from L. meges by the smaller size, less elongated caudate appendages to
the posterior wings, the greater expanse of the opaque black area to the anterior wings, and by the green
fascie to the wings of L. meges being replaced by much narrower and white fasciw in L. curius.
Exp. wings, 88 to 40 millim.
Han.—Continental India; Cherra Poonjee (Horsf. & Moore); Silhet, Assam (Feld.).—Burma;
Moulmein (Feld.).—Malay Peninsula; Perak (coll. Godfery); Malacea (Feld.).—Siam (Feld.).—Sumatra
(Forbes —coll. Dist.); Nias Island (Kheil). — Java (Wallace and Brit. Mus.).— Borneo; Sarawak
(coll. Dist.).
In Bengal this species has been deseribed by Mr. A. Grote, as ‘ Found only on the slopes
of the hills to the eastward and north-eastward.” +
Fam. HESPERUDAS.
Hesperide, Leach, Sam. Comp. p. 242 (1819); Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 505 (1852); Bates, Journ. Entomol,
vol. i. p. 219 (1861); ib. vol.ii. p.177 (1864); Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Austr. p. 285 (1866); Marsh. & De Nic.
Butt. Ind., Burm. & Ceyl. vol. i. p. 18°(1882).
Hesperiide, Westw. Introd. Mod. Class. Ins. vol. ii, p. 860 (1840); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 156 (1881).
Urbicole, Seudd. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. vol. vi. p. 69 (1877).
Six perfect legs in both sexes; posterior tibim, with few exceptions, having two pairs of spurs. Antenn=
generally curved or hooked at apices. Pupa secured by many threads, or enclosed in a slight cocoon.
The classificatory position of this family is unequivocal, and forms a connecting link
between the Papilioninous portion of the Rhopalocera and the Heterocera or Moths. When
* *Nat. Wand. East. Archipel.,” p. 159. + Proc. Zool, Soc. 1865, p. 758.
{ Dr. Speyer has well pointed out that the Hespertid@ are still more characterised as a genealogical transition group,
between the Heterocera and the Rhopalocera, in that they possess, in particular cases, two characteristic physiological and
anatomical peculiarities—the position of the wings when at rest, and the eatch-bristle (haftborste) of the hind wings (Stett.
Ent. Zeit. 1878, pp. 167—198, and Eng. Transl. Canad. Ent. vol. x. p. 128 (1878).
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. S67
we examine the many aberrant characters possessed
by the Hesperiide it is difficult to refuse them a more
distinct position than is possessed by any of the
other families of butterflies. Thus the peculiar and
diverse positions of the wings in repose have already
been alluded to (antea, p. 1, note), whilst the generally
hooked antenn# and the frequently chrystalid form Ri UA — Roetaes te Mer ee crr sone Sele
of pupation show how close is their relationship to
the Moths. As Mr. Scudder has remarked, ‘‘ Doubtless
these skippers* first separated from the common stock and
never developed to a high degree, since they still remain
by far the lowest of the group, and are in many points more
closely allied to some of the higher moths than they are to
any other butterflies.” +
Amongst the many peculiar habits of these obscure but (Wyo tient & Mente’ Gees Len Mee ELCs)
interesting butterflies, is their mode of flight, which in
Ceylon has been described by the late Dr. Thwaites as not uniform :—“ Some flit about with
the greatest activity during the very hottest hours of the day, whilst others are somewhat
moth-like, making their appearance in the early morning or late in the evening.” Mr. P. H.
Gosse has recorded some curious experiences in breeding these butterflies in Alabama. He
writes :—'* I haye bred very many butterflies, and have universally found them, on first opening
the dark box in which they have been evolved, perfectly still, and making no attempt to escape
when touched with the fingers; but these Skippers formed a singular exception. Before the
lid was half raised, all was scuffle and flutter within, the first intimation I had of their birth ;
though, as I had examined them every day, I knew by the discoloration of the pupa that the
change was near."’§ Prof. Westwood quotes Mr. Curtis as mentioning the curious circumstance
that old specimens, when alive, have frequently lost one or both of their palpi, an accident he
had only observed amongst the Heterocerous Pyralida. ||
The classification of the genera of these obscure butterflies has long been a stumbling-
block to systematists, but has recently received considerable attention from many excellent
lepidopterists. The two earliest systems proposed were those of Hiibner and Latreille. That
of the first author is uncritical, his eight divisions or families being founded either on the shape
or colour-markings of the wings, and is therefore more or less superficial in character. ‘That
of Latreille, published in the ‘ Encyclopédie Méthodique,’ is much more exhaustive, but based
greatly on similar characters to those relied upon by Hiibner. In 1873 Mr. 8. Seudder
advocated the partition of the family into two main divisions, to which he applied the names
of Hesperides and Astyci, terms previously used by Latreille and Hiibner. The chief diagnosis
of these divisions is thus given:—‘‘In the Hesperides the fore wing of the male is always
provided with a costal fold where a sort of silky down is concealed; this feature is often very
<r
* A colloquial name given to the Hesperiide, on account of the short, jerking flight of the species.
1 Trans, Amer, Ent. Soc. vi. p. 69 (1877). { Moore’s Lep. Ceylon, vol. i. p. 156 (1881).
§ ‘ Letters from Alabama,’ p. 86. |) Introd. Mod. Class. Ins. ii. p. 860,
368 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
inconspicuous. In the Astyci, on the other hand, the male is generally furnished with a discal
patch of peculiar scales crossing the median interspaces of the fore wings, usually in an oblique
direction ; but sometimes the wing of the male is as simple as that of the female. In the male
Hesperides, again, the posterior extremity of the alimentary canal is protected beneath by a
corneous sheath, which extends beyond the centrum or body of the upper pair of abdominal
appendages, carrying the vent beyond the centrum; while in the Astyci, the extremity of the
canal is not protected by any extruded sheath, but opens at the very base of the inferior wall
of the centrum.’”"* In 1876 Mon. Paul Mabille, who has considerably and specially studied
the Hesperiide commended this classification,} and in the following year enumerated and
described the species contained in the Brussels Museum under these main divisions, which he
again subdivided into several tribes.
In 1878 a thoroughly exhaustive and model contribution to this problem appeared from
the pen of Dr. A. Speyer, { who notices, but does not altogether follow, Mr. Scudder. In the
revision of the European Hesperiide, Dr. Speyer places considerable value on the presence or
absence of an appendage to the anterior tibiw as a character to be used in grouping the genera.
Dr. Speyer thus describes this structural character :—‘* The appendage to the anterior tibiw
(epiphysis cruralis, schienblattchen), a bare, mostly reddish-yellow, blunt thorn-shaped, or lancet-
shaped, chitinous plate projects, in the Hesperiide, from the middle of the inner side of the
tibiw and reaches to their end. It lies quite close to the tibiw, and its free surface is clothed
with a flat tuft of hairs, so that the structure is sometimes not readily recognised." In his
diagnostic table of the genera, Dr. Speyer uses the presence or absence of this character as a
means of sectional division.
Herr QO. Plétz, in 1879, gave a synopsis of genera, § and has since followed that paper by
the publication of a list of the species contained in many of those genera, whilst Mr. F’. Moore
has further studied the family, and described many new genera, some of which embrace species
found in this fauna.
Although reference has thus been made to much recent work devoted to the Hesperiidae, it
is only too apparent that no natural classification and arrangement have yet been formulated
which are applicable to the whole family. As, however, in a work of this nature, some system
must be adopted, the writer has followed the same scheme of classification as was used with the
Lycenide, and has divided the genera into two groups :— .
Posterior wings more or less elongate, distinctly longer than broad. - . - - IsSMENARIA.
Posterior wings more or less convex, about as broad as long. ~— - . - . - HERionoTaria.
Group ISMWENARIA.
his group is widely distributed, and it is in Tropical America, that the utmost elongation,
combined with caudate prolongation of the posterior wings, are found.
* Bull. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci, vol. i. p. 197, + Ann, Soc. Ent. Fr. (5), vi. p. 251 et seq.
| Stett. Ent, Zeit. 1878, pp. 167—1938, and Engl. Tranal. Canad. Ent. vol. x. pp. 121, 144, and 163,
5 Stet. Ent, Zeit. 1879, —. 175.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 369
SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.
. _ A. Posterior wings with the outer margin sinuated or more or less
lobately produced near anal angle.
a. Outer margin of anterior wings a little longer than inner margin.
b. Upper disco-cellular nervule of anterior wings distinctly longer
Fis. sic Sabet wing, of than ate ar ae ,
RRGHO, SOGEAy BRO NING ec. Disco-cellular nervules of anterior wings obliquely directe
disco-cellular nervules. inwa: rdly. . 3 4 i | 8 s s a - Unnana.*
bb. Upper disco-cellular nervule of anterior wings slightly longer
than lower.
ec. Disco-cellular nervules of anterior wings suberect. - - Lotoneus. t
aa. Outer margin of anterior wings subequal in length to inner margin.
ecc, Disco-cellular nervules of anterior wings about equal in length,
or lower a little longer than upper.
d. Cell of anterior Lees not Soe maptitakeS
fone e. Wings not furnished with pseudo-scent glands.{
Tal owned, ine fees J. Base of second median nervyule of anterior wings about
position of median nervules. twice as far apart from that of the lower as from
that of the upper median nervule. - - + CHoasPEs.
jf. Base of second median nervule of anterior wings about
midway between the base of first and third median
nervules. -_ = : : - - - - Hasora.
: ee. Wings provided with pseudo-scent glands. - - - Papvuka.§
dd. Cell of anterior wings attenuated anteriorly, - - - Martara.
Fro. lid.— Anterior wing of cece, Unpet disco-cellular nervule of anterior wings longer than lower.
Matapa aria, showing atten- g. Upper median nervules of anterior wings close together,
uated cell remote from lower. - - - - - . - Prmepaxa. ||
qq. Base of second median nervule of anterior wings about
twice as far apart from that of the lower as from that of
the upper median nervule.
h. Upper disco-cellular nervule of anterior wings moderately
GE oblique. - - - - . - - - - Zea.%
hh. Upper diseo-eellular nervule of anterior wings very oblique. Baorts.
ggq. Base of second median nervule of anterior wings less than
Fro, 11$.— Anterior wing of twice as far apart from that of the lower as from that of
poeiuion OF also the upper median nervule. - - ~— - aie - PrrHavRtia.
qggg. Base of second median nervule of anterior wings about
midway between that of upper and lower median nervules,
or rather nearer to the lower. - . - - - TELicota.
| B. Posterior wings with the outer margin neither sinuated nor lobately
produced at anal nee re
: i, Base of second median nervule of anterior wings about, or
aa little more than, twice as far apart from that of the lower
as from that of the upper median nervule.
j. Antenne with their apices strongly hooked. - - - SaTaRUPa,
jj). Antenne with their apices curved, but not strongly hooked. Casyapa.
ii. Base of second median nervule of anterior wings about
three times as far distant from that of the lower as
from that of the upper median nervule.
sin Wee Erne othe: wt k. Diseo-cellular nervules of anterior wings oblique. - - Isma. *#
= a =— Fel I i hd . * L > : 3
Guipopatphanaics stows kk. Diseo-cellular nervules of anterior wings suberect. - TaGiapEs.
neuration. C. Posterior wings with the outer margin angularly produced near apex. ApanarHa.
* Gen. nov,, type Unkana batara, Dist, + Gen. nov., type Eudamus calathua, Hew.
t In using the term “ pseudo-scent glands,” I do not necessarily question the results of such careful investigators as
Fritz Miiller, Wood-Mason, and others on this point, and only think it necessary to make this remark, as Mr. Butler, of the
British Museum, has thought it necessary to record the remarkable opinion that, “in nine cases out of ten,” he considers these
suggestions ns “the most pitiable nonsense” (Ent. Month. Mag. vol. xxi. p. 247). “ Audi alteram partem.”
§ Gen. nov., type Paduka glandulosa, Dist. || Gen. nov., type Hesperia hyela, Hew.
q " » Pamphila mytheca, Hew. sea ‘ » Jema obscura, Dist.
Apri 30, 1886. Bn
370 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Genus UNKANA.
Unkana, Distant, antea, p. 869. :
Anterior wings elongate; costal margin moderately convex, outer margin oblique, inner margin
nearly straight, a little shorter than outer margin. Costal nervure extending to about half the length of
costal margin; first subcostal nervule emitted at about one-third before end of cell; seeond, third, and
fourth emitted at about equal distances apart between base of first and end of cell; fifth from end of cell:
disco-cellular nervules obliquely directed inwardly, the upper distinctly longer than the lower; second
median nervule emitted much nearer upper than lower median nervyule. Posterior wings elongate and
somewhat lobately produced near anal angle, the outer margin obliquely convex. Subcostal nervules
bifurcating beyond middle of cell; second median nervule emitted nearer to upper than lower median
nervule. Body robust; palpi broad and pilose; antennw moderately long, their apices incrassated,
with the tip attenuated and curved or hooked; legs long, anterior tibim short and thickened; posterior
tibiz with two long and prominent spines near apex.
Unkana is allied to Badamia, Moore, and includes three species which are at present known
as found in this fauna.
1. Unkana batara. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 11.)
Ismene batara, Moore, MS.*
Wings above dark fuliginous; anterior wings with three large irregular pale discal spots, one in and
beyond middle of cell, and two beneath cell divided by the second median nervule: beyond these are six
minute pale spots, four in oblique series directed outwardly situate beyond upper end of cell, and two
separated by the lower discoidal nervule; a pale streak near centre of inner margin; posterior wings with
the fringe very pale ochraceous. Anterior wings beneath with the costal and apical areas pale steely
bluish, and the pale spots above ochraceous beneath ; posterior wings bluish-grey, a spot near apex and the
anal-angular area dark fuliginous. Body above and beneath more or less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, 52 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Malacea (Biggs—coll. Dist.); Singapore (coll. Staudinger).—Java (Horsf.
and Moore).
This appears to be a moderately scarce species,—at least in collections,—though
such comparatively little ardour has been shown in the capture of Hesperiidae that few correct
conclusions can be formed on these questions.
2. Unkana elia. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 25, var.).
Hesperia Elia, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. ii. p. 469, n. 9 (1866).
Carystus Elia, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 859, n. 2.
Cobalus elia, Butl. Trans. Linn, Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 654, n. 1 (1877).
Wings above dark fuliginous; anterior wings with nine pale irregularly formed spots, of which five in
oblique series extend from between the discoidal nervules to the submedian nervure, three in almost
perpendicular series divided by the fourth and fifth subcostal nervules, and one in and near end of cell;
posterior wings with a transverse discal macular pale greyish fascia commencing at discoidal nervule, and
the abdominal-marginal area also largely of the same colour. Wings beneath a little paler than above;
* This species is enumerated, but nof described, in Horsfield and Moore's Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. vol. i. p. 249,
n. 656 (1887). :
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 871
anterior wings spotted as above; posterior wings with about the basal half pale greyish, the costal area
and a patch at base of cell fuliginous. Body more or less concolorous with wings.
Var.—Posterior wings above having the transverse, discal macular fascia narrower than in specimen
figured, and the pale coloration at abdominal margin also considerably more restricted,
Exp. wings, 47 millim.
Has. —Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus. ; coll. Staud.) ;
Singapore (Godfery—coll. Dist.) —Sumatra (Hewits.).—Borneo (Druce),
The above described varietal characters may possibly be of a sexual nature, but the
material now before the writer is not sufficient to warrant a conclusion on that point.
8. Unkana attina. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 30.)
Hesperia attina, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 8, vol. ii. p. 489, n, 10 (1866); Plétz, Stett. Ent, Zeit. xlin.
__-p, 889, n. 122 (1883).
Hesperia Latreillii, Feld. Reise Nov. Lep. iii, p. 611, n. 892, t. 71, f. 8 (1866).
Wings above dark fuliginous; anterior wings with eight pale irregular spots, of which four are in
oblique series from upper discoidal nervule to lower median nervule, three divided by the fourth and fifth
subcostal nervules, and one in cell; posterior wings with the disk pale greyish. Wings beneath somewhat
paler than above; anterior wings spotted as above, and with some submarginal greyish streaks near apex ;
posterior wings with the pale discal area much larger than above, and extending to the outer margin
between apex and median nervules. Body more or less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, 55 millim.
Has.— India, sic. (Hewitson).— Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Biggs—coll. Dist.).—Java (Feld. and
Hewits.).
Genus LOTONGUS.
Lotongus, Distant, antea, p. 369.
This genus is allied to Unkana in having the outer margin of the anterior wings a little longer than
the inner margin, but differing by having the upper disco-cellular nervule of the anterior wings only slightly
longer than the lower, and the disco-cellular nervules suberect, and not oblique as in Unkana.*
Two species belonging to Lotongus are found in the Malay Peninsula, and are here
enumerated.
1. Lotongus calathus. (Tab. XXIV., fig. 14.)
Fudamus Calathus, Hewitson, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xviii. p. 3583 (1876),
Wings above dark fuliginous; anterior wings with three large pale contiguous discal spots situate one
in and near end of cell, and two beneath divided by the second median nervule, a small pale spot near
centre of submedian nervure, and a smaller and more obscure pale spot beyond cell; posterior wings paler
than anterior with the apex and the fringe pale ochraceous. Wings beneath as above, but anterior wings
having the pale discal spots united to the costa and to the inner margin by pale greyish ochraceous ;
posterior wings having the apex more continuously pale ochraceous than above. Body more or less
concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, 47 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Biggs—coll. Dist.),—Sumatra (Hewits.).
* The writer has thought it best, in describing genera belonging to the Heaporiida, to give comparative, rather than
more exhaustive but less easily understood diagnosis.
B72 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
This species is at present scarce in collections. I am indebted to the Rev. L. Biggs for
the possession of two Malaccan specimens, and these are the only examples from the Malay
Peninsula with which I am at present acquainted.
2. Lotongus maculatus, n.sp. (Tab. XXXV., fig. 1.)
Allied to Z. calathus, but differing from that species above by having the three large discal spots
replaced by four smaller ones and by the absence of the ochraceous apex to the posterior wings; wings
beneath as in JL. calathus, but the discal macular fascia to the anterior wings somewhat narrower, and
containing a central fuliginous spot. Body more or less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, 47 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacea (Biggs —coll. Dist.).
This is another species discovered in Malacca by the Rev. L. C. Biggs.
Genus CHOASPES.
Choaspes, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 168 (1881).
Anterior wings subtriangular, costal margin arched at base, outer margin obliquely convex, Inner
margin nearly straight. Costal nervure terminating on costal margin nearly opposite end of cell; fourth
and fifth subeostal nervules emitted somewhat close together near end of cell; disco-cellular nervules
almost subequal in length, and obliquely directed inwardly; base of second median nervule about twice as
far apart from that of the lower as from that of the upper median nervule.’ Posterior wings elongate, more
or less lobately produced at anal angle. Subeostal nervules bifurcating at about one-third before end of
cell; first and second median nervules with an apparently common origin at end of cell. Body very
robust; palpi broad, flattened, and coarsely pilose, apical joint long, naked, and cylindrical; antenna with
the apex long, curved, and slender; femora pilose.
This genus appears to be truly Oriental in distribution; it is allied to Ismene, but apart
from other structural characters the males have no * glandular patch of raised scales” on the
anterior wings, as is found in species of Ismene.
1. Choaspes crawfurdi.* (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 26.)
Ismene (Choaspes) Crawfurdi, Distant, Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. x. p. 247 (1882),
Wings above obscure olivaceous-green, becoming tinged with fuseous towards outer margins. Posterior
wings with a large anal-angular bright yellowish patch, inwardly and broadly margined with black, apical
portion of abdominal margin also bright yellowish. Wings beneath paler and more metallic-green, the
nervures and nervules distinctly darker; posterior wings with a very large bright yellowish anal-angular
patch which extends from about middle of abdominal margin to between the second and third median
nervules, and which possesses a long black irregular streak on inner side of submedian nervure, two
parallel black streaks between the submedian nervure and lower median nervule, and two similarly placed
black spots between the second and third median nervules on outer edge of the yellow patch. Body above
more or less concolorous with wings; anal tuft yellow; body beneath and legs paler.
Exp. wings, 52 to 58 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Penang (Biggs—eoll. Dist.) ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.).
* Named after Jno. Crawfurd, author of the ‘ Descriptive Dictionary of the Indian Islands and Adjacent Countries,’ &c.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 378
2. Choaspes harisa. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 22 3.)
Ismene Harisa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 782; Mab. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg, xxi. p. 84, n. 105 (1878);
Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J. A. 8. Beng. vol. 1. p. 255, n. 110 (1881); Plitz, Stett. Ent. Zeit. xlv. p. 54,
n. 6 (1884).
Hesperia harisa, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 554, n. 1 (1877).
Choaspes harisa, De Nic. J. A.5, Beng, vol. li. p. 64, n. 194, t. x. f. 8 (1882).
Male. Wings above dull vinaceous-brown ; anterior wings with the disk somewhat paler and with an
ochraceous costal streak; posterior wings with the fringe pale ochraceous and the costal area pale
greyish-ochraceous. Wings beneath paler and more ochraceous; anterior wings with a curved pale discal
fascia divided by the nervules, and situate just beyond end of cell; inner marginal area pale greyish-
ochraceous; posterior wings with the neuration and intermediate linear fascia and the fringe brighter
ochraceous; a black spot margined with ochraceous at base and a discal curved pale fascia divided by
the nervules as on anterior wings. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Female. The following is Mr. Moore’s description of this sex :—‘ Upper side dark purple-brown ; the
base of wings greyish, with steel-blue gloss. Body greyish. Cilia of hind wing pale orange-yellow.
Underside as in male; posterior margin of fore wing with a less-defined pale patch.” *
Exp. wings, 46 to 50 millim.
Han.—Continental India; Sikkim (de Nie.) ; Caleutta (Plétz); Darjeeling (Moore).—Malay Peninsula ;
Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.); Singapore (coll. Godfery).
8. Choaspes chuza. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 27.)
Ismene Chuza, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. iv. Ism. t.1, f. 4 (1867); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 858, n. 1; Plotz,
Stett. Ent. Zeit. xlv. p. 61, n. 86 (1884).
Wings above dark purplish-brown, their basal area paler; anterior wings with an ochraceous costal
streak, three contiguous pale discal spots divided by the nervules and situate at end of cell, and four small
white contiguous subapical spots divided by the third, fourth, and fifth subcostal nervules; posterior wings
with a broad, central ochraceous fascia, and the fringe of the same colour. Wings beneath paler,
particularly their basal areas; markings as above, but the discal spots on anterior wings connected by
pale ochraceous to the costal and inner margins. Body above concolorous with wings; body beneath
and legs paler.
Exp. wings, 44 to 46 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Singapore (coll. Godm. & Salv.).—Borneo
(Druce); Sarawak (Hewitson).
4. Choaspes? malayana. (Tab. XXXV., fig. 2.)
Ismene malayana, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. iv. p. 401, n. 28 (1860); Reise Nov. Lep. iii. t. 72, f. 15 (1866).
This species is only known to the writer by Felder’s description and figure, both of which
are here reproduced. Its generic position is therefore not determined. —
“‘Alis supra fuscis, subtus antiearnm limbo costali, posticarum dimidio basali chalybmis, his striga
diseali alba. ¢.”
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Felder).
* Proc. Zool. Soe. 1865, p. 783.
Aprit 30, 1886. 5c
B74 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA,
Genus HASORA.
Hasora, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 159 (1881),
Hasora principally differs and is most easily distinguished from the previous genus, Choaspes,
to which it is closely allied, by the position of the second median nervyule of the anterior wing, which is
emitted about midway between the bases of the first and third median nervules.
According to present knowledge, Hasora is a purely Oriental genus, and two species are
here included as found in the Malay Peninsula.
1. Hasora badra. (Tab. XXXV., fig. 32.)
Goniloba Badra, Moore (Horsf, & Moore), Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1I.C. vol. i. p. 245, n. 582, t. 7, f. 8, 8a (1857) ;
Proc, Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 778.
Hesperia Badra, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 554, n. 8 (1877).
Ismene Badra, Snell. Tijd. Ent. xxi. p. 41, n. 167 (1878); Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J. A. 5. Beng. vol. u. p. 266,
n, 111 (1881); Plétz, Stett. Ent. Zeit. xlv. p. 59, n. 25 (1884).
Hasora Badra, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p, 159, t. 65, f. 4, a, ) (1881); de Nic, J. A.5. Beng. vol. li. p. 65,
n, 195 (1882),
Male. Wings above fuliginous-brown; posterior wings with the fringe brownish-grey. Wings
beneath paler than above, both wings crossed by a somewhat indistinct dark fuliginous fascia; anterior
wings with the inner marginal area pale yellowish-grey; posterior wings with a greyish-white spot in and
near end of cell, and a fuliginous submarginal fascia developing into a large and dark fuliginous spot at anal
angle, which 1s.preceded by an oblique greyish spot. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings;
palpi and posterior segmental margins beneath yellowish-grey.
Var.—Posterior wings beneath having the greyish spot in cell and the greyish streak above anal angle
practically obliterated or obsolete. :
Female. This sex is figured and described in Mr. Moore's ‘ Lepidoptera of Ceylon,’ and differs from
the male in having the anterior wings spotted above; “three small subapical spots .... and three large
obliquely-quadrate spots, two being disposed on the disc, the third above them within the cell.” *
Exp. wings, 48 to 50 millim.
Has.—Continental India; Bengal (Moore); Sikkim (de Nic.).—Ceylon (Moore).—Andaman Islands ;
Port Blair (Wood-Mas. & de Nic.).—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kinstl—Cale. Mus.); Malacea (Pinwill—
Brit. Mus.) ; Johore (coll. Staud.).—Java (Horsf. & Moore).—Celebes (Snell.),— Philippines (Plitz).
Mr. Moore, in describing both Bengalese and Ceylonese male examples of this species,
refers to ‘‘ three conjugated very small yellowish semitransparent spots near the costa, one
fourth from the apex”’ on the upper surface of the anterior wings, but these spots are practically
absent in the few specimens I have examined from the Malay Peninsula.
The larva and pupa of this species as observed in Java are figured by Horsfield, +
who describes the first as feeding ‘upon a leguminous plant bearing the native name of
Tungkul.”
* Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 160.
+ Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep, Mus, E.1.C. vol. i. t. vii, f. 8, 8a,
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 875
2. Hasora vitta. (Tab. XXXY., fig. 4 ¢.)
Hesperia Vitta, Butler, Trans, Ent. Soc. 1870, p. 498 (1870); Lep. Ex. p. 167, t. 59, f. 9 (1874); Trans. Linn.
Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 564, n. 2 (1877).
Ismene Vitta, Druce, Pros. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 868, n. 5; Plitz, Stett. Ent. Zeit. xlv. p. 67, n. 18 (1864).
Ismene Chabrona, Plitz, Btett. Ent. Zeit. xlv. p. 66, n. 16 (1884).
Male. Wings above dark fuliginous-brown; anterior wings with three (frequently only one) very
small greyish subapical spots; posterior wings with the fringe greyish-brown, the anal angle more or less
suffused with darker fuliginous. Wings beneath paler than above, more or less suffused with obseure
violaceous ; anterior wings with an outer submarginal dark fuliginous fascia and with subapical small greyish
spots as above; posterior wings with a narrow oblique greyish-white fascia crossmg wing from costal
margin to near anal angle, which is occupied by a large blackish spot, with a greyish-white spot on its
upper inner margin and a linear greyish-white spot on its outer lower margin. Body and legs more or less
concolorous with wings; palpi and anal tuft beneath greyish-ochraceous,
Exp. wings, é, 43 to 45 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiinst.—Cale. Mus.); Malacca (Plitz ; Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).—Borneo
(Druce) ; Sarawak (Butl.).—Philippines (Plétz).
I feel little hesitation in placing the J. Chabrona, Plotz, as the female, and therefore synonym,
of this species. I have not seen a female specimen, but the description of Plétz specifies
spotted anterior wings combined with all the other characters of H. vitta, which are in unison
with the differential sexual characters which obtain in the previously described species,
H. badra.
Some amount of variation is apparent in the width of the greyish-white fascia on the
under surface of the anterior wings.
Genus PADUKA.
Paduka, Distant, antea, p. 869,
Anterior wings elongate, subtriangular; costal margin oblique, outer margin nearly straight, inner
margin very slightly rounded. Costal nervure terminating on costa a little before the end of cell, first
subcostal nervule emitted a little beyond middle of cell; second, third, and fourth subcostal nervules about
equal distances apart, fifth from near end of cell; disco-cellular nervules about equal in length, the upper
suberect, the lower obliquely directed inwardly; middle median nervule slightly nearer upper than lower.
Posterior wings with the costal margin rounded, the outer margin sinuated and somewhat lobately
produced at anal angle; subcostal nervules bifurcating about middle of cell; median nervules with their
bases moderately close together. Body robust, pilose, the hairs forming several prominent tufts, of which
the most noticeable are three in triangular series above base of abdomen. Palpi broad and coarsely pilose.
Legs longly pilose beneath. Antenne somewhat long and slender, with a moderately formed club, its
apex attenuated and strongly curved or hooked.
Male. Anterior wings above with a large discal patch of silky hairs extending to base along the
median nervure, and an elongate patch of long silky hairs on base of inner margin. Posterior wings above
with long silky hairs at base and along submedian nervure, and with two prominent discal elongate
glandular pouches—or pseudo-scent glands—situate on the second and third median nervules. Anterior
wings beneath with a long tuft of coarse hairs on the submedian nervure.
The extraordinary butterfly for the reception of which I have been compelled to propose
this genus, is contained in the collection of Dr. Staudinger, who has obligingly placed it
576 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
in my hands for figuring and identification. It appears to exhibit a maximum of glandular
development.
1. Paduka glandulosa, n.sp. (Tab. XXXYV., fig. 5, 2.)
Male. Wings above dark fuliginous-brown; anterior wings with a large discal patch of dark fuscous
silky hairs; posterior wings with the fringe pale ochraceous, and with two pale raised discal elongate
glandular pouches situate on the second and third median nervules. Wings beneath paler than above;
anterior wings with the disk darkest, the inner area palest, and with a long tuft of coarse pale ochraceous
hairs on the submedian nervure; posterior wings with a transverse discal pale ochraceous fascia. Body and
legs more or less concolorous with wings. Antenn@ blackish, their hooked apices ochraceous.
Exp. wings, ¢, 55 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Singapore (coll. Staudinger).
Genus PIRDANA,
Pirdana, Distant, antea, p. 869.
This genus principally differs from the preceding—Paduka—in the following characters :—The upper
disco-cellular nervule of the anterior wing is longer than the lower; the first and second median nervules
of the same wing are emitted moderately close together and remote from the lower median nervule; and
there is a complete absence of the glandular patches and pouches as found in Paduka.
This genus will also contain the Hesperia ismene, Feld.,* a Celebesian species.
1. Pirdana hyela. (Tab. XXXYV., fig. 6 2.)
Hesperia Hyela, Hewitson, Desc. Hesp. p. 28, n. 2 (1867).
Female. Wings above very dark fuscous, the basal areas of both wings somewhat extensively
bluish-green; posterior wings with the anal-angular area bright orange-yellow, the fringe yellowish-grey.
Wings beneath extensively shaded with bluish-grey, with darker reflections between the nervules; anterior
wings purplish-brown between the two lower median nervules, the inner area pale yellowish-grey; posterior
wings with the anal-angular area and the fringe as above. Body above more or less concolorous with
wings, beneath somewhat yellowish-grey ; legs brownish.
Exp. wings, ?, 45 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Sungei Ujong (coll. Godfery).—Java (Hewitson).
I have examined a Malaccan male specimen in the collection of Dr. Standinger, which
may prove to be the male of this species, but which is unfortunately so rubbed beneath as to
make exact determination somewhat hazardous. This specimen is dark obscure chocolate-
brown above, with the anal-angular area orange-yellow as in the female. If this is really
the other sex, as I strongly suspect, then Mr. Hewitson erroneously described the female
as a male,
* This species has been included by Mahille in his genus Tanyptera (Ann, Soc. Ent, Belg. xxi. p, 88, 1878), but
erroneously. That genus was first applied to.a West African species, the Hesperia laufella, Hew., which may therefore be
taken as the type, of which the neuration is quite distinct from the species included in Pirdana, The name Tanyptera is also
pre-oceupied, having been used for a genus in Diptera (1804).
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 377
Genus ZABA.
Zea, Distant, antea, p. 369.
This genus is allied to the preceding in general characteristics and in having the upper disco-cellular
nervule of the anterior wings a little longer than the lower; but it strongly differs from Pirdana by the
position of the median nervules of the anterior wings, the second of which has its base only about twice
as far apart from that of the lower as from that of the upper median nervule.
It is probable, looking at the many superficially allied but structurally or generically
distinct species of Hesperiide, that in this family much generic separation must be made before
these butterflies can be rightly understood, or their distribution in any way studied; and whilst
this generic separation can be effected by the recognition of such structural characters, as
may be clearly expressed in words, and capable of synoptical illustration with reference to other
genera, the work is necessary and to be commended. But when a supposed genus is better
known by its name than separable by its characters, it becomes but a term of a catalogue and
an encumbrance to Science.*
1. Yea mytheca. (Tab. XXXV., fig. 7.)
Hesperia mytheca, Hewitson, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. iv. vol. 19, p. 81 (1877).
Female. Wings above dark fuliginous-brown ; anterior wings with three pale yellow discal spots,
one in cell and two beneath, divided by the second median nervule, a fourth very small greyish spot
above upper end of cell. Anterior wings beneath as above; posterior wings beneath with a very broad
silvery-white discal fascia commencing on costa and terminating near the submedian nervure. Body and
legé more or less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, 50 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (coll. Staudinger).
The type, in the collection of Dr. Staudinger, is here figured and described, and I am
much indebted to that esteemed lepidopterist for the loan of what I believe is at present
all unique specimen,
Genus MATAPA,
Matapa, Moore, Lep, Ceyl. vol. i. p, 168 (1881).
This genus is most readily recognised by the position of the cell to the anterior wings,
which is attenuated anteriorly.
The male is described by Mr. Moore as having “ an oblique discal slender linear glandular
streak of raised scales” to the anterior wings.
= What would old Isaac Walton have thought now, if yeas ee of the same spirit of admiration as when he wrote,
mere than two hundred years ago, “Nay, the Royal Society have found and published lately that there be thirty and three
kinds of spiders; and yet all, for aught I know, go under that one general name of spider."
Arr 80, 1886. 5D
378 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
1. Matapa aria. (Tab. XXXYV., fig. 8.)
Ismene Aria, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 784; Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J. A. 8. Beng. xlix. p. 241, n. 75 (1880).
Pamphila Aria, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 564, n. 1 (1877).
Hesperia Aria, Plétaz, Stett. Ent. Zeit. xiii. p. 615, n. 4 (1882).
Matapa Aria, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 164, t. 66, f. 1, le (1881).
The figure is taken from a Malaccan specimen in the British Museum, and the following
is Mr. Moore’s original description :
‘* Male and female chocolate-brown.
‘“‘ Male. Upperside pale brown; fore wing with a abort impressed comma-like grey streak obliquely
beneath the cell. Cilia yellowish white. Underside bright ferruginous-brown. Palpi ferruginous-brown.”
“ Female. Upperside dark chocolate-brown, without the impressed streak; cilia of hind “oe pale
orange-yellow. Underside bright ferruginous-brown."
Exp. wings, “* ¢ 14, ? 24 inches.”
Has.—Continental India; Bengal (Moore).—Ceylon (Thwaites—coll. Dist.).—Andaman Islands; Port
Blair (Wood-Mas. & de Nic.).—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).—Java (Horsf.).
Several accounts of the habits of this species have been given by observers in Ceylon.
At Colombo Capt. Hutchison found it in “ Plains and forest. During 8.W. Monsoon. Settles
on leaves.” At Kandy Capt. Wade-Dalton reports it as ‘Uncommon. Found in Guinea-
grass’’; whilst Mr. Mackwood states that it ‘appears twice a year generally—in January and
July ; at other times very scarce.” *
Genus PITHAURTA.
Pithauria, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 689.
This genus has the upper disco-cellular nervule of the anterior wings longer than the lower
disco-cellular, thus differing from Matapa, whilst from Zea, with which it agrees in that respect, it is
differentiated by the position of the median neryules of the anterior wings, of which the second has its
base less than twice as far apart from that of the lower as from that of the upper median nervule.
In his description of this genus Mr. Moore does not describe the neuration, but only
states “‘ venation similar to Pamphila.” It is evident that at that time Mr. Moore had not
recognised the true genus Pamphila, and therefore these remarks are Hiroe. The genus,
however, is fixed by its type, which is here described.
1. Pithauria murdava. (Tab. XXKYV., fig. 9 2.) °
Ismene murdava, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 784; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p, 859, n. 7.
Pithauria murdava, Moore, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1878, p. 689, t. xlv. £. 18.
Male. Wings above olivaceous-brown; anterior wings with the base greyish, and with six small pale
ochraceous discal spots, situate two in cell, two beyond cell separated by the fifth subcostal nervule, and
two beneath cell separated by the second median nervule; posterior wings greyish, with the margins
broadly olivaceous-brown. Wings beneath brownish-ochraceous; anterior wings with the disk blackish,
and spotted more or less as above; posterior wings with indistinct ochraceous discal and submarginal
w :
* Moore's Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 104.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 379
markings. Body above olivaceous-brown; abdomen above with segmental ochraceous fascia ; body beneath
and legs more or less ochraceous.
Female. Differing from the male by having the greyish markings above much darker in hue, and the
abdomen above without the pale segmental fascim.
Exp. wings, ¢ & 2, 40 to 42 millim.
Has.—Continental India; Darjeeling (Moore and coll. Dist.)— Malay Peninsula; Singapore (coll.
Godfery).— Borneo (Druce).
The only specimen known to the writer from the Malay Peninsula is the one here figured,
which was captured at Singapore by Capt. Godfery.
Genus BAORIS.
Baoris, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 168 (1881).
Parnara, Moore, Lep. Ceyl, vol. i. p. 166 (1861),
Chapra, Moore, Lep, Ceyl. vol. i, p. 169 (1881).
In this genus the upper disco-cellular nervule of the anterior wings is longer than the lower, thus
agreeing with Pithawria, but it differs from that genus by the position of the median nervules of the anterior
wings, of which the second has its base about twice as far apart from the lower as from the upper median
nervule, thus resembling Zea, from which, however, it is distinguished by the very oblique position of the
upper median nervule.
I have failed to discover the characters which separate the above-named three proposed
genera of Mr. Moore, no diagnosis of the neuration having been given in either case, save
that Parnara has similar venation to Chapra. Glandular tufts have been used for the separation
of Baoris and Chapra, but these alone have not been considered as primary generic characters
in this work.
Tt is probable that this genus has a wide Ethiopian as well as Oriental distribution, but the
classified material is too scanty as. yet to warramt very definite conclusions on that point.
1. Baoris moolata. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 10 ¢.)
Hesperia moolata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 848.
Pamphila julianus, Butl. (nec. Latr.), Trans. Linn. Soe, ser, 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 554, n, 2 (1877).
Male. Wings above dark vinous-brown, the fringe greyish-ochraceous; anterior wings with the following
very pale ochraceous spots:—one in and near end of cell, two or three—small—beyond cell and before
apex, and three placed obliquely, divided by the first and second median nervules, and of which the
lowermost is much the largest and is subquadrate in form. Wings beneath as above.
Female. Resembling the male, but having two spots in and near end of cell and an additional spot
placed between the lower median nervule and the submedian nervure. Wings beneath lighter and brighter
in hue than above.
Exp. wings, ¢ and ?, 86 to 39 millim.
Haz.—Tenasserim; Ahsown, Moolai to Moolat (Limborg—Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Penang (coll.
Dist.); Perak (Townsend—coll. Godm. & Saly.); Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).—Borneo; Sandakan
(Pryer—coll. Dist.).
380 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
2. Baoris narooa. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 12 2.)
Hesperia narooa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 687; Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J. A.8. Beng. vol. xv. p. 260,
n. 125 (1881).
Parnara narooa, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 167, t. 69, f. 8, a, b (1881); De Nic. J. A.8. Beng. vol. lii. p. 99,
n. 264 (1883).
Male and Female. Wings above vinous-brown, the basal areas paler, fringe pale brownish-grey.
Anterior wings with the following very pale ochraceous spots :—two in and near end of cell, three—small—
in almost upright series beyond cell and divided by the fourth and fifth subcostal nervules, five in oblique
diseal series, of which the fourth is exceedingly minute and placed beneath the lower median nervule
(omitted in the figure here given); posterior wings with two very small pale diseal spots—three in female.
Wings beneath paler than above; anterior wings spotted as above; posterior wings with a small pale spot
at upper end of cell, and a discal series of four small pale spots. Body above concolorous with wings;
palpi, anterior portion of sternum, and abdomen beneath, greyish-brown.
Exp. wings, # & ¢, 40 to 48 millim.
Has.—Continental India; Bombay (Moore); Sikkim (de Nic.),—Ceylon (Thwaites—coll. Dist.).—
Andaman Islands; Port Blair (Wood-Mas. & de Nic.).—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley
(coll. Dist.).
This species seems closely allied to the Gegenes contigua and G. javana of Mabille, both
described as from Java," and principally differs from the description of those species by the
number of the discal spots on the under surface of the posterior wings.
8. Baoris chaya. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 9.)
Hesperia Chaya, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1865, p. 791; Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J. A. 8. Beng. vol. xlix. p. 242,
, n. 85 (1880); de Nic. J.A.S. Beng. vol. u. p. 60, n. 124 (1881).
Pamphila Chaya, Mab, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxi. p. 37, n. 184 (1878).
Wings above vinous-brown, the fringe greyish-brown; anterior wings with the following pale
ochraceous spots:—a duplex spot within cell, two—small—beyond cell and separated by the lower sub-
costal nervule, and an oblique discal series of four spots placed between the nervules, of which the first and
fourth are smallest; posterior wings with some very obscure pale discal spots. Wings beneath paler and
more rufous-brown ; anterior wings spotted as above; posterior wings with a few small and very pale diseal
spots. Body above more or less concolorous with wings; palpi and abdomen beneath greyish-brown.
Exp. wings, 82 to 35 millim.
Has.—Continental India ; Bengal (Moore); Sikkim (de Nic.).—Andaman Islands; Port Blair (Wood-
Mas. & de Nic.).—Malay Peninsula; Sungei Ujong (Durnford—coll. Dist.) ; Malaeca (coll. Staud:; Biggs—
coll. Dist.) ; Singapore (Wallace—coll. Godm. & Salv.).—Java (Horsf. & Moore).
According to Mr. de Nicéville, “this is the widest spread and commonest Hesperia in
North India, met with everywhere from the plains to 8000 feet elevation.” +
4. Baoris mathias. (Tab. XXXY., fig. 10.)
Hesperia Mathias, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 488 (1798); Latr. Enc. Méth, ix. p. 741, n. 61 (1828);
Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 594; Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J. A. 5. Beng. vol... p. 288, n. 61 (1881).
Epargyreus Mathias, Butl, Cat. Fabr. Lepid. p. 276, n. 1, t. 111, f. 8 (1869).
* Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1877, p. 232, note. + J.A.8. Beng. vol. 1. p. 60 (1881).
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 381
Pamphila’ Mathias, Butl. Proe. Zool. Soc. 1870, p. 728, n.1; ibid. 1881, p.612, n.50; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soe.
1874, p. 109, n.1; Snell. Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 158, n. 76 (1876); Mab. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxi. p. 87,
n. 188 (1878); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1878, p. 848; Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J. A.5. Beng. vol. x.
p. 261, n. 129 (1881); Kheil, Rhop. der Insel. Nias, p. 38, n. 146 (1884),
Pamphila Matthias, Butl. Trans, Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 654, n. 8 (1877); Proc. Zool. Soe. 1877,
p. 515, n. 40.
Chapra Mathias, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 169, t. 70, f.1, la (1881); Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 261; de Nic.
J.A.8. Beng. vol. lii. p. 99, n. 269 (1883); Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1888, p. 164, n. 82.
Parnara Mathias, Butl, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1884, p. 498, n. 39,
Wings above vinous-brown, the fringe greyish; anterior wings with eight small greyish spots, situate
two in cell, three in suberect and subapical series beyond cell, and three in oblique series—of which the
uppermost is smallest—divided by the first and second median nervules; between the lowermost spot and
the submedian nervure is a narrow, transverse linear, greyish impression. Wings beneath paler than above ;
anterior wings spotted as above, but the spots a little darker in hue; posterior wings with a small pale spot
in cell, and a curved discal series of small pale spots situate between the costal nervure and the lower median
nervule. Body above more or less concolorous with wings; palpi and abdomen beneath greyish.
Exp. wings, 31 to 33 millim.
Has.—Aden (Butl.).—Continental India; Karachi (Swinhoe—Brit. Mus.); N.W. Himalaya (Hocking
—Moore); Gujerat 'Spaight—Brit. Mus.); Sikkim (de Nic.),—Ceylon (Moore).—Nicobar Islands; Kamorta
(Moore). — Burma; Moulmein (Limborg—Moore).—Tenasserim; Meetan (Limborg—Moore). — Malay
Peninsula; Malacea (coll. Staud; Pinwill—Brit. Mus.); Singapore (coll. Godfery).—Siam ; Nahconchaisee
(Druce).—Nins Island (Kheil).—Java; Batavia (Snell.).—Formosa (Butl.).
This widely spread species appears to have been somewhat neglected by collectors in the
Malay Peninsula, as beyond the specimens collected by Capt. Pinwill in Malacca and now
contained in the British Museum, the example captured in Singapore by Capt. Godfery—here
figured—-has alone passed through my hands. It also appears to have passed through many
generic vicissitudes, Mr. Butler, as the above quotations testify, having already placed it in four
different genera.
5. Baoris unicolor. (Tab. XXXV., fig. 11.)
Wings above and beneath unicolorous rufous-brown; body dark brown; legs pale brown.
Exp. wings, 30 millim,
Has.—Malacea (coll. Staud.).
This obscure, and to me unique, Baoris is contained in the collection of Dr. Staudinger,
to whom I am indebted for the opportunity of figuring and describing it in this work.
Genus TELICOTA.
Telicota, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 169 (1881).
Padraona, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 170 (1881).
Ampittia, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 171 (1881),
In Telicota the upper disco-cellular nervule of the anterior wings is longer than the lower, thus
agreeing with the preceding genera Pirdana, Pithauria, Zea, and Baoris, but from these genera it differs by
the position of the second median nervule of the anterior wings, which has its base either midway between
that of the upper and lower median nervules, or rather nearer to the lower than to the upper.
Apron 30, 1886. 5 E
382 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
1. Telicota augias. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 23). s
Papilio Augias, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 794, nu. 267 (1767); Joh. Amoen, Acad, vi. p. 410, n. 80 (1764);
Don. Ins. Ind. t. 48, f. 1 (1800),
Hesperia Augias, Latr. Mune, Meth. ix. p. 767, n, 111 (1628).
Pamphila Augias, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. LC. vol. i. p. 261, n. 566 (1857); Moore, Proc, Zool. Soc.
1865, p.792; Druce, Proc, Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 109, n. 2; Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xviii.
p- 248, n. 82 (1876); Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 554, n. 4 (1877); Snell. Tijd. Ent. xix.
p. 158, n. 77 (1876); ibid. xx. p. 8 (1877); ibid. xxi. p. 41, n. 172 (1878); Mab. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg.
xxi. p. 87, p. 188 (1878); Salv. & Godm. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 149, n. 40; Wood-Mas. & de Nic.
J.A. 5, Beng. vol. u. p. 261, wn, 189 (1881); de Nic, J. A. 5. Beng. vol. 2. p. 60, n, 121 (1881).
Wings above dark ochraceous ; anterior wings with the neuration, a broad oblique discal fascia,—
commencing at end of cell where it is broadest and ending at submedian nervure,—and a series of outer
marginal more or less elongate spots placed between the nervules,—of which the two uppermost are longest
and the third and fourth shortest,—black; the discal fascia has its central area puler in hue; posterior
wings with the costal and basal areas,—excluding cell,—a broad scalloped outer marginal fascia widening
towards anal angle, abdominal area and the neuration black; fringe of both wings greyish ochraceous.
Anterior wings beneath as above, but the black discal fascia shorter, and the outer marginal spots more or
less obsolete; posterior wings beneath with only traces of the black markings above. Body above fuscous,
beneath greyish-ochraceous; legs dark ochraceous.
Exp. wings, 30 to 33 millim.
Has.—Continental India; Bengal (Moore); Sikkim (de Nic.).—Andaman Islands; Port Blair (Wood-
Mas. & de Nic.).—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Malacca (coll. Staud.; Pinwill—Brit.
Mus.; Biggs—eoll. Dist.)—Siam ; Nahconchaisee (Druce).—Sumatra (Forbes—coll. Dist.).—Java (Horsf.) ;
Batavia (Snell.).—New Guinea; Port Moresby (Brit. Mus.)—Duke of York Island (Salv. & Godm.).
2. Telicota bambusz. (Tab, XXXYV., fig. 12.)
Pamphila bambuse, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 691, t. xlv. f. 11 & 12.
Mr. Moore thus diagnoses his species:—‘‘ Allied to P. augias, Linn., from typical Java specimens
of which it differs in its somewhat broader and less pointed wings. Markings above similar, but more
defined, the borders of the wings blacker, the basal yellow streak on hind wing confined to a terminal spot
at the end of the cell, and the abdominal border black. On the underside the markings are also more
clearly defined and the interspaces blacker.”
Exp. wings, “ ¢ 1¢, ? 14 inch.”
Has.—Continental India; Calcutta (Frith & Atkinson—colls. Moore & Staud.).—Malay Peninsula ;
Johore (coll. Staud.).
According to Dr. Atkinson, the larva of this species ‘* feeds on the bamboo.” *
The figure is taken from a specimen captured at Johore, and contained in the collection
of Dr. Staudinger.
3. Telicota goloides. (Tab. XXXYV., fig. 13 7.)
Padraona goloides, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 171, t. 71, f. 8, 8a (1881).
Pampiila naranata, Moore, MS.; (Horsf. & Moore),-Cat. Lep. Mus. E. 1.0. vol. i. p. 261, n. 565 (1857),
_ Male. Anterior wings above dark ochraceous, the outer margin broadly dark chocolate-brown, and
with an uregular oblique discal fascia of the same colour, which commences at costa,—where it is united
* Proc. Zool, Soc. 1878, p. 691,
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 383
with the outer margin,—is widest and elongately produced beyond cell, and is continued through cell to
base; this fascia encloses a small ochraceous spot at upper end of cell; posterior wings above dark
chocolate-brown, with a transverse discal ochraceous fascia; fringe of both wings greyish-ochraceous.
Wings beneath with the dark markings more or less obsolete; anterior wings with the outer margin only
dark chocolate-brown towards outer angle, the discal fascia obsolete, represented by a dark disco-cellular
spot at end of cell, the inner margin and basal area also of the same colour; posterior wings much paler
than above, the discal fascia more or less margined with dark spots. Body above dark chocolate-brown,
beneath with legs more or less dark greyish-ochraceous.
Exp. wings, 24 to 27 millim.
Has.—Ceylon (Thwaites—coll. Dist.)—Malay Peninsula; Singapore (coll. Staud.).—Java (Horsf.).
This is the species which stands in Horstield and Moore’s Catalogue under the MS. name
of Pamphila naranata, as I have satisfied myself by a careful comparison with the specimen
thus named in the Horsfield collection. It has since been described under the name of
Padraona goloides by Mr. Moore. My Ceylonese specimens are identical with the Singapore
example here figured, which belongs to the collection of Dr. Staudinger.
In Ceylon, according to Mr. Mackwood, this species ‘‘is widely distributed. Sea coast up
to 5000 feet. Generally January to March.” *
4. Telicota mzsoides. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 24.)
Pamphila mesoides, Butler, Trans, Linn, Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 554, n. 5 (1877); Moore, Proce. Zool. Soc.
1877, p. 594; Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J. A. 8. Beng. vol. xlix. p. 242, n. 87 (1880).
Padraona mesoides, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i, p. 171 t. 71, f. 5, 5u (1881).
Wings above dark ochraceous; anterior wings with the outer margin broadly dark chocolate-brown,
and with an oblique discal fascia of the same colour, commencing at costa, deflected outwardly at end of
cell—sometimes connected with outer margin—and continued broadly beneath cell to base; posterior wings
dark chocolate-brown, with a transverse discal fascia, a spot in cell and a subcostal spot dark ochraceous ;
fringe of both wings greyish-ochraceous. Wings beneath as above, but much paler. Body above dark
chocolate-brown, beneath with legs more or less greyish-ochraceous.
Exp. wings, 20 to 25 millim.
Harn.—Ceylon (Thwaites—coll. Dist.)—Andaman Islands; Port Blair (coll. Moore & Cale. Mus.).—
Malay Peninsula; Perak (Townsend—coll. Godm. & Salv.); Malacca (coll. Stand.; Pinwill—Brit. Mus. ;
Biggs—coll. Dist.) ; Singapore (Kerr—coll. Dist.)—Java; Bantam (coll. Dist.).
This seems a widely distributed species, and from T. golowles may be readily distinguished
by the very different markings of the under surface of the wings.
5. Telicota maro. (Tab. XXXY., fig. 14¢, 152.)
[Tesperia Maro, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 482, n. 242, 248 (1798),
Cyclopides Maro, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 279, t. 11, f. 12 (1869),
Cyclopides Camertes, Hew. Deser. Hesp. p. 48, . 8 (1868).
Pamphila Maro, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1874, p. 109, n. 3; Butl. Trans, Linn. Soe. ser, 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 556,
n. 6 (1877); Snell. Tijd. Ent. xxi. p. 41, n. 171 (1878); Mab. Ann, Soc. Ent. Belg. xxi. p, 88, n. 146
(1878).
Ampittia Maro, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 172, t. 71, £1, le (1881); Proc. Zool. Soc, 1882, p. 262,
* Moore's Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 171.
384 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Male. Anterior wings above dark ochraceous, outer margin broadly chocolate-brown and a discal
narrow transverse fascia of the same colour commencing at costa and united to outer margin beyond cell,
and connected from lower median nervule with inner margin, where it there encloses a small ochraceous
spot; posterior wings above dark chocolate-brown, with a short but broad transverse discal ochraceous
fascia; fringe of both wings greyish-ochraceous, spotted with brownish. Anterior wings beneath as above,
but paler and with the outer dark margin broken; posterior wings beneath ochraceous, with dark, waved
and somewhat reticulated narrow fascim, and with a submarginal series of dark spots. Body above dark
chocolate-brown, beneath with legs more or less greyish-ochraceous.
Female. Wings above dark brown, the pale markings of the male only represented by a few scattered
pale spots; wings beneath much paler than in male, and with the darker markings larger.
Exp. wings, ¢, 21 to 23 millim.; ¢, 21 millim.
Haz.— Continental India; N.W. Himalaya (Hocking—Moore).— Ceylon (Thwaites—coll. Dist.).—
Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.); Singapore (colls. Hewits. & Godfery).—Siam ; Nahcon-
chaisee (Druce).—Java (Mabille).—Celebes (Snell.).
This species has been redescribed by the late Mr. Hewitson under the name of Cyclopides
Camertes. The female is peculiar by its diverse appearance, a specimen of which, belonging
to the collection of Capt. Godfery, is here figured.
6. Telicota nigrolimbata. (Tab. XXXV., fig. 16.)
Thymelicus nigrolimbatus, Snellen, Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 165, t. 7, f. 6 (1876); Kheil, Rhop. der Insel. Nias, p, 88,
n. 147 (1884); Plitz, Stett. Ent. Zeit. xlv. p. 289, n. 19 (1884).
Pamphila nigrolimbata, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 655, n. 7 (1877).
This species—not contained in the writer's collection—differs from the preceding species here
enumerated and described, in the apparently broken and more or less obsolete discal fascia on the upper
surface of the anterior wings; the lower wings above somewhat resemble those of 7’. mescides. Wings
beneath generally resembling their upper surface.
Eixp. wings, “19 to 23 millim.”
Has,— Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).—Nias Island (Kheil).—Java; Batavia
(Snellen).
The figure here given represents a capture made by Capt. Pinwill in Malacca, and now
contained in the British Museum. It has not been included in any of the numerous collections
which have passed under the writer's examination.
Genus SATARUPA.
Satarupa, Moore, Proce. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 780.
The first distinguishing feature between Satarupa and the preceding genera is that of the regular
outer margin of the posterior wings, which is neither sinuated nor lobately produced at anal angle. The
base of the second median nervule of the anterior wings is about, or little more than, twice as far apart
from that of the lower as from that of the upper median nervule. The antenne have their apices strongly
hooked or curved,
This genus is somewhat scarcely represented in most collections, and its area of
distribution cannot be rigidly defined owing to our little knowledge of its species. It is
represented in Continental India by several species, and one has been described from Borneo.
RHOPALOCE RA MALAYANA. B85
1. Satarupa affinis var. cognata. (Tab. XXXY., fig. 17.)
Satarupa ajfinis, Druce, Proce. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 860, n. 1, t. xxxiii. f. 9.
Wings above dark fuscous; anterior wings with seven or eight small pale and semihyaline spots,
situate two beneath cell divided by the lower median nervule (the lowermost sometimes duplex), two
beyond cell divided by the upper median nervule, two separated by the upper discoidal nervule, and
one on each side of the fourth subcostal nervule; posterior wings with a broad white central discal
fascia, commencing near costa and terminating at abdominal margin, its outer margin fringed with a
series of blackish spots just contained in the outer fuscous area; fringe alternately greyish-white.
Anterior wings beneath as above, but paler; posterior wings as above, but the white area larger, the
basal fuscous coloration above replaced by greenish-grey beneath, the black spots beneath more or less
detached from the outer fuscous coloration. Body above dark fuscous, beneath with legs greyish; palpi
greyish, with their apices fuscous.
Exp. wings, 40 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiinst.—Cale. Mus.); Malacea (coil. Staud.’.
This may probably prove to be a distinct species, but I have been unable to find any very
strong character to separate it from the type of Mr. Druce’s Bornean species, which I have
carefully examined, and which is now in the collection of Messrs.Godman and Salvin. Its chief
difference is in the position of the black spots in the outer fuscous area of the posterior wings,
and these in typical S. ajinis are more immersed In that fuscous area than in var. coynafa. On
the under surface of the wings this area is also much more broken and obsolete than in the
variety ? here described and figured.
Genus CASYAPA.
Casyapa, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 576 (1871).
Chetocneme,” Feld. Sitzb. Ak. Wiss. Math. Nat. Cl. xl. p. 460 (1860).
In this genus the anterior wings are relatively somewhat shorter and broader than in the preceding
genera, the costal margin is slightly faleate at apex, the outer margin nearly straight; the upper disco-
cellular nervule is shorter than the lower, which is obliquely directed inwardly, and the base of the
second median nervule is a little more than twice as far apart from that of the lower as from that of the
upper median nervule. The posterior wings are subovate, the first and second median nervules having an
upparently common origin at about end of cell. The body is robust and hairy, the palpi broad, thickly
clothed with somewhat short hairs and directed upwards and forwards; the antennw are of moderate
length, with a well-thickened curved club, which is not so strongly hooked as in Satarupa; the posterior
tibis are very prominently spined and clothed with very long hairs.
This genus has sometimes had an indiscriminate application, and without a thorough
examination of many species—some not attainable to the writer—it is impossible to speak of
its geographical distribution. The typical species on which the genus was founded is from
Ampboina, and Casyapa is probably widely distributed throughout the Malayan Archipelago.
One species only is known to the writer as found in the Malay Peninsula.
7 eine name was preoccupied by Chwetocnema in Coleoptera, and therefore the genus was rightly renamed by
r. Kirby.
Apri 80, 1886. : bF
B86 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
1. Casyapa phanzus. (Tab. XXXV., fig. 18.)
Eudamus Phaneus, Hewitson, Deser. Hesp. p. 14, n. 24 (1867).
Wings above rufous-brown. Anterior wings with three large pale discal semihyaline spots margined
with fuscous, situate one in and at end of cell, and two beneath céll divided by the second median nervule;
beneath these are two fuscous spots situate between the lower median nervule and the submedian nervure ;
three subapical fuscous spots with greyish centres divided by the fourth and fifth subcostal nervules.
Posterior wings with a single discal and a series of submarginal fuscous spots; abdominal margin more or
less ochraceous. Wings beneath somewhat duller and paler in hue than above; markings similar. Body
and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, 55 millim.
Han.— Malay Peninsula; Singapore (Wallace—coll. Godm. & Salv.).—Borneo; Sarawak (Hewitson).
Genus ISMA.
Isma, Distant, antea, p. 869.
In this genus the anterior wings are elongate, the outer margin oblique and slightly convex; the
disco-cellular nervules are obliquely directed inwardly, and the base of the second median nervule is about
three times as far apart from that of the lower as from that of the upper median nervule. The body is
robust and pilose, the palpi broad and hairy, projecting forward and almost level with the upper surface of
the head; antenn# with a pyriform club, the apex of which is slender and slightly hooked.
Two species are here enumerated as found in the Malay Peninsula.
1. Isma obscura. n.sp. (Tab. XXXYV., fig. 19.)
Wings above dark fuscous; anterior wings with five greyish spots, situate two—small—in and before
end of cell, two—largest—beneath cell and divided by the second median nervule, and one between end of
cell and apex of wing. Wings beneath paler than above; anterior wings spotted as above, and with the
inner marginal area greyish; posterior wings with the abdominal area paler. Head and thorax above
more or less greyish; legs brownish. Abdomen mutilated.
Exp. wings, 83 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula ; Singapore (Wallace—coll. Godm. & Salv.).
2. Isma bononia. (Tab. XXXYV., fig. 20.)
Hesperia Bononia, Hewitson, Deser. Hesp. p. 29, n. 16 (1868); Ex. Butt. v. Hesp. t. 7, f. 75, 76 (1876).
This species is only known to the writer by the typical specimen (which is here figured)
in the collection of the late Mr, Hewitson, whose original description is also reproduced :—
‘“‘Upperside dark brown. Anterior wing with five transparent spots:—three between the median
nervures and two before the apex: an opaque pale-yellow spot near the costal margin. Posterior wing with
two transparent spots."
‘Underside ochreous-yellow; the middle of the anterior wing dark brown. Posterior wing with the
transparent spots bordered below with brown, and with a brown spot on each side of them.”
Exp. wings, “1, inch.” |
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Singapore (Wallace—coll, Hewitson). :
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 387
Genus TAGIADES.
Tagiades, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 108 (1816); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. 1, p. 175 (1881).
Pterygospidea, Wallengr. Rhop. Caffr. p. 53 (1857).
Anterior wings moderately short, the costal and outer margins slightly convex. Costal nervure
moderately swollen; diseo-cellular nervules subereet and almost subequal in length; base of the second
median nervule about three times as far apart from that of the lower as from that of the upper median
nervule. Posterior wings subovate. First and second median nervules emitted somewhat close together.
Body short; palpi broad and flattened, the terminal joint short and slender; legs not prominently pilose ;
antenne somewhat short, the club not prominently thickened, its apex recurved, but not strongly hooked.
‘his genus is both Ethiopian and Oriental in distribution, and the species appears to be
subject to considerable variation.
1. Tagiades atticus var. calligana. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 6.)
Hesperia Atticus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 859, n. 288 (1798),
Tasiades calliyana, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p, 556, n. 8, t. lxix. f. 11 (1877).
Var. a. Anterior wings dark fuscous, with a subapical series of nine small pale ochraceous spots
arranged in semicircular series; posterior wings greyish-white, with about basal half and apex dark
fuscous, and three submarginal black spots, the uppermost more or less fused with apical coloration, and
lowermost situate on second median nervule. Anterior wings beneath as above, but slightly paler; posterior
wings beneath greyish-white, the costal and apical margins broadly fuscous, and with a submarginal series
of darker spots, which become marginal and more or less fused on posterior margin; the basal dark
coloration above appearing as pale obscure bluish beneath. Body above dark fuscous, beneath more
or less greyish.
Exp. wings, 35 milim.
Has.— Malay Peninsula; Penang (Biggs—coll. Dist.); Malacca (Wallace—coll. Godm. & Salv.;
Pinwill—Brit. Mus. ; Biggs—coll. Dist.).
This is the variety figured, and which appears to differ from typical 7’. attieus in wanting
a lower marginal spot to the upper surface of the posterior wings.
T. atticus in its typical form is found both in Continental India and Ceylon.
Var. b. Differing from var. a in having the basal fuseous coloration to the upper surface of the
posterior wings larger, and extending more than half way across the wing; and with four dark marginal
spots as in typical 7’. atticus.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacea (coll. Staudinger).
There can be little doubt that 7. atticus is a most variable species, and little good can
accrue to our knowledge by raising these varieties to specific rank. It is difficult to understand
the position of those entomologists who, professing to believe in the doctrine of natural
selection, yet tacitly deny variation on which that very doctrine is sustained, by naming and
describing each varietal form as a distinct species. If variation exists, why is it excluded from
so many cabinet drawers? Surely this is making evolutionary brick without natural straw.
388 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
2, Tagiades gana. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 22.)
Pterygqospidea Gana, Moore, Proce. Zool. Soe. 1865, p. 780.
Tagiades gana, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 556, n. 2 (1877).
Male. Wings above dark fuscous; anterior wings with three small greyish semibyaline subapical
spots, and a transverse discal macular fascia, a large spot within the cell, another near base, and the
exterior margin blackish; posterior wings with about the outer third greyish-white; apical margin, three
upper discal spots, and two marginal spots on the greyish-white area, blackish. Anterior wings beneath as
above, but paler; posterior wings beneath greyish-white, the costal and apical margins broadly fuscous ;
spots as above, but the marginal ones frequently larger and more spreading, and the basal fuscous
coloration above, pale and obscure bluish beneath. Body above concolorous with wings, beneath greyish.
Female. Wings above paler than in male, and the greyish-white area to the upper surface of the
posterior wings much smaller than in the other sex.
Exp. wings, ¢, 48 to 45 millim.; ?, 45 millim.
Has.—Continental India; Bengal (Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Penang (Biggs—coll. Dist.; Wallace
—coll. Godm. & Salv.); Perak (Kinst.—Cale. Mus.); Sungei Ujong (Durnford—coll. Dist.); Malacca
(Pinwill—Brit. Mus. ; Biggs—coll. Dist.).
3. Tagiades ravi. (‘I'ab. XXXIV., fig. 1¢.)
Pterygospidea Ravi, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 779.
Tagiades Ravi, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 109, n. 2; Butl. Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 556,
n. 1 (1877); Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J.A.5. Beng. vol. xlix. p. 241, n. 78 (1880); ibid. vol. 1. p. 288,
n. 60 (1881).
Male. Wings above fuliginous-brown; anterior wings with three small greyish semihyaline subapical
spots, two somewhat larger spots of the same colour beneath and beyond extremity of cell, three obscure
blackish spots in transverse series across disk, one of the same colour in cell and another near base, apex
and exterior margin darker; posterior wings with curved discal series of small blackish spots. Anterior
wings beneath paler brown, with the semihyaline spots as above; posterior wings beneath olivaceous-grey,
the costal and outer margins brown, and with curved discal series of smal! blackish spots—these are
sometimes almost obsolete. Body above concolorous with wings, beneath more or less olivaceous-grey.
Female. Resembling the male, but with two minute additional semibyaline subapical spots, and with
the blackish discal spots rather larger and brighter.
Exp. wings, ¢ & ?, 40 to 48 millim.
Han.—Continental India; Bengal (Moore).—Andaman Islands; Port Blair (Wood-Mas. & de Nie.).—
Nicobar Islands; Nankowri (Wood-Mas. & de Nic.).—Malay Peninsula; Penang (Biggs—coll. Dist.) ;
Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.); Singapore (Wallace—coll. Godm. & Salv.).
—Nias Island (coll. Dist.)—Siam (Druce).—Borneo; Sandakan (Pryer—coll. Dist.).
This species varies in the colour of the under surface of the posterior wings, which in
some specimens is wholly pale fuliginous-brown, and in others more or less olivaceous-brown
as in the specimen here figured.
4. Tagiades dealbata, n. sp. (Tab. XXXYV., fig. 21.)
Wings above dark fuscous-brown; anterior wings with a cluster of small pale semihyaline spots, of which
three or four are discal, and five in irregular series are subapical; posterior wings with the outer margin
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 389
from a little beneath apex to anal angle broadly greyish-white, a discal series of dark spots margining the
upper end of this white area. Anterior wings beneath paler, spotted as above; posterior wings beneath
with about the outer half irregularly greyish-white, the white area partly crossed by a series of small brown
spots, and the basal brown area also variegated by somewhat large dark brown spots. Body and legs more
or less concolorous with the dark hue of wings.
Exp. wings, 30 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Sungei Ujong (Durnford—eoll. Dist.) ; Malacea (coll. Staudinger).
5. Tagiades lavata. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 5.)
Tagiades lavate, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 567, n. 4, t. Ixix. f. 8 (1877).
Wings above dark fuscous-brown; anterior wings with a few (irregular in number in different
specimens) small pale semiliyaline subapical spots; posterior wings with the outer margin from beneath
apex to anal angle somewhat broadly greyish-white. Anterior wings beneath as above, but paler;
posterior wings beneath greyish-white, with a pale bluish tinge, the costal margin and apex broadly
fuscous. Body above dark fuscous, beneath greyish; legs more or less streaked with brownish.
Exp. wings, 32 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (coll. Dist.): Malacea (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.),
6. Tagiades trichoneura, rar. (Tab. XXXIYV., fig. 20.)
Pterygqospidea trichonenra, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. iv. p. 402, n. 81 (1860); Reise Nov. Lep. iii, t. 78,
f, 14, 16 (1867). |
Tagiades trichoneure, Kheil, Rhop, der Insel Nias. p. 88, n. 149 (1881),
Wings above dark purplish-brown; anterior wings with the neuration more or less greyish and with
thirteen pale grevish spots, situate two in and two above cell, four in oblique series beneath cell, and five
subapical (there is sometimes a small fourteenth subcostal spot as in the specimen figured). Posterior
wings with the outer margin from the upper median nervule to anal angle broadly orange-yellow, and the
same colour is extended narrowly for a short distance along the margin as far as the lower subcostal nervule,
two elongate spots in cell, a discal series of elongate spots and the apical margin dark purplish. Anterior
wings beneath as above, but with a few additional greyish spots; posterior wings beneath pearly-white,
the costal and apical areas purplish-brown, containing a series of dark purplish elongate spots. Body
above purplish-brown, the abdominal segments margined with greyish ; body beneath with legs greyish.
Exp. wings, 33 to 42 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiimst.—Cale. Mus.); Malacea (coll. Staud. & Feld.).—Nias Island
(Kheil).—Java (Feld.).
Mr. Kirby* has placed the Pterygospidea Pralaya, Moore, as a synonym of this species.
It is, however, at least a distinct race, and appears to be confined to Continental India. In
Mr. Moore’s species the posterior wings are ochraceous, not pearly-white beneath. The width
of the ochraceous margin to the posterior wings above is variable, as is the greyish margin
of other species of the genus.
* Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 635-6.
Apnit. 80, 1886. Dey
390 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Genus ABARATHA.
-lbavatha, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 181 (1881).
This genus differs from all those of the family which have been here previously enumerated by having
the posterior wings with the outer margin angularly produced near apex.* ‘The anterior wings have the -
costal margin moderately arched, the outer margin obliquely rounded, the inner margin nearly straight.
The first, second, third and fourth subcostal nervules are emitted at about equal distances apart, the fifth
from upper end of cell, disco-cellular nervules obliquely directed inwardly, the lowermost the longest,
second median nervule about twice as far apart from that of lower as from that of upper median nervule.
Posterior wings irregularly subovate, the costal margin obliquely convex, the outer margin sinuate and
angularly produced near apex and again more moderately so near centre; subcostal nervules bifurcating
at about one-fourth before end of cell, first and second median nervules emitted somewhat close together
near end of cell. Body moderately robust; palpi laterally compressed, terminal joint short and conical;
posterior legs strongly pilose ;+ antennse with a short and thick curved or hooked club.
The strength and geographical distribution of this genus cannot at present be fixed; one
species is found in Ceylon, and two are at present recorded from the Malay Peninsula.
1. Abaratha sura. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 16 2.)
Avhylodes Suva, Moore, Proce, Zool, Soc. 1865, p. 786.
Pterygospiden Helias, Feld. Reise Nov. Lep. iii. p. 529, n. 926, t. 78, f. 12, 18 (1867),
Wings above dull purplish; anterior wings with an oblique blackish fascia (sometimes broken) crossing
wing before middle, a waved submarginal blackish fascia, margined interiorly with two subapical white
spots, and with two others divided by the second median nervule, these white spots margined with blackish ;
beyond the outermost fascia the colour is more or less bright ecastaneous; posterior wings with a sub-
basal greyish oblique linear fascia, two subapical (the innermost very short) linear greyish fascim, and
two submarginal series of greyish spots, the lowermost with dark centres in the imale, a series of apical
marginal blackish spots and the basal greyish fascia in male also inwardly margined with blackish.
Anterior wings beneath much paler than above; posterior wings beneath greyish-white with a subcostal
rounded blackish spot near base, and the spots above darker and better defined beneath. Body above more
or less concolorous with wings, beneath with legs greyish.
Exp. wings, 35 to 40 millim.
Han.—Continental India; Bengal (Moore); Darjeeling (Horsf. & Moore }).—Malay Peninsula; Perak
(Kimst.—Cale. Mus. ; ‘Townsend—coll. Godm. & Saly.); Malacea (Biggs—coll. Dist.).—Celebes (Felder).
2. Abaratha pygela. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 18.)
Pterygospidea Pyyeia, Hewitson, Deser. Hesp. p. 58, n. 6 (1868) Ex. Butt. v. Peer. t. 1, f. 8 (1878).
Antigonus pygela, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 860, n, 1.
Wings above chocolate-brown, extreme bases narrowly greyish; anterior wings with a transverse
dark fascia margined with greyish near base, a waved irregular dark fascia inwardly more or less
* Of course this is « superficial and not a true strnetural generic character, but it is of wreat nse in ilistingnishing
between the genera of » small fauna, as of the Malay Peninsula, and is simply used in the * Synopsis” for that purpose, ‘The
practice of founding genera upon shape of wing is even less followed than advocated.
! Mr. Moore describes the legs as nuked, but I have specimens of the Ceylonese A. ransonneti, Feld., the type of his
genus, in which the pilosity of the posterior legs is strongly developed.
; Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C, vol. i. p. 251 (1857).
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.,. 391
margined with greyish situate near outer margin, and a submarginal narrow dark fascia; posterior
wings with the abdominal margin, rather less than outer third of wing, a transverse sub-basal fascia,
followed by a very irregularly waved linear fascia greyish-white; the outer white area traversed by
two pale brownish fascie. Anterior wings beneath as above, but paler; posterior wings beneath
greyish-white, the costal area spotted with brownish, and with some minute dark spots along outer
margin. Body above chocolate-brown; apical half of abdomen more or less greyish; body beneath and
legs creyish.
Kixp. wings, 32 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (coll. Godfery; Ktimst.—Cale. Mus.); Malacea (Hewitson).—Borneo
(Druce).
SPECIES INCERTZ SEDIS.
T have here followed the method of Messrs. Godman and Salvin,* in enumerating the
following species without exact generic determination. The reason for such a course with
myself is that the species are represented by single specimens, and are not in my own
possession, so that complete study of neuration has been prevented by my responsibility to
keep the specimens uninjured.
1. Baoris? insignis, n.sp. (Tab. XXXV., fig. 22.)
Wings above dark chocolate-brown ; anterior wings with seven greyish-white discal spots, situate two
subapical, two divided by second median nervule, two in cell, and one small and subcostal above them ;
posterior wings with the fringe prominently greyish-white; anterior wings beneath paler than above, spots
similar, but with a faintly marked submarginal series of small pale spots; posterior wings beneath
greyish-brown, the costal and basal areas brownish, and with a discal and marginal series of brownish
spots, fringe as above. Body above concolorous with wings; body beneath with legs more or less greyish.
Exp. wings, 26 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Singapore (coll. Godfery).
2. Isma? homolea. (Tab. XXXV., fig. 23.)
Hesperia Homolea, Hewitson, Deser. Hesp. p. 29, n. 15 (1868); Ex. Butt. V. Hesp. t. 7, f. 77, 78 (1876);
Plitz, Stett. Ent. Zeit. xliv. p. 43, n. 312.
The figure is taken from the typieal specimen in the late Mr. Hewitson’s collection, and
his description is here repfoduced.
“ Upperside dark brown. Anterior wing with five transparent spots; one in the cell, two between the
median nervures, and two before the apex.”
“Underside. Anterior wing with a submarginal band of ochreous spots. Posterior wing with two
bands of similar spots and one spot more distinet than the rest towards the anal angle.”
Exp. wings, ‘1% inch.”
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Singapore (Wallace—coll. Hewitson).
* Biologia Centrali Americana—Rhop. vol. i. p. 486.
B92 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.,
Group ERTONOTARIA.
This group—which was proposed (autea, p. 368) to include those genera whose species
possessed posterior wings more or less convex and about as broad as long—is PROD BEnY
distributed wherever the family is found.
As already stated, this division is only proposed as a ready means of discrimination in the
study of this fauna. I have not presumed to advocate it as of universal application, and in
the words of Captain Cook, I do not wish, in this respect, “‘ to go beyond soundings.’
SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.
A. Outer and mner margins of anterior wmgs subequal in length.
a. Upper and lower disco-cellular nervules of anterior wings
—— almost subequal in length.
7 hb. Anterior wings elongated, about twice as long as broad.
c. Base of second median nervule of anterior wings about
twice as far apart from that of lower as from that of
Fio. 118.— Anterior wing of upper median nervule.
Erionota thrax, showing ae es ;
sulk yan parewabaa d. Median nervure between bases of the two upper median |
nervules more or less oblique and curved. - - Ertonora,
dd. Median nervure between bases of the two upper median
PI
nervules straight. - : - : - - GANGARA.
ec. Base of second median nervule of anterior wings about
three times as far apart from that of lower as from that
BE of upper median nervule.
eS ¢e. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted more
: nearly opposite the base of second than of lower
Fie 11) = pies wens ot _median nervule. - - - - - = = Paster.
Me pettiont Fee heal end ee. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted more
ladian abe va lea. nearly opposite the base of lower than of second
median nervule, = - - - - - Hyanorrs.
bb. Anterior wings short, not twice as long AS broad. - - CoLADENIA.
aa. Upper disco-cellular nervule of anterior wing longer than lower.
j. Base of second median nervule of anterior wings not more
than twice as far apart from that of lower as from that
: of upper median nervule. — - - - - - - Hiparr. *
| Jf. Base of second median nervule of anterior wings more than
=o twice as far apart from that of lower as from that of
upper median nervule. - - - - - - Upaspes.
— Anterior wing of
shine la fava showing seg B. Inner margin of anterior wings longer than outer margin.
tion of median nervules, q. Base of second median nervule of anterior wings moderately
close to that of upper and remote, or more than twice
as far apart, from that of lower as alin that of EBA
median nervule. - . - - PLEsfonnuna.
aq. Base of second median nervule of qntseat aie Rhone twice
as far apart from that of lower as from that of upper
median nervule. |
h. First subeostal nervule of anterior wings emitted more
nearly opposite the base of lower than of second median
Fra, 121,— Anterior wing of nervule. - - : - : - - : - ASTICTOPTERUs.
Kerana armata, showing hh. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted more
position of subeostal and * nearly opposite the base of second than of lower median
median nerviles, nerv ule. i ia E i ‘4 : ? Srna
* Gen. nov., | Hesperia Irava, Moore, Gen. nov., type Astictoplerus armatus, Druce.
Pp YE iu '
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA., 393
Genus ERIONOTA.
Erionota, Mabille, Ann. Soe, Ent. Belg. xxi. p, 84 (1878),
Anterior wings moderately long, the inner margin longer than the outer, costal margin very slightly
sinuate, inner margin distinctly sinuate. Costal nervure terminating on costa nearly opposite end of cell;
fifth subeostal nervule emitted at about end of cell; disco-cellular nervules moderately oblique, the upper
and lower subequal in length; second median nervule with its base more than twice as far apart from that
of lower as from that of upper median nervule. Posterior wings about as broad as long, the costal margin
obliquely convex, the outer margin irregularly rounded and slightly sinuate towards anal angle. Subcostal
nervules bifurcating at about half the distance before end of cell; seeond median nervule emitted at rather
more than twice the distance from lower than from upper median nervule, which starts from end of cell.
Body long, robust and pilose; palpi large, broad and considerably compressed, the terminal joint very
short; antenne slender, tlhe apex moderately thickened and curved, not strongly hooked.
Mon. Mabille, the founder of this genus, included in it the Hesperia trava, Moore, but this
species is structurally distinct, and is the type of my proposed genus Hidari.
1. Erionota thrax. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 17.)
Papilio Thrax, Linnwus, Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 794, n. 260 (1767); Don. Ins. Ind. t. 49, f. 2 (1800).
Hesperia Thrax, Latr. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 748, n. 63 (1828); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. vol. i.
p. 254, n. 582 (1857); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 790; Plitz, Stett. Ent. Zeit. xliii, p. 327 (1882).
Casyapa Thrax, Snell. Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 168, 0.73 (1876); ibid. xx. p.8 (1877); ibid. xxi. p. 40, mn. 161 (1878) ;
Batl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 558, n. 1 (1877); Godm. & Salv. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878,
p. 641, n.33; Elwes, Proc, Zool. Soc, 1881, p.909; Kheil, Rhop. der Insel Nias, p. 38, n. 146 (1884),
Casyapa Thrax, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 358, n. 1.
Frionota Thrac, Mab. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxi. p. 35, n. 114 (1878).
Telegonus Thrax, De Nic. J. A. 5. Beng. vol. li. p. 65, n. 196 (18832).
4
Male and Female. Wings above chocolate-brown; anterior wings with three discal pale ochraceous
spots, situate one crossing cell, another beneath cell and between the two lower median nervules, and the
third and smallest between the first and second median nervules; posterior wings with the fringe greyish-
ochraceous. Wings beneath paler than above; anterior wings with the disk distinctly darker and spotted
as above; posterior wings with a discal, rounded, macular darker fascia. Body and legs more or less
concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, g and ¢, 63 to 78 millim.
Han.—Continental India; Bengal (Horsf. & Moore); Sikkim (de Nic.); Darjeeling (Plétz).—Malay
Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Perak (Kitinst.—Cale. Mus.); Sungei Ujong (Durnford—eoll.
Dist.); Malacea (Biggs—coll. Dist.; Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).— Sumatra (Snell.).— Nias Island (Kheil).—
Billiton (coll. Godm. & Salv.).—Java; Batavia (Snell.).— Borneo (Druce).— Celebes (Snell.).— China ;
Foochow (Elwes).
The larva and pupa of this species have been figured by Horsfield and reproduced here
(antea, p. 867, f. 111), and the first is stated, in Java, to feed on the ‘‘ Pisang (Musa paradisatca),
November and February.” *
* Cat. Lep. Mus. E, 1.0. vol. i. p. 264.
Aprit 30, 1886. ies
94 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Genus GANGARA.
Gangara, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 164 (1881).
This genus is closely allied to the preceding, Erionota, and seems to differ principally—so
far as I can discover—by the median nervure between the bases of the two upper median
nervules being straight, and not curved as in Erionota.
1. Gangara thyrsis. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 13.)
Papilio Thyrsis, Fabricius, Syst. Knut. p. 632, n. 888 (1775); Mant. Ins. p. 86, n. 781 (1787); Ent. Syst. in.
p. 885, n. 264 (1793).
Telegonus Thyrsis, Butl. Cat, Fabry. Lep. p. 262, n. 5 (1869); Wood-Mas, & de Nic. J. A.5. Beng. vol... p. 261,
n. 127 (1881); ibid. p. 238, n. 64 (1881).
Hesperia Thyrsis, Plotz, Stett. Ent Zeit. xliii. p. 331 (1882).
Hesperia Pandia, Moore (Horsf, & Moore), Cat. Lep, Mus, E. 1. 0, vol. i. p. 254, t. 7, £10, 10@ (1857); Moore,
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 790.
(Fanygara Thyrsis, Moore, Lep, Ceyl. vol. i. p. 165, t. 66, f. 3, Ba (1881),
Male and Female. Wings above chocolate-brown; anterior wings with six pale ochraceous spots,
of which the three largest are discal, and situate one crossing cell, one beneath cell and between the
two lower median nervules, and the third between the first and second median nervules, the other
three spots are small and subapical (in some specimens there is an additional linear spot on submedian
nervure); posterior wings with the fringe greyish-ochraceous. Wings beneath paler than above; anterior
wings with the disk darker and spotted as above, the inner marginal area also pale ochraceous, and
with a tuft of short hairs in male, the subapical area irrorated with bluish-grey scales; posterior wings
irrorated with bluish-grey scales, which form some irregular fascim across their surface. Body and legs
more or less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, ¢ and ?, 70 to 88 millim.
Has.—Continental India; Bengal (Moore); Canara (Horsf. & Moore).—Ceylon (Thwaites—coll.
Dist.).—Andaman Islands; Port Blair (Cale. Mus.).—Nicobar Islands (Cale. Mus.).— Burma; Moulmein
(Brit. Mus.).—Malay Peninsula; Provinee Wellesley (Bireh—eoll. Dist.); Perak (Kinst.—Cale. Mus.).—
Java (Horsf. & Moore).
[ am indebted to Mr. J. K. Bireh, of Butterworth, Province Wellesley, for a specimen of
this species, which, as he wrote to me (under date of April 24th, 1883), was ‘ Caught in my
verandah a few nights ago, attracted by the lamp.”
The larva is figured in Moore’s ‘ Lepidoptera of Ceylon,’* and is there thus deseribed :—
‘Larva greyish-white, with a few ochreous dorsal spots and marks. From the body,
according to Dr. Thwaites, a loose shagey filamentous clothing consisting of pure wax+ 1s
excreted, but which is easily rubbed off when handled, leaving the larva quite naked. Feeds
on Palmacer. Pupa pale olivaceous-yellow; the tongue spirally protruded.” |
= Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. tab. 66, f 5a,
| In the Trans. Ent. Soc. for 1876, p. 510, Prof. Westwood published “ Notes on the habits of a Lepidepterous Insect
parasitic on Judgore candelaria, und states that there is every probability “for our believing that it is wpon the waxy secretion
of the Fulgora that this parasite subsists,”
{ Lep, Ceyl, vol. i, p. 165.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA, O05
Genus HIDARI.
Hidari, Distant, antea, p. 892.
This genus differs from Erionota and Gangara in having the upper disco-cellular nervule of the
anterior wings longer than the lower; the base of the second median nervule of the anterior wings is
also not more than twice as far apart from lower as from upper median nervule.
Three species are found in the Malay Peninsula, and are here included in the genus.
1. Hidari irava. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 15 2.)
Hesperia Irava, Moore (Horsf. & Moore), Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. vol. i. p. 254, n. 588 (1857); Plotz, Stett.
Ent. Zeit. xlii. p. 328, n. 80 (1882).
Celenorrhinus Thrux, Hiibn. (nec Linn.), Zutr. Ex. Schmett. f. 875, 876 (18382).
Hesperia Hypapa, Hew. Deser. Hesp. p. 25, n. 7 (1868).
Krionota Hypepa, Mab. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxi. p, 35, mn. 115 (1878).
Casyapa irava, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 453, n, 2 (1877).
Erionota irava, Mab. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxi. p. 85, n. 116 (1878).
Male and Female. Wings above chocolate-brown; anterior wings with the basal costal area rufous
and the disk much darker, containing four pale ochraceous spots, situate one in cell and three beneath cell
divided by the median nervules and two (sometimes only one) small greyish subapical spots; posterior
wings with the fringe greyish-ochraceous. Wings beneath very much paler than above; anterior wings
with the disk blackish, spotted as above, and with small fuscous spots divided by the lower discoidal
nervule; posterior wings with usually four small fuscous discal spots in curved series. Body and legs
more or less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, ¢ and ?, 52 to 64 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Penang (coll. Dist.); Perak (Ktnst.—coll. Dist.); Malacca (coll. Staud.;
Pinwill—Brit. Mus.; Biggs—coll, Dist.).—Java (Horsf.).
2, Hidari sybirita. (Tab. XXXV., fig. 24.)
Hesperia Sybirita, Hewitson, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xviii. p. 451 (1876).
Wings above chocolate-brown; anterior wings with three discal pale ochraceous spots, one in cell
and two beneath, divided by the second median nervule, and three small subapical greyish spots in
suberect series; posterior wings with the fringe greyish-ochraceous. Wings beneath paler than above;
anterior wings with the inner and subapical areas somewhat violaceous, and spotted as above; posterior
wings with a diseal constellation of dark fuseous spots.
Eixp. wings, 68 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Singapore (coll. Hewitson).
The figure is taken from the typical specimen in the collection of the late Mr. Hewitson,
and this constitutes at present my whole knowledge of the species.
3. Hidari staudingeri, ».sp.* (Tab. XXXY., fig. 25).
Wings above chocolate-brown; anterior wings with an ochraceous, irregularly transverse discal
macular fascia, composed of one spot in cell and three spots beneath divided by the two lower median
* Named after Dr. Staudinger, of Dresden, the great living authority on Palearctic Lepidoptera.
306 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA,
nervules, and two minute greyish subapical spots; posterior wings with the fringe brownish-grey. Wings
beneath as above, but the lower spot of the macular fascia to the anterior wings having its posterior half
greyish-white. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, 52 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacea (coll. Staudinger).
This very distinct species is contained in the collection of Dr. Staudinger, and I have not
seen a second example.
Genus PLASTINGTIA.
Plastingia, Butler, Ent. Mo. Mag. vol. vii. p. 95 (1870).
This genus differs from MHideri in having the upper and lower disco-eellular nervules of the anterior
wings almost subequal in length, thus agreeing with Hrionota and Gangara, but easily distinguished in a
structural sense from those genera by the position of the seeond median nervule of the anterior wings,
which has its base about three times as far apart from that of the lower as from that of the upper median
nervule. Another distinguishing character in Plastingia is the position of the first subcostal nervule of
the anterior wings, which is emitted more nearly opposite the base of second than that of lower median ,
nervule.
Plastingia, as at present known, is a small genus, and its species appear to be principally
found in the Indo-Malayan Region. Several have been described from Borneo.
1. Plastingia callineura. (Tab. XXXV., fig. 26.)
Hesperia Callineura, Felder, Reise Noy. Lep. iii. p. 518, n. 895, t. 71, £. 9, 10 (1866).
Plastingia callineura, Drauce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 859, n. 2; Butl. Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i.
p. 555, n. 1 (1877); Mab. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxi. p. 86, n. 182 (1878); Plotz, Stett. Ent. Zeit.
xlv. p. 148, n. 12 (1884).
Hesperia Latoia, Hewits. Deser. Hesp. p. 84, n. 27 (1868); Ex. Butt. esp. t. 6, f. 62, 68 (1878).
Plastingia Latoia, Plita, Btett. Ent. Zeit. xly. p. 149, n, 18 (1684),
Wings above dark chocolate-brown; anterior wings with basal costal, subcostal, and inner marginal
ochraceous streaks, and with a discal series of seven pale semi-lyaline spots, of which the largest is bifid
and situate above the lower median nervule, three—the uppermost smallest—in oblique series separated by
the lower discoidal and the upper median nervules, two small and subapical and one in and near end
of cell; posterior wings with a central transverse fascia connected with base, a narrow streak along inner
edge of abdominal margin and the fringe ochraceous. Wings beneath paler than above; anterior wings
spotted as above and with a series of dark submarginal streaks placed between the nervules; posterior
wings with the neuration ochraceous, the discal fascia as above, and with a submarginal series of minute
ochraceous spots. Body above brownish, with segmental ochraceous fascim ; body beneath pale ochraceous,
abdomen with a central series of dark brownish spots; legs brownish.
Iixp. wings, 38 millim.
Han.— Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.); Singapore (coll. Hewits.; Wall.—coll.
Godm. & Salv.).—Java; Buitenzorg (Felder). |
Mr. Hewitson redeseribed this species under the name of Hesperia latoia, and the figure
here given represents the typical specimen in the Hewitsonian Cabinet, According to the
writer’s experience the species is moderately rare in the Malay Peninsula.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. S97
Genus HYAROTI5.
Hyarotis, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 174 (1881).
This genus can be readily distinguished from the preceding—Plastingia—by the position of the first
subcostal nervule of the anterior wings, which is emitted more nearly opposite the base of the lower than
of the second median nervule.
A single species (according to present knowledge), and one which is given by Mr. Moore
as the type of the genus, is found in the Malay Peninsula.
1. Hyarotis adrastus. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 4.)
Papilio Adrastus, Cramer, Pap. Ex. iv. t. 319, F, G (1782).
Tagiades Adiastus, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 109, n. 1.
Hesperia Adrastus, Plitz, Stett. Ent. Zeit. xliv. p. 80, n. 240 (1883),
Hyarotis Advastus, Moore, Lep, Ceyl. vol.i. p. 174, t. 67, £5, 5a (1881); Proce. Zool. Soc, 1884, p. 262;
de Nic, J. A. 5. Beng. vol. li. p. 99, n. 274 (1883),
Wings above chocolate-brown; anterior wings with seven pale greyish semi-hyaline spots, situate
one in cell, three in oblique series beneath cell divided by the two lower median nervules, and three small
and subapical in suberect series; posterior wings with the fringe greyish-brown. Anterior wings beneath
spotted as above, the outer half paler and with a distinct darker submarginal fascia; posterior wings
beneath with the basal third chocolate-brown, the discal third more or less violaceous, and the outer third
pale fuscous; the discal third contains some irregularly formed greyish-white spots, and the outer third
has an inner dark macular fascia. Body above chocolate-brown; .body beneath and legs paler brown.
Eixp. wings, 40) millim,
Han.—Continental India ; N.W. Himalaya (Hocking—Moore); Sikkim (de Nic.).—Ceylon (Moore),—
Malay Peninsula; Sungei Ujong (Durnford—coll. Dist.) ; Malacea (coll. Staud.).—Siam; Nahconchaisee
(Druce).—Java (Plotz).
It is not accurate to speak of any species belonging to this family as being really rare
in the Malay Peninsula, the Hespertide having been so little worked, but certainly 1. adrastus
is not common in collections belonging to the fauna, as one specimen in my own collection
and another in that of Dr. Staudinger are the only Malay examples I have seen.
Genus COLADENIA.
Coladenta, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 180 (1881).
This genus differs from all those of the Hrionotaria here previously enumerated in having the
anterior wings short, and not twice as long as broad. The anterior wings have the upper disco-cellular
nervule a little shorter than the lower, the second median nervule has its base about twice as far apart
from that of the lower as from that of the upper median nervule; the posterior wings have the subcostal!
nervules bifureating near end of cell, the first and second median nervules having an apparently common
origin near end of cell. Body robust and pilose; palpi laterally compressed; antenne with a well-formed
apical club moderately hooked at tip; posterior tibi# with two prominent spines.
Aprit 80, 1886. , 51
398 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
1. Coladenia dan. (Tab. XXXV., fig. 27.)
Papilio Dan, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 88, n. 798 (1787); Ent. Syst. iii. p. 341, n. 297 (1793),
Hesperia Facus, Latr. Fine. Méth. ix. p. 788, n. 25 (1823).
Hesperia Fatih, Koll. Hiig, Kaschm. iv, 2, p. 454, t. 18, f. 5, 6 (1848),
Hesperia Dan, Horst. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E,I.C. vol. i. p, 243, n. 580 (1857).
Hesperilla Dan, Butl, Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 271, n. 1 (1869).
Pleisoneura Dan, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 789; Snell, Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 158, u. 80 (1876); ib. xxi.
p. 41, n. 178 (1878); Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 556, n. 4 (1877).
Coladenia Dan, De Nie. J. A. 8. Beng. lit, p. 100, n. 282 (1883).
Wings above rufous-brown; anterior wings with four discal greyish-white spots, one—largest and
sublunate—in cell, a smaller spot above it and two beneath cell divided by the second median nervule,
and three—sometimes two—small subapical greyish-white spots in suberect series, outer half of wing with
obscure dark fasciw; posterior wings with discal and outer marginal dark fasciw. Wings beneath as
above, but slightly paler. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, 30 millim.
Has.—Continental India; Bengal (Moore); Sikkim (de Nic.}.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (‘l’ownsend—
coll. Godm. & Salv.); Malacea (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).—Java (Brit. Mus.); Batavia (Snell.).—Celebes (Snell.).
A Malaccan specimen, captured by Capt. Pinwill, and contained in the British Museum,
is here figured.
Genus UDASPES.
Udaspes, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 177 (1881).
In Udaspes the upper disco-cellular nervule of the anterior wings is longer than the lower, and the
base of the second median nervule is more than twice as far apart from that of the lower as from
that of the upper median nervule.
P
1. Udaspes folus. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 3.)
Papilio Folus, Cramer, Pap. Ex. i. t. 74, F (1779).
Hesperia Cicero, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 888, mn. 287 (1798); Latr. Enc. Meth. ix. p. 787, n. 154 (1823).
Pterygospidea Folus, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 778.
Tagiades Folus, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 288, n. 8 (1869).
Pleisoneura Irolus, Druee, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, -p. 109, nu. 1; Snell. Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 168, n. 79 (1876);
Butl. Trans, Linn, Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 556, n. 1 (1877); Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 815, n. 41;
Mab, Ann, Soc. Ent. Belg. xxi. p. 38, n. 99 (1878).
Udaspes Folus, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i, p. 177, t. 68, £. 8, $a (1881); Proc. Zool. Soe. 1882, p. 268: de Nie.
J.A.5. Beng. vol. li, p. 65, n. 200 (1883).
Wings above dark olivaceous-brown, the fringe alternately greyish-white; anterior wings with the
following greyish-white spots:—one in cell, two beneath cell which are contiguous and only separated by
the lower median nervule, one—small—between the first and second median nervules, two submarginal
separated by the lower discoidal nervule, and three subapical which are more or Jess fused and sometimes
preceded by a minute fourth spot near costa; posterior wings with a broad, irregularly shaped, and
outwardly angulated greyish-white discal fasciate patch. Anterior wings beneath somewhat paler, spotted
as above, und with a pale fascia near apex; posterior wings beneath much paler than above and somewhat
greyish, the costal area and a patch on outer margin castaneous, the fasciate patch more or less continued
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 899
towards base, a subcostal greyish-white spot, and a central dark castaneous linear spot. Body above
olivaceous-brown, beneath with legs greyish.
Exp. wings, ¢ and @ , 45 to 50 millim.
Han.—Continental India; N.W. Himalaya (Hocking—Moore); Bengal (Moore); Sikkim (de Nic.).—
Ceylon (Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Perak (coll. Godfery ; Kiimst.—Cale. Mus.) ; Sungei Ujong (Durnford—
coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.; Biggs—coll. Dist.) ; Singapore (Wallace—coll. Godm. & Salv.).—
Siam; Chentaboon (Druce).—Java (Mabille).
Genus PLESIONEURA.
Plesionewra, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. vi. p. 29 (1862); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 177 (1881).
In this genus the inner margin of the anterior wings is longer than the outer margin, thus agreeing
with the two following genera, but it possesses a distinctive character in the position of the second median
nervule to the anterior wings, which has its base close to that of the upper and remote from the lower
median nervule, or more than twice as far apart from that nervule as from the upper one.
1, Plesioneura alysos. (Tab, XXXIV., fig. 7).
Plesioneura Alysos, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 789; ibid. 1877, p. 593; Lep, Ceyl. vol. i. p. 178, t. 67,
f. 8, a, 6 (1881); Proc. Zool. Soc. 1982, p. 263; Butl. Trans. Linn, Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 556,
n. 2 (1877); Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J. A.S. Beng. vol. xlix. p. 241, n. 80 (1880); de Nic. J.A.5.
Beng. vol. L. p. 60, n. 128(1881); Mab. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxi. p. 88, n. 98 (1878).
Hesperia Alysos, Horsf. & Moore, MS. Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. vol. i. p. 258, n. 677 (1857).
Male. Wings above dark fuscous; anterior wings with a discal transverse whitish fascia, crossing wing
near end of cell and not reaching either the costal or inner margins and with a small whitish spot between
the upper median and the lower discoidal nervule. Anterior wings beneath paler than above, especially
near outer margin, the fascia and spot as above, but the first more or less eonnected with the costal
margi'; posterior wings beneath much paler than above, with a somewhat indistinct darker curved discal
fascia. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, ¢, 30 to 38 millim.
Har.—Continental India; N.W. Himalaya (Hocking—Moore); Bengal (Moore); Sikkim (de Nic.).—
Ceylon (Moore).—Andaman Islands; Port Blair (Wood-Mas. & de Nie.).—Malay Peninsula; Penang (coll.
Dist.); Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Sungei Ujong (Durnford—eoll. Dist.); Malacca (Pinwill—Brit.
Mus.; Biggs—coll. Dist.) ; Singapore (Wallace—coll. Godm. & Salv.).—Java (Mab.).
The female, as found in Ceylon, is thus described by Mr. Moore :—* Forewing with
broader medial band, three subapical spots, the spot between upper median and radial, and
sometimes another between the upper and middle medians.” *
Mr. Moore also describes the Ceylonese males as having ‘“ either one or two very small
oblique subapical spots,’ but there is no trace of these in any of the specimens from the
Malay Peninsula which I have examined. =
The larva as observed in Ceylon is described as ** pale green, white speckled; head black
bordered. Feeds on Ainziberaces." +
* Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p, 178 (1881). + Tid.
4) RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Mr. de Nicéville states, from observations made m Sikkim, that this species ‘always
settles with expanded wings."’*
2. Plesioneura asmara. (Tab. XXXY., fig. 28.)
Plesioneura Asmara, Butler, Trans. Linn, Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 556, n. 8 (1877).
Hesperia Asmara, Horsf. & Moore, MS. Cat. Lep. Mus. E.L.C. vol. i. p. 258, n. 676 (1857).
The figure here given is taken from a Malaccan specimen in the British Museum, and the
following is Mr. Butler's original description :—
“Similar to P.dan,+ but not tawny-tinted, the three spots in the centre of primaries united, and
hyaline-white.”’
Exp. wings, ¢ & ?, “1 inch 8 lines.”
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacea (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).—Java (Horsf. & Moore).
This species is much more closely allied to P. alysos, and appears remote in appearance
from C. dan.
8. Plesioneura pinwilli. (Tab. XXXYV., fig. 29 2.)
Plesionenra Piniwilli, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool, vol. i. p. 656, nu. 5, t. beviii. f. 4 (1877).
As with the last species, Mr. Butler's figure and description are reproduced :—-
“Primaries black, with a bluish shot; a broad oblique shining pale-yellow subhyaline patch,
separated by the median nervure and its second and third branches into three spots; two small spots
of the sume colour, placed obliquely below it, on the interno-median interspace; secondaries bright
orange, the base and the apical portion of external border chocolate-brown; remainder of outer border,
a rounded spot at end of cell, a second near anal angle, and five, submarginal, touching the outer border,
black; head and thorax greenish grey, vertex of head edged with sordid white; abdomen orange banded
with black. Primaries below as above, excepting that there is a bifid whitish spot above the end of the
eell, a whitish spot at base of interno-median area, und that the inner margin is brown; secondaries
bright orange; the costal and outer borders irregularly purplish black; fringe brownish ; a subcostal dash,
a rounded spot at the end of the cell, and a reniform spot near the anal angle black; body below and legs
bright ochreous, palpi pale ochreous; neck below white; antennw black above, testaceous below.”
Exp. wings, “2 inches 2 lines.”
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).
This is a rare species, and is only known to the writer by the single specimen captured
by Capt. Pinwill, and now contained in the British Museum.
Genus ASTICTOPTERUS.,
Astictopterus, Felder, Wien. Eut. Mon. iv. p. 401 (1860); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 162 (1881).
This genus differs from Plesioneura by having the base of the second median nervule of the
anterior wings about twice as far apart from that of the lower as from that of the upper median
nervule: the first subcostal nervule of the anterior wings is emitted more nearly opposite the base of
the lower than of the second median nervule.
= J.A.5. Beng. vol. L. p. 60 (1881). | Coladenia dan, antea, p. 398.
RHOPALOCERA MALAY ANA. 401
1. Astictopterus jama.
Astictopterus jama, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. iv. p. 401, n. 29 (1860); Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc, ser, 2, Zool.
vol. i. p. 555, mn. 1 (1877).
Wings above and beneath uniform dark fuseous. Body above concolorous with wings; abdomen
beneath and legs somewhat greyish-brown.
Exp. wings, 32 to $4 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Townsend—coll. Godm. & Salv.); Sungei Ujong (Durnford—eoll.
Dist.); Malacca (colls. Feld. & Staud.; Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).—Sumatra (coll. Staud.).—Java; Bantam
(coll. Dist.).
This is apparently a very widely distributed species, but on account of its small size
and obscure appearance it probably frequently escapes the collector’s net. It has not been
considered necessary to figure this species, as its uniform coloration renders it easily
distinguishable.
] " ur .
2. Astictopterus salsala. (‘lab. XXXIV., fig. 21.)
Niseniades Salsala, Moore, Prov. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 786.
('yelopides Salsala, Bail. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 655, n. 1 (1877).
Wings above dark fuscous; anterior wings with a transverse curved series of rufous spots crossing
wing beyond cell, the so-called spots consisting of scattered groups of scales. Wings beneath rufous-
brown; anterior wings with the rufous spots above bluish-grey beneath, and generally with a small
cluster of similarly coloured spots (variable in number) in cell; posterior wings with some discal
spots of the same colour, also variable in number in different specimens. Body and legs concolorous
with wings.
Var. a,
Astictopterus steilifer, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 655, n. 7 (1877); Moore, Lep. Ceyl.
vol, i. p. 163 (1881),
This variety simply differs from what is understood as the typical form of A. salsala by the absence
(and probably accidental obliteration) of the scale-like spots on the upper surface of the anterior wings.
Exp. wings, 26 to 28 millim.
Han,—Continental India; Bengal (Moore).—Ceylon (Thwaites—coll. Dist.).—Malay Peninsula; Perak
(Townsend—coll. Godm. & Balv.); Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.; Biggs—eoll. Dist.) ; Singapore (Kerr—
coll. Dist.).—Nias Island (coll. Dist.).
There is little doubt that this proposed species of Mr. Butler (A. stellifer) is simply
a variety of A. salsala. In fact, the process of reunion has already commenced, as, though
they were originally enumerated by Mr. Butler in different genera, they now—or rather did on
the 29th March last—appear arranged in the same genus in the National Collection. It is no
doubt a variable species. Mr. Moore cited his Ceylonese species as A. stellifer, Butl.; but on
my visit to the British Museum (on the above-named date) Mr. Butler had separated the
specimens received from Ceylon as distinct from his A. stellifer. It is therefore not beyond
possibility that the Ceylon forms may yet be described as a ‘‘ new species.”
Aprin 30, 1856. 5K
402 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
3. Astictopterus xanites. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 28.)
Astictopterus ranites, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1870, p. 510; Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 665,
n. 2, t. Ixix. f. 7 (1877); Druce, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1878, p. 859, n. 2; Mab. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg, xxi.
p. 48, n. 179 (1878).
Wings above dark fuscous; anterior wings with a sanguineous transverse fascia not reaching costal
or inner margins and crossing wing at end of cell. Wings beneath as above, but the transverse fascia
to the anterior wings broader and paler than above and approaching nearer to the costal margin.
Body and legs dark fusecous.
Exp. wings, 32 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Sungei Ujong (Biggs—coll. Dist.); Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).—Java
(Mabille).—Borneo; Sandakan (Pryer—ceoll. Dist.); Sarawak (Butl.).
4. Astictopterus sindu. (Tab. XXXYV., fig. 30.)
Astictopteris Sindu, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. iv. p. 401, n. 30 (1860); Butl. Trans, Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool.
vol. i. p. 555, n. G (1877).
The specimen collected by Capt. Pinwill in Malacea, and now ‘contained in the collection
of the British Museum, is here figured, and the following is Felder’s original description :—
‘ Alis utrinque fuscis, anticis fascia lata transversa subsinuata fulvo-aurantiaca. 7.”
““Pracedenti* affinis, sed minor pedibusque gracilioribus instruectus.”
Has.— Malay Peninsula; Selangor; Kwala Lumpor (Biggs—coll. Dist.); Malacea (coll. Felder—
Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).
The small size of this species and the position of its transverse fascia on the anterior
wings are the characters which apparently identify it. It appears to be a moderately scarce
species ; one specimen only—mutilated—is in my collection.
Genus KERANA.
Kerana, Distant, antea, p. 392.
This genus is closely allied to Astictopterus, but structurally differs by having the first subcostal
nervule of the anterior wings emitted more nearly opposite the base of the second than of the lower
median nervule.
1. Kerana armata. (‘lab. XXXYV., fig. 31.)
Astictopterus Armatus, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 359, n. 8, t. 38, f. 7; Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser, 2,
Zool. vol. i, p. 655, n. 4 (1877).
Wings above dark chocolate-brown; anterior wings with a broad, transversely oblique dark orange-
yellow fascia, which is convexly rounded outwardly and nearly straight inwardly, crossing wing at about
end of cell. Wings beneath as above, but a little paler in hue, the fascia to the anterior wings being also
paler than above. Body and legs concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, 50 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula Malacea (coll. Staud.; Pinwill—Brit. Mus.) ; Singapore (coll. Godfery),—
Borneo (Druce).
* A.jama, Feld.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 403
2. Kerana gemmifer. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 29.)
Astictopteras genmifer, Butler, Trans, Linn, Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p, 555, n. 8 (1877).
Wings above dark chocolate-brown; anterior wings with a broad and outwardly rounded transversely
oblique orange-yellow fascia crossing wings at about end of cell. Wings beneath as above, the fascia to
anterior wings slightly paler, Body and legs concolorous with wings.
Iixp. wings, 32 to 84 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Sungei Ujong (Durnford—coll. Dist.); Malacea (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.) ;
Singapore (Wallace—coll. Godm. & Salv.).
3. Kerana aurivittata, var. cameroni.* (Tab, XXXIV., fig. 19.)
Plesionettra Attrivittata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 848.
Plesioneura Cameroni, Dist. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. x. p. 248 (1882).
Wings above chocolate-brown; anterior wings with an obliquely transverse yellow fascia crossing
wing at about end of cell, and three small fused pale subapical spots. Wings beneath as above, the colour
somewhat duller, and the posterior wings haying an obscure yellowish spot at end of cell. Body and legs
concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, 88 millim.
Han.—Tenasserim ; “above Ahsown™ (Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Penang (coll. Dist.); Province
Wellesley (coll. Saiier); Perak (Kiinst.—Cale. Mus.).
This variety differs from typical K. aurivittata in the shape of the fascia of the anterior
wings, which, as depicted by Mr. Moore, is widened beneath the cell. Although I previously
described the form here figured as specifically distinct, I think its natural position is better
represented by the formula ‘“ variety.”
4. Kerana diocles. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 8.)
Nisoniades Diocles, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1965, p. 787; Horsf. & Moore (M8.), Cat. Lep. Mus. EB. 1. C. vol. i.
p. 250, n. 562 (1857).
Astictupterus Dioeles, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 859, n. 1; Butl. Trans, Linn, Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i.
p. 655, n. 6 (1877); de Nic, J. A. 5. Beng. vol. x. p. 60, n. 126 (1881).
Wings above fuscous-brown, with a slight bronzy tinge, the fringe greyish-brown; wings beneath
paler than above, both wings with a submarginal paler fascia, the inner marginal area of the anterior
wings somewhat greyish-brown. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, ¢ & ¢, 46 to 57 millim.
Has.—Continental India; Bengal (Moore); Sikkim (de Nic.)— Malay Peninsula; Perak (Ktinst.—
Cale. Mus.); Sungei Ujong (Durnford—coll. Dist.); Malacea (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.; Wallace—coll.
Godm. & Salv.; Biggs—coll. Dist.) ; Singapore (Kerr—coll. Dist.).—Java (Horsf. & Moore); Bantam
(coll. Dist.'.—Borneo (Druee).
In Sikkim Mr. de Nicéville found this species ‘‘the commonest Hesperia seen. Settles
with closed wings.” +
* Named after John Cameron, author of ‘Our Tropical Possessions in Malayan India.’
| J.A.8. Beng. vol. 1. p. GO (1881).
404 - —RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
SPECIES INCERTA( SEDIS.
Plesioneura? anthea. (Tab. XXXV., fig. 32.)
Hesperia Anthea, Hewitson, Descr. Hesp. p. 29, n, 17 (1868).
Cobalus ciliatus, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 544, m. 2 (1877).
This species is only known to the writer by the typical specimen in the Hewitsonian
cabinet (here figured) and the specimen in the British Museum Collection presented by
Capt. Pinwill, which was redescribed by Mr. Butler under the name of Cobalus ciliatus.
Mr. Hewitson’s description is here reproduced :—
“Upperside dark brown. Anterior wings with five small transparent white spots: two between
the median nervures and three before the apex. Posterior wing with a broad band of white from the
inner margin to the middle; the fringe white.”
“Underside as above, except that the white band is broader and crosses the whole of the wing.”
Exp. wings, “17, inch.”
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacea (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.); Singapore (coll. Hewitson).
Astictopterus? harmachis.
Astictopterus harmachis, Hewitson, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. i. p. 3841 (1878).
This species was deseribed by Mr. Hewitson as from Sumatra and Malacca, but it is
only represented by a Sumatran specimen in the Hewitsonian cabinet, and although the
describer said, ‘Also in coll. Dr. Staud. from Malacca,” Dr. Staudinger writes me that he
is unable to trace the specimen. I therefore merely draw attention to the species as doubtfully
belonging to our fauna.
APPENDIX.
——
Sryce the commencement of this publication, in 1882,* much additional information has
been acquired, some new species discovered, and many other known species, not hitherto
recorded from the Malay Peninsula, have been received from various helpful collectors and
lepidopterists. These are now included, and though doubtless many others have still to be
captured and enumerated, the present work must be brought to a conclusion.
Subfam. DANAINA!.—Group DANAINA (antea, p. 3).
In 1883 Mr. Moore published his ‘* Monograph of Limnaina and Eupleina, &c.” +—in
other words, a monographie list of the genera and species belonging to this group. Mr. Moore
approaches the subject in an analytical spirit, and has thus described many genera and species
which fail to find acceptance with lepidopterists of more synthetical views and method, and he
has also made several useful corrections to the synonymy, all of which, so far as they relate to
species found in this fauna, are duly referred to.
Genus HESTIA (antea, p. 5).
1. Hestia lynceus (antea, p. 6).
Reference has been made to the general variability in size and hue as found in different
specimens of this species.} Mr. Moore has estimated and described these forms as distinct
species, limiting the true H. lynceus to Borneo, describing three new species as found in the
Malay Peninsula, and also specifically separating the Javan and a Sumatran representative of
the species. As the writer inclines to the purely varietal view of these characters, he adds to
the synonymy of A, lynceus :—
Hestia Reinwardti, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 218, n. 8.
Hestia Logani, Moore, ibid. n. 4.
Hestia Donovani, Moore, ibid. n. 5.
This species has now been recorded by Messrs. Marshall and de Nicéville as not uncommon
in the southern portions of Continental India,§ and Perak must also be added to the Malay
districts in which it is found. ¢ | :
© Dnring this interval some valuable contributions to a knowledge of tropical Rhopalocera have been published.
Messrs. Salvin and Godman have completed the first volume of their work on the Central American Rhopaloceragethe first
volume has also appeared of Messrs. Marshall and de Nicéville’s ‘ Butterflies of India, Burmah, and Ceylon’; whilst Herr
Georg Semper is just commencing to publish his description of the Rhopalocera of the Philippine Islands. ,
} Proc. Zool. Soc, 1883, pp. 201 and 253. | Antea, p. 7.
§ ‘Butt. India, Burmah, aud Ceylon,’ vol. i. p. 25 —It was also captured in the Madura district by my late friend
F, E. Robinson, whose untimely death by a tiger is deplored by many friends and entomologists alike.
Jcuy 30, 1886. 5
406 , RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Its habits on the ‘‘ Indian Hills” have been described by Mr. E. L. Arnold as “‘ water-
loving.”’ ‘Their favourite habit is to lazily flap their wide wings while ascending to the tops
of the trees, and then, keeping their wings spread out to the full on either side, they let
themselves come slowly sailing down in wide circles, like large white blossoms, until just at
the surface of the water, when they flutter over their own bright reflection for a moment, and
again rise up to the tree-tops—a happy, lazy sort of way of spending existence, which I was
generally reluctant to disturb.’’*
2, Hestia linteata (antea, p. 7).
I have received specimens from Banjermassin—South Borneo—which only slightly vary
from typical forms of the species.
By an oversight the reference to the figure was printed ‘Tab. II., fig. 1," instead of
Tab. I., fig. 1.
3. Hestia leuconoe. (Tab. XXXIX., fig. 3 ?.)
Idea Leuconoe, Krichson, Nova Acta Ac, Nat. Cur. xvi. p. 283 (1834),
Hestia Leuconoe, Doubl, & Hew.{Gen, Diurn. Lep. t. 13, f. 2 (1847); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 887, n. 1;
Semp. Schmett. Philippin. Ins, p. 6, n. 2, t. 1, f. 8, 4, 5 (1886).
Nectaria Leuconoe, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1888, p. 216, n. 6.
Hestia clara, Butl, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1867, p. 469,
Nectaria clara, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1888, p. 217, n. 8.
Nectaria labuana, Moore, MS.
Male and Female. Wings semihyaline, creamy white, more or less suffused with yellow on basal
areas, neuration black. Anterior wings above with the following black markings :—some black longitudinal
lines in cell, and a macular fascia crossing cell near centre, a waved disco-cellular spot at end of cell,
a much angulated and waved discal fascia commencing at costa and terminating on Inner margin, between
which and the median nervure are two spots separated by the lower median nervule—the lowermost largest—
and a waved submarginal fascia enclosing a marginal series of pale spots; posterior wings with the
following black markings :—two black longitudinal lines in cell, united towards base and the uppermost
cellular at diseo-cellular nervule, a spot a little beyond middle of cell, and discal and submarginal fascia
as on anterior wings. Wings beneath marked generally as above. Body greyish-white; head above
spotted with black; thorax with two black stripes; abdomen with a central dorsal stripe; thorax beneath
and legs streaked with black. -
Exp. wings, ¢, 120 millim.; ¢?, 155 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Singapore (Kerr—coll. Dist.).—Borneo (Druce); Sandakan (Pryer—coll.
Dist.).—Philippines; Manilla (coll. Dist.) —Formosa (Brit. Mus.).
I am indebted to Capt. Jno. Manners Kerr for the first knowledge of this species occurring
in the Malay Peninsula. Capt. Kerr forwarded me two specimens from Singapore, one of which
was taken by A. P. Wodehouse, Esq., in a Mangosteen orchard, and the other by himself.
This species, like its allies, varies widely in appearance, and Herr Georg Semper informs
me that he has been able to trace complete gradation from typical examples to the forms clara,
Buitl., and labuana, Moore,
* ‘On the Indian Hills,’ p. 194.
APPENDIX. 407
Genus IDEOPSIS (antea, p. 8).
2. Ideopsis daos (antea, p. 8).
I have examined a very pale specimen of this species, which was collected by Herr
Kiinstler in Perak, and one which bears the same relationship to typical smoky forms as is
exhibited by the varieties of species in the preceding genus Hestia.
Genus RADENA (antea, p. 9).
1. Radena juventa. (Tab. XXXIX., fig. 4.)
Papilio Juventa, Cramer, Pap. Ex. ii. t. 188, B (1779).
Danais Juventa, Godt. Ene. Méth. ix. p. 198, un. 54 (1819); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. vol. i.
p. 122, n. 240 (1857); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 387, n. 8; Semp. Verh. Zool. bot. Ges. Wien.
1867, p. 698; Godm. & Balv. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 687, n. 4; Dewitz, Nov. Act. Leop. Carol. Ac.
xliv. Nr. 2, p. 259, t. 2, f. 6, A, B. (1882).
Radena Juventa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 224, n. 6, t. xxix. f. 1; Semp. Schmett. Phillip. Ins. p. 8,
n. 5, t. A, f. 1 (1886).
Radena Manillana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Boc, 1888, p. 224, n. 7.
Male and Female. Wings above fuscous, with pale bluish-grey markings; anterior wings with a
basal subcostal streak, followed by three subcostal spots, a large cellular fascia more or less broken near
middle, two spots beyond cell, three large spots beneath cell, divided by the two lower median nervules, the
lowermost of which is very large and more or less divided by a fuseous streak, three subapieal spots,
a submarginal series of somewhat rounded spots and a marginal series of much smaller spots; posterior
wings with the cellular area bluish-grey, surrounded by six elongate spots of the same colour, which are
divided by the neryules, and of which the lowermost is very large, submarginal and marginal series of spots
and the abdominal margin bluish-grey. Wings beneath as above, but somewhat paler. Body above
fuscous; head and thorax spotted with greyish; thorax beneath, palpi and legs spotted and streaked with
greyish.
Exp. wings, 72 to 83 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Singapore (Godfery—coll. Dist.).—Billiton (Godm. & Salv.).—Java (coll.
Dist.).—Lombock (Moore).—Borneo (Druce); Sandakan (Pryer—coll. Dist.).—Philippines (coll. Dist. di :
Manilla, South Luzon (Moore).
A specimen captured by Capt. Godfery at Singapore has enabled me to add this insular
species to our fauna.
Genus DANAIS (antea, p. 11).
Attention was previously drawn (antea, p. 13) to an observation made by Mr. Meldola
tending to show that the species of this genus possess an immunity after death from the
attacks of mites and other museum pests. ‘This has since been corroborated by Mr. Jenner
Weir as regards some Indian specimens.* On the other hand, Mr. W. F. Kirby has kindly
drawn my attention to the fact that several species of Chalcis have been reared from East
Indian Danaids. +
* ‘ Entomologist,’ vol. xv. p. 160 (18982).
{| C. cuplea, Hope, Proc, Ent. Soc. ser. ii. p. vi. t. 2, £ 9 and 10, also C. albierus, Klug. Symb. Phys. t. $7, f. 9,
parasitic on D. chrysippus.
408 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
2. Danais melaneus (antea, p. 14.)
Caduga Banksii, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 251, n. 8.
Mr. Moore has named the above varietal form as a distinct species, a course with which
I cannot agree, as typical forms of D. melaneus have since been received from Perak and other
portions of the Malay Peninsula. r
5. Danais genutia (antea, p. 18).
Salatura intermedia, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 241, n. 6.
As before remarked, in nearly every series of D. genutia received from the Malay Peninsula
there is found a variety in which the posterior wings have the fulvous-red much suffused with
white (Tab. IT., fig. 8). Mr. Moore has since deseribed this variety as a distinct. species under
the name of S. intermedia, and in his monograph has separated it from the typical form of
D, genutia by the intervention of four other species. The reasons, however, for thus treating
this usually recognised variety as a distinct species are unfortunately not given. Its purely
varietal nature has been further exemplified by the subsequent examination of a Perak specimen
in which the fulyous shading is mixed with the white of the posterior wings.
7. Danais chrysippus (antea, p. 20), var. alcippoides. (Tab. XL., fig. 13.)
Limnas Aleippoides, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1888, p. 238, n. 3, t. 81, f. 1.
Danais Alcippus, Marsh. & de Nic. Butt. Ind. Burm. & Ceyl. vol: i. p. 51 (1882).
This variety bears the same relationship to D. chrysippus as a similar variety does to
D. genutia. Messrs. Marshall and de Nicéville incline to this varietal opinion, although
provisionally keeping it under a distinctive name. The specimen figured was captured at
Singapore by Capt. Godfery; it is also reported as found occasionally in Continental India
and Rangoon.*
8. Danais tytia, var. (Tab. XLI., fig. 15 2.)
Fuplea Tytia, Gray, Lep. Ins. Nepal. p. 9, t. 9, f. 2 (1888).
Danais Tytia, Doubl. List. Lep. Brit. Mus. i. p. 50 (1844); Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep. t. 12, f. 4 (1847);
Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc, 1877, p. 810, n. 4.
Danais Sita, Koll. Hig. Kasehm. iv. p. 424, t. 6 (1848).
Danais (Chittira) tytia, Marsh. & de Nic. Butt. Ind. Burm. & Ceyl. vol. i. p. 42 (1882).
Caduga tytia, Moore, Proe. Zool. Soc. 1888, p. 249, n. 1,
Caduga niphonica, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 249, n. 2.
Caduga swinhoei, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1888, p. 250, n. 4.
Male. Anterior wings above black, the cell, a large patch occupying the greater portion of the
interspace between the lower median nervule and the submedian nervure, a smaller patch or subquadrate
spot between the second and third median nervules,—sometimes divided or in other specimens only
partially cleft,—two spots above this situate between the two upper median neryules, five or six subapical
spots in curved series, a submarginal row of spots and a very indistinct and broken series of small
marginal spots, pale bluish-grey and subhyaline. Posterior wings above pale subhyaline and bluish-grey,
the costal area and the outer margin broadly castaneous, enclosing beyond the cell some pale spots and
containing near anal angle two black pseudo scent-glands; neuration blackish. Wings beneath as above,
but the anterior wings with the ground colour of the apical area reddish-brown; posterior wings with two
* Marsh. & de Nic. Butt. Ind., Burm. & Ceyl. vol. i. p. 62.
APPENDIX, | 409
submarginal series of small pale spots. Head and thorax above blackish, spotted and streaked with
whitish; abdomen olivaceous-brown. Head and thorax beneath and legs blackish, spotted and streaked
with white, abdomen above fuscous; abdomen beneath olivaceous-brown, with a series of apical segmental
whitish fasciw.
Exp. wings, 82 to 115 millim.
Has.—Continental India; Himalayan Region (Marsh. & de Nic.).—Tenasserim (Marsh. & de Nic.).—
Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kunst.—Cale. Mus.).—Formosa (Butl.)—Japan (Jonas—coll. Dist.); Nikko
(Brit. Mus.).
There can be no question as to the variability of this species, and I here treat it
accordingly, and do not follow Mr. Moore in giving distinctive names to the local forms. The
form found at Perak is certainly not constant, as in two specimens in my own collection one
has the large pale spot on the anterior wings between the second and third median nervules
partially cleft, whilst the other has the spot completely divided (specimen figured).
According to Col. Lang it is a forest-loving insect, frequenting in the Western Himalayas
wooded glens, at 6000 to 7000 feet altitude, with a high and soaring flight. In Kulu ‘‘it is
not uncommon; it has four broods—-the first brood appearing in April at the lower altitude ;
the second brood appears in June at about 6000 feet elevation; a third brood appears in
Angust and the first week in September; and the fourth, which is much the smallest in
numbers, appears late in October. It is strong on the wing and a high flier; the long pendant
flowers of the hill toon (Cedrela serrata) are much affected by it” (A. Graham Young).*
I am indebted to Dr. J. Anderson for my first knowledge of this species oceurring in Perak,
his fine collection made by Herr Kiinstler having been submitted to me for examination.
The systematic position of D. tytia is after D. melaneus.
9, Danais abigar. (Tab. XLIL., fig. 11.)
Idea Abigar, Eschscholtz, Kotzeb. Reise, ili. p. 209, t. 7, f. 12a, 6 (1821),
Euplea chionippe, Hiibn. Sammi. exot. Schmett. t. 6, £ 1, 4 (1806—1824).,
Danais cecilia, Bougainv. Voy. Thétis, ii. p. 842, t. 44, f. 1 (1887).
Salatura chionippe, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1888, p. 248, n. 16.
Anosia abigar, Semp. Schmett. Phillip. Inseln. p. 17, n. 15 (1886).
Anterior wings above dark ochraceous ; costal area, apical half, inner marginal area and the neuration
dark fuscous; the outer fuscous area contains the following whitish spots:—one small costal spot near
middle of costal margin and two above end of cell; six large spots in oblique series beyond end of cell, of
which the upper five are only separated by the nervules and the lowermost is rounded and more detached ;
a few small apical spots, and a marginal and submarginal series commencing at upper median nervule.
Posterior wings above whitish, the costal and outer marginal areas broadly dark fuscous, inwardly spotted
und marked with castaneous; the costal dark area contains some whitish markings, and the outer dark
itwvea contains a marginal and a submarginal series of small whitish spots. Anterior wings beneath as
above, but slightly paler, and with the marginal and submarginal series of spots continued to apex;
posterior wings beneath as above, but paler. Head and thorax above dark fuscous, the head and anterior
portion of thorax spotted with whitish; abdomen dark ochraceous, with a dorsal fuscous stripe; head and
thorax beneath blackish, spotted with whitish; legs black, the femora streaked with whitish.
Exp. wings, 68 to 74 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (Birch—coll. Dist.).— Philippines; Manilla, Luzon
(Moore). |
= Marsh, & de Nic. ‘ Butt. Ind. Burm. and Ceyl." vol. i. p. 43.
Juuy 80, 1886. 5 om
410 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
The discovery of D. abigar in the Malay Peninsula is a most interesting fact in geographical
distribution, as the species was generally considered as peculiar to the Philippine Islands.
The systematic position of D. abigar amongst the Malay Danaids is after D. melanippus
var. hegesippus.
Genus EHUPLCSA (antea, p. 21).
2. Euploea bremeri (antea, p. 23).
Since writing the description of this butterfly, the male of which was then alone known to
me, I have, through the kindness of Mr. L. de Nicéville, received some female examples captured
by Capt. Bingham in Tenasserim. ‘These Tenasserim females are paler and more olivaceous
than my males from the Malay Peninsula, the markings are similar, and the discal spots
equally variable.
One, and the smallest, of these Tenasserim females has been described by Mr. Moore as a
distinct species, under the name of T'ronga olivacea.*
4. Euploca midamus (aniea, p. 24).
Mr. Moore has come to the conelusion that the description of Papilio midamus by Linneus
really applies to a Chinese species, and he has therefore renamed, as T'repsichrois linnai, + the
widely spread butterfly which has hitherto been understood as EL. midamus. I do not propose
to alter the name here, as the species is at present so generally known as HE. midamus, and has
been thus referred to by so many authors that much inconvenience would arise by such
transference of names, whilst, on the other hand, some authors might not accept Mr. Moore's
conclusion.
7. Euplea vestigiata (antea, p. 26).
Salpinz lazsulina, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1888, p. 800, n. 8.
Mr. Moore has added what I consider as another name to the synonymy of L. vestigiata,
which again is most probably but a variety of the Javan species E. leucostictos, Gmel. }
9. Euploea crassa (antea, p. 29.)
Pademmea apicalis, Moore, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1888, p. 808, n, 15.
The view was here previously expressed that £. crassa was probably a variety of the
FE. erichsoni, Feld., and a long series of Felder’s species, since acquired from Burma, strengthens
that opinion. The experience of the writer is that both these species—if they are distinct—are
very variable in markings, and therefore he can see no reason for Mr. Moore having given the
Malay form the distinctive name of )P. apicalis, If any alteration should be made it might
be better to sink the name £, crassa under that of E. erichsoni, rather than to erect new species
in a group which has already been made almost unintelligible by the specific treatment of
varieties. §
* Proce. Zool. Soc. 1888, p. 267, n. 5. } Ibid. p. 286, n. 1. { Syst. Nat. V. Ins. ii. p, 2289 (1789),
§ It is singular that when a so-called species is sought to be relegated to its proper varietal position in respect to some
parent species, the greatest proof is desiderated by the analytical describer, who himself is constantly naming what other
entomologists consider as varieties, without giving any reason whatever for the process.
APPENDIX. 411
17. Eupleea harrisi.
/vuplaa grotei (antea; p. 36),
Euplaa Harrisi, Felder, Reise Nov. ii. p. 828, ¢ (1865).
Stictoplea Harrist, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 320, n. 4, t. xxx. £. 8, ¢.
Mr. Moore has discovered that the insect figured by Felder* as his EH. grotei is really the
female of another species he had previously described as E. harrisi. The name of the Malay
butterfly must therefore be altered as above.
18. Eupleea marsdeni. (Tab. XXXIX., fig. 1 ¢.)
Tronga marsdeni, Moore, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1888, p. 266, n. 3.
The following is Mr. Moore's description of this species :—
‘Intermediate between 7’. bremerit and J’. crameri.+ Colour paler. Fore wing more the shape of
that in T. crameri, being comparatively longer and narrower than in 7’. bremeri; the markings also are
more like those in T'. eramert, there being only two small upper submarginal spots, which, however, are more
elongated and narrower, the next (or largest) spot is also much longer and narrower, the fourth smaller,
and the lower three very small; the marginal row is distinct but very small; hind wings with two rows of
small distinct white spots.”
Exp. wings, ¢, 98 millim.
Has.— Malay Peninsula; Singapore (coll. Moore; Kerr—coll. Dist.).
I have given Mr. Moore's original description, because the species 1s evidently a variable
one, as in two male specimens sent me, by Capt. Kerr, from Singapore, one (the specimen
figured) possesses three small pale spots beyond the cell, and a very small spot in the cell,
which are altogether absent in the second example.
I systematically place EH. marsdeni as following E. bremeri.
Subfam. SATYRINAS (antea, p. 37).—Genus MELANITIS (antea, p. 40).
1. Melanitis leda (antea, p. 41).
M, determinata, Butl. Ent. Month, Mag. vol. xxi. p. 246 (1885).
Mr. Butler states that “the true J. leda is a totally dissimilar Amboinese species,’ and
proposes the name M determinata for the common Indian and Malay form of the species.
I do not agree with this course, firstly, because Mr. Butler himself does not seem clear as
to what is the typical form, as, though he would now restrict that form to Amboinese examples,
he has previously stated that he “ found the small dark form (the true P. Leda of Linnzus) to be
almost exclusively confined to India”; } and, secondly, because I possess Amboinese specimens
of the species collected by Mr. Forbes, and find nothing but the gradual variation previously
described by Mr. Butler himself in the paper referred to, thus proving his also previously
expressed words, ‘‘I am fully convinced that this species is capable of almost any amount of
variation in form as well as in colour.’' §
Tt has been already stated (antea, p. 40) that WV. leda and MM. ismene have often been
considered as varietal forms of one species. Mr. L. de Nicéville has subsequently informed us
that M. ismene is but the dry-season form of M. eda, || the species thus exhibiting seasonal
* Heise Nov. Lep. ii. t. 41, f. 7. + A Bornean species.
| “ Observations on the Variation of Cylla Leda,” Ann. & Mag. Nat, Hist. ser, 8, vol. xix. p. 51 (1867).
§ Cat. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 2 (1868). || Proe. Ent. Soe. 1885, p. 11.
412 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
dimorphism or variation. Of course we await the recital of the experiments which will
demonstrate this conclusion, and doubtless this will soon be afforded, for Mr. de Nieéville is a
most careful lepidopterist. Meanwhile this proposed seasonal identity of the two forms is
eminently reasonable and probable. It is therefore to be regretted that, awaiting these fuller
particulars, Mr. de Niceville’s interesting and valuable theory should have been subjected by
another writer to some jocose criticism," and the fact of the two forms having been found flying
together does not prove that they entered the imago condition at the same time. Should this
theory prove to be correct—and I certainly incline to the opinion that it will—a necessary
qualification will be given to many of our specific views, and more benefit will be afforded to
the study of Lepidoptera than by an annual contribution of the descriptions of three or four
hundred so-called new species.
3. Melanitis zitenius. (Tab. XXXVIII., fig. 2, ¢.)
Papilio Zitenivs, Herbst, Naturs. Schmett. vol. vil. p. 5, t. clxxxii. f. 1, 2 (1796).
Melanitis veamana, Horsf, & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. 1. OC. vol. i. p. 223, n. 463 (1857),
Melanitis Ambasara, Horsf. & Moore, Oat. Lep. Mus. E.I. 0. vol. i. p. 223, n. 464 (1857).
Melanitis Gnophodes, Butl. Cat. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 5, n. 11, t. 2, f. 1 (1868).
Melanitis sitenius, Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J. A. 8. Beng. vol, u. p. 244, n. 9 (1881); Marsh. & de Nic. Butt. Ind.
Burm. & Ceyl. vol. i. p. 258, n. 251 (1882).
Male. Wings above fuliginous-brown; anterior wings with a fuscous oblique patch at end of cell,
followed by a subapical ochraceous subquadrate spot, beneath which is a very small spot of the same colour;
posterior wings with two small whitish submarginal spots separated by the second median nervule. Wings
beneath brownish-ochraceous, much mottled with small darker strigw; anterior wings with a dark oblique
fascia almost crossing wing beyond end of cell, two small subapical greyish-white spots, and some similar and
very indistinct spots placed between the nervules near outer margin; posterior wings with a discal curved
dark fascia crossing wing beyond end of cell, and some submarginal small and obscure greyish spots as on
anterior wings; outer margins of both wings warmer ochraceous. Body and legs more or less concolorous
with wings. . 1
Exp. wings, 73 to 78 milim.
Has.—Continental India; East Himalaya, Khasi Hills (Marsh. & de Nic.).—Andaman Islands (de
Reepstorfi—Calc. Mus.).— Burma (Marsh. & de Nic.).—Tenasserim (Bingham—Cale. Mus.). — Malay
Peninsula; Perak (Kinst.—Cale. Mus.).—Sumatra (Forbes—coll. Dist.).—Java (Horsf. & Moore),
A male specimen captured in Perak, and now contained in the Calcutta Museum, is here
figured. ‘The female is larger and paler in hue than the male, and the under surface of the
wings is more ochraceous and less prominently mottled with the dark strige.
4. Melanitis suyudana. (Tab. XXXIX., fig. 2.) ?
Melanitis Sinyudana, Moore (Horsf. & Moore), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. 1. C. vol. i. p. 224, n. 466 (1857).
Melanitis Aswa, Marsh. & de Nic. (part),"Butt. Ind., Burm. & Ceyl. vol. i. p. 261, n. 244.
The followmg is Mr. Moore's original description :
“Upper side deep dark brown, paler on the margins: a single whitish spot near apex of fore-wing,
and a minute dot on hind-wing. Underside deep mottled ferruginous-brown, with indistinct dark usually
* Ent. Month. Mag. vol. xxi. p. 246,
APPENDIX. 413
transverse streaks; a triangular space of mottled greyish-white from costal margin near the apex;
hind-wing with six small pale spots centred with a white dot.”
Exp. wings, 67 to 75 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiinst.—coll. Semper).—Java (Horsf. & Moore); Bantam (coll. Dist.).
I am indebted to Herr Georg Semper for the opportunity of examining and figuring
a Perak specimen of this species. Messrs. Marshall and de Nicéville treat M. suyudana as
conspecific with M. aswa, Moore, and M. tristis, Feld.,* or rather estimate the three forms as
varieties of one species. I possess Javan and therefore typical examples of M. suwyudana, with
which the Perak specimen figured exactly agrees, and I think it is sufficiently distinct to
stand alone.
5. Melanitis abdullz. (Tab. XIX., fig. 3.)
Melanitis abdulla, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xii. p. 241 (1883).
Wings above dark fuliginous-brown, somewhat paler at outer margins. Wings beneath ochraceous,
thickly mottled with brown; anterior wings with two broad and irregular dark fascie crossing cell and
wing, some irregular waved markings beyond cell, and some small and indistinct ocellated spots placed in
irregular series on outer discal area, of which the most distinct are two separated by the upper discoidal
nervule, and two separated by the second median nervule; posterior wings with a narrow dark fascia
passing a little beyond end of cell, beyond which the colour is uniformly darker and more opaque, and on
which is included a series of six submarginal ocellated spots placed between the nervules, of which the
second (situate above the discoidal nervule) and the sixth (placed near the anal angle) are somewhat the
smallest. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, 63 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.).
My collection contains but a single specimen of this species, and I have not met with it in
any of the numerous and large consignments from Perak, of which opportunity for examination
has been afforded.
Genus LETHE (antea, p. 48).
2. Lethe mekara. (Tab. XXXIX., fig. 9 #.)
Debis Mekara, Moore (Horsf. & Moore), Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. vol. i. p. 219, n. 454 (1857).
Lethe Mekara, Butl, Cat. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 119, n. 82 (1868); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 824;
Marsh. & de Nic. Butt. Ind., Burm. & Ceyl. vol. i. p. 148, n. 182 (1882).
Male. Wings above fuliginous-brown; posterior wings with four submarginal blackish spots
surrounded by dull red, and sometimes with a fifth subapical black spot as in the specimen figured.
Wings beneath pale olivaceous-brown; the disks of both wings crossed by two narrow castaneous fascie,
the first straightest, crossing cells, and on anterior wings having a short additional branch from median to
subcostal nervures, the second waved—particularly on the posterior wing—and crossing wings beyond
cells, the inner fascia is outwardly margined with greyish-white, and on posterior wings the lower disco-
cellular nervule is also shaded with: castaneous; beyond the outer fascia the colour is paler, more
violaceous, and inclining to ochraceous at outer margin, and containing on anterior wings five submarginal
ocellated spots placed between the nervules (a sixth apical spot is only denoted by a dark central spot), and
on posterior wings six ocellated spots, the uppermost largest and well separated from the rest which are
more or less contiguous. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, ¢, 68 millim.
* Two species described from Continental India.
Juny 30, 1856.
ov
=
414 RHOPALOCERA MALAYVANA.,
;. Has.—Continental India; Sikkim, Sibsagar (Marsh. & de Nic.).—Tenasserim; Ahsown, Taoo
(Limborg—Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kunst.—Cale. Mus.).—Malacca (Godfery—coll. Dist.).
Some examples from the Malay Peninsula, by the presence of the fifth marginal spot to the
upper surface of the posterior wings, approach the Javan form deseribed by Felder under the
name of L. manthara,* but other specimens from the same locality exhibit only the four normal
spots. The female is figured by Messrs. Marshall and de Nicéville,} and as described by those
authors differs principally from the male on the upper surface of the anterior wings, which are
*‘crossed beyond the cell by an angulate macular white band, consisting of a short oblique
bar from the costa to third{ median nervule, below which are two triangular spots directed
inwards, one on each median interspace; a subapical bifid white spot near the costa.” |
According to the experience of Capt. Godfery, this species in Malacca “ frequents dark
shady places, passing the day at the foot of a tuft of bamboo, or on low shrubs under shady
trees. When disturbed it goes off with a rapid flight, soon settling again, however, unless it
has been several times alarmed.”
3. Lethe minerva. (Tab. XXXVI, fig. 82.)
Papilio Minerva, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 498, n. 216 (1775); Sp. Ins. p. 74, n. 827 (1781); Mant. Ins. p. 87,
n. 388 (1787); Ent. Syst. iil. p. 95, n. 295 (1798).
Papitio Arcadia, Cram. Pap. Ex. ii. t. 116, E, F (1779).
Temenis Arcadia, Hibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 84, n. 279 (1816).
é Satyrus Cawmas, Godt. Enc, Méth. ix. p. 479, n. 7 (1828).
Debis Arcadia, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. 1. C. vol. i. p. 219, n. 458 (1857).
Lethe Arcadia, Butl. Cat. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 118, n. 24 (1868); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1878, p. 824.
Lethe Minerva, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 29, n. 4 (1869); Marsh. & de Nic. Butt. Ind., Burm. & Ceyl. vol. i.
p. 122 (1882).
Male. Wings above dark brown; anterior wings with a sexual patch of differently formed scales near
the centre of the submedian nervure and surrounded by blackish hairs; posterior wings with the outer
margin reddish ochraceous, and with an outer discal patch of the same colour, on which are situate three
dark spots separated by the two upper median nervules, a glandular patch of blackish hairs beneath cell
and between the two lower median nervules; abdominal area somewhat paler in hue and clothed with long
hairs. Wings beneath pale violaceous-brown, both wings crossed by two narrow castaneous fascim, the
first nearly straight crossing cells and commencing at subcostal nervure of anterior wings and angularly
terminating near submedian nervure of posterior wings, the outer fascia much waved and deeply angulated
on posterior wings, between this fascia and outer margin there are on anterior wings three or four
subobsolete ocellated spots placed between the nervules, and on the posterior wings there are six ocellated
spots—the lowermost bifid—the centres of which are ochraceous dusted with blackish and broadly
surrounded by warm ochraceous; a submarginal castaneous fascia to both wings, and the margins
reddish ochraceous with an inner black line; the anterior wings have a short oblique broken fascia in
cell and the lower disco-cellular nervule of the posterior wings is also shaded with castaneous. Body
above and beneath more or less concolorous with wings; legs dark o¢hraceous.
Exp. wings, 56 millim.
Has.—Tenasserim; Ahsown (Limborg—Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiinst.—Cale. Mus.).—
Sumatra (Smith).§—Java (Horsf. & Moore).
* Reise Nov. Lep. iii. p. 497, n. 861. + Butt. Ind., Burm. & Ceylon, vol. 1. t, xi. f. 24.
} Upper median nervule of Messrs. Marshall & de Nicéville's arrangement.
§ In Bock, ‘Head Hunters of Borneo,’ Appendix V.
APPENDIX. 415
This species does not appear to be searce in Tenasserim, as Messrs. Marshall and
de Nicéville report that ‘Capt. Bingham took the species in the Donat Range and Meplay
in January, at Meplay i in January and February, in the Thoungyeen Forests in March and May,
and at Houndraw in November; and Limborg took it at Ahsown, probably in the cold
weather.” *
The only example I have seen from the Malay Peninsula is the male specimen here
figured, belonging to Dr, J. Anderson, and destined for the collection of the Calcutta Museum.
Genus CQZLITES (antea, p. 45). -
2. Ceelites epiminthia. (Tab. XIX., fig. 8.)
Calites Epiminthia, Westwood (Doubl. & Hew.), Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 368, n. 2, note (1851); Butl. Cat, Satyr.
Brit. Mus. pp. 111, 112 (1868); Druce, Proe. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 839, n. 1.
Wings above violaceous-blue; anterior wings with the base, costal area, the apex and outer margin
pale brown; posterior wings with the base, costal area and outer margin pale brown. Wings beneath pale
brown, a greyish-violaceous fascia crossing both wings near apices of cells, and the apices and outer
margins broadly of the same colour; this pale coloration on the anterior wings possesses four or five
obscure ocellated spots placed between the nervules, of which two near the apex are the most prominent;
posterior wings with five ocellated spots placed between the nervules, of which the third is smallest; two
narrow dark violaceous submarginal lines to both wings and the margins narrowly of the same colour.
Body above pale brown; body beneath and legs pale brown.
Exp. wings, 68 to 70 millim,
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.).—Sumatra (Butl.)—Borneo (Westw. and
Druee).
Messrs. Marshall and de Nicéville have evidently misunderstood this species, and not
Mr. Butler, as they conclude.} The anterior wings do possess ocellated spots beneath, which
Prof. Westwood did not describe—they are sometimes almost obsolete—and they were found
present in all the Bornean examples which I have examined.
Genus NEORINA (to follow Cairns).
Neorina, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 869 (1851); Marsh. & de Nic. Butt, Ind., Burm.& Ceyl. vol.i. p. 138
(1882).
This genus as arranged systematically with other genera of Satyride belonging to the Malay
Peninsula is related to Corlites, agreeing with that genus in the common characters of having the median
nervules of the anterior wings widely separated, the first and second median nervules of the posterior
wings having a common origin at apex of cell, and the lower disco-cellular nervule of posterior wings
distinctly longer than the upper one. It, however, differs from Calites in having the costal nervure of
the anterior wings only dilated in a scarcely perceptible manner, and the lower disco-cellular nervule
of the anterior wings is strongly and concavely bent inwardly towards the lower discoidal nervule. The
species of Neorina are also noticeable by their large size and the well-developed caudate prolongation of
the posterior wings.
Neorina, as at present understood, is a small genus, and its species are confined to
Continental India and the true Indo-Malayan region.
* Butt. Ind., Burm. & Ceyl. vol. i. p. 141. + Ibid. p. 102.
416 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
1, Neorina lowii, var. (Tab. XXXVIL., fig. 3.)
Cyllo Lowii, Doubleday & Hewitson, Gen. Diurn, Lep. p. 869, t. 61, f. 4 (1851).
Neorina Lowii, Butl. Cat. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p, 111, n. 8 (1868); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soo, 1878, p. 339, n. 1;
Kheil, Rhop. der Ins. Nias, p. 19. n. 28 (1884).
Male and Female. Wings above dark fuscous-brown; anterior wings with the outer margin paler
and traversed by a dark submarginal line, and with a large ocellated spot near apex, a submarginal series of
four small whitish spots,—five if the centre of the ocellated spot is counted,—an apical white marginal spot,
and a very pale stramineous patch on inner margin near outer angle; posterior wings with a large and very
pale stramineous patch at apex, which extends inwardly to near upper median nervule, an ocellated spot
between the second and third median nervules, and often a small white spot between the first and second
median nervules,—not present on the specimen figured,—two dark submarginal lines, and fringe greyish-
white. Wings beneath as above, but somewhat paler; anterior wings with the area beyond the spots more or
less violaceous, and with two dark submarginal lines; posterior wings as above, but with an ocellated spot
between the subcostal nervules and the pale stramineous patch above, smaller, paler and broken beneath,
the abdominal and anal-angular areas more or less dusted with greyish, and with a sublunate greyish spot
at anal angle. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, ¢ & ¢, 98 to 102 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kimstler—colls. Semper & Cale. Mus.).— Nias Island (Kheil).—
Sumatra (Forbes—coll. Dist.)—Borneo (Druce); Sandakan (Pryer—coll. Dist.).
Malay (and also Sumatran) specimens of this species slightly vary from Bornean examples
by having the apical pale patch on the under surface of the posterior wings more or less
broken, but whoever studies the fauna of the Malay Peninsula together with that of Sumatra
and Borneo will find much specific variation of this character.
Genus MYCALESIS (antea, p. 47).
2. Mycalesis orseis (antea, p. 49).
Since writing the description of the above, when a single specimen in the Hewitsonian
collection from Singapore was the only record of the species from the Malay Peninsula,
I have received several specimens, and the following locality can be added :—
Sunget Ujong (Durnford—coll. Dist.).
8. Mycalesis anaxias. (Tab. XXXVLI., fig. 7.) !'
Mycalesis anaxias, Hewitson, Fix. Butt. iii. Myc. t. 4, f. 25, 26 (1862); Butl. Cat. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 141,
n. 59 (1868); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 825; Marsh. & de Nic. Butt. Ind., Burm. & Ceyl,
vol. i. p. 106, n. 86, t. xvi. f. 64 (1882).
Virapa anaxias, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 166.
The following is Mr. Hewitson's original description of this species :—
“* Upperside.—Male brown; anterior wing crossed near the apex by an oblique band of white.”
“‘ Underside dark brown from the base to beyond the middle (its border on the anterior wing angular),
followed by a broad margin clouded with lilac and grey, and rufous-brown: traversed by three lines of dark
brown; the cilia lilac; anterior wing with the white band as above, and three small ocelli, two above, one
below the band; posterior wings with five ocelli;* all black, with white pupils, the iris rufous, and
indistinct.”
* Sometimes seven as in specimen figured.
APPENDIX, 417
Exp. wings, 45 millim,
Has.—Continental India; Nilgiris, Trevandrum, Travancore, Sikkim, Assam, Khasi Hills (Marsh.
and de Nic.).— Tenasserim; Ahsown, Moolai (Limborg —Moore).— Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kunst.—
Cale. Mus.).
This species is subject to considerable variation, and Messrs. Marshall and de Nicéville,
who have examined long series of specimens, have fully described the same; they also write,
“The female differs from the male in its larger size, broader and more rounded forewing, and
paler coloration, in consequence of which the ocelli of the underside not unfrequently show
through on the upperside.”
The figure is taken from a single specimen contained in a Perak collection placed in my
hands by Dr. J. Anderson, and I have seen a second specimen in the collection of Messrs. Birch
and Egerton, now exhibited in the Colonial Exhibition.
This species should here precede M. maianeas, and thus be placed at the beginning of
the genus.
9. Mycalesis nautilus. (Tab. XL., fig. 4¢.)
Myecalesis Nautilus, Butler, Ann, & Mag. Nat, Hist, ser. iii, vol. xx. p, 403, t. 9, f. 7 (1867); Cat. Satyr. Brit.
Mus. p. 136, n. 39 (1868).
Calysisme Nautilus, Moore, Trans, Ent. Soc, 1880, p. 162.
Male. Wings above fuscous-brown; anterior wings with a broad paler submarginal fascia on which
are five ocellated spots divided by the nervules, the lowest largest and situate between the two lower
median nervules, three narrow marginal fascie, the innermost waved; posterior wings with fascie as on
anterior wings, two obscure ocellated spots near apex and with a large glandular patch of silky dark indigo
scales situate on the median nervules. Wings beneath much paler than above, two narrow dark discal
fasciw, the outermost margined with pale violaceous; anterior wings with ocellated spots as above, but
paler and larger; posterior wings with a series of seven ocellated spots placed between the nervules, the
fourth and fifth largest; the spots on both wings are inwardly narrowly and sinuately margined with pale
greyish. Body above and beneath with legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Female. Wings above much paler than in male; posterior wings with the spots beneath obsoletely
visible above,” and the dark silky patch absent. Wings beneath as in male.
Exp. wings, ¢ and ?, 48 to 49 millim.
Haz.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kunst.—Cale. Mus, & coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (coll. Roberts).
Attention has already been drawn to this species (antea, p. 55), and it has recently been
received freely from Perak, where evidently it is not a rare species.
In this enumeration it should follow 1/. mineus.
10. Mycalesis mnasicles. (Tab. XXXVIL., fig. 5), var.
Mycalesis Mnasicles, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. iii. Mye, t. 5, f, 82, 38 (1864); Butl. Cat, Satyr. Brit. Mus, p, 141,
n. 68 (1868); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 389, n.4; Marsh. & de Nic, Butt. Ind., Burm. & Ceyl.
vol. i. p. 126, t. 16, f. 61 (1882).
Culapa Mnasicles, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1878, p. 825; Trans, Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 168.
* Mr. Butler in his original description states that ‘the sexes differ only in size"; it is therefore probable that he had
not seen both of them.
Juny 30, 1886, bo
418 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
The following is Mr. Hewitson’s original description :—
“Upperside. Male rafous brown; both wings with a submarginal black line. Anterior wing with
two ocelli, one at the apex minute, the other below the middle, very large. Posterior wing with one
indistinet ocellus and a submarginal band of indistinct lunular spots.”
‘Underside with the basal half rufous; both wings crossed before the middle, and at the middle by
common rufous-brown narrow bands: both with two black lines near the outer margin and a submarginal
zigzag rufous band.- Anterior wing with five ocelli, the first four minute, the fifth larger, and marked
with a large white pupil. Posterior wing with seven small ocelli, the first and fifth the largest.”
“Female does not differ except in size.”
Exp. wings, ¢, 65 millim.
Has.—Tenasserim; Ahsown, Meetan (Limborg—Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Perak (coll. Godfery;
Kiinst.—Cale. Mus.).—Sumatra (coll. Hewits.).—Borneo (Druce).
The specimen figured is a pale variety captured by Capt. Godfery in Perak, and I have
seen similar examples of the species from Tenasserim. However, this variety is not constant
in Perak, as specimens have recently passed through my hands which perfectly agreed with
Hewitson’s figure.
M. mnasicles should be here arranged after M, blasius,
11. Mycalesis anapita. (Tab. XXXIX., fig. 8.)
Mycalesis Anapita, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. 1, C, vol. i. p. 232, n, 495 (1857); Butl. Cat. Satyr. Brit. Mus.
| p. 146, n. 85 (1868); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1878, p. 389, n. 6.
Mydosama Anapita, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 171.
Male and Female. Wings above reddish-ochraceous, basal areas darker; anterior wings with the
eostal, apical and outer margins broadly fuscous, and the outer third of inner margin also of the same
colour and with a large ocellated spot containing a white centre situate between the two lower median
nervules; posterior wings with a submarginal series of five ocellated spots, the two largest being separated
by the second median nervule, three marginal fuscous linear fascim, the innermost broadest. Wings
beneath paler ochraceous than above, both wings crossed by two narrow castaneous fascie; anterior wings
with a large ocellated spot as above, and two small and united ocellated spots near apex (in some specimens
the large spot has a smaller one beneath it); posterior wings beneath with a submarginal series of seven
ocellated spots, the three uppermost smallest, the spots on both wings preceded by a pale waved castaneous
fascia; both wings with one submarginal and two marginal dark lines. Body above pale brown, beneath
with legs more or less concolorous with wings; legs more or less shaded with fuscous.
Exp. wings, ¢ and ?, 40 to 45 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Selangor—Klang (coll. Godfery); Sungei Ujong (Durnford—eoll. Dist.).—
Sumatra (Moore).—Borneo (Druce); Sandakan (Pryer—coll. Dist.).
This species, though seemingly scarce in the Malay Peninsula, has been found abundant
in North Borneo by Mr. Pryer. It has not been recorded from Tenasserim, and does not
appear to occur above the limits of our fauna.
M. anapita is allied to M. fusca.
12. Mycalesis ustulata. (Tab. XLI., fig. 16 ¢.)
Mycalesis ustulate, Distant, Entomologist, vol. xviii. p. 289 (1885).
Male. Wings above bright rufous-brown; anterior wings with the apex and outer margin broadly
infuscated, and with a moderately-sized dark fuscous ocellated spot—having a minute greyish centre and a
APPENDIX, 419
pale rufous outer margin—situate between the two lower median nervules; posterior wings having the
eostal and outer margins somewhat broadly infuscated, and the male with a costal tuft of pale ochraceous
hairs near base. Wings beneath fuscous; a dark waved and obscure narrow linear fascia crossing cell of
anterior wings, and two similar ones crossing cell of posterior wings; both wings erossed beyond middle by
a violaceous fascia, beyond which on anterior wings are two large ocellated spots, the uppermost smallest,
both blackish, with white centres and narrow ochraceous outer margins, which are again surrounded
by an outer pale waved marginal ring; these outer rings approach one another, and at their prolongations
each contains an additional minute and obscure greyish spot; posterior wings with seven ocellated spots
as on anterior wings, the fifth largest, the sixth and seventh contained in one encircling ring, and a more
minute and much more obscure spot above anal angle; both wings with three narrow marginal pale
fasciw, the outermost fringe-like, the innermost broadest and scalloped. Body and legs more or less
concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, 48 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kanst.—eoll. Ribbe).
This is another novelty captured by Kiinstler in the Perak district, and is in the collection
of Herr Ribbe, of Dresden, who forwarded it to me for determination. It belongs to the
section of the genus which has been generically separated by Mr. Moore under the name of
Loesa. It is intermediate in form between the Javan M. oroatis, Hew., and the M. surkha,
Marsh., found in Upper Tenasserim.
Genus YPTHIMA (antea, p. 55).
1, Ypthima pandocus var. corticaria.
Ypthima corticaria, antea, p. 55,
Ypthina Pandoeus, Moore (Horsf. & Moore), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. 1. C. vol. i.-p. 285, n. 606 (1857); Hew. Trans,
Ent. Soc. ser. 8, vol. ii. p. 290, n. 16, t, 18, f. 12 (1865); Butl. Cat. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 149, n. 5
(1868); Marsh, & de Nic, Buti. Ind., Burm. & Ceyl. vol. i. p. 228, mn. 211 (1882).
Since enumerating the above species under the name proposed by Mr. Butler I have
received long series of both typical Y. pandocus from Java, and the form Y. corticaria from the
Malay Peninsula. The difference between the Malay and Javan specimens is simply that the
former have the under surface of the wings, and particularly the basal half of the anterior
wings, paler than in the typical form of the species as found in Java and Borneo. I have
therefore now placed the Y. corticaria as a simple variety or local form of Y. pandocus.
To the former habitats given may be added—
Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kinst.—Cale. Mus.); Sungei Ujong (Durnford—coll. Dist.); Singapore
(Kerr—coll. Dist.).
2. Ypthima methora (aniea, p. 56).
Mr. L. de Nicéville has communicated his opinion to me that the species thus identified
by Mr. Butler, and enumerated as such by myself in this work, is not typical Y. methora, Hew.,
which is a larger insect and confined to Northern India and Upper Burma, As I have not
received a specimen myself from the Malay Peninsula, and only know it by the example from
Malacca in the British Museum (which agrees with Hewitson’s figure in markings, thongh not
in size), itis better to leave it under this name, subject of course to a further series of specimens
proving its varietal or distinct character. ?
420 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA,
5. Ypthima fasciata, var.
Ypthima fasciata, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 8, vol. ii, p. 287, n. 12
\ : (1865); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 18738, p, 840, n, 2.
The following is Mr. Hewitson’s original description :—
“Upperside brown. Both wings undulated with grey, chiefly beyond
the middle; both crossed at the middle by a common band of darker
colour, the margins dark brown. Anterior wing with one large bipupillated
ocellus; posterior wing with five or six obscurely marked upon a band of
rufous-brown.”’
“Underside grey, beautifully undulated throughout with rufous-
brown; both wings crossed by two bands of darker colour. Anterior wing with the ocellus as above, but
more distinct; posterior wing with seven small ocelli of nearly equal size, placed as above upon a band of
rufous-brown, all black, the pupils silver, the irides orange-yellow.”
Exp. wings, 38 to 40 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (coll. Dist.)—Sumatra (Hewitson).—Borneo; Sarawak (Wall.—coll.
Dist.); Sandakan (Pryer—coll. Dist.).
The Perak specimen here figured only differs from typical Bornean examples by the
somewhat paler hue of the under surface of the wings. It thus bears the same relationship to
the Bornean type as the Javan Y. pandocus exhibits to the Malay var. corticaria.
Fia, 122,—Ypthima fasciata,
Genus RAGADIA (to follow Yrruia).
Neonympha, subgenus Ragadia, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 876 (1851); Marsh. & de Nic. Butt. Ind.,
Burm, & Ceyl. vol. i. p. 284 (1882).
This genus is allied to Ypthima, from which it may be at once synoptically separated by the very
short and acute discoidal cell to the posterior wings. In Ragadia the costal nervure of the anterior wings
is strongly swollen at the base, the first subcostal nervule of the anterior wings is alone emitted before the
end of the cell as in Ypthima: the disco-cellular nervules concave, the lowermost longest; discoidal cell of the
posterior wings very short and acute, the lower disco-cellular nervule apparently emitted from the subcostal
nervure, and joining the median nervure near the base of the lower median nervule; this nervule is simple
in the female, but in the male is developed into a narrow glandular pouch,
Of this very distinct and somewhat aberrant genus two species are known, one of which
appears to be confined to Northern India, Burma and Tenasserim, and the second, found in this
fauna, is also distributed through some of the islands of the Malayan Archipelago, and in the
Philippines diverges into several distinct forms, which have been estimated by different
lepidopterists as either varieties or distinct species.
1. Ragadia crisia. (Tab. XIX., fig. 7).
Euptychia Crisia, Hiibner, Zutr. Ex. Schmett. f. 675, 676 (1832),
Neonympha (Ragadia) Crisia, Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 876, n, 26 (1851),
Hipparchia Makuta, Horsf. Cap. Lep. E. 1. C. t. 5, f. 9, 9a (1829).
Ragadia Makuta, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. vol. i. p. 226, n, 478 (1857).
Ragadia Crisia, Butl. Cat. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 158, n. 1 (1868); Druce, Proc, Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 839, n. 1.
Male and Female. Wings above pale greyish-brown; anterior wings crossed by three oblique dark
fasci#,—the one at base short and obscure,—a submarginal fascia of the same colour enclosing a series of
APPENDIX. 421
seven obscure ocellated spots, the uppermost small and the lowermost duplex, and a narrow marginal
fascia. Posterior wings with three oblique fascim; beyond the third is a series of six obscure ocellated
spots, of which the uppermost is smallest and the lowermost duplex, and a narrow submarginal and a
rather broader marginal fascia of the same colour. Wings beneath pale ochraceous, the fascim darker, and
the ocellated spots with bright silvery centres. Body above greyish-brown, beneath with legs pale
ochraceous; thorax and legs streaked with greyish-brown.
Exp. wings, ¢ & 2, 36 to 46 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Penang, Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Perak (Ktnst.—Cale. Mus.) ;
Sungei Ujong (Durnford—coll. Dist.); Malacca, Singapore (Godfery).—Sumatra (Forbes—coll. Dist.).—
Java; Bantam (coll. Dist.)—Borneo (Druce); Sarawak (Wallace—coll. Dist.); Sandakan (Pryer—coll.
Dist.).
This species varies in hue above, and of a long series in my own collection the palest
specimen is from Sumatra and the darkest from Perak.
One of the most peculiar facts in relation to this butterfly appears to be its almost recent
appearance in the Malay Peninsula, or at all events its first capture there by collectors. I did
not meet with it myself when collecting at Province Wellesley, nor did I subsequently receive it
in numerous collections derived from the Peninsula. In 1883, however, the species seems to
have been common from Penang to Singapore, I first received two specimens captured on
Penang Hill, and sent to me as a new species; others shortly followed from Province Wellesley,
with the remark of an experienced collector that the species was quite new to the locality; and
almost simultaneously the Indian Mail brought me more examples from Sungei Ujong,
Malacca, and Singapore. My friend Mr. Logan also sent me an example with the comment,
‘‘a very rare butterfly, not known to collectors here.” *
Capt. Godfery, who also captured the species at Sungei Ujong, describes it as being found
‘‘in low undergrowth in the forest, where, especially in the early morning, I several times met
with it. Its flight is weak and feeble, but it cleverly eludes pursuit by threading its way
through the tangled brushwood.”
Genus ELYMNIAS (antea, p. 58).
8. Elymnias abrisa. (Tab. XLIII., fig. 52%.)
Elymnias abrisa, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xvii. p. 531 (1886).
Male. Wings above dark obscure indigo-blue, posterior wings with a large submarginal pale bluish
patch. Wings beneath glossy brownish, much mottled with paler strige; anterior wings with the basal half
of costal area and apical margin castaneous, and with a large triangular pale subapical patch; posterior
wings with a subcostal castaneous patch, a pale stramineous spot between the subcostal nervules, and the
outer half of wing with the ground-colour pale violaceous and having a few small submarginal spots.
Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Female.+ ‘ Wings dentated, the hind wings most strongly, brown with a slight blush shade. Fore
wings with a large whitish patch, eommencing above the submedian nervure at half the length of the cell,
to beyond the discoidal nervule; below the submedian nervure it extends obliquely outwards to the level
* In England the plentiful yeas of some hitherto rare insect frequently gives the character to an entomological
year, aud the above facts show that this spasmodic appearance is exhibited by certain species in the tropics,
| I am indebted to Mr, W. F. Kirby for furnishing me with the above deseription of the female of this species, which
T found contained (unnamed) in the Hewitsonian collection.
JuLy 30, 1886, 5 P
423 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
of the internal nervure, which, however, it does not pass, nor does it reach the hind margin, which it
approaches nearest above the anal angle. There is also a white band running obliquely across the tip
from beyond the middle of the costa to beyond the submedian nervure, which divides it; but this also does
not reach the wing margin. Hind wings white, with a broad border of the bluish-brown ground colour, not
sharply defined on the inner side. Underside brown, thickly mottled with pinkish-white, especially on the
portions corresponding to the white parts of the upper surface. A little below the costa, just above the
diseoidal nervule, is a large slightly oval primrose-coloured spot, slightly paler round the edges.”
Exp. wings, ¢, 70 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.)
FE. abrisa is allied to the Sumatran species HE. sumatrana, Wall., from which it differs by
the pale patch on the upper surface of the posterior wings, and by the subcostal stramineous
spot beneath. It is therefore also allied to KH. penanga, after which species I place it in this
enumeration.
An unloealised and unidentified specimen in the Hewitsonian collection is clearly the
female (described above) of this species, and also differs strongly from the corresponding sex
of H sumatrana,.
9. Elymnias kunstleri. (Tab. XLI., fig. 9 3.)
Elymnias Kimstleri, Honrath, Berl. Entomol. Zeitschr. Bd. xxix. Heft 11, p. 276, t. viii. f. 8 (1888).
Female. Wings above greyish-white ;
anterior wings with bluish reflections in cell
and pale ochraceous shadings on inner mar-
ginal area. Costal area more or less spotted
@ and marked with blackish, thickly so to end
of cell, and some similar markings in cell
along the median nervure, nervules orna-
mented with fuseous and blackish blotches—
Fic. 125,—a, antenna; b, palpus; c, anterior leg; d, abdomen. the three median nervules and the lower dis-
coidal nervule most prominently so; posterior
wings with the basal and abdominal areas more or less shaded with pale ochraceous, neuration with black
and fuscous blotches as on anterior wings, but less prominent, a blackish spot uniting the discoidal and
upper median nervules; a submarginal series of irregularly shaped blackish spots, between which and
posterior margin are many fuscous and black irregularly shaped and placed linear spots. Anterior wings
as above, but more uniformly greyish, the shadings along neuration much more broken and unrelieved by
fuscous-brown, several curved black lines crossing cell; posterior wings generally as above.
Exp. wings, 101 millim.
Har.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiunstler—coll. Honrath).
IT am indebted to Herr Honrath for a very careful and beautiful drawing of this species,
which is here reproduced, and also for the loan of the blocks showing illustrations of the
intenna, palpus, anterior leg, and abdomen.
As far as can be gathered from an examination of the neuration in the drawing, this
species is a true Elymnias, and is one of the most interesting and beautiful additions to our
knowledge of the genus.
APPENDIX. 423
10. Elymnias godferyi. (Tab. XXXIX., fig. 5 2.)
Elymnias Godferyi, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xii. p. 851 (18898),
Female. Allied to E. vasudeva, Moore,* but differing above by the much paler colouring of the wings,
the fuscous shadings in the Indian species being replaced by bluish; the anterior wings are greyish-white,
shaded with bluish, which become darker beyond the cell; a broad outer marginal dull bluish black fascia,
widest at apex; nervures and nervules dark bluish, the median nervules and submedian neryure more or
less margined with dark bluish; posterior wings as in J). vasudera, but the markings bluish and the outer
margin very broad at anal angle. Wings beneath as in EH. vasudeva, but the dark mottled markings much
smaller and closer together; anterior wings with two small submarginal ocellated spots (black with greyish
centres), divided by the lower discoidal nervule; posterior wings with eight similar submarginal spots, the
two uppermost largest, the first between and near the bases of the subcostal nervules, the second above the
discoidal nervule, and the remaining spots following regularly between the nervules—two between the lower
median nervule and submedian nervure; the red basal colouring of the posterior wings oceupies the largest
portion of the cell, and extends to the base of the abdominal margin; the yellow space does not extend
from the abdominal margin to the upper median nervule, as in P. vasudera, but terminates suddenly at
the second median nervule.
Exp. wings, ¢, 53 millim.; ?, 70 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Sungei Ujong (Godfery—coll. Dist.).—Borneo ; Sandakan (Pryer—coll. Dist.).
Since describing this species, from a female specimen sent home by Capt. Godfery, I have
examined male specimens which were captured in North Borneo by Mr. Pryer. These differ
from the female by their smaller size, their darker colouring above, and by the smaller and
less vivid expanse of the red and yellow shadings to the under surface of the posterior wings.
Capt. Godfery caught the species ‘‘ hovering with somewhat feeble flight over the high
banks separating the road from the adjacent forest.”’
Subfam. NYMPHALINAS.—Group MORPHINA (antea, p. 67).
Genus AMATHUSIA (antea, p. 70).
1. Amathusia phidippus (antea, p. 70).
Several specimens of a variety of this species have been sent home by Herr Kiinstler
from Perak, in which on the under surface of the wings the outer dark fascia is—on the
anterior wings—somewhat narrowed and its outer margin broken and sealloped ; the basal dark
fasciee are also narrowed, and therefore appear further apart.t+
| Typical examples of the species are also plentiful m Perak, and I can find no reliable
character to differentiate this form as a distinct species.
2. Amathusia dilucida. (‘l'ab. XXXVIIL., fig. 72.)
Amathusia Dilucida, Honrath, Berl. Entomol. Zeitschr. Bd. xxviii. p. 206, t. 8, f. 8, t. 4, f.8, 4, ¢ (1884).
Male. Wings above very dark chocolate-brown; anterior wings with a broad and inwardly crescentic
subapical resplendent pale violaceous fascia, commencing on costa, but not reaching outer margin, and
inwardly occupying nearly apical half of cell; posterior wings with an evanescent violaceous outer margin,
the abdominal area pale brownish, and with two small and obscure dark spots on the caudate prolongation.
® A species recorded from Sikkim and Upper Tenasserim.
+ Herr Honrath has advised me that he considers this form as o distinct species, and proposed describing it as
A. perakana ; this description, however, has not yet been published.
424 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Wings beneath pale brownish, with a violaceous tinge; anterior wings with the following dark castaneous
linear fasciw:—three crossing cell, one passing through lower apex of cell and continued to lower median
nervule, after which it is inwardly curved and more obscure towards inner margin, an obscure fascia
beyond cell almost at right angles to the preceding one, a narrow curved submarginal fascia, and a very
obscure and narrow marginal line; beneath the lower median nervule the ground colour is more or less
bronzy. Posterior wings with the following linear dark castaneous fascism :—two crossing cell from costal
margin, one crossing apex of cell and extending from costal margin to near lower median nervule, and one
submarginal which tends towards the apex of the preceding and is then recurved upwardly to a little above
anal angle, a curved fascia almost following the submedian nervure and a marginal linear fascia terminating
above the caudate prolongation, which is more or less castaneous and has two small dark ocellated spots ;
two somewhat large ocellated spots, the first between the subcostal nervules and the second between the
two lower median nervules and more or less uniting the two outer castaneous fasci®. Body and legs
more or less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, ¢@, 115 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiinst.—colls. Semper, Ribbe, Dist., and Cale. Mus.).
The position of this proposed species is more that of a constant local form of A. portheus,
Feld.,* and is intermediate between that and the Bornean A, ottomana, Butl. All these
so-called species are almost exactly similar in markings beneath, and so also are A. amythaon,
Doubl., and <A. westwoodii, Butl.,+ supposing both of these are really not conspecific with
A. portheus. At all events they form a small group of so-called species, distributed over a
continuous or contiguous area, possessing a common facies, and differing locally in slight, if
though constant respects, and generally by the difference in size of the violaceous subapical
fascia to the anterior wings.
Genus ZEUXIDIA (antea, p. 72).
1. Zeuxidia amethystus (antea, p. 72), var. ¢, (Tab. XXXVIIL., fig. 5.)
Since describing and figuring the above I have received from Perak the male specimen
now figured which possesses only two ocellated spots on the under surface of the posterior
wings, and differs somewhat in the bluish markings above. ‘This is really the typical form of
the species, but I do not imagine that the variety previously figured is anything but another
phase of the specific form of 7, amethystus.
2. Zeuxidia doubledaii. (Tab. XXXVIII., fig. 6 ?.)
Zeuvidia Doubledaii, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 829, n. 2, note, t. 52, f. 1 (1851); Marsh, & de Nic, Butt,
Ind., Burm. & Ceyl. vol. i. p. 287, n. 274 (1882),
Male. Wings above very dark chocolate-brown; anterior wings with a curved, subapical pale
violaceous-blue fascia, which commences at costa a little beyond end of cell, and is narrowed and
terminates near outer angle; posterior wings with a broad submarginal pale violaceous-blue fascia
extending from costa to near anal angle, where it is narrowed. Wings beneath pale brownish-
ochraceous, both wings erossed by a narrow castaneous fascia commencing near costa on anterior
wings at a little beyond end of cell and terminating on posterior wings at anal angle; beyond this fascia
there is on anterior wings a small and very obscure greyish subapical spot, and on posterior wings two
* A species found in North-East India and Upper Tenasserim. | Both recorded from Sylhet.
APPENDIX. 495
ocellated spots—one between the sub-
costal nervules and the other between
the two lower median nervules; some
irregular and obscure fascim@ cross the
cell of anterior wings, and there is an
obscure waved submarginal line to
both wings. Body and legs more or
less concolorous with wings.
Female. Larger and paler in
hue than the male; wings above
brown, anterior wings with a pale
violaceous subapical fascia, more
irregular in shape than that of the
male, and broken and traversed with
a waved brown fascia at the area of
the median nervules, a broken waved
pale violaceous submarginal fascia, Mio. 124,—Zeuzidea doubledaii, 2.
which above the lower discoidal ner-
vule is practically obsolete and is principally represented by a greyish apical spot; posterior wings with a
submagrinal series of contiguous pale violaceous spots placed between the nervules, palest inwardly, and
outwardly shading off to margin, a dark oblique line crossing disk ut end of cell. Wings beneath as in
male, but paler and more mottled and ornamented with darker markings.
Exp. wings, ¢, 98 millim.; ?, 118 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Penang (Bigas—coll. Dist.) ; Perak (Ktinst.—Cale. Mus.).
This is a very rare species. A male specimen (see woodcut) collected at Penang by the
Rev. L. C. Biggs is the only specimen I possess, whilst the female specimen here figured is
contained in the Caleutta Museum, and was captured by Kiinstler in Perak.
5. Zeuxidea aurelius. (Tab. XXXVIL., fig. 1 ¢.)
Papilio Aurelius, Cramer, Pap. Ex. ii. t. 168, A, B (1779).
Morpho Aurelius, Godt. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 489, n. 1 (1823),
Aeixidia Aurelius, Hew. Ex. Butt. iv. Zeux. et Almona, f. 1, 2 (1868).
Male. Wings above very dark chocolate-brown; anterior wings with a very large and curved
violaceous fascia oceupying the largest portion of cell and extending to outer margin, where it is bounded
by the apex and by the lower median nervule, a patch of greyish-white scales at apex, and the outer angle
also greyish; posterior wings paler brown, excepting basal area, and containing a large violaceous patch
hetween the second median nervule and the submedian nervure, a spot of the same colour between the two
upper median nervules, and an indistinct violaceous patch at anal angle. Wings beneath dark creamy-
white; anterior wings with a large fuscous patch almost bounded by the median nervure and the second
median nervule, and almost extending to outer angle, cell crossed by three irregular brownish fascim,
a short oblique fascia of the same colour passing through lower end of cell, followed by a very obscure pale
brownish discal fascia, a submarginal waved fascia and an obscure marginal line; posterior wings with
some durk greyish shudings, a few dark brownish streaks at base, two crossing cell, the outermost broadest
and inwardly greyish, a longer fascia passing through lower apex of cell and two ocellated spots—one
between the subcostal nervules and the other between the two lower median nervules. Body above dark
chocolate-brown.
Juny 30, 1886. 5 Q
426 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Exp. wings, ¢, 110 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiinst.—coll. Semper).—Sumatra (coll. Hewits.).
The specimen figured is the only one I have seen from the Malay Peninsula; it is one of
Kiinstler’s captures in Perak, and is contained in the collection of Herr Georg Semper, to whom
I am much indebted for kindly forwarding the same to me for insertion here.
Genus DISCOPHORA (antea, p. 74).
1, Discophora tullia (antea, p. 74).
As previously stated (antea, p. 75), in the male specimens from the Malay Peninsula which
I had identified as Cramer's species, the anterior wings were unspotted, ‘‘ but in specimens
from Continental India there are usually three discal rows of pale spots between the end of cell
and outer margin.’ Messrs. Marshall and de Nicéville have since expressed an opinion that
this may possibly prove to be the Discophora zal of Westwood.* I have, however, been able to
show that this is not the case;+ but still no typical form of D. tullia has yet reached me from
our fauna. The difficulty has also been increased by the receipt of a number of male specimens
of an allied species, D. sondaica, Boisd. I therefore propose that we should for the present
enumerate the Malay form as—
1. Discophora tullia, var.
2. Discophora sondaica. (Tab. XLIII., fig. 72.)
[Nscophora Soendaica, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. i. t. 12, f. 8 (1886).
Male. Closely allied to the corresponding sex of D. tullia, but differing on the upper surface of the
anterior wings by having three bluish discal spots separated by the lower discoidal and upper median
nervules, and three smaller outer bluish spots separated by the first and second median nervules.
Exp. wings, ¢, 70 to 75 millim.
Ilau.—Mulay Peninsula; Perak (Kiinst.—colls. Semp. & Cale. Mus.); Sungei Ujong (Godfery—coll.
Dist.).—Sumatra (Forbes—coll. Dist.).—Java (Boisd.).
This species—for the reasons above given—will naturally follow our D. tullia, var. Capt.
Godfery, who sent home a specimen from Sungei Ujong, informed me that it was “ captured in
a very dark and deeply shaded spot, which I can only compare to the gloom of a pine forest
in Scotland.”
Genus THAUMANTIS (antea, p. 77).
2. Thaumantis noureddin (antca, p. 78.)
| The followmg interesting observation relating to the apparent stridulation of the species
was sent home to me from Singapore by Capt.Godfery. ‘‘ One evening in a broad grassy path
after having shot a ‘mouse-deer,’ 1 watched a pair of Thaumantis noureddin playing together as
they circled round each other. I noticed that one, presumably the male, in his flight around
the other produced a most curious cracking or rattling noise. This immediately struck my
attention, as I had never before heard of a butterfly capable of making any sound, except
perhaps the almost imperceptible flutter of its wings in the air. The noise in the present
* Butt, Ind., Burm. & Ceyl. vol. i, p. 299. + Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xii. p. $52 (1889),
APPENDIX. 427
instance was evidently emitted at the creature's will, and was distinctly audible within two or
three yards of the insect. I had only my gun with me, and therefore was unable to catch the
butterfly. I am certain, however, it was the Thawmantis noureddin, of which I had canght
several in the same neighbourhood within the previous three or four days.” *
4. Thaumantis odana. (Tab. XXXVI., fig. 3.)
Morpho Odana, Godart, Enc. Méth, ix, p. 445, n. 16 (1828); Horsf. Cat. Lep, E.1.C. t. 6, f. 5, 5a (1829).
Thaumantis Odana, Boisd, Sp. Gen, i. t. 12, f.1 (1886); Westw. Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2, vol. iv. p. 170 (1858);
Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 341, n. 1.
Thaumentis Oda, Hibn. Sammi. Ex. Schmett. (1816-1824).
Morpho Kingius, Zink. Nova Acta Acad. Nat. Cur. xv. p. 165, t. 15, f. 12, 18 (1881).
Male. Wings above dark chocolate-brown, fringe greyish-ochraceous; anterior wings with an oblique
blue fascia crossing wing a little beyond end of cell, and with three contiguous greyish-white subapical spots,
Wings beneath much paler than above; anterior wings with three fasci# crossing cell, a patch beyond
cell, and a large subapical triangular pateh dark castaneous, the triangular patch is inwardly margined
with a greyish-white oblique fascia; posterior wings crossed by two waved and narrow castaneous fascia
near base, the colour between which to about the median nervure is also castaneous, beyond the outer
fascia is a large subtriangular castaneous patch margined inwardly and outwardly with violaceous, and
containing two ocellated spots, the smallest situate between the subcostal nervules and the largest placed
between the two lower median nervules, a small black marginal spot at anal angle and the base violaceous-
grey containing a dark castaneous irregularly formed spot. Body and legs more or less concolorous with
wings.
Exp. wings, 104 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiinst.—Cale. Mus.); Singapore (Wall.—Westw.).—Sumatra (coil.
Hewitson).—Java (coll. Dist.).—Borneo (Druce).
The only specimen of this species which I have seen from the Malay Peninsula is in a fine
collection made by Kiinstler for Dr. J. Anderson, and which is here figured.
lt will, in this enumeration, follow 7. noureddin.
Genus TENARIS (to follow THaumantis).
Tenaris, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. pp. 62, 53 (1816),
Drusilla (nom. prmoce.), Swains. Zool. Ill. i, t. 11 (1820); Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 884 (1861); Trans.
Ent. Soc. ser. 2, vol. iv. p. 180 (1858).
Hyades, Boisd. Voy. Astr. Lép. p. 157 (1832); Blanch. Hist. Nat. Ins, iii. p. 455 (1840),
This genus may at once be separated from Thawmantis in » synoptical manner by the character of
the inner margin of the anterior wings, which is convex at base and then concavely sinuate to outer angle ;
the anal angle of the posterior wings is always rounded and never produced in caudate prolongation. The
first subcostal nervule of the anterior wings is emitted at about one-fourth before the end of the cell, and
does not anastomose with the costal nervure; the second, third, fourth and fifth subcostal nervules are
“ A similar observation was made by both Lacordaire and Mr. Darwin in Sonth America in reference to Ageronia
feronia. Mr, Darwin wrote:—“ Several times when a pair, probably male and female, were chasing each other in an irregular
course, they passed within a few yards of me; and I distinctly heard a clicking noise, similar to that produced by a toothed
wheel pacts @ under a spring catch. The noise was continued at short intervals, and could be distinguished at about twenty
yards distance: I am certain there is no error in the observation" (Journ. Research. Nat. Hist. & Geol. Voy. Beagle, pp. 38-4,
1860). Mr. Wallace also observed the same fact, and as he never heard the noise made by the small em of the genns he
was inclined to believe “that it is produced in some way by the contact of two insects, and that only the larger and stronger
winged species can produce it” (“On the Habits of the Butterflies of the Amaxon Valley""—Trans, Ent. Soc. 1853).
428 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
emitted somewhat close together near apex. Another prominent feature is the large ocellated spots with
which the posterior wings of the species are ornamented, and the general hue and pattern throughont.
Tenaris is an insular genus, being found throughout the Malay Archipelago, particularly
in the Papuan Region.
1. Tenaris birchi. (Tab. XXXIX., fig. 7.)
Tenaris Hirchi, Distant, Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser, 5, vol, xii. p. 241 (1983),
Male. Anterior wings above pale fuscous. Posterior wings greyish-white, costal area to above the
median nervules pale fuscous, with a large ocellated spot, of which the centre is blackish with a pale
central eye, situate between the second and third median nervules, and which is broadly surrounded with
ochraceous; a second very indistinct spot is situate on and above the lower subcostal nervule, Anterior
wings beneath as above, but darker towards base. Posterior wings beneath as above, but with the basal
area obliquely dark fusecous; the lower ocellated spot larger and brighter than above, the upper spot
bright and concolorous but smaller than the lower spot, and situate on the subcostal nervules. Palpi
ochraceous. Body dark obscure ochraceous.
Exp. wings, 70 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Singapore (Birch—coll. Dist.).
This species is allied to the Javan T. horssieldit and to an undescribed Bornean species,
and is extremely interesting as being the first representative of the genus recorded from the
Peninsula. It was caught by J. K. Birch, Esq., who captured it whilst flying along a road
in Singapore. He wrote to me at the time, ‘‘ Seeing it was a strange one, I knocked it down
with a stick,’’ thus not only securing an undescribed species, but also, for the first time,
proving that the genus Tenaris is found in the Malay Peninsula.
Genus CLEROME (antea, p. 81).
1. Clerome gracilis (antea, p. 81).
This species has been found somewhat plentiful in North Borneo by Mr. Pryer.
3. Clerome arcesilaus. (Tab. XL., fig. 5.)
Pajilio Arcesilaus, Fabricius (nec. Cram.), Mant. Ins. ii. p. 28, n. 206 (1787); Ent. Syst. iii. p. 153, n. 470
(1798); Don. Ins. Ind. t. 80, f. 2 (1800).
Clerome Areesilaus, Doub. Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. t. 54*, f. 5 (1851); Westw. Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2, vol. iv.
p. 188 (1858); Horsf. & Moore, Cut. Lep. Mus. E. 1, C. vol. i. p. 215, n, 486 (1857); Butl. Cat, Fabr.
Lep. p. 44, n. 2 (1869); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 841, n. 1; Snell. Lep. v. Midden-Sumatra,
p. 16, n. 1 (1880); Marsh. & de Nie. Butt. Ind., Burm. & Ceyl. vol. i. p. 318, n. 295 (1882); Kheil,
Rhop. der Insel. Nias, p. 20, n, 32 (1884).
Faunis Caneus, Hibn. Sammi. Ex. Schmett. (1816-1824),
Morpho Leonteus, Zink. Nova Acta Acad. Nat. Cur. xv. p. 170, t, 16, f. 14, 15 (1881).
Male and Female. Wings above cinnamoneous-brown; apex of anterior wings and outer margins of
both wings darker. Wings beneath fuseous-brown, both wings crossed by two dark curved discal fascie,
the iumermost crossing cells of both wings; the outermost—which is strongly sinuated—crossing beyond
eells; beyond this fascia are a series of small greyish-white spots, six on anterior wings and seven on
posterior wings, both wings with a fuscous submarginal line. Anterior wings with a linear fuscous streak
APPENDIX. 429
in cell and the upper disco-cellular nervule also shaded with fuscous. Body and legs more or less
concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, 58 to 70 millim.
Has.—Continental India; Sikkim, Sylhet (Marsh. & de Nie.).—Upper Tenasserim (Marsh. & de Nie.).—
Malay Peninsula; Penang (Birch—eoll. Dist.); Perak (Kunst.—Cale. Mus.); Sungei Ujong (Durnford—
eoll. Dist.) ; Malacea (Biggs—coll. Dist.) ; Singapore (Westwood).—Siam (Marsh. & de Nic.).—Nias Island
(Kheil).—Sumatra (Snellen)—Java (coll. Dist.) —Borneo (Druce),
Although at the time of writing on the genus Clerome I had not seen an authenticated
specimen of this species from the Malay Peninsula, [ have since freely received it from several
correspondents. It seems subject to little variation, though some Perak examples are very
darkly coloured on the under surface of the wings.
Capt. Godfery, a most observant collector, who captured this species at Sungei Ujong,
supplied the following particulars:—‘‘ Taken in a shady nook near a well. Its flight was very
low. Issuing from the surrounding jungle it would flit along the path, or rest upon it for
awhile and then return to the thickest shades.”
C. areesilaus will here follow C. gracilis.
Group NYMPHALINA (antea, p. 83).
Genus KALLIMA (to precede DotescHatta).
Kallina, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 324 (1850); Feld. Neues Lep. p. 14 (1861); Moore, Lep, Ceyl.
vol. i. p. 86 (1861).
This genus is closely allied to Dolesehallia, from which it may be separated by the following
characters :—the cell of the anterior wing is not open by the abortion of the lower disco-cellular nervule,
but is closed by that nervule, which is concave, and the third subcostal nervule of the anterior wings is
emitted much nearer to the end of the cell than in Doleschallia.
Kallima, as previously anticipated (antea, p. 83), is now found to inhabit the Malay
Peninsula. It is both an Ethiopian and Oriental genus, being found in Tropical Africa and
ulso in Continental India, Ceylon, Andaman Islands, Burma, Tenasserim, Sumatra, Java,
Borneo, and is probably somewhat widely distributed throughout the Malayan Archipelago.
The species of Kallima are also generally known as “ leaf-butterflies,”” from the extraordinary
foliaceous resemblance of the under surface of the wings, a phenomenon which was forcibly
deseribed by Mr. Wallace, and is one of the best remembered and most often quoted facts in
that author’s charming ‘‘ Malay Archipelago.”
1. Kallima buxtoni, var. (Tab. XXXVI, fig. 2.)
Kallina Buxtoni, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soe. 1879, p. 10.
The following is Mr. Moore’s original deseription of his species :—
“Most like the Java species (K. Paralekta). Male, differs in the intensity of the blue of the upper-
side, broader and more oblique band, the inner border of which terminates at its own width above the
posterior angle; female, paler purple-blue, with broad fulvous band as in male. Underside, male, dusky
greyish-green, vinous tinted and black speckled, with broad greyish fasci# ; female, pale greenish-ochraceous,
vinous tinted; rib line only prominent.”
Exp. wings, 90 to 96 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Wray); Sungei Ujong—1800 feet (Durnford—coll. Dist.).
Aveust 30, 1886, 5B
430 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Mr. Moore’s typical species is founded on Sumatran specimens, and from these the Malay
form only differs by the narrower ochraceous subapical fascia to the anterior wings. Too much
reliance must not be placed on the general hue and markings of the under surface of the wings,
as this is an exceedingly variable character, and is in strong contrast in my two specimens from
Sungei Ujong. These two specimens were obtained for me through the kind instrumentality of
Capt. Godfery, and I was also favoured by coloured drawings made by a lady named Wray of a
specimen found in the “inland district of Perak.’’
Genus VANESSA (to follow DoLescHaLtia).
Vanessa, Fabricins, Ill. Mag. vi. p. 281 (1807); Latr. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 10 (1819); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i.
p. 48 (1881),
Polygonia, Fugonia, et Inachis, Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. pp. 86, 87 (1816).
(frapta, Kirb. Fauna Bor. Amer. iv. p. 292 (1887).
Grapta et Vanessa, Doub], Gen. Diurn. Lep. pp. 195, 198 (1848).
Anterior wings subtriangular, the costal margin arched and convex, the apex falcate and truncate, the
outer margin deeply concave beneath apex, inner margin coneavely sinuate near outer angle. Costal
nervure extending beyond middle of costal margin, first subcostal nervule emitted at about one-fifth before
end of cell, second close to end of cell, third at about one-third beyond cell, fourth and fifth bifurcating
about midway between base of third and outer margin; upper disco-cellular nervule short, lower long,
slender and obliquely directed outwardly, median nervules well separated, bases of second and third further
apart than those of first and second. Posterior wings irregularly subovate, the apex concave, the outer
margin waved and caudately angulated at apex of upper median nervule. Costal nervure extending to apex,
first subcostal nervule emitted opposite to the base of the lower median nervule, first and second median
nervules with an apparently common origin at end of cell. Body robust; palpi porrect, pilose and well
produced upwardly and forwardly in front of head; antenne long with a well-formed and rounded apical club.
Vanessa is a genus of very wide distribution. The Palearctic region appears to be its
head-quarters, but the Himalayas have not prevented it reaching India, Ceylon, and the Malay
Peninsula. It is also found in the Nearctic and in some portion of the Neotropical regions.
1. Vanessa perakana, n. sp. (Tab. XL., fig. 1.)
Wings above very dark fuscous; anterior wings with a small greyish-white subapical spot, an oblique
bluish spot beyond end of cell, and a submarginal bluish macular fascia commencing beneath the
lower discoidal nervule where it is narrowest, and terminating on inner margin where it is broadest; this
fascia is more or less concavely sinuate outwardly and convexly sinuate inwardly; posterior wings with a
broad bluish submarginal fascia, which is narrowest at costal margin, and is outwardly margined with some
dark bluish linear markings, and with two somewhat obseure narrow bluish marginal fascie. Wings
‘beneath dark violaceous with the basal and marginal areas thickly studded and densely covered with
blackish strigm, a distinct dark, much-waved and angulated fascia crossing both wings beyond cells;
a small ochraceous spot at apices of both cells; the basal, apical and outer marginal areas of anterior
wings and the basal and outer marginal areas of posterior wings more or less shaded with warm ochraceous.
Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, 66 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiinst.—Cale. Mus.).
V. perakana belongs to a small group of species with bluish margins, such as the Indian
V. charonia, the Ceylonese V. haronica, and the Japanese V. glauconia. It is allied to the first of
APPENDIX. 431
these species, from which it differs by the greater breadth of the bluish fascism on the upper
surface of the wings, and as the Ceylonese butterfly has been specifically described, this insect
also requires a distinctive name.
Genus SYMBRENTHIA (to follow Rutopaupa).
Symbrenthia, Hiibner, Vers. bek. Schimett. p. 48 (1816).
Laogona, Boisd, Sp. Gén, i, t. 10, f. 3 (1886); Doubl. Gen, Diurn. Lep. p. 190 (1846),
Anterior wings subtriangular, the costal margin moderately convex, the apex prominent but not falcate,
the outer margin more or less concavely sinuate, the inner margin slightly convex at base, and concavely
sinuate towards outer angle. Costal nervure robust, first subcostal nervule emitted at about one-third before
end of cell, second just before end of cell, third emitted between end of cell and base of fourth, fourth and
fifth bifurcating about midway between base of third and apex of wing; upper disco-cellular nervule short
and concave, lower oblique and slightly concave, median nervules well separated, the first from end of cell.
Posterior wings irregularly subovate, the costal margin oblique and very slightly convex, the posterior margin _
more or less waved and scalloped, and angularly produced at apex of upper median nervule. Costa] nervule
strongly arched at base and extending to apex of wing; subcostal and discoidal nervules emitted close
together near upper end of cell. Body short and robust, palpi long and robust, well projecting before the
eyes; antenn#® moderately long, with an apical club, which is hollowed beneath and attenuated at apex.
Legs moderately long and not prominently robust.
This genus is well represented in Continental India, and is distributed eastward through
the Malay Peninsula and the Indo-Malayan region. To what extent 1t is distributed throughout
the Malayan Archipelago it is at present impossible to say, but its area seems certainly focussed
in Northern Continental India.
1. Symbrenthia hyppoclus. (Tab. XLII, figs. 4¢, 52.)
Papilio Hyppoclus, Cramer, Pap. Ex. ii. t. 220, C, D (1782).
Vanessa Hyppocla, Godt. Enc. Méth, ix, p. 298, mn. 5 (1819); Suppl. p. 818 (1823).
FHlypanartia Hippocla, Hibn. Sammi, Ex. Schmett. (1816—1824).
Papilio Lucina, Cram, Pap, Ex. iv. t. 830, E, F. (1782.
Laogona Hippocla, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 762.
Symbrenthia Hyppocius, De Nic. J. A.S. Beng. vol. i. p. 60, n. 18, p. 64: n. 18 (1881); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc.
1862, p. 243, t. xi. f. 4, da; Kheil, Rhop. der Insel. Nias, p, 21, n. 59 (1884),
Male. Wings above blackish, with the following dark ochraceous markings :—anterior wings with
an irregularly shaped fascia extending from base along median nervure to a little beyond end of cell,
a curved fascia near outer angle, a short subapical fascia (sometimes broken as in specimen figured) and a
small apical spot ; posterior wings with a central and a submarginal fascia and a submarginal ochraceous
line. Wings beneath ochraceous, much mottled with castaneous markings, of which the darkest and most
prominent is an oblique fascia crossing both wings, passing beneath cell of anterior wings and across cell
of posterior wings, and on posterior wings it bifurcates at costal margin; the costal margin of anterior
wings is spotted with blackish, and there is a violaceous spot outwardly fuscous between the two upper
median nervules of the same wings; the posterior wings have a bluish marginal patch of scales between
the two upper median nervules. Body above blackish, anterior portion of head, pronotal collar, and base
of abdomen ochraceous; body beneath and legs ochraceous.
Female. Larger than the male, the ochraceous markings above much larger; wings beneath with
the ground colour paler than in male.
Exp. wings, ¢, 40 millim.; ¢, 50 millim.
Han.—Continental India; N.W. Himalaya (Hocking—Moore); Bengal (Moore); Sikkim (de Nic.) ;
432 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Darjeeling (coll. Dist.)—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Goodrich—eoll. Dist.).—Nias Island (coll. Dist.).—
Borneo; Sarawak (coll. Dist.).
I am indebted to Lieut. Goodrich for the acquisition of this and the following species from
the Malay Peninsula. In the North-West Himalaya the Rev. J. H. Hocking found the larva
of this species “on nettle, August, 6200 feet’’;* and in Sikkim Mr. de Nicéville describes
it as ‘a very rapid flyer for so small an insect, but it frequently settles.” +
2. Symbrenthia hypatia. (Tab. XLIL., fig. 62.) 1
Laogona Hypatia, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soe. 1869, p. 845.
The following is Mr. Wallace’s original description :—
‘* Male. Form of wings nearly as in L. hippoecla, the outline a little more even.
“Above: the markings are nearly as in L. hippocla, but the rufous band and markings are all
enlarged, and have a very irregular outline, especially on the anterior wings.
“Beneath: quite distinct from L. hippocla; the ground colour whitish ochre, veined in a complicated
net-work with deep rusty brown; near the middle of the outer margin on the upper-wings is an elongate
blackish spot with a blue centre, enclosed on its inner side with a horse-shoe and a lunule of the grounil
colour; on the outer margin of the hind-wings is a row of brown spots enclosed by a double row of lunules
on each side, the two central spots are violet-ash powdered with black, while the lateral ones consist of a
brown ring with a whitish centre."
Exp. wings, “1°9 inch.”
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Goodrich—coll. Dist.).—Java (Wallace).
The above description, supplemented by Mr. Wallace’s further remark, “ This insect 1s
somewhat intermediate between L. Hippocla and L. Hypselis,” { so thoroughly applies to the
species captured by Lieut. Goodrich, and here figured, that I have little doubt as to the
identification proving correct. I have been unable to compare it with the type,” as though
Mr. H. Grose Smith acquired Mr. Wallace’s collection, he writes to me, “I have no named
species ‘ Hypatia,’ though possibly it may be among my specimens.”
Genus CHARAXES (antea, p. 101).
9. Charaxes durnfordi. (Tab. XL., fig. 8 #.)
Charaxes Durnfordi, Distant, Entomologist, vol. xvii. p. 191 (1884).
Male. Wings above dark brownish ochraceous; anterior wings with the apical half blackish,
containing two transverse series of greyish-white angulated spots placed between the nervules, and with a
somewhat obscure series of small greyish-white marginal spots, those at the outer angle largest and most
ilistinet; two small obscure greyish-white spots at end of cell separated by the upper discoidal nervule ;
posterior wings with a very broad marginal greyish-white fascia, inwardly lunulated and margined with
blackish, containing a central series of blackish spots with whitish centres, placed between the nervules—
that at anal angle duplex—and with a narrow submarginal blackish line. Wings beneath brownish-grey ;
anterior wings with the cell containing a small black basal spot, and centrally crossed by a darker spot
margined with blackish, an irregular darker fascia margined with blackish crossing wing at end of cell,
where it is widest; beyond the fascia the ground colour is paler, and the whitish spots above are more or
less distinctly visible beneath, a waved dark line separating the two discal series; posterior wings with two
* Proe. Zool. Soe..1882, p, 243, + J. A. 8. vol. L. p. 64 (1881).
| A species found in North-East India, Nias Island, Sumatra, and Java, and therefore probably to be discovered in the
Malay Peninsula.
APPENDIX. 493
irregular darker fascie margined with blackish, one at base, the other crossing disk and terminating on
abdominal margin; the outer white fascia with spots faintly visible beneath, its margin denoted by two
waved or lunulated lines, the innermost bluish, the outer fuscous with the intervening ground colour
ochraceous, Body above and beneath and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, ¢, 98 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Sungei Ujong (Durnford—coll. Godfery).
This beautiful and exceedingly distinct species* seems to find its nearest ally in the
Amboinese C. euryalus, Cram., and in this arrangement should precede C. harpax. It is one
of the entomological novelties captured by Mr. Durnford at Sungei Ujong, and is now in the
collection of Capt. Godfery.
10. Charaxes borneénsis, var. (Tab. XXXVIL., fig. 62.)
Charaxes Borneensis, Butler, Lep. Ex. p. 16, n.7, t. 6, £. 2 (1869); Druce, Proce. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 846, n. 8.
Male. Wings above rufous-brown; anterior wings with the apical half—narrowing to outer angle—
blackish and preceded by a transverse greyish-white fascia crossing wing at end of cell; this fascia is
outwardly scalloped and inwardly more or less narrowly margined with blackish, a black disco-cellular
spot at end of cell containing a greyish-white central line, and a small whitish spot in and at upper end of
cell; posterior wings with the apex more or less blackish and with a submarginal series of blackish spots
inwardly marked with obscure greyish; abdominal area paler and less rufous. Wings beneath similar to
those of C. harpax, but much darker, the waved black lines somewhat differently arranged and margined
with greyish-white. Body more or less concolorous with wings; legs with the femora tinged with greyish,
the tibiw and tarsi ochraceous.
Exp. wings, #, 85 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kinstl.—coll. Semper).—Sumatra;+ Borneo (Lowe—coll. Dist.) ;
Barawak (Wall.—Butl.).
The Perak form of this species—judging from the specimen here figured—differs from
Bornean typical examples in possessing the small greyish-white spot in the upper end of the
cell of the anterior wings, and also by the greyish-white fascia of the same wings which extends
nearer to the costal margin, and is also less inwardly bordered with black.
I have only seen one specimen from the Malay Peninsula, and that was kindly lent to me
by Herr Georg Semper, in whose collection it remains.
It is here arranged after C. durnfordi.
11. Charaxes baya. (Tab. XXXVI, fig. 1 2.)
Churawes Baya, Moore (Horsf. & Moore), Cat. Lep. E. I. C. vol. i, p. 207, n. 424 (1857); Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc.
1865, p. 686, n. 58, t. 87, £ 5.
The following is Mr. Moore’s original description :—
“Allied to Nymph. Psaphon, Westwood, Cabinet Orient. Ent. t. 24, f. 1, 2, from Ceylon, but differs in
the male in having the black exterior border of the fore-wing much narrower, it not extending to the middle
of the posterior margin, as in that species, but is confined to the angle: on the hind-wing the apical patch
is also smaller, and continued in a series of six white-centred spots to anal angle; a small blackish spot at
extremity of the discoidal-cell. Under-side glossy greenish buffy-brown. Female paler above: fore-wing
“ Another allied but very distinct species from Burma has just been described by Mr. H. Grose Smith under the name
of Nymphalis Nicholii (Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. §, vol. xviii. p. 150 (1886).
+ Smith, in Bock, ‘Head Hunters of Borneo,’ Append. V., p. 886.
Aveusr 30, 1886. ve
484 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
with a broad central yellowish band; a small round yellowish spot near the apex; a patch of black at
extremity of discoidal-cell, and narrow zigzag line bordering the black band: hind wing with the central
upper portion of dise yellowish; submarginal row of spots clearly defined, and all centred with clear white.
Under-side more variegated than the male, and much paler. Tails two, short in the male; both long in
the female,”
Exp. wings, ¢, ‘22 inches”; ¢, ‘‘ rather more than 3 inches.”
Hazs.—Continental India; ‘‘ N. India" (Buckley—Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kimstl.—coll.
Anderson).—Java (coll. Horsf.).—Borneo (Brit. Mus.).
This species is allied to C. harpaz, from which, however, it is easily distinguishable. ‘The
Perak specimen here figured is in the collection made by Kiinstler for Dr. J. Anderson, and
is, L believe, destined for the Calcutta Museum.
12, Charaxes distanti. (Tab. XXXVL., fig. 22.)
Charaxes Distanti, Honrath, Berl. Entomol. Zeitshr. Bd. xxix, p. 277 (1885).
I only know this species by a coloured drawing which Herr Honrath kindly sent me, and
whieh is here reproduced. It is therefore better to give the original deseription :—
“‘Grundfarbe gelbbraun; dei breite Binde am Aussenrande der Vorderfliigel rothbraun, in ahnlicher
Weise verlaufend, wie die mehr schwirzliche bei Marmax Wstw., woran Distanti am meisten erinnert.”
‘Die Hinterfliigel haben am Aussenrande eine schmale braune Hinfassung die bei Marmazx fehlt.
Die dem Aussenrande parallel laufenden augenartigen Flecken sind schwaicher und namentlich in den
vordern zellen lange nicht so entwickelt wie bei Marmax. Bei einen Stick von Sarawak, woher Dr.
Staudinger 2 ¢ ¢ von Dr. Platen erhielt, sind diese Flecken fast nur noch angedeutet.”
‘Die ebenfalls gelbbraune, aber mattere Unterseite zeigt einen auffallenden Unterscheid darin, dass
der Vorderrand der Vorderfliigel yon der Basis bis zum Schlusse der Discoidalzelle hellweiss gefdrbt, ist.
Ausserdem verlauft zwischen Discoidalzelle und Saum der Hinterflugel von der Spitze bis zum Analwinkel
eine dunkelstahlblau schillernde, geradlinige Binde, welche bei Marmer sich als schwache und wellen-
férmige und durchaus nicht gerade zeigt.”
‘““Die Oberschenkel der Mittelbeine sind ebenso wie die der Hintérbeine bei Distanti weiss bestiubt,
wihrend sie bei Marmax mehr briunlich sind.”
Exp. wings,* ¢, 72 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Ktinstl.—coll. Honrath).—Borneo ; Radgeak (Honrath).
Genus PROTHOE (antea, p. 110).
Several distinct races or species have generally been confounded under the name of the
Javan species P. franckii,+ which is distinguished by having a broad white band intersecting
the oblique bluish fascia on the anterior wings. Mr. Butler has recently separated these local
forms or species, of which two occur in the Malay Peninsula, and I have thought it best to
give here his own differential diagnoses.
2. Prothoe uniformis. (Tab. XXXYVIII., fig. 4.)
Prothoe uniformis, Butler, Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xvi. p. 58 (1885).
“Oblique belt of primaries without white band or spots, excepting upon the costal border; apical area
and external border of secondaries chocolate-brown.
* According to drawing of typical specimen.
+ Previously stated (antea, p. 118) to have been recorded from Malacca by Mr. Wallace.
APPENDIX. 435
‘Oblique belt moderately broad, greenish blue; secondaries elongated as in P. Franckii, with
well-marked caudal appendage, apical markings white with bluish borders; prevalent colouring on external
area of secondaries pinky greyish.” |
Exp. wings, 72 millim.
Has.— Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiinst.—Cale. Mus.).
Mr. Butler described P. uniformis from a specimen without a ‘* locality-label,’’ which he
correctly surmised might prove to be a Malaccan species. It is, however, rare, the commoner
one being the following, P. angelica, The figure here given is from a Perak specimen.
3. Prothoe angelica.
Prothoe angelica, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xvi. p. 58 (1885).
“Oblique belt of primaries shining azure or greenish, with a series of irregular white dashes to
represent the central belt;* apical area of secondaries purplish black; prevalent colouring on external
area of secondaries below pale green.”
Exp. wings, 68 to 74 millim.
Han.—Tenasserim (Butler).—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiinst.—Cale. Mus.); Sungei Ujong (Godfery
—coll. Dist.!.—Sumatra (Butler).—Borneo (coll. Dist.).
I have not figured P. angelica, because it is easily differentiated from P. uniformis by the
oblique bluish fascia to the anterior wings possessing a central series of white dashes or spots.
Capt. Godfery sent me the following interesting particulars relating to the capture of this
species :—‘* While exploring a path in the forest parallel to the Linggi im Sungei Ujong, in
company with a friend, we disturbed a butterfly of swift flight which settled high up on the
trunk of a tree. Being beyond the reach of our nets we startled it from its resting place, when
it flew to another tree and alighted in a similar position. We tried several times to secure it,
but im vain, the height at which it rested rendering it safe from our attacks. Stimulated by
curiosity at its unique habit of always selecting the trunk of a tall tree for its resting place,
where, from its assuming a vertical position, with the edges only of its wings directed towards
the spectator, and from. its protective coloration, it was very hard to see, we determined to
effect its capture, and eventually did so, by tying the handles of .our nets together with a
handkerchief. I imagine it to be of crepuscular habits from its reluctance to fly far, or indeed
to leave its resting place,” &e.
Genus SYMPHAIDRA (antea, p. 112).
2. Sympheedra pardalis. (Tab. XL., fig. 7 2.)
Symphedra purdatis, Staudinger & Schatz, Exotisch, Schmett. t, 54 (1885).
Female. Closely resembling the female of S. dirtea above; wings beneath pale chocolate-brown, not
greenish-ochraceous as in S. dirtea, but spotted as in that species, the spots pale yellowish; posterior wings
with the abdominal area pale violaceous.
Male.t Nesembling the female, but smaller.
Exp. wings, 2, 88 milim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiinst.—Cale. Mus.) ; Sungei Ujong (Durnford—coll. Dist.).
* Asin P. franckii,
+ According to Staudinger and Schatz’s figure, no deseription haying yet been published.
436 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
The female appears to be simply a strongly coloured variety of S. dirtea, and as this
I should still have considered it, had not Staudinger and Schatz figured the male which
resembles the female. This at once separates it from the Fabrician species.
Genus EUTHALIA (antea, p. 114).
16. Euthalia dunya. (Tab. XXXVIII., fig. 1.)
Adolias Dunya, Doubleday & Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lep. t. 44, f. 8 (1850); Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser, 2,
vol. v. p. 84, n. 47 (1859); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 845, n. 4.
Wings above brown; anterior wings with a very small black spot more or less surrounded with
greyish-white in cell, and a black margined disco-cellular spot at end of cell, two greyish subcostal spots,
one near the bifurcation of the fourth and fifth subcostal nervules and the other between it and end of cell,
and a slightly oblique series of four spots with greyish centres (the third very slightly pale centred), the
first placed between the two upper median nervules and the third and fourth between the lower median
nervule and the submedian nervure. Posterior wings with two contiguous greyish spots, outwardly concave,
and separated by the upper subcostal nervule, a transverse series of five black spots with large greyish
centres placed between the nervules, an obseure blackish spot at end of cell, and a subobsolete fuscous
submarginal fascia to both wings. Wings beneath pale greenish, the spots as above, but paler and more
obseure, and with a very small fuscous spot in cell of posterior wings. Body more or less concolorous with
wings ; legs with the tibiw and tarsi ochraceous.
Exp. wings, 90 to 98 millim.
Has.—Mergui Archipelago (coll, Anderson).—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiinstl.—Cale. Mus.),—Borneo
(coll. Dist.) ; Sandakan (coll. Pryer).
This species is here arranged afer FH. derma.
17. Euthalia bellata. (Tab. XXXVIL., fig. 4¢; Tab. XLIIL., fig. 12 ¢.)
Adolias Bellata, Druce, Proe. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 844, n. 3, t. B2, £. 8.
Adolias Canespolis, Hewits. Ent, Mo. Mag. vol. xi. p. 188 (1875); Ex. Butt. V. Adol. t. 4, f. 14 (1875).
Euthalia Goodrichi, Dist, ‘Entomologist,’ vol. xix. p. 11 (1886),
Male. Wings above dark chocolate-brown; anterior wings with a small dark spot in cell and a dark
disco-cellular spot at end of cell, a series of six greyish-white spots crossing wing beyond cell, the upper
three smallest and the lower three largest,* a small subapical greyish-white spot and a submarginal dark
waved fascia; posterior wings crossed by a series of seven contiguous greyish-white spots, a dark waved
submarginal fascia enclosing a series of small and very obseure pale spots. Wings beneath pale brownish-
ochraceous, pale spots as above, but those on posterior wings more fused than above; anterior wings with
the cellular spots black margined with reddish centres; posterior wings with a small cellular spot (sometimes
absent) and a disco-cellular black margined spot; the submarginal fasci# above only denoted by a series of
dark spots beneath. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Female. Larger and very much paler than the male; anterior wings above with the transverse pale
spots with a slight bluish tinge, the lowermost broken and duplex, the dark submarginal fascia (as in male),
broken into a series of spots in female, and placed in a more or less bluish-grey area; posterior wings
above with the pale spots very small and not extending beneath the upper median nervule, a small dark
spot at end of cell and a waved submarginal dark fascia placed on a somewhat paler area. Wings beneath
much paler than above; anterior wings with the spots in the cell larger and brighter, greyish-white spots
as above, followed by a series of dark purplish spots much smaller than those above; posterior wings with
a small spot in cell as above, and a disco-cellular spot at end of cell, the series of pale spots as above, but
= The lowermost sometimes divided.
APPENDIX. 437
continued to abdominal margin a little above anal angle, the last spot being longest, the waved fascia
above being replaced by a series of small dark spots as on anterior wings.
Exp. wings, ¢, 56 millim.; ¢, 75 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiinstl.—eoll. Semper; Goodrich—coll. Dist.) —Borneo (Druce) ;
Sandakan (Pryer—coll. Dist.).
On examining the interesting collection of Rhopalocera made by Mr. Pryer in Borneo,
which possessed both sexes of this species, I first became cognisant that the Adolias cenespolis of
Hewitson was the female of the Adolias bellata, Druce, and that further I had redescribed the
female under the name of Euthalia goodrichi. It, however, seems to be a somewhat rare species
in the Malay Peninsula, as I have seen very few male specimens, and only one female, for
which I am indebted to its eapturer, Lieut. Goodrich.
In this enumeration FE. bellata may be placed after LE. dunya.
18. Euthalia parta. (Tab. XXXVIL., fig. 7.)
Adolias Parta, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1L.C. vol. i. p. 185, n. 878 (1857); Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2, vol. v.
p- 68, n. 2, t. B, f. 1 (1859).
Adolias apicalis, Voll. Tijd. Ent. V. p. 186, n. 6, t. 10, £. 1 (1862).
The specimen figured has been identified by Mr. Moore as his A. parta, but as it somewhat
differs from his figure I have thought it best to give a copy of the original description :—
“Male. Upperside dark brown with a vinaceous tinge: fore-wing with a paler transverse band,
margined broadly on both sides with black, the anterior portion within, from costal margin on both sides,
with a series of small white patches; marks within discoidal cell black, with dark brown centres; hind-wing
with an inner blackish band and outer row of small black spots. Underside paler, marked as above.”
“Female. Upperside pale brown: fore-wing with broad whitish curved transverse band, with patch
on costa and dark margins; hind-wing with rather broad inner band, and outer zigzag line, the point
between each vein with a minute darker dot; space between inner band and base tinged with white;
marks at base of wings blackish. Underside pale dull ochreous, with paler margins; markings as above,
but very indistinct.”
Exp. wings, ‘gd 23, ° 2f inches.”
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Sungei Ujong (Durnford—coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Biggs—coll. Dist.).—Borneo
(Moore).
I have only received male specimens of this species from the Peninsula. Its proper
position in this enumeration appears to be between EF. garuda and E. jama.
19. Euthalia merta. (Tab. XLIII., fig. 1¢, 22.)
Adolias Merta, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2, vol. v. p. 72, n. 19, t. 6, £ 4 (1859).
Male. Wings above dark fuscous-brown; anterior wings with the cell crossed by a black line near
base which extends beneath the median nervure, two black lines at about centre and two—joined beneath—
at end of cell, a broad and somewhat paler submarginal fascia the margins of which are dark fuscous, and a
curved series of five whitish spots a little beyond cell, the lower two spots separated by the second median
nervule, and two small subcostal and subapical spots of the same colour; posterior wings with the cell
erossed by two black-margined spots,—one at centre and one at end,—a fuscous irregular fascia crossing
wing beyond cell, and a submarginal series of small and very dark spots. Wings beneath brownish-
ochraceous, marked as above, with the fuscous fascim more or less broken and obsolete; anterior wings
with an obscure violaceous marginal fascia near apex; posterior wings with two additional black-margined
Aveust 80, 1886. 5T
438 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
spots above cell separated by the upper subcostal nervule. Body above dark fuscous-brown; body beneath
creyish ; legs greyish, the tibie and tarsi brownish-ochraceous.
Female. The following is Mr. Moore's deseription :—* Upperside luteous-brown, paler beyond the
middle of the fore-wings, where they are slightly glossed with pale green; a row of five white spots suffused
with brown on fore-wing. Underside pale buff, with the liture nearly black and slender; the pale broad
submarginal space clearer and nearly white, with blackish row of spots.”
Exp. wings, ¢, 49 millim.; ?, 56 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacea (coll. Standinger).—China ? (Hope—coll. Oxford).
I think it is open to doubt whether the locality China is correct as referable to this
species, and it is here only given on the authority of Mr. Moore, who found that habitat affixed
to his type specimen. This is a very rare species, and the male has not hitherto been
figured.
FE. merta is here arranged after EF. jama.
20, Euthalia zichri. (Tab. XLIIL., fig. 6.)
Adolias Zichri, Butler, Cist. Ent. vol. i. p. 6 (1869),
*“Wings above dark brown; the outer margin of the anterior wings bronzy, the band tapering from
the anal angle to the apex, also two patches of the same colour near the costal margin and two spots near
the base of the outer marginal band; the outer margin of the posterior wings of two colours, the inner and
apical portion bronzy, showing three black spots, the outer portion except the apex greenish blue.”
‘““Wings below pale brown, with the usual black characters at the base and two discal rows of black
subhastate spots arranged nearly as in A. parta, Moore: body dark brown above, pale brown below; antennzw
black above, brownish ferruginous below.”
Exp. wings, ¢, 50 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (coll. Staudinger).—Borneo; Sarawak (Brit. Mus.).
The Malaccan specimen here figured is a little paler beneath than the Bornean type, but
in other respects exhibits no difference. I am indebted to Dr. Staudinger, of Dresden, for the
opportunity of figuring this species.
5. Euthalia lubentina.
FKuthalia lubentina (antea, p. 128).
Since inserting this species with doubt as to its truly belonging to our fauna, Messrs, Birch
and Egerton have captured both sexes at Province Wellesley.
21. Euthalia bipunctata. (Tab. XLIIL., fig. 3 2.)
Adolias Bipunctata, Vollenhoven, Tijd. Ent. v. p. 191, n. 11, t. 10, f. 4 (1862).
Male. Wings above dark fuscous-brown, both wings erossed beyond cells by two waved dark fascia ;
anterior wings with four dark lines crossing cell and one at end of cell, and with two small subapical
greyish-white spots; posterior wings with four dark lines crossing cell. Wings beneath brownish-ochraceous,
fascie and cellular markings as above; anterior wings with three dark spots beneath cell separated by the
lower median nervule and the submedian nervure, the apex tinged with greenish; posterior wings with two
circular spots above cell separated by the upper subcostal nervule, abdominal margin more or less greenish.
Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings, the tibiw and tarsi brownish-ochraceous.
Exp. wings, ¢, 48 to 53 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (coll. Staudinger).—Borneo; Sandakan (Pryer—coll. Dist.).
APPENDIX. 439
Iam at present ignorant as to the female of this species, which like so many others is
common to the Peninsula and Borneo. The specimen figured is from Malacca, and belonging
to Dr. Staudinger.
E. bipunctata is allied to E. decorata.
2, Euthalia decorata (antea, p. 122).
I have received the female of this species from Sungei Ujong. It is paler in hue than the
figure given by Mr. Butler (woodcut 41, antea, p, 122), but this variability is not uncommon in
the genus Huthalia.
The species has also been found by Mr. Pryer in Northern Borneo.
8. Euthalia ramada (antea, p. 122).
Since the description of this species was written a Perak female, in the collection of
Herr Ribbe, has been examined. It somewhat resembles the female of EF. puseda.
22. Euthalia xiphiones. (‘llab. XXXVI, fig. 10%, 92.)
Adolias Xiphiones, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 609, n. 60, t. xiv. f. 6.
Male, “Affinis A. apiadi minor, supra obscurior castaneo-fusea lineis anticarum disealibus magis
approximatis ; postice fascia marginali viridi multo latiore: antice subtus basi flavescentes, punctis apud
apicem albicantibus; postice fundo toto flavo, maculis arew analis cwruleo cinctis, aliter velut in apicde -
corpus supra fuscum, subtus albidum.”
Female. Wings above paler than in the male; anterior wings with two very obseure greyish
subapical spots; posterior wings, unicolorous, without the bluish marginal fascia. Anterior wings
beneath brownish-ochraceous, the base bluish, the two greyish spots above larger, paler and more
prominent beneath, and a pale apical bluish-grey patch, other markings as above; posterior wings beneath
pale bluish, spotted and marked as in male, the upper three of the double series of spots shaded with
greenish-ochraceous, the apical margin brownish-ochraceous. Body and legs more or less concolorous with
wings; legs streaked with brownish.
Exp. wings, ¢, 58 millim.; ¢, 70 millim.
Has.—Burma; Moulmein (Brit. Mus.).—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kunstl.—Cale. Mus.).
This species is allied to the FE. apiades, Mén., a species not uncommon in North-
Kastern India.
23. Euthalia lepidea, var. (Tab. XXXVI, fig. 4¢, 5%.)
Adolias Lepidea, Butler, Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. i. p.71 (1868); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 880,
Adolias Cocytus, Moore (nec Fabr.), Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2, vol. v. p. 76, n. 28 (1859); Prittw. Stett. Ent.
Zeit. 1867, p. 272.
Male. Wings above very dark chocolate-brown; anterior wings with the usual black cellular
markings, and with a narrow ashy-grey outer margin commencing beneath apex; posterior wings with a
broad ashy-grey outer marginal fascia gradually widening from apex to anal angle. Wings beneath pale
Lbrownish-ochraceous, and with two darker fasci crossing both wings beyond cells (sometimes almost
obsolete as on specimen figured), the ashy-grey margins paler and more obsolete beneath; both wings
with the usual cellular markings. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Female. Larger and paler in hue than the male, the wings beneath are brighter, the dark fasciw
more distinct, and on the anterior wings the colour between these fasci# is warm brownish-ochraceous.
440 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Exp. wings, ¢, 62 millim.; ¢, 70 to 75 millim.
Han.—Continental India; Cachar (coll. Dist.).—Burma; Akyab (coll. Dist.).—Tenasserim; Meetan
(Limborg—Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kunstl.—Cale. Mus.).
The few specimens from Perak which have passed through my hands are certainly—
especially in the males—more melanic in hue than my Indian and Burmese examples. Perak
specimens are also variable in the intensity of the markings beneath, as is shown by those here
figured.
Genus TANAKCIA (antea, p. 128).
6. Tanaecia consanguinea. (Tab. XLIIL., fig. 4.)
Tanaécia consanguinea, Distant, ‘ Entomologist,’ vol. xix. p. 11 (1886).
Male. Closely allied to 7’. pulasara, but differing in the following particulars :—The six contiguous
transverse spots on the apical half of the anterior wings are more regular in size, and therefore their inner
margins are subparallel, and not so deeply and sinuously irregular, as in T’. pulasara; these spots are also
darker in hue; the posterior wings have the outer margin of the contiguous spots on outer area bordered
with greyish-white, and the violaceous apical shading in 7. pulasara is absent in T’. consanguinea ; anterior
wings beneath with corresponding differences as above.
Exp. wings, ¢, 55 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kunstl.—coll. Ribbe).—Singapore (coll. Godfery).
7. Tanaécia robertsi (antea, p. 132).
This species is still only known to me by Mr. Butler’s description, no specimen having
been found in any of the numerous collections which have passed through my hands during
the last few years.
8. Tanaecia nicevillei.* (Tab. XL., fig. 9.)
Tenaécia nicévillei, Distant, Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. xiv. p. 199 (1884),
Male. Wings above very dark brownish, with a violaceous tinge; anterior wings with the cell
crossed by two basal black lines, continued beneath to the submedian nervure, two black lines near
middle of cell, the innermost of which has a parallel line between the lower median nervule and the
submedian nervure, and a single black line at end of cell; a small bluish spot near apex and a marginal
bluish fascia commencing about centre of wing and gradually widening to outer angle, where it
possesses two inner lanceolate black spots beneath the lower median nervule, and an inner black streak
at inner margin; posterior wings with a very broad outer marginal bluish fascia, narrowest at apex of
wing, inwardly margined with small blackish spots, and containing a central series of blackish spots placed
between the nervules, which become practically obsolete at the area of the median nervules; three obscure
blackish lines crossing cell, two near centre and one at apex; abdominal margin brownish-ochraceous.
Wings beneath pale brownish-ochraceous ; anterior wings with the black linear ntarkings as above, followed
by a transverse series of five broad fuscous streaks placed between the nervules, those at end of cell largest ;
a pale violaceous marginal fascia with an inner series of lanceolate blackish spots; posterior wings with
the broad outer bluish fascia as above, but paler and more violaceous, its central spots smaller, but more
continuous and distinct, the three dark lines crossing cell as above, a looped line beneath the costal
* Named after my friend Mr. L. de Niceville, of Calcutta, joint author with Col. Marshall of the ‘ Butterflies of India,
Burma and Ceylon.’
APPENDIX, 441
nervure, and an outer cellular series of three dark spots separated by the lower subcostal and discoidal
nervules. Body above and beneath, with legs, more or less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, 3, 57 millim,
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kunstl—Cale. Mus.).
T’. nicévillei is allied to the Bornean species T’. clathrata, Vollenh., and appears to be a
scarce species,
Genus EURIPUS (antea, p. 133).
3. Euripus halitherses, var. ?. (Tab. XLII, fig. 11).
Euripus Halitherses, Doubleday & Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lep. t. 41, f. 2 (1860).
Hestina Isa, Moore (Horsf. & Moore), Cat. Lep. E.I. C. vol. i. p. 161, n. 883 (1857).
Kuripus Haliartus, Feld, Wien. Ent, Mon. iv, p. 234, n. 81 (1860),
Female. Differs from the female of . eupleoides by its much darker coloration, the anterior wings
with no spot in cell, and the oblique macular fascia somewhat smaller; posterior wings with the inner
whitish basal area smaller, and not reaching the subcostal nervure.
Exp. wings, ?, 72 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (coll. Godfery).
A single female specimen collected by Capt. Godfery forms my only knowledge of this
butterfly in the Malay Peninsula. It is clearly a variety or race of K, halitherses, but whether
it should have a distinctive name like HE. eupleoides can only be determined when more
specimens are collected, and the differences (principally the size of the inner whitish area to
the posterior wings) are found to be constant or the reverse.
Genus EURYTELA (antva, p. 135).
1, Eurytela castlenaui (antea, p. 136). (Tab. XLIII., fig. 10 2.)
Female. Wings above brownish-ochraceous; anterior wings with the outer area beyond and beneath
cell paler in hue; posterior wings with a basal and central dark area, but both wings crossed by four dark
linear fascim, two near base, one beyond cells and one submarginal, the third much waved on the anterior
wings, and the fourth much waved on both wings. Wings beneath much paler and more unicolorous than
above, fascie as above. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, 2, 50 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiinstl.—coll. Dist.).
The sexes of this species are widely divergent in hue, and the female is not only a very
rare insect, but does not appear to have been previously figured.
Genus ERGOLIS (antea, p. 137).
3. Ergolis iszeus (antea, p. 139). (Tab. XXXIX., fig. 6.)
Since publishing Mr. Wallace’s description of the above I have acquired specimens, and
am now able to figure the species.
Additional Han,—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiinstl.—coll. Semper) ; Singapore (Godfery—coll. Dist.).
Aveust 30, 1886, 5u
449 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.,
Genus CYRESTIS (antea, p. 139).
8. Cyrestis cocles. (Tab. XLI., fig. 13.)
Papilio Coctes, Fabricius, Mant, Ins, ti. p. 7, n. 83 (1787); Ent. Syst. iii, p. 65, n. 204 (1798); Don. Ins. Ind.
t. 28, f. 2 (1800).
Cyrestis Cocles, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 82, n. 1 (1869); Moore, Proc, Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 829; Wood-Mas.
and de Nic. J. A. 5. Beng. vol. xlix. p. 228, n. 22 (1880).
Male. Wings above pale creamy yellowish; anterior wings with the cell crossed by three dark
greyish and ochraceous fasciw, a short disco-cellular fascia consisting of three dark greyish lines at end of
cell, a short dark greyish and ochraceous fascia beyond end of cell, two similar fascie@ beneath cell, two
small subcostal spots at end of cell, and a broad outer darker margin consisting of waved and somewhat
reticulated dark greyish and pale ochraceous markings, and containing some very obscure central spots;
a black submarginal line, the margin ochraceous, inwardly bluish, the fringe creamy white; posterior
wings with two basal dark greyish and ochraceous fascim, the outer one much angulated and continued
inwardly towards anal angle; between these fascie is a short disco-cellular fascia as on anterior wings,
a short and obscure ochraceous fascia at base, and the outer marginal area as on anterior wings, but with
a distinet central series of five spots with dark bluish centres, two small bluish-grey patches marked with
black on anal-angular area, caudate prolongation bluish-grey. Wings beneath pale creamy white, with the
fasciw and markings above pale and indistinct beneath, the outer marginal spots, however, larger and
blacker, three showing distinctly on anterior wings (two small and subapical and one between the two lower
median nervules), Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, 3, 54 millim.
Has.—Continental India; Silhet (Brit. Mus.).—Andaman Islands; Port Blair (Wood-Mas. & de Nic.).
—Tenasserim; Hatsiega (Limborg—Moore).— Malay Peninsula; Penang (Biggs—coll. Dist.); Perak
(Godfery—coll. Dist. ; Kiunstl.—Cale. Mus.).
4, Cyrestis formosa.
Cyrestis formosa, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. iii. p. 412, n. 681 (1866);
Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J. A. 8. Beng. vol. x. p. 246, n. 80
(1881). ;
Cyrestis horatius, Wood-Mas. & de Nic. Proce. As. Soc. Beng. 1881,
August, p. 142.
Messrs. Wood-Mason and de Nicéville have so clearly
described this species that I reproduce their words:
‘Allied to C. cocles, with which it agrees almost exactly in
the character of the markings of the upperside, but from which it
differs in the pure white ground-colour, painted with different
shades of sepia-brown instead of pale ochraceous-fuscous and
black, the black marks of C. cocles being represented by the darkest
of the sepia colouring, in its larger and more distinct ocelli, and in having a distinct but pale fulvous patch
at the anal angle of the posterior wing; and, on the underside, in having only the lightest portions of the
sepia markings absent and replaced by white or whitish.”
Exp. wings, ¢, 53 to 59 millim.
Han.—Continental India; Orissa (Wood-Mas. & de Nic.).—Andaman Islands (coll. Dist.).—Malay
Peninsula; Perak (Kunstl.—Cale. Mus.).
Fin. 125.—Cyrestis formosa.
APPENDIX, 443
Some specimens of C. formosa received from Perak are much paler in hue, and seem
to connect it with the form or species I described as C. earli (antea, p.141). Mr. de
Nicéville has communicated his opinion to me that he considers C. cocles, C. formosa and
C. earli to be all phases of one species, and certainly there is much to impress this view, which
if accepted must also include and synonymically sink several other described “ species.”
Actual breeding must, however, decide this question, and at present I treat them here as
distinct. Certainly C. cocles is much further removed from C. formosa than the last named
is from C. earli.*
§. Cyrestis periander. (Tab. XLI., fig. 10.)
Papilio Periander, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 9, n. 74 (1787); Ent. Syst. iii, p. 65, n. 204 (1798); Don. Ins.
Ind. t. 87, f. 1 (1800),
Nymphalis Periander, Godt. Ene. Méth. ix, p. 862, n. 42 (1828).
Paphia Periander, Horsf. Cat. Lep. B.1. 0. t. 5, f. 8, 84 (1829).
Cyrestis Periander, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. 1.1. C. vol. i. p. 147, n. 299 (1857); Butl. Oat. Fabr. Lep.
p. 82, n. 2 (1869).
Cyrestis Themire, Honrath, Berl. Entomol. Zeitschr, Bd. xxviii. Heft 1, p. 898, t. x. f. 5 (1884).
Male and Female. Wings above creamy white; anterior wings with the following pale ochraceous
fascie :—two near base, third not extending beneath cell, fourth crossing wing, fifth not extending beneath
cell, and the sixth again crossing wing, apex and outer margin dark fuscous and containing an inner row
of blackish spots and a submarginal blackish line margined on each side with greyish-white, fringe obscure
greyish ; posterior wings with the following pale ochraceous fasci#,—two near base, neither of which reach
the abdominal margin, the third oblique, fourth and fifth crossing wing and fused towards anal angle,
a large pale ochraceous submarginal patch extending from about the discoidal nervule to the anal angle,
outer margin dark fuscous with an inner series of greyish spots with blackish centres and margins situate
on a blackish waved line outwardly margined with greyish, a submarginal waved blackish line margined on
each side with greyish and the fringe obscure greyish. Wings beneath as above, but with the ochraceous
fascie narrower, paler, and somewhat less continuous and more broken. Body above pale fuscous, beneath
with legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, ¢ and ?, 88 to 48 millim,
Han.—Continental India; Assam (Brit. Mus.).— Malay Peninsula; Penang (Biggs & Egerton—coll.
Dist.) ; Perak (Kiimstl.—eoll. Honrath).—Java (Horsf. & Moore).
Genus CHERSONESIA (antea, p. 142).
2. Chersonesia peraka. (‘l'ab. XL., fig. 6).
Chersonesia peraka, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xiv. p. 199 (1884).
Alhed to C. rahria, Moore, but smaller, the ground-colour more ochraceous and less rufous; markings
similar, but with the transverse fasci# broader, much darker, and placed closer together. The obsolete
caudate prolongations in C. rahria near the apices of the first and third median nervules are scarcely
visible in C. peraka, and a structural peculiarity exists in the first subcostal nervule of the anterior wings,
which in the species I here describe impinges near its base on the costal nervure.
Exp. wings, ¢, 28 millim.; 9, 34 millim.,
Has.—Malay Peninsula ; Perak (Kiinstl.—Cale. Mus.).
_* The fanambulatory path of the specific discriminator is not enlightened, but rather darkened, by such unexpected
problems as these poor Cyrestida afford. In fact, the whole canon of specific differentiation frequently partakes of the nature
of the old scholastic jargon, and some future historian who may write on the elassificatory system pursued by many naturalists
of these days might almost use the words of the venerable—or to some flippant—Jortin D.D., who, writing of a.p. 1000,
remarks :— Tn this age, though dark and ignorant, a subtle question was started, relating to dialectics, concerning wniversats,
as they were called, or the genera and species rerum; whether they were realities and substances, or more names. .... This
controversy was warmly agitated for many ages and caused furious contentions."—(‘ Remarks upon Ecclesiastical History.’)
444 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Genus LEBADEA (antea, p. 144).
2. Lebadea ismene.
Limenitis Ismene, Doubleday & Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lep. t. 84, f. 2 (1850).
Male. Very closely allied to L. martha, but larger, the ground colour rufous-red, and not brownish-
ochraceous; posterior wings with the discal oblique white fascia broader than in L. martha, and the space
between the fuscous lunulate spots and the submarginal line considerably broader than in the Fabrician
species.
Exp. wings, ¢, 55 to 60 millim.
Has.—Continental India; Silhet (coll. Dist.) —Malay Peninsula; Langkawi Islands (coll. Birch and
Egerton).
Genus NEPTIS (antea, p. 149).
13. Neptis miah, var. (Tab. XLI., fig. 14).
Neptis Miah, Moore (Horsf. & Moore), Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. vol. i. p. 164. n. 889, t. 4a, f. 1 (1857); Proe,
Zool, Soc. 1858, p. 4, n. 5.
Mr. Moore has thus described his species :—‘‘ Upper-side brown-black: fore-wing with a longitudinal
streak from base of wing, an oblique transverse short apical fascia, and which nearly meets a reversely-
oblique fascia on posterior margin, rufous: hind-wing with a nearly straight broad inner band, and a
narrow submarginal band rufous. Under-side dark ferrugimous: jore-wing with the longitudinal and
oblique marks pinky-white; two narrow submarginal lines purple: hind-wing with inner band pinky-
white; two submarginal and a less distinct middle line purple; costal margin at the base whitish.”
Exp. wings, “‘ 22 inches.”
Has.—Continental India; Sikkim (de Nicéville); Darjeeling (coll. Dist.).—Malay Peninsula; Perak
(Kunstl.—coll. Ribbe).
A single specimen of this species from the Malay Peninsula has alone passed through my
hands. This, as the figure shows, differs in some slight peculiarities—principally in the size
and shape of the rufous fascie to the anterior wings—from typical specimens from Darjeeling ;
but the differences are only slight, and such as are not uncommon in other species of the
genus.
In Sikkim Mr. de Nicéville found it “‘ not rare at low elevations. I took it settled to drink
on damp sand,”’*
N. miah belongs to the section of the genus which contains N. tiga, and is here arranged
after that species.
5a. Neptis vikasa, var. harita. (Tab. XLIII., fig. 8).
Neptis Harita, Moore, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1874, p. 571, t. 66, f. 8.
I here give Mr. Moore’s original description of a specimen from E. Bengal :—
“Male and female. Upperside olive-brown; fore wing with paler and rather indistinct discoidal
streak and dentate disco-cellular mark; two transverse discal series of pale black-bordered zigzag lunules,
and a submarginal similar lunular line; hind wing with pale narrow subbasal transverse band, with dark
outer border, beyond which is a blackish fascia, and then a submarginal row of pale-bordered dark lunules
(these lunules being triangular in the female). Underside olive-brown; markings as above, but whiter.”
Exp. wings, “‘ 2 inches.” |
Haz.—Continental India; E. Bengal (Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kunstl.—coll. Ribbe).
* J. A. 8, Beng, vol. li. p. 58, n. 151 (1882).
APPENDIX. 445
As Mr. Moore observes, N. harita is closely allied to N. vikasi, “but may be distinguished
from it by its smaller size, less distinct markings, and in the submarginal band of the hind
wing being formed of distinct lunules.” ‘The last character is the only reliable one I can find,
and I therefore prefer to look upon it as a varietal form only. The figure here given of
N. vikasi has already (antea, p. 152) been reported as unsatisfactory.
14, Neptis anjana, var. (Tab. XXXVL., fig. 11.)
Neptis Anjana, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 309.
The following is the original description of this species :—
“g. Upper side very dark olivaceous-brown; fore wing with a slender, but not very prominent,
ochreous-brown narrow discoidal streak, a curved discal macular band, a submarginal and a less distinct
marginal line; hind wing with a slender transverse subbasal band, a recurved discal band, and narrower
but less distinct marginal line. Underside dark chestnut-red; fore wing with the diseoidal streak,
transverse outer bands glossy purplish blue, the lower part of the discal band being pale ochreous; hind
wing with two medial, two discal bands, a very slender marginal glossy purplish blue and a broad paler
basal band.”
Exp. wings, ‘24 inches.”
Has.—Burma; Moulmein (coll. Moore).— Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiinstl.—coll. Ribbe); Sungei
Ujong (Durnford—coll. Dist.).
A specimen received from Sungei Ujong is here figured. I have carefully compared
this specimen with Mr. Moore’s Moulmein type, and find slight differences in the following
particulars:—it is darker, the discal bands beneath are slightly wider apart, and the
submarginal fascia is somewhat less lunular; but all these differences are not constant, as a
Perak specimen in the collection of Herr Ribbe is much lighter in hue.
N. anjana is here arranged after N. vihkasi.
Genus ATHYMA (antea, p. 156).
6. Athyma kresna (antea, p. 161).
Since describing the female as differing in ‘no essential respects from the male," the
only distinguishing character being that in the female the cellular streak of the anterior wings
is apparently never broken, Mr. Moore has pointed out to me that this female represents his
A. kanwa,* and he considers the true female to be a yellow and brown form, much like the
corresponding sex of A. nefte, or again it may be his A. subrata (antea, p. 164), of which also
female specimens are alone known. Breeding must decide this point, and my own opinion
leans to the supposition that all these three distinctly marked females belong to A. /rresna, and
are trimorphic varieties of that species.
Genus HYPOLIMNAS (antea, p. 164).
4. Hypolimnas anomala (antea, p. 169). (Tab. XLI., f. 1,24: 3,42.)
Since giving the description of the above species I have received a fair series of specimens,
and am now able to give figures of both sexes. It is, like most of the other members of the
venus, a very variable species.
* Proc. Zool, Soc. 1858, p. 17, n. 17, t. 51, f 2.
Sept. 30, 1886.
446 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Additional Han.—Malay Peninsula; Penang (Biggs—coll. Dist.) ; Province Wellesley (Birch); Perak
(Kiinstl—Cale. Mus.); Sungei Ujong (Durnford—coll. Dist.); Singapore (Kerr—coll. Dist.).—Borneo;
Sandakan (coll. Pryer).
From information contained in a letter sent me by Mr. J. K. Birch, this species appears
to be not uncommon in some parts of Province Wellesley in the month of December.
Genus HESTINA (to follow Hypormrnas).
Hestina, Westwood, Diadema, sect. 6, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 281 (1850).
This genus may be synoptically separated from Hypolimnas, with which it has considerable affinity,
by the character of the cells of both wings being open and not closed by a disco-cellular nervule.
The distribution of this genus appears to be focussed in Northern India, and it is also
found in China.
1. Hestina nama. (Tab. XLIIL., fig. 92).
Diadema Nama, Doubleday, Ann. Nat. Hist. xvi. p. 282 (1845); Doub. & Hew. Gen, Diurn. Lep. t. 39, f. 2
(1850).
Hestina nama, De Nic. J. A. 5. Beng. vol. x. p. 50, n. 25 (1881); ibid. vol. Li. p, 68 (1882),
Male. Anterior wings above very dark indigo-blue, with the following pale bluish markings :—a basal
streak in cell, followed by two spots, and two other similar spots at end of cell, a curved discal series of six
linear spots placed between the nervules, the lowermost longest and duplex; beyond these are an irregular
cluster of spots, with a distinct submarginal series, basal two-thirds of inner margin pale bluish. Posterior
wings creamy with a bluish tinge, the neuration and a broad outer margin castaneous, the last containing
some dark spots which are inwardly margined by some small pale creamy spots, extreme outer margin
sublunulate and paler in hue. Anterior wings beneath as above, but the ground colour of the apical area
ferruginous; posterior wings beneath as above, but paler, and with the outer sublunulate spots creamy
white and with three somewhat large subapical spots of the same colour. Body above dark indigo-blue ;
head and anterior portion of pronotum spotted with ereamy-white, lateral margins of pronotum pale
hluish-grey; body beneath thickly spotted with creamy-white; abdomen with a lateral stripe of the same
colour on each side; legs streaked with creamy-white.
Exp. wings, ¢, 85 to 90 millim.
Har.—Continental India; Sikkim (de Nic.).—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Hgerton—coll. Dist.).
The exertions of Mr. W. Egerton have enabled me to add this butterfly to the list of
species composing our rhopalocerous fauna. My collection contains male specimens only, and
Mr. de Nicéville narrates his collecting experiences in Sikkim with reference to this species as
‘‘males only taken on the lower hills. On the wing it much resembles Danais tytia.” *
Genus CETHOSIA (antea, p. 170).
4. Cethosia biblis. (Tab. XXXVIII., fig. 32.)
- Papilio Biblis, Drary, I, Ex. Ent, i. t. 4, f. 2(1773); Cram. Pap. Ex, ii. t. 175, A, B (1779).
Alazonia Symbiblis, p., Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 46, n. 421 (1816),
Cethosia Biblina, Godt. Enc. Méth. ix. p, 248, mn, 12 (1819).
Cethosia Biblis, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. B.I.C. vol. i. p. 168, n. 817 (1857); De Nic. J. A.S. Beng,
vol, L. p. 50, n. 14 (1881),
* This of course does not necessarily imply that one species mimics the other, though such is probably the case. In
forming these likely conclusions one is reminded of the apothegm of Bacon:—“ The Lord St. Albans, who was not over husty
to raise theories, but proceeded slowly by experiments, was wont to say to some philosophers, who would not go his pace,
‘Gentlemen, nature is a labyrinth, in which the very haste you move with will make you lose your way.’ "
APPENDIX. 447
This species is here perhaps best described by a differential comparison with C. logani
(antea, p. 170) :—
Male. Allied to C. logani, but wanting the large subquadrate white spots between the first and third
median nervules of the anterior wings; the black margin to the posterior wings is narrower, and is preceded
by a linear black macular fascia, and the marginal lunulate linear spots are much brighter in C. biblis.
On the under surface of the wings the pale fascie are narrower and more regular than in C. logant.
Female. Wings paler and more ochraceous than in male.
Exp. wings, ¢ & @, 62 to 85 millim.
Has.—Continental India; Sikkim (de Niec.); Cachar (coll. Dist.); Darjeeling (Horsf. & Moore).—
Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiinstl.—Cale. Mus.).
Mr. de Nicéville, who has had more than the usual experience of collecting in Sikkim,
remarks :—‘* The rich red of its upper surface with a long violet reflection makes this species
one of the handsomest insects on the wing I know.’ *
Genus CIRROCHROA (antea, p. 177).
6. Cirrochroa rotundata (antea, p. 181). (Tab. XLL., fig. 12 ¢).
Since enumerating this species I have received an undoubted female specimen, which
I have here figured (Tab. XLI., fig. 12). It is thus apparent that Mr. Butler mistook the sex
of his type specimen (which I previously figured—Tab. X., fig. 10), and that it was the male sex.
As I followed the error, the correction will be, (Tab. X., fig. 10 ¢; Tab. XLL., fig. 12 ¢ ).
Additional Has.—Malay Peninsula; Penang (Biggs—coll. Dist.).
Genus PADUCA (to follow CrrrocHroa).
Puduca, Moore, List Lep. Mergui Archipel. Journ. Linn. Soc. 1886.
Mr. Moore, who has just proposed this genus, and given me the above reference to its
forthcoming publication, has also favoured me with the following diagnosis :—
“Male. Wings narrower than in Cirrochroa, fore wings more triangular in form; fourth subcostal
further from the third; disco-cellular inwardly oblique; two upper medians at a short distance beyond the
cell. Venation of hind wings very similar, the inner submedian straighter. Antenn# with a much stouter
and shorter terminal club; palpi narrower.”
“Type. P. fasetata.”
1. Paduca fasciata. (Tab. XL., fig. 12.)
Atella Fasciata, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. iv. p. 286, n. 88 (1860).
Cirrochroa Fasciata, Feld. Wien. Ent. Mon. v. p. 801, n. 14 (1861); Reise Nov. Lep. ii. t. 49, f. 9, 10 (1866);
Druce, Proe. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 842, n. 8.
Male and Female. Wings above dark brown; anterior wings with the following pale stramineous
markings :—a moderately broad discal, oblique fascia, commencing between the two upper median nervules
and terminating on inner margin, two spots a little beyond end of cell, a submarginal series of spots, the
uppermost situate between the discoidal nervules, and the lowermost with an inner blackish spot, these
are followed by an outer series of lunules, which margin the innermost of two dark fascie; posterior
wings with an oblique discal fascia continuous to that on upper wings, an outer discal macular fascia
* J.A.5S. Beng. vol. 1. p. 60 (1881).
445 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
inwardly margined with small black spots, with lunules and dark marginal fasciw as on anterior wings.
Wings beneath very much paler than above, the stramineous areas more nearly confluent in the male.
Exp. wings, ¢ & @, 40 to 48 millim.
Hapn.—Mergui Archipelago (coll. Anderson).— Malay Peninsula; Provinee Wellesley (Bireh—coll.
Dist.); Perak (Kunstl.—Cale. Mus.); Larut (Durnford—coll. Dist.).—Borneo (Druce); Sandakan (Pryer—
coll. Dist.).—Philippine Islands ; Mindoro (Felder).
Fam. ERYCINIDAS (antea, p. 185).
Subfam. LIBYTHASIN A.
Lihjtheine, Bates, Journ. Ent, ii. p. 176 (1864); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 67 (1881); Marsh. & de Nic.
Butt. India, Burm. & Ceyl. vol. i. 18 (1882).
Libytheida, Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 412 (1851); Godm. & Salv. Biol. Centr. Amer. Rhop. vol. i. p. 859
(1884).
This subfamily of the Erycinide is at once distinguishable from the Nemeobiine by the great
development of the palpi, which are very long and protruding, and united at their apices, thus forming
a long conical beak. The pupa is also freely suspended by the tail.
The species of Libytheine are apparently well included in one genus, and are not only
distributed in the temperate and tropical portions of the Old World, but are also found in the
Nearctic and Neotropical Regions. None, however, have been recorded from Australia or the
Islands of the Pacific.
Genus LIBYTHEA.
Libythea, Fabricius, Ill. Mag. vi. p. 284 (1807); Latr. Ene. Méth. ix. p. 10 (1819); Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep.
p. 412 (1851); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 67 (1881); Godm. & Salv. Biol. Centr. Am. Rhop. vol. i.
p. 859 (1884).
Hecaerge, Ochsenh. Schmett. Kur. iv. p. 82 (1816); Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 100 (1816).
Chitea, Billb. Enum. Ins. p. 79 (1820).
As this genus represents the subfamily, the diagnostic characteristics already given for
the Libytheine are equally applicable to the genus Libythea, and need not be recapitulated.
1. Libythea myrrha. (Tab, XLII., fig. 2.)
Libythea Myrrha, Godart, Ene. Méth, ix. p. 171, n. 4 (1819); Boisd, Sp. Gén. i, t. 10, f. 8 (1886); Gray, Lep.
Ins. Nep. t. 12, f. 4 (1846); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus, E.1.C. vol. i. p. 240, n. 518 (1857);
Wall. Trans. Ent, Soc. 1969, p. 835, n. 1; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 847, n. 1; Moore, Proc.
“Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 8382; ibid. 188%, p. 248.
Heeaerge Myrrha, Hibn. Zutr. Ex. Schmett. f. 789, 790 (1882).
Wings above very dark chocolate-brown ; anterior wings with a broad longitudinal streak passing along
the median nervure and continued towards outer margin, and two subapical spots—sometimes separate,
but generally connected, at their angles—reddish-ochraceous; posterior wings with a broad central reddish-
ochraceous fascia which is angulated near apex. Anterior wings beneath much paler than above, the
longitudinal fascia broader, the subapical spots distinctly separated, the apex with a violaceous tinge ;
posterior wings beneath violaceous, thickly mottled with dark strigm, a dark purplish patch near apex,
and the central fascia as above pale and obscurely seen beneath. Body and legs more or less concolorous
with wings.
xp. wings, J, 50 millim.
APPENDIX. 449
Har.—Continental India; N.W. Himalaya (Hoecking—Moore); Darjeeling (Horsf. & Moore),—Burma ;
Moulmein (Limborg—Moore).—Tenasserim; Meetan, Hatsiega (Limborg—Moore).— Malay Peninsula;
Perak (Goodrich & Egerton—coll. Dist.).—Borneo (Druce).
The Rev, J. H. Hocking describes this species as “a tree-perching insect. Settles with
vertical wings.’ *
Subfam. NEMBOBIIN AD (antea, p. 186).
Genus ABISARA (antea, p. 188).
7. Abisara neophron. (Tab. XXXVL., fig. 6.)
Sospita Neophron, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. ii. Sosp. t. 1, f. 3 (1861).
Abisara Neaphron, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 883.
Mr. Hewitson thus describes his species :—
““Upperside. Male rufous-brown. Anterior wing crossed transversely at the middle by a broad
band of white, and obliquely beyond the middle by a narrow, obscure, rufous band. Tke outer margin
pale from the middle to the anal angle, traversed by a dark line. Posterior wing tailed. Crossed beyond
the middle and near the outer margin by waved rufous bands. Two large black spots at the apex,
separated by a line of orange. A submarginal band of white traversed by a black line. The tail white.”
“Underside as above.”
Exp. wings, “‘ 275 in.”
Has.—Continental India; Silhet (coll. Hewits.).—Tenasserim; Moolai (Limborg—Moore).
Peninsula; Perak (Kunstl.—ecoll. Anderson).
This species will here follow A. savitri.
Malay
8. Abisara telesia. (Tab. XL., figs.2¢, 3%.)
Tawxila Telesia, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. ii. Tar. t. 1, f. 1, 2 (1861); Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. viii. p. 149 (1865) ;
Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. B47, n. 5.
“Upperside. Male dark brown. Anterior wing with the apex and outer margin carmine, the inner
margin produced, rounded, with near its middle an oval spot of lilac-white.”
*‘Underside carmine, with bands and spots of blue and black. Anterior wing with the apex rufous;
a longitudinal and transverse band within the cell blue, a second transverse band also blue, followed by
five blue spots, bordered inwardly with black. The inner margin where the wings touch, light yellow.
Posterior wing with numerous black and blue spots. Crossed near the outer margin by a band of light blue
and a band of light yellow, each bordered with black, and separated by a band of the same colour.’’
Female. Anterior wings above carmine, with some seattered discal pale brownish markings and
some irregular subapical greyish shadings; posterior wings pale brownish, with marginal and submarginal
dark fascie, the upper two median and the discoidal nervules shaded with pale carmine. Wings beneath
as in male.
Exp. wings, ¢ & 2, 40 to 42 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiinstl.—Cale. Mus.).—Sumatra (coll. Hewits.)—Borneo (Druce) ;
Sarawak (Hewits.).
6. Abisara damajanti (antea, p. 192), (Tab. XL., fig. 10¢, 112.)
Since enumerating this species I have been enabled to figure what appear to be both sexes.
Har.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiinst].—Cale. Mus.).
: * Proc. Zool, Soc, 1882, p. 248.
sept. 30, 1886.
450 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Genus SIMISKINA (to follow Astsara).
Simiskina, Distant, ‘ Entomologist,’ vol. xix. p. 12 (1886).
This genus differs from Abisara in having the lower disco-cellular nervule of the posterior wings much
longer than the upper, thus resembling Stiboges; but from that genus it is easily distinguished by the
subcostal nervules of the posterior wings, which bifurcate before the upper end of cell. In shape of wings
and general superficial features Simiskina resembles Alisara.
1. Simiskina fulgens. (Tab. XLII., fig. 3.)
Simiskina fidgens, Distant, ‘ Entomologist,’ vol. xix. p. 12 (1686).
Wings above bright ochraceous; anterior wings with the apex, and outer and inner margins, broadly
dark brownish, with a narrow linear disco-cellular spot of the same colour; posterior wings with the
cellular area, the whole area between cell, upper median nervule, and abdominal margin, and a broad outer
macular margin, dark brownish. Wings beneath pale ochraceous; both wings with linear pale castaneous
disco-cellular spots, a much-waved castaneous fascia crossing the wings beyond cells, recurved, and
terminating on abdominal margin of posterior wings; two fainter outer discal fasciw, the outermost of
which is blackened on posterior wings; outer margin pale castaneous on posterior wings, preceded by two
dark linear fascim. Body above fuscous; beneath more or less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, 36 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Penang (Goodrich—coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (coll. Staud.),
Fam. LYCASNID (antea, p. 193).—Group CURETARIA (antea, p. 196).
Genus PORITIA (antea, p. 197).
In my diagnosis of this genus I stated that ‘‘according to my view there are three”
subcostal nervules to the anterior wings. Mr. Moore has since pointed out to me that there
are four, the first being very short and minute.
8. Poritia pharyge. (Tab. XLL., fig. 8.)
Poritia Pharyge, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 845; Ol. Diurn. Lep., Lye,, p. 215, t. 68, f, 8, 9 (1878),
Wings above blackish, with the following bluish-green markings; anterior wings with a longitudinal
fascia along the median nervure, a curved fascia on base of inner margin, three subapical spots and a
marginal series of six spots; posterior wings with a longitudinal fascia along the submedian nervure, two
discal and three marginal spots; costal area of posterior wings brownish. Wings beneath brownish ;
anterior wings with a dark linear disco-cellular spot, followed by two linear fascim crossing wing which
are more or less margined with greyish; posterior wings with a dark linear disco-cellular spot, two discal
narrow waved dark fascia more or less margined with greyish, a similarly coloured and margined waved
fascia, extending from the upper median nervule to anal angle, and a marginal narrow bluish and black
fascia at the same area,
' Exp. wings, 28 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kimstl.—coll. Ribbe).—Borneo (coll. Hewits.).
Genus DERAMAS.
Deramas, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xvii. p. 252 (1886),
This genus is closely allied to Poritia, but differs by possessing jive subcostal nervules in the anterior
wings; of these the first is very short, emitted at about one-third before the end of cell, and joins the
APPENDIX. 451
costal nervure; second emitted nearer first than third; third from end of cell; fourth bifurcating from
third at about half its length; fifth bifureating from third about midway between base of fourth and
apex of wing.
1. Deramas livens. (Tab. XLIL., fig. 15 2.)
Deramas livens, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. xvii. p. 252 (1886).
Male. Wings above dark cwrulean-blue; anterior wings with the neuration, costal, cellular, and apical
areas, outer margin narrowly, to outer angle, and inner margin narrowly dark fuscous; posterior wings
with a cellular tuft of long hairs, costal and abdominal areas, posterior margin, and a more or less
continuous series of marginal spots placed on the nervules dark fuscous. Wings beneath pale brownish
ochraceous; both wings with a narrow, linear, much waved and dislocated castaneous fascia, between
which and outer margin the colour is much suffused with greyish; posterior wings with a short, narrow,
strongly waved linear blackish fascia at anal angle. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, 30 millim.
Has.— Malay Peninsula; Singapore (coll. Godfery).
Genus CURETIS (antea, p. 201).
2. Curetis zsopus (antea, p. 202). (‘Tab. XLIV., fig. 14 2.)
I am now able to figure the female of this species, of which the original description has
previously been given,
Additional Han.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (coll. Dist.).
5. Curetis insularis. Tab. XLIL., figs.6¢, 72.)
Phedra Insularis, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E. 1. C. p. 125, n. 52 (1829).
Anops Insularis, Horsf. & Moore, Cat, Lep. Mus. E, 1, C, vol. i. p. 68, t. la, f. 14 (1857).
Male. Wings above shining sanguineous; anterior wings with the base brownish, the costal, apical
and outer marginal areas black; posterior wings with the outer margin black, the basal, abdominal and
anal-angular areas brownish. Wings beneath pale creamy-white, with a stramineous tinge, both wings
crossed beyond cells by a waved and more or less broken linear blackish fascia inwardly margined with
bluish-grey, and both wings with a submarginal series of small black spots. Body above dark brownish ;
body beneath more or less concolorous with wings.
Female.—Wings above dark chocolate-brown; anterior wings with a large discal orange-yellow patch
which occupies the lower portion of cell, is continued beneath cell, and extends to a short distance from
outer margin; posterior wings with a small curved orange-yellow patch extending from upper subcostal
nervule to about end of cell. Wings beneath as in male.
Exp. wings, ¢ and ?, 35 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiinstl.—coll. Dist.) ; Selangor; Kwala Lumpor (Biggs—coll. Dist.).
—Java (Horsfield).
‘This species is here arranged after C. felderi.
Genus PARAGERYDUS (antea, p. 207).
Mr. Butler has recently expressed his opinion* that Felder’s genus Allotinus is synonymi¢
with Paragerydus, for the reason that he proposes d. fallax{ as the type of Allotinus, whilst
I have taken A. subviolaceus as the typical species.
* Ent, Month. Mag. vol. xxii. p. 59 (1885), + A species found in the Philippine Islands.
452 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA,
Genus LOGANIA (antea, p. 208).
2. Logania sriwa. (Tab. XLIYV., fig. 16.)
Logania sriwa, Distant, Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xvii. p. 531 (1886).
Wings above violaceous-white; anterior wings with the costal margin spotted with fuscous and the
apical area (not quite reaching to outer angle) dark fuscous; posterior wings with the fringe spotted with
fuscous. Wings beneath fuscous-brown with darker blotches, and irrorated and speckled with greyish-
white; this whitish coloration is most prominent on the anterior wings at apex and outer angles, and on
the posterior wings it appears as an irregular broad subcostal streak: the posterior wings are also more
darkly marked than the anterior. Body above brownish, beneath greyish; legs very pale brownish with
dark annulations.
Exp. wings, 24 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (coll. Staudinger).
Genus ALLOTINUS (antea, p. 208).
Mr. Butler's interpretation of this genus has already been referred to (antea, p. 451).
8. Allotinus alkamah, n.sp. (Tab. ALIV., fig. 3 ¢.)
Male. Allied to A. subviolaceus, Felder,* from which it differs by the much larger violaceous area
to the anterior wings, and consequent considerable diminution in the width of the blackish margin to the
same. Wings beneath as in A. subviolaceus (judging from Felder’s figure), but having some distinct short
transverse darker strige.
Female. Resembling the male, but the posterior wings paler and more violaceous.
Exp. wings, ¢, 26 millim.; ?, 85 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (coll. Staudinger).—Sumatra (Forbes—coll. Dist.).
Genus CYANIRIS (antea, p. 210).
3. Cyaniris jynteana, var. (Tab. XLIV., fig. 6 &.)
Cyaniris jynteana, Moore, Proc, Zool, Soe. 1888, p. 524, t. 48, f. 10; De Nic. J. A.5. Beng. vol. lii. p, 69, n. 5,
t. 1, f. 7, Ta (1884). +
‘Near C. puspa. Male——Fore wing comparatively shorter, the blue less intense and slightly paler ;
the discal area slightly white speckled; with a blackish outer marginal band of one-twelfth inch in width ;
hind wing with a narrow macular marginal band. Underside greyish white; fore wing with a slender
indistinct dusky-black discocellular streak, four transverse discal, outwardly oblique, short linear spots,
a small costal spot, a submarginal and marginal row of lunular spots; hind wing with three small black
subbasal spots, an irregular discal transverse series of nine spots, an indistinct submarginal and marginal
row of dentate lunular spots.”
The above is Mr. Moore's description of the male, the following is Mr. de Nicéville’s
deseription of the other sex :—
“ Female——Upperside, forewing with all but the middle of the dise (which is white glossed with
iridescent blue) black; a discocellular black spot. Hindwing blackish, white in the middle, glossed with
blue, and along the veins irrorated with black scales; a submarginal series of pale lunules. Underside
marked exactly as in the male.”
* A Javan species.
| Both Mr. Moore and Mr. de Nicéville seem to have deseribed this species under the same name at about the same
time. Mr, Moore's description, however, has priority, as the portion of the ‘ Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal’ in which
Mr. de Nicéville’s contribution appeared, though bearing date 1883, was really delayed in publication till 1884.
APPENDIX, . 453
Exp. wings, d, “14 to 12 inch” (Moore); ?, ‘'*9 to 1°25 inches” (de Nic.).
Has.—Continental India; Khasia and Jyntea Hills (Moore); Sikkim, Shillong (de Nic.).— Malay
Peninsula; Malacea (coll. Staudinger).
A single male Malaccan specimen in the collection of Dr. Staudinger forms my only
knowledge of this species from the Peninsula. Although this specimen differs from the typical
form of the species by the darker colouring of the anterior wings, and especially by the
brownish hue of the posterior wings, it was yet identified without doubt by Mr. Moore himself as
representing his C. jynteana. When one compares the figures of this species given by Messrs.
Moore, de Nicéville, and myself, the difficulty of properly portraying the colour of these small
Lycenide (either by hand-colouring or chromo-lithography) becomes painfully apparent. This
difficulty, however, is scarcely detrimental to determination, for the markings beneath, on which
true identification depends, will be seen to be uniform and unmistakable.
That the species is variable is shown by the following remarks of Mr. de Nicéville :—
“Four male and two female specimens of this species were taken by me at different elevations
in Sikkim in October. The males differ in size, in the absence in two of them of the white
patch on the dise of the forewing on the upperside, and also in the width of the marginal black
border, which in some specimens disappears at the hinder angle. The underside is very
constant, all the spots and markings being very small and distinct.’’ *
4, Cyaniris placida. (Tab. XLIV., fig. 7 #.)
Cyaniris placida, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1888, p- 625, t. 48, f.5; De Nic. J. A. 8. Beng, vol. lii. p. 68, n. 3,
t. 1, f. 8 (1888).
“Allied to C. lavendularis.t Male-—Upperside of a darker but duller blue, and of an uniform tint
throughout, C. lavendularis having the discal area of both wings slightly whitish; marginal black borders
similar but slightly narrower. Underside similarly marked, except that in the fore wing there are but
four transverse discal spots, which are also disposed in a more linear series.”'
Exp. wings, “14 inch.”
Han.—Continental India; Darjeeling (coll. Moore); Sikkim; Sibsagar, Upper Assam (de Nic.).—
Malay Peninsula; Penang (Biggs—coll. Dist.).
A single specimen of this species, collected by the Rey. L. Biggs in Penang, has alone
reached me from the Peninsula. Mr. de Nicéville writes that it is very common in Sikkim;
he “took it at various elevations in October, and Mr. Otto Moller has taken it in large numbers
in the spring.”
5. Cyaniris sp.? (Tab. XLIV., fig. 10 ¢.)
Tam unable to definitely identify this species, and having but one specimen of one sex
before me at present, and judging that such may most probably prove to be the female of some
other described species, I here merely figure and draw attention to it.
Exp. wings, 2, 30 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (coll. Staudinger).
* J. A.5. Beng. vol. lil, p. 69. + A Ceylonese species.
bepr. 30, 1886,
454 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Genus ZIZERA (antea, p. 212).
8. Zizera pygmea.
Lyecana Pyqmea, Snellen, Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 158, t. 7, f. 8 (1876).
4izera Pyymea, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 79, t. 86, f. 5, 5a (1881).
Male. Wings above resembling Z. lysizone. Wings beneath pale greyish-
brown; anterior wings with nine dark spots margined with greyish, one long and
linear at end of cell, the rest smaller, two subcostal, and six submarginal; posterior
wings with a linear disco-cellular spot at end of cell, a series of ten spots in
Fro, 120.—Zizera pygmea, Circular discal series, two similar spots situate one in and one beneath cell, and two
small contiguous spots at base; both wings with two marginal brownish linear
sublunulate fascise, the outermost broadest, and both margined with greyish, a blackish marginal line
and the fringe greyish-brown.
Exp. wings, 20 millim.
Has.—Ceylon (Thwaites—coll. Dist.).—Malay Peninsula; Singapore (coll. G. F. Mathew).—Java ;
Batavia (Snellen)...
This species was captured at Singapore by Mr. Gervase F. Mathew, R.N., and is, so
far as I am aware, the only record of it from the Peninsula.
4, Zizera? usta. (‘l'ab. XLIV., fig. 5.)
Aizera? usta, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser, 5, vol. xvii. p. 681 (1886).
Wings above violaceous-brown. Wings beneath greyish-ochraceous; anterior wings with two
contiguous fuscous spots at centre of cell, a fuscous discocellular spot at end of cell, and five spots of the
same colour in a curved submarginal series; posterior wings with two large black spots near costal
margin, the outermost with a small fuscons spot beneath it, a small fuscous spot in cell, and a disco-
cellular streak of the same colour at end of cell, and with the following blackish spots :—one beneath and
near base of cell, two near abdominal margin, one near anal angle, and four in a curved series beyond cell,
and with a double series of pale fuscous, linear, submarginal spots; fringe of both wings fuscous. Body
and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, 20 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (coll. Staudinger).
1 place this species provisionally in the genus Zizera, from which it differs by having
the first subcostal nervule completely anastomosed with the costal nervure. The typical
specimen, however, is not only unique, but also not my own property, thus preventing that
detailed structural examination which is necessary for exact generic determination, but which
is liable at the same time to injure the specimen.
Group CASTALARIA (antea, p. 214)—Genus NACADUBA (antea, p. 218),
1. Nacaduba macropthalma (antea, p. 218). (Tab. XLIV., fig. 82.) .
I am now able to figure the female of this species, and at the same time to portray more
carefully the markings on the under surface of the anterior wings than they are represented by
the figure of the male specimen previously given.
This female specimen is from Malacca, and is in the collection of Dr. Staudinger.
APPENDIX. 455
7. Nacaduba kerriana. (Tab. XLI, fig. 12.)
Nacaduba kerriana, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat, Hist. ser. 6, vol. xvii. p. 258 (1886),
Wings above pale lavender-blue; anterior wings with the costal margin narrowly and the outer margin
more broadly fuscous; posterior wings with the outer margin fuscous, and with marginal fuscous spots
separated by the median nervules, and which are divided from the outer margin by narrow greyish, linear
markings; tail-like appendages fuscous, with the apices greyish-white. Wings beneath pale greyish-brown ;
anterior wings with the following whitish fascim :—one crossing cell just before apex, and extending from
subcostal nervure to near inner margin; a short disco-cellular fascia just beyond end of cell, preceded by
a small spot between the second and third subcostal nervules; these are followed by a fascia which nearly
crosses the whole breadth of wing, commencing at second subcostal nervule and extending to near inner
margin, the outermost fascia being shorter and commencing at lower subcostal nervule terminates on
second median nervule; outer margin broadly whitish, containing a double series of dark fuscous spots,
extreme margin dark fuscous; fringe brownish: posterior wings crossed by a series of whitish fascim, the
outer margin as on anterior wings with two marginal black spots, which are separated by the second
mediam nervule and are irrorated by bluish seales and preceded by ochraceous shading. Body above and
beneath more or less concolorous with wings; legs fuscous, streaked with greyish.
Exp. wings, 35 millim
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacea (coll. Stand.) ; Singapore (Kerr—coll. Dist.).
I am indebted to Major Kerr for a single specimen of this species, which is probably
not so very rare, but requiring its localities and times of appearance to be discovered.
Genus EVERES (antea, p. 221).
9. Everes exiguus, nsp. (Tab. XLIV., fig. 17 ¢.)
Female. Wings above pale dusky-brown, the basal areas more or less shaded with violaceous-blue;
posterior wings with a submarginal broken lunate greyish fascia and a marginal series of blackish spots
margined with greyish, the spot between the two lower median nervules inwardly margined with reddish-
ochraceous; fringe greyish. Wings beneath greyish-brown: anterior wings with three discal greyish-
margined fasciw, the first short at end of cell, the second extending from the bifurcation of the fourth and
fifth subcostal nervules to the second median nervule, the third commencing at that nervule, its outer
margin being connected with the inner margin of the second fascia, a submarginal greyish-margined fascia,
and a small subeostal greyish-margined spot on the inner side of the second discal fascia. Posterior wings
with three discal greyish-margined fascim, the first shortish at end of cell, the second longest and reaching
the second median nervule, the third commencing at that nervule, its inner margin connected with the
outer margin of the first, two greyish-margined spots at base, one in and one beneath cell, beyond the
outer fascia is a greyish lunulate line, and a marginal series of greyish-bordered spots, the spots between
the two lower median nervules broadly margined inwardly with reddish-ochraceous, and a small ochraceous
spot at anal angle; two black grey-margined subcostal spots. Body and legs more or less concolorous
with wings.
_ Exp. wings, ?, 21 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Singapore (Kerr—coll. Dist.).
This 1s another species represented by a single female specimen sent to me by Major
Kerr from Singapore. I have been compelled to name and describe it in order that it might
appear here,
456 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Genus CATOCHRYSOPS (antea, p. 223).
2. Catochrysops cnejus (antea, p. 225), (Tab. XLIV., fig. 15 °.)
I am now able to figure the female of this species, of which the description has
been previously given. The figure represents a Malaccan specimen in the collection of
Dr. Staudinger.
Genus LAMPIDES (antea, p. 226).
2. Lampides zlianus (antea, p. 228.)
Plebeius Malaccanus, Rober, ‘ Iris,’ i. p. 57, t. 4, f. 8 (1886).
Herr Réber appears to have described one of the varieties of L. elianus (apparently my
var. b) as a distinct species. P
5. Lampides optimus.
Plebeius Optimus, Rober, ‘ Iris,’ i, p. 66, t. 4, f. 16 (1886).
““g¢. Oberseite weissblau, die weisse Zeichnung der Unterseite durch-
scheinend; Aussenrand der Vdrfl. graubraun; Htrfl. mit dunkler Saumlinie
und weissen, an den Rippen dunklen Fransen; Schwinzchen mit weisser
Spitze; Innenrand der Hirfl. weisslich.”
‘“‘Unterseite hellrehgrau mit weissen Zeichnungen; der schwarge Fleck
zwischen M, und M, der Htrfl. nach innen breit rothgelb begrenzt, an den
Seiten metallischgriin bestiubt; im Analwinkel ein kleiner schwarzer, nach
Fic, 127,—Lampides optimus. innen rothgelb begrenzter Fleck; Innenrand der Vdrfl. weisslich.”
**Flugelspannung: 27 mm.”
‘“o:; Qberseite der Vdrfil. mit breitem, schwarzgrauem Aussenrande; am Aussenrande der Htrfl.
eine Reihe dunkler, weiss umzogner Flecken.”
“Unterseite wei beim 3.”
“‘Fligelspannung: 27 mm.”
‘Thorax bliulich; Hinterleib oben dunkel, unten weisslich; Brust desgl.; Fuhler schwarz, weiss
geringelt; Palpen oben schwarz, unten weiss; Beine aussen schwarz, innen weiss, Tarsen schwarz
geringelt,”
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Riber).—Borneo (coll. Dist.).—Celebes (Rober).
This species will here follow L. elianus.
6. Lampides abdul, n.sp.¢. (Tab. XLIV., fig. 22.)
Female. Wings above pale cerulean-blue; anterior wings with the costal and outer margins—the
last very broadly—pale brownish, the outer margin with some indistinct greyish fasciw; posterior wings
shaded with pale brownish as on anterior wings, but the outer margin broader, with some black spots with
bluish margins at anal angle. Wings beneath pale greyish-brown; anterior wings with two greyish-white
fasci# crossing wing at end of cell commencing at subcostal nervure, followed by two shorter fascim
commencing near lower subcostal nervule and terminating on the first and second median nervules
respectively, and two submarginal and a marginal fascia of the same colour; posterior wings crossed by
greyish fascie, a black marginal spot inwardly margined with ochraceous between the two lower median
APPENDIX. 457
nervules, and a small patch of greenish seales preceded by ochraceous at anal angle. Body and legs more
or less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, ?, 26 millim.
Tlan.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (coll. Staudinger).
A single female of this distinct species was in the collection of Malaccan specimens
submitted to me by Dr. Staudinger.
Genus POLYOMMATUS (antea, p. 280).
2. Polyommatus bagus. (Tab. XLIV., fig. 13.)
Polyommatus bagus, Distant, Ann, & Mag. Nat, Hist, ser, 5, vol. xvii. p. 582 (1886).
Female. Wings above closely resembling those of the same sex of P. beticus. Wings beneath pale
brownish ochraceous, with the following linear brownish fascie margined with greyish :—both wings with
two at end of cells and two submarginal fascim, the innermost broadest; posterior wings with two large,
marginal, blackish spots, containing a few scattered greenish scales, inwardly margined with pale reddish-
ochraceous, and separated by the lower median nervule. Body above more or less concolorous with
wings, beneath with legs greyish-white ; legs more or less streaked with brownish.
Exp. wings, ¢, 30 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (Birch—coll. Dist.).
I am indebted to Mr. J. K. Birch for a specimen of this very interesting species.
Genus MEGISBA.
Megisba, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 71 (1881).
This genus is allied to Polyommatus by having the first subcostal nervule of the anterior wings free
and not anastomosed with, nor impinging on, the costal nervure, and like that genus the posterior wings
possess a single filamentous tail-like appendage. The other characters relied upon by Mr. Moore are in
the anterior wings :—“ first subcostal branch emitted at nearly one-half length before end of the cell,
second at one-third before its end, third at one-eighth, the fourth at one-half beyond and terminating
before the apex; discocellulars very slender; middle median branch emitted immediately before end of the
cell, lower at one-half before its end; submedian straight; hindwing convex at the apex, oblique towards
anal angle, abdominal margin long; first subcostal branch emitted at one-fifth before end of the cell; two
upper median branches from a short distance beyond end of the eell. Abdomen long, reaching to anal
angle.”
This genus has been so recently proposed that it is impossible to estimate its area of
distribution, at least, until we know what species are to be included in it.
1. Megisba thwaitesi.* (Tab. XLIV., fig. 4.)
Meyisha Thwaitesi, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 71, t. 84, £. 8, Ba, 6 (1881),
‘‘Male and female. Upperside dark violet-brown; forewing with an oblique lower discal white-
speckled pateh. Cilia whitish. Underside bluish-white: forewing with four blackish spots on middle of
costal border, one within the cell, a brown discocellular streak, an outer discal transverse curved series
of five brown streaks, a marginal row of blackish spots bordered inwardly by a narrow sinuous line and
outwardly by a linear marginal line: hindwing with three black subbasal transverse spots, one on middle
* Named after Dr. George Henry Kendrick Thwaites, for many years the Director of the Royal Botanic Garden,
Peradeniya, Ceylon, which under his management became “perhaps the most beautiful tropical garden in the world.”
Dr, Thwaites was also an entomologist. He died at Kandy on September 11th, 1882.
Sepr. 80, 1886. Ga
458 " -RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
of abdominal margin and a larger one on costal border near the apex; a narrow brown discocellular streak
and a discal series of irregular-shaped spots, a marginal row of blackish spots bordered within by a sinuous
line and outwardly by a linear marginal line, the third spot from anal angle large and blackest. Palpi
black above; legs with prominent black bands; antennw black with white annular bands.”
Exp. wings, “‘d %, 2 1 inch.”
Han.—Ceylon; Kandy (Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (coll. Staudinger).
Mr. Moore describes the larva of this species as ‘light green, vermiform, middle segments
swollen. Pupa thick, blunt at the ends. Feeds on Sapindaces.”’
Although at Kandy M. thwaitesi is reported as “very common and easy to capture,” *
one specimen only from the Malay Peninsula has up to this time passed through my hands.
Genus LYCANESTHES (antea, p. 282).
2. Lyczenesthes bengalensis. (Tab. XLIV., fig. 9.)
Lycanesthes bengalensis, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 778, t.41, £.9; de Nic. J.A.5. Beng. vol. li. p. 62 (1882).
Pseudodipsas bengalensis, de Nic, J, A. 8, Beng, vol. 1. p. 55 (1881).
Pseudodipsus bengalensis, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 851, n, 2.
“Male. Upperside dark purple-blue, exterior margin defined by a narrow suffused black line;
a small indistinct black spot at anal angle; abdominal margin brown. Underside pale greyish-brown ;
forewing with a short transverse double white line at the extremity of the cell, enclosing the diseal veinlet,
beyond which are a transverse discal chain-like white band and an outer indistinct brownish submarginal
and a narrow white marginal line; hindwing with basal, discoidal, and a curved discal series of chain-like
white bands; an indistinct inwardly angled, double-lunulated, white marginal line; a black spot bordered
above with orange-red near anal angle of exterior margin; a small white-encireled black spot on middle
of abdominal margin. Head above brown; eyes encircled with white. Palpi above and beneath brown,
at the sides white. Thorax, body, and legs beneath white.”
“* Female. Upperside pale purple-brown, with suffused bluish patch at the base; exterior margin
suffused with darker brown; hindwing with an inner narrow white exterior marginal line. Underside as
in male.”
Exp. wings, “1+ inch.”
Har.—Continental India; Bengal (Moore); Sikkim (de Nic.).—Malay Peninsula; Malacea (coll.
Staudinger; Biggs—coll. Dist.).—Borneo (Druce).
3. Lyczenesthes tessellata. (Tab. XLIL., fig. 138 ¢; Tab. XLIV., fig. 21 ¢.)
Niphanda Tessellata, Moore, Proc. Zool, Soe. 1874, p. 572, t. 66, f. 6.
Lyeanesthes athiops, Dist. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xvii, p. 253 (1886),
Male. Wings above dark violaceous-blue; wings beneath greyish mottled with purplish. Anterior
wings with the following dark fuscous markings :—a broad basal streak beneath costal neryure extending
to about middle of cell, where it is joined to a large spot which crosses and extends beneath cell; a large
discocellular spot at end of cell; a curved fascia between end of cell and outer margin, extending from
the second subcostal nervule to the second median nervule; a somewhat similar fascia extending from
second median nervule near end of cell to near inner margin; paler narrow marginal and submarginal
fascis containing a large, round, dark spot between the second and third median nervules. Posterior
wings with the following dark markings:—four basal spots, two large spots beyond cell divided by the
upper subcostal nervule, a marginal series of smaller dark spots and paler discal spots, of which the most
* Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 72 (1881).
APPENDIX. 459
prominent are a transverse one at end of cell, and a transverse waved series of rounded ones; all these
spots are margined with greyish. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Female. ‘ Upperside pale glossy blue; cilia white, streaked with brown; forewing with a broad
dusky black band along the costa and exterior margin; a patch below the apex, a discocellular spot,
and a lower discal spot also black; a short white streak at posterior angle; hindwing broadly dusky black
along anterior margin; the exterior margin with a series of black spots bordered with bluish white and an
inner dusky line.”
Wings beneath marked as in male, but the ground colour paler.
Exp. wings, ¢, 38 millim.; ?, 86 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Penang (Roberts—Moore; Biggs—coll. Dist.).
When I redescribed this species I possessed the male sex only, which is very dissimilar
to the female, which was described and figured by Mr. Moore (without mentioning the sex)
under the name of a new genus. Now, however, that I possess both sexes the difficulty is
solved, and Mr. Moore’s proposed genus Niphanda will probably accompany my specific name
L. ethiops into the limbo of synonymic forgetfulness.
The peculiarity of L. tessellata is in its Ethiopian appearance, its most closely allied
species being found in the West African L. larydas, Cram.
Group APHNARIA (antea, p. 283).
Genus CATAPASCILMA (antea, p. 284),
2. Catapzecilma? bubases. (Tab. XLIV., fig. 26.)
Hypochrysops bubases, Hewitson, Ent. Month. Mag. vol. xii. p. 88 (1875),
“ Upper-side : cerulean-blue with all the margins broadly brown. Posterior wing with two slender tails,
the outer margin rufous, broadest near the anal angle, where it is bordered above and below with silver.”
“Under-side: rufous. Both wings undulated throughout with black, marked by several irregular
black spots, and by numerous small silyery-blue spots, some of which form two sub-marginal bands.”
Exp. wings, “1% inch.”
Hav.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Wallace—coll. Hewits.).
I place this species with considerable hesitation in the genus Catapecilma. It is only
known to me by the type specimen in the Hewitsonian collection, of which a figure is here
given, and I am therefore unable to take liberties with the specimen for the purpose of
studying the neuration. Again, the specimen possesses—as described—only two slender
tail-like appendages; and if a third has not been mutilated, this character is divergent from
Catapecilma,
This species having not hitherto been figured, Mr. de Nicéville has wrongly identified
a Sikkim species* as conspecific with it. The Sikkim species is therefore undescribed and
requires a distinctive name.
Genus HORAGA (to follow Catapmciima), .
Horaga, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 98 (1881). ;
This genus is allied to Catapaciima by the character of the posterior wings, which possess
three slender tail-like appendages, and also by the anterior wings having three subcostal
nervules only,
* J. A. 5. Beng. vol. liv. p. 118, t. 2, figs. 11 and 1 (1885).
460 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
The following are the characters given by Mr. Moore :—
“Forewing short, triangular; costa gently arched, apex acute, exterior margin slightly oblique,
even; costal vein recurved; first subcostal branch emitted at half length of the cell, second at one-
third, and third close to the end;"...... “cell recurved, broad; discocellulars nearly erect, radial
from their middle; middle median branch from near the end of the cell, lower at one third before the end;
submedian straight; hindwing short, broad, bluntly oval; exterior margin uneven, furnished with three
slender tails; costal vein much curved its entire length; first subcostal branch at one-third before end
of the cell; diseocellulars oblique, radial from their middle; two upper median branches from end of the
cell, lower at one third before the end; submedian slightly curved, internal recurved. Body short, thorax
stout; palpi porrect, second joint squamose, slender, extending half beyond the head; third joint
cylindrical, one-third length of second; legs short; antennm short, gradually thickening to a pointed
elub.”
1. Horaga halba, n. sp. (Tab. XLIV., fig. 23.)
Wings above violaceous-blue, anterior wings with the costal, apical and outer areas fuscous (the last
two very broadly so), and containing a discal whitish spot situate at about end of cell; posterior wings
with the costal and outer areas fuscous, a submarginal greyish-white line and the tail-like appendages with
their apices greyish. Wings beneath pale ochraceous, both wings crossed by a discal greyish-white fascia,
broadest on anterior wings where it commences at a little beyond end of cell, and narrowing on posterior
wings below median nervule where it is recurved and continued upwards to abdominal margin as a
metallic-greenish fascia inwardly margined with blackish, and followed beneath by a similar fascia; a series
of marginal blackish spots near anal angle, inwardly margined with metallic-greenish and black; one at
anal angle greyish dusted with black; posterior margin with two blackish lines bordered on each side with
greyish. Body mutilated.
Exp. wings, 28 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Penang (coll. Dist.).
H. halba belongs to a group of species in which great similarity of colour and markings
is found. I have, however, carefully compared it with the other described species of the
genus, and in the shape of the white spot above and the width and pattern of the white fascia
beneath find sufficient characters to separate it.
Genus DRUPADIA (antea, p. 286).
1. Drupadia moorei (antea, p. 236). (Tab. XLIV., fig. 11, var.)
A very small female variety of this species is here figured, and, as previously stated
(antea, p. 237), the species varies very much in size; this is, however, the smallest female
specimen examined, measuring in expanse only 20 millim. It is a Malaccan specimen, and is
in the collection of Dr. Staudinger.
Genus TAJURIA (antea, p. 244).
3. Tajuria relata (antea, p. 246).
I have since examined a Malaccan male of this species, belonging to the collection of
Dr. Staudinger. The wings above are cerulean-blue; anterior wings with the costal margin
greyish-brown, the apex broadly dark fuscous, this colour extending to near’ outer angle ;
APPENDIX. 461
posterior wings with the costal margin greyish-brown, the outer margin very narrowly fuscous.
Wings beneath as above.
Genus SINTHUSA (to follow Brypanana),.
Sinthusa, Moore, J.A.8. Beng. vol. liii. p. $8 (1884),
“Male. Wings small: forewing somewhat broad, costa arched at the base, apex pointed, exterior
margin slightly oblique and convex, posterior margin convex near the base; subcostal vein five-branched,*
first branch emitted at nearly one half, second at one fourth, and third from near the end of the cell, third
bifid near its end; cell extending to half length of the wing; discocellular slender; radial from its middle;
lower median at more than one-third and middle median from near end of the cell; submedian straight:
hindwing short, broad, costa arched in the middle, exterior margin with a single slender tail from end of
lower median ; cell broad, triangular, extending half the wing; first subcostal at one-half before end of the
cell; discocellular oblique, slender; radial from its middle; lower median at nearly one-half and middle
median from near end of the cell; submedian and internal veins recurved. Palpi porrect, second joint
long, third joint short, slender, pointed; antennm with a large thick pointed club.”
I place this genus after Bindahara, with which it agrees in having an outer long and an
inner short broad and lobular tail-like appendage.
1. Sinthusa amba. Tab. XLIV., fig. 12¢, 192.)
Hypolycena amba, Kirby (Hewits.), Il. Diurn. Lep. Lyc. Suppl. p. 82, t. v.b, f. 44—46 (1878).
Male. Wings above dark shining blue; anterior wings with the costal and outer margins (the last
very broadly) dark fuscous or black; posterior wings with the costal and abdominal areas dark fuscous,
a small metallic bluish spot on the lobular prolongation to the wing, the apex of the tail-like prolongation
white, and the fringe greyish with an inner dark margin. Wings beneath pale greyish-brown; anterior
wings with the apex and outer margin tinged with ochraceous, and with two narrow ochraceous fascia
margined with greyish, the first short at end of cell, the second beyond cell, commencing on third subcostal
nervule and crossing wing; posterior wings with two similar fasciw, the first commencing on lower
subcostal nervule, curved, angulated, and terminating near abdominal margin, the second commencing on
costal nervure and terminating at upper median nervule, a macular marginal fascia, a large black spot
inwardly margined with ochraceous between the two lower median nervules, on each side of which is a
bluish and black spot, the lobular prolongation black, a short narrow ochraceous fascia at anal angle, and
an ochraceous spot on abdominal margin. Body above dark fuscous, beneath with legs more or less
concolorous with wings; abdomen beneath ochraceous.
Female. Wings above dark brownish; posterior wings with a large anal-angular patch of pale
greyish with a violaceous tinge, containing some obscure marginal spots; wings beneath as in male,
Exp. wings, ¢ and ?, 23 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Biggs—coll. Dist.); Malacca (colls. Staud. & Hewits.).
The male specimen here figured is from Malacca, and is contained in the collection
of Dr. Staudmger; the female specimen I received from Perak, through the hands of the
Rev. L. C. Biggs.
2. Sinthusa amata, n. sp. (Tab. XLIV., fig. 20 2.)
Female. Wings above dark brown; posterior wings with an anal angular pale greyish patch with a
violaceous tinge ;—the patch is narrower and extends farther upwards than in S. amba, and is separated
* Four nervules only in my view.
Sept. 30, 1886. 6B
462 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA,
from the posterior margin; tail-like appendage greyish-white with a black central line. Wings beneath
pale greyish; anterior wings with the apex and outer margin ochraceous and with two ochraceous fascia,
the first short at end of cell, the seeond much dislocated and almost crossing wing beyond cell; posterior
wings with a short disco-cellular fascia at end of cell, followed by a curved series of seven spots crossing
wing and an oblong spot at anal angle,—all these spots dark ochraceous, margined with blackish,—two
broken and obscure dark narrow marginal fasciw, a black spot with some metallic bluish scales between
the two lower median nervules, and another spot almost entirely metallic bluish at anal angle, both these
spots being inwardly margined with ochraceous. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, 2, 23 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula ; Penang (Biggs—coll. Dist.).
I have not yet seen the male of S. amata, and should have preferred waiting for the
same before describing it, but have been compelled to propose a distinctive name, in order
that the species might duly appear in this enumeration.
Genus NEOCHERITRA (antea, p. 252).
2%. Neocheritra gama, n. sp.
Female. Wings above ochraceous-brown; anterior wings with the
costal area and the apex and outer margin broadly darker brown ; posterior
wings with the anal-angular area pale greyish-white with bluish margins,
and containing two blackish marginal spots separated by the lower median
nervule, and a smaller spot at extreme anal angle: a marginal blackish
line, the tail-like appendages greyish-white with darker central lines.
Wings beneath pale reddish-ochraceous; anterior wings with the area
beneath the median nervure and the lower submedian nervule greyish;
Fra, 198/—Neoaheriina gama, posterior wings with the anal-angular greyish-white patch as above, but
without the bluish margin and inwardly containing a transverse series
of five linear blackish spots, an additional small marginal spot above the second median neryule, the spot
between the lower median nervule and the submedian nervure much more obscure than aboye, and the
spot at anal angle larger and brighter and inwardly margined with bluish. Body above greyish-brown,
beneath with legs more or less concolorous with wings; tarsi with some blackish annulations.
Exp. wings, ?, 35 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Penang (coll. Staudinger).
A female specimen in the collection of Dr. Staudinger is my only knowledge of this
species: the male has still to be discovered.
Genus HYPOLYCAINA (antea, p. 255).
4, Hypolyczena thecloides (antea, p. 257).
I have now received this species, and find it a true Hypolycena as surmised.
Additional Has.—Malay Peninsula; Sungei Ujong (Durnford—coll. Dist.).
Genus IRAOTA (antea, p. 258).
2. Iroata nila, n.sp. (Tab. XLIV., fig. 24 2.)
Female. Wings above violaceous-blue; costal and outer margin of anterior wings, and costal,
outer and abdominal margins of posterior wings more or less brownish. Anterior wings beneath pale
APPENDIX, 463
ochraceous-brown, the area near posterior angle greyish, the area beyond cell more or less castaneous,
preceded by a narrow white linear fascia extending from first subcostal to lower median nervyule; this
fascia is followed by a series of five white spots, and these by a cluster of four apical spots of the same
colour; two dark spots are placed beyond the lower two of the five white spots. Posterior wings beneath
with about the upper half castaneous, the remaining area more or less ochraceous, shaded with castaneous,
and marked with a series of white spots, most of which are shaded or margined with dark bluish; these
spots are thus situate :—two subcostal, four (small) subapical, four discal, four (large, and much margined
with bluish) on abdominal margin, and a marginal series of lineate spots; a black spot at anal angle and
a smaller black spot between the two lower median nervules. Body above more or less concolorous with
wings; body beneath with legs greyish, mottled and streaked with brownish.
Exp. wings, ?, 86 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (coll. Standinger).
Genus NARATHURA (antea, p. 259).
With a much larger accumulation of specimens than when I previously enumerated the
_ species of this genus found in the Malay Peninsula, and with more prolonged study and
comparison with other species from the surrounding habitats, I am compelled to own that
our knowledge of some species is still in the most unsatisfactory condition. Several causes
have helped to produce this perplexing confusion, a potent one of which has been the
difficulty in properly identifying many of Mr, Hewitson’s species, owing to the very indifferent
figuring of the under surface of the wings (a difficulty which I have not been altogether
unable to overcome with the figures here given), which has led in some instances to the same
species being several times redeseribed by different authors, and at the same time not figured.
Hence it is almost impossible to verify some identifications without a reference to the typical
specimens. Another disturbing element is found in that principal guide to specific differentia-
tion, the marking of the under surface of the wings. Here so much variation exists that without
breeding it is impossible to say where it either begins or ends, and the shade of blue on the
upper surface is often so different as to lead to only two conclusions, viz., either that we are
dealing with the most closely allied species, or with seasonal forms of one species.
5. Narathura farquhari (antea, p. 264). ;
Female. Resembling the male in hue, but the anterior wings above with a broad costal and outer
marginal dark fuscous fascia; this dark colour being broadest at the apex.
I am indebted to Lieut. Goodrich for a specimen of the female sex of this species, which
was probably captured at Singapore. *
* Attention has already been drawn to the peculiarity of the recurrence of deep blue coloration in different families
of the Rhopalocera (antea, p. 260). The bright golien-green coloration of N. farquhari recalls the remarks of Prof. Haeckel
on the prevalence of this hue in the Eastern tropics. ‘ Ransonnet had already pointed out how singularly and universally
green prevails in the colouring of Ceylon, Not only is the grenter portion of this ever-green isle clothed with an unfading
tapestry of rich verdure, but the animals of the most widely dissimilar classes, which live mm its woods, are conspicuous for
their green colouring. This is seen in all the commonest birds and lizards, butterflies and beetles, which are of every shade
of brilliant green. In the same way the innumerable inhabitants of the sea, of all classes, are coloured green, such as many
fishes and crustacea, worms (Amphinome), and sea anemones (Actinia); indeed creatures which elsewhere seldom or never
appear in green livery wear it here; for instance, several starfish (Ophiwra), sea-urchins, sea-cucumbers; also some enormous
bivalves (T'ridaona), and Brachiopoda (Lingula), and others. An explanation of this phenomenon is to be found in Darwin's
principles, particularly in the law of adaptation by selection of pinilae colouring or net acre affinity of colonr, as I have
elucidated in my ‘ History of Creation,’ vol. i. p. 264....... The green coral banks of Ceylon, with their preponderance of
green inhabitants, are as instructive as bearing on this theory as the green land animals are which people the evergreen forests
and thickets of the island; but in purity and splendour of colouring, the sea creatures are even more remarkable than the
fanna of the forests."—Enwst Harcken ('A Visit to Ceylon,’ pp. 185-6).
464 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
20. Narathura buxtoni. (Tab. XLIV., fig. 18 2.)
Amblypodia Buxtoni, Hewitson, D1, Diurn. Lepid. Lye. Suppl. p. 21, t. '7, £. 68, 69 (1878).
Male. Wings above bright violaceous-blue, the margin somewhat narrowly dark fuscous, containing
a greyish line near anal angle of posterior wings, the abdominal area of the same wings greyish-brown.
Wings beneath pale brownish, with the following greyish lines or fascia :—anterior wings with three pairs
of subcostal lines, the last pair somewhat irregularly continued across wing towards lower median nervule,
where there is also a small brown spot surrounded with greyish, two broken submarginal lines, three pairs
of lines crossing cell, two (small) lines above cell, and three lines beneath cell; posterior wings with some
basal spots and crossed by a number of irregular greyish lines, some small submarginal greyish spots, and
three black spots shaded with metallic-green at anal angle; tail-like appendage with its apex greyish.
Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. |
Female. Resembling the male, but with the wings above having a wider dark margin, especially at
the apices.
Exp. wings, ¢ & ?, 38 to 40 millim,
Han.— Malay Peninsula; Malacca (coll. Staudinger).—Sumatra (coll. Hewitson).—Borneo; Sandakan
(Pryer—coll. Dist.).
The female specimen figured belongs to the collection of Dr. Staudinger, and is the only
example I have seen from the Malay Peninsula.
T have here arranged this species after N. lycenaria.
Genus PANCHALA (antea, p. 272).
5. Panchala trogon (antea, p. 275).
When this species was described the male alone was known, but I have since examined a female
specimen from Perak, belonging to Herr Ribbe. Unlike the male, it is violaceous-blue above; the anterior
wings with the whole costal area above cell, the apex very broadly and irregularly—almost approaching
apex of cell, which has a discocellular spot—and the outer margin also broadly blackish. Posterior wings
blackish, with the disk violaceous-blue. Underside as in male.
Exp. wings, ?, 36 millim.
Genus DEUDORIX (antea, p. 277).
6. Deudorix epijarbas. (Tab. XLI., fig. 5 ¢.)
Dipsas E:pijarbas, Moore (Horsf. & Moore), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. 1. C. vol. i. p. 82, n. 40 (1857),
Deudoriz Fpijarbas, Hewits. Tl. Diurn. Lep. Lye. t. 7, f. 16—18 (1863); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 358,
n.2; Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 589; ibid. 1882, p, 250; Lep, Ceyl. vol. i. p. 108, t. 89,
f. 4, 4a (1881); Kheil, Rhop. der Insel, Nias, p. 82, n. 114 (1884),
“This is larger than D. jarbas, the male haying on the upper-side of the fore-wings the dark brown
border oceupying the whole space between the anterior margin and the median vein (in the latter of which
it is nearly black), and then branching off to exterior margin, and ending in a point at the middle of the
hind margin. The under-side is of a duller tint, and has two whitish undulating lines crossing the fore-
and hind-wings, as also two short lines from the median to subcostal veinlet, The outer black spot
is a well-defined lunar-shaped streak of metallic-green. The female is somewhat larger, with rounded
wings, and’ is of a fulvous-brown, but may be distinguished by the similarity of the markings of the
under-side.”
Exp. wings, “‘ male 1/4 in., in the female 1/ in.”
APPENDIX. 465
Han.—Continental India; N.W. Himalaya (Hocking—Moore).— Ceylon (Thwaites—coll. Dist.).
Andaman Islands; Port Blair (Moore).— Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kinstl.—coll. Ribbe). — Nias Island
(Kheil).—Borneo (Druce).
7. Deudorix xenophon. (Tab. XLIV., fig. 12,22.)
Hesperia Xenophon, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 272, n. 47 (1793).
Thecla Xenophon, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E.1. 0. p. 94, n. 27 (1829).
Male. Wings above bright sanguineous-red; anterior wings with the costal margin broadly, the
outer margin more narrowly, widened at outer angle,—the inner margin narrowly, and cellular area,
excluding apex, blackish; posterior wings with the costal margin, a large basal patch, and an outer
marginal line blackish, the neuration more or less of the same colour, abdominal area dark fuscous,
the lobular anal angle black, with an ochraceous spot, fringe greyish with the tip fuseous. Wings beneath
bronzy; both wings with two contiguous dark discocellular lines, followed by a similar line crossing wings
which is outwardly margined with greyish, especially on posterior wings, where it is much angulated
towards anal angle, and is there more or less duplex; posterior wings with the outer margin faintly
ochraceous, and with three dark marginal spots at anal angle, the outermost black, the remaining two
thickly covered with greenish seales, the innermost smallest, lobular anal angle black; posterior margin
with a distinct greyish-white line from about discoidal nervule to anal angle. Body above blackish,
beneath more or less concolorous with wings; legs blackish, streaked and annulated with greyish-white.
Female. Wings above bronzy-brown, beneath greyish-brown marked as in male, but the wings with
an obscure submarginal fascia, and the posterior wings with a greyish lunulate submarginal line.
Exp. wings, ¢, 82 millim.; 2, 29 muillim.
Haz.—Malay Peninsula; Singapore (coll. Mathew).—Sumatra (coll. Dist.)—Java (Horsfield).
The male and female specimens here figured were captured by Mr. Gervase F, Mathew at
Singapore, and obligingly lent for figuring in this publication.
Marciana (antea, p. 282).
I have still been unable to obtain a specimen of this species, and only know it by the
mutilated specimen in the British Museum. I have therefore still left it ungenerically
determined, though I was quite wrong in my supposition that it belonged to the genus Tajuria,
as Mr. Butler informs me it possesses only three subcostal nervules to the anterior wings.
Fam. PAPILIONIDZ® (antea, p. 283).—Subfam. PIERIN AS (antea, p. 283).
Genus DIELIAS (antea, p. 289).
8. Delias pyramus. (Tab. XLII., fig. 14.)
Thyca Pyramus, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 8, vol. iv. p. 847, n. 7 (1867).
Pierts Thishe, Boisd, Sp. Gén. i. p. 449, n. 16 (18386); Gray, Lep. Ins. Nep. p. 8, t. 7, f. 1 (1846),
Delias Pyramus, Butl, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 29, n. 38.
Male. Allied to D, parthenope, Wall., but considerably larger; posterior wings with the basal
carmine-red patch larger and not or very obsoletely followed by bluish, the yellow space much smaller and
restricted to the lower median nervule. Wings beneath very similar to those of D. parthenope.
Eixp. wings, ¢ , 84 millim.
Has.—Continental India; Nepaul (Gray); Darjeeling (coll. Dist.).—Malay Peninsula; Perak (3700
feet), (Egerton—coll. Dist.).
This is one of the many captures of Mr. W. Egerton, and was obtained on the summit of
** Low’s Hill at Perak.”
Serr. 30, 1886, 6c
466 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
4. Delias ithiela (antea, p. 292).
I inserted both the description and figure of this species on the authority of Mr. Butler,
who in 1869 described the species as from Penang; and in 1871 figured it in another
publication, still giving the same habitat. Mr. Butler now writes :*—‘* Originally described
from Penang, and on that account included by Mr, Distant in his ‘ Rhopalocera Malayana’;
this locality, however, was an error arising out of the fact that the type was labelled thus—
‘P.’, which with Wallace’s specimens stands for ‘Penang,’ but with specimens received from
the East India Company (as Mr. Moore pointed out some two or three years since on a ticket
which is attached to this very species) it stands for ‘Darjeeling, Pearson.’ Had Mr. Distant
examined my type, which by his own admission he did not do, he would have avoided the
repetition of this error.””
This argument would logically imply two axioms, viz. (1) Mr. Butler's recorded localities
cannot be taken without an examination and verification of the labels attached to his “ types”;
and (2) if ‘‘types’’ are not contained in this country, neither names nor localities should be
used; a “‘reductio ad absurdum.” Although Mr. Butler now definitely records his species from
the somewhat vague locality ‘‘ Near Assam,” I have thought it best to still let it appear in this
enumeration, as his ‘ P.’’ may yet prove to be Penang and not ‘‘ Darjeeling, Pearson.”
9. Delias descombesi. (Tab. XLII, fig. 16 @.)
Pieris Descombesi, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. i. p. 465, n. 89 (1886),
Thyca Deseombesi, Wall. Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 8, vol. iv. p. 850, n. 16 (1867).
Delias Descombesi, Butl. Proe. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 84, n. 44.
Male. Wings above greyish-white; anterior wings with the costal and outer margins—broadest at
aupex—blackish; posterior wings with the posterior margin blackish. Anterior wings beneath blackish,
a greyish spot at end of cell, three elongate subapical spots followed by smaller marginal spots of the same
colour, the median nervure and the two lower median nervules more or less powdered with greyish ;
posterior wings beneath bright orange-yellow, the costal and outer margin blackish, containing an oblong
vermilion patch at base and a marginal series of yellow spots. Body above blackish, beneath more or
less greyish, the sternum shaded with yellow.
Female. Anterior wings above blackish, with the greyish spots more or less visible above; posterior
wings with the blackish marginal border very broad. Wings above as in male.
Exp. wings, ¢ & 2, 70 to 72 millim,
Has.—Continental India; Silhet, Nepaul, Darjeeling (Brit. Mus.).—Burma; Moulmein (Brit. Mus.).—
Malay Peninsula; Penang (Brit. Mus.); Province Wellesley (Bireh—coll. Dist.).—Cochin China (Wallace).
Genus TERIAS (antea, p. 302).
8. Terias lacteola, n. sp.
Wings above milky-white; anterior wings with the costal
margin narrowly and the apex, outer margin, and inner margin
—for a little more than one-fourth of its length—blackish; this
black apex and outer margin is arranged somewhat as in
T. hecabe, but broader; posterior wings with a narrow blackish
| outer margin. Wings beneath creamy-white, the black markings
tac, 120.—Tierdas lacteola, reflected indistinctly beneath; anterior wings with an irregularly
* Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xvi. p. 889 (1885).
APPENDIX, 467
rounded spot at end of cell, and posterior wings with a few discal spots composed of pale brownish
scales. Body mutilated.
Exp. wings, 41 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Singapore (coll. Godfery).
A single specimen of this distinctly coloured species is contained in the collection of
Capt. Godfery, and is the only white Teriad I have seen from the Malay Peninsula. A
somewhat similar species is represented by an Amboinese specimen in the British Museum.
Genus APPIAS (antea, p. 310).
1. Appias nero (antea, p. 311).
Mr. Forbes has published the following observations respecting this species as found in
Sumatra :—‘‘In the open paths and sunny roads I netted scarlet Pieridw (Appias nero), often
flying in flocks of over a score, exactly matching in colour the fallen leaves, which it was
amusing to observe how often they mistook for one of their own fellows at rest, and to watch
the futile attentions of an amorous male towards such a leaf moving slightly in the wind.” *
9. Appias lagela. (Tab. XLI., fig. 11.)
Catophaga Lagela, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 838, t. 62, f. 4.
“ Allied to C’. lalage,t Doubleday, D. Lep. pl. 6, f. 3."
“ Male and Female. Smaller. Upperside differing on the fore wing in the black apical border
terminating in both sexes before reaching the posterior angle, and the medial portion partly excavated
outside the lower end of the cell, and thence extending across the end to its base; hind wing with a broad
marginal continuous band (as in C. pandione, Hibn.). Underside—fore wing with the black band
terminating as above; the apex and hind wing greyish-yellow, speckled with purple in male, and brownish-
grey with darker speckles in female, the speckles numerous across the disk, and forming zigzag fascizw."'
Exp. wings, “ 24 inches.”
Has.—Tenasserim; Moolai (Limborg—Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiinstl.—coll. Ribbe).
This species is here arranged after A. leis.
Subfam. PAPILIONINAL (antea, p. 321).
Genus PAPILIO (antea, p. 324)—Subgen. ORNITHOPTERA (antea, p. 325).
4, Ornithoptera brookeana (antca, p. 330.)
To the other collected facts respecting the characteristics of this butterfly may be added
the curious observation made by Mr. Forbes in Sumatra, in the neighbourhood of the hot
springs, that its ‘‘ favourite resort was the stones that cropped out above the hot water, and
which were of a temperature but little below 180° F.”’ {
* “Nat. Wanderings in Eastern Archipelago,’ p. 130. + A species found in Continental India.
| ‘Nat. Wanderings in Eastern Archipelago,’ p. 227.
At the hot springs of Soornjkoond Dr. cake ound that a water beetle abounded in water at 112° (‘ Himalayan Journals,’
vol. i. p. 25). Water beetles, however, seem to have extraordinary vitality, as Dr. Auerbach, writing to the ‘Chemiker-
Zeitung,’ mentions as a curious fact that during an entire summer he observed water beetles—probably Gyrinus natator—living
in tanks of a saturated solution of Glaubers salts. When alarmed the beetles took shelter under the crystals, just as they do
in ordinary circumstances under water plants, &e. (‘ Psyche,’ vol. iti. p. 148),
468 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Subgen. PAPILIO (antea, p. 382).—MEMNON Group (antea, p. 839).
29. Papilio sycorax. (Tab. XLII, fig. 10.)
Papilio Sycorax, Smith, Ent, Month. Mag. vol. xxi. p. 247 (18865).
Papilio Egertoni, Dist. Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xvii. p. 251 (1886).
Anterior wings above blackish, the nervures and neryules margined with dull obscure greyish:
posterior wings above bluish-grey, the cell and the area from costal margin to lower subcostal nervule
almost totally dark bluish-black and with a double series of spots of the same colour placed between
the nervules, the uppermost and discal series smallest, consisting of four spots, of which the largest
is subquadrate and placed between the lower subcostal and the discoidal nervules; the outer series
marginal and larger than the diseal spots; abdominal area dark bluish-grey and with two small spots of
the same colour placed beneath cell and divided by the second median nervule; fringe very narrowly
ochraceous. Anterior wings beneath as above, but with the greyish markings paler and brighter and with
oblique greyish streaks in cell; posterior wings paler and brighter than above; the blackish basal area
continued inwardly to submedian nervure. Body above with the head and anterior portion of pronotum
pale buff-yellow, remainder of pronotum black; abdomen ochraceous, with a greenish tinge, its base black
and with two lateral rows of black spots on each side; body beneath with the head, thorax, and legs
black, the abdomen beneath darker ochraceous than above; palpi pats buff-yellow.
Exp. wings, 150 millim,
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Egerton).—Sumatra (Bock—coll. Grose Smith).
Mr. Egerton had more than once written to me concerning this then undescribed Papilio,
which he had sueceeded in discovering, but some time elapsed before it reached my hands,
and I had not noticed that in the meantime it had been received from Sumatra, and was
described by Mr. H. Grose Smith, whose name of course claims priority.
HELENUS Group (antea, p. 343).
11. Papilio nephelus var. saturnus (antea, p. 345).
Papilio albolineatus, Forbes, Nat. Wand. East. Archip. p. 275 (1885); Waterh. Aid. Ident. Ins, vol. ii, t. 166,
f. 1 (1886).
Mr. Forbes has redescribed the female sex of this species, having also apparently greatly
relied upon the additional pale spot at the apex of the cell of the anterior wings. This,
however, 1s not a constant character, as my Malay specimens sufficiently prove. Further
testimony, if needed, is to be found in the fact that this female form of the species is founds in
all its habitats.
MACAREUS Group (antea, p. 355).
30. Papilio megarus. (Tab. XLIL., fig. 9.)
Papilio Megarus, Westwood, Arc. Ent. i. t. 72, f. 2 (1845); Gray, Cat. Lep. Papil. p. 71, n. 326 (1852);
Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. vol. i, p, 90, n. 183 (1857); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878,
p. 840.
Wings above dark fuscous, with the following spots and markings of pale greyish-green :—anterior
wings with a small spot at base of cell, followed by three oblique cellular fasci# and two spots at end
of cell, an oblique spot at base of wings, two spots beneath base of cell, an inner marginal streak, two
contiguous fasci# between lower median nervule and submedian nervure, a broad streak between the two
APPENDIX. 469
lower median nervules, two discal series, the innermost consisting of five, the outermost of six spots, and
a marginal series of spots, the lowermost duplex; posterior wings with a costal and abdominal marginal
streak, n streak in and a streak above cell, a small spot in and near end of cell, two short streaks
beneath cell divided by the second median nervule, a double series of discal spots and a marginal series
of sublunulate spots. Body above fuscous, margined on each side with greyish, beneath with the thorax
spotted with greyish, and with a central abdominal yreyish fascia.
Exp. wings, 75 millim.
Han.—Continental India; Silhet (Brit. Mus.).—Tenasserim ; Hongduran source (Limborg—Moore).—
Malay Peninsula; Perak (Goodrich—coll. Dist.),
This species possesses one of those remarkable resemblances to a Danaid which is best
expressed by the term—used in its biological sense—“ mimicry,” and it no doubt possesses
protection from its enemies by the close resemblance to an inedible species.*
31. Papilio agetes. (Tab. XLII., fig. 8.)
Papilio Agetes, Westwood, Arc. Ent. ii. t. 55, f. 1,2 (1843); Gray, Cat. Lep. Papil. p. 81, mn. 145 (1852);
Horsf. & Moore, Oat. Lep. Mus. E. 1.0. vol. i. p. 116, n. 283 (1857); Oberth. Ntudes d’Ent. Quatr.
Livr. p. 67, n. 185 (1879).
Wings above pale stramineous, with a greenish tinge; anterior wings with the following black
markings :—three transverse fasciw crossing cell of which the basal is narrowest, a triangular discocellular
spot at end of cell, an oblique fascia commencing on costal margin a little beyond end of cell and
terminating on outer margin a little above outer angle, the outer margin somewhat broadly black ;
posterior wings with the outer margin blackish, containing some linear greenish-grey spots and with an
oblique red fascia more or less margined with blackish at anal angle; caudate appendages blackish with
a central obseure greyish line, and their apices greyish-white. Anterior wings beneath as above, but the
central cellular fascia extending a short distance beneath median nervure; posterior wings as above, but
with two black fascim crossing wing, the first commencing near base of costal margin and terminating near
anal angle, the second crossing wing a little before end of cell, spotted with red above cell, and terminating
jointly with the other fascia near anal angle, beneath the cell are two minute red spots placed a little beyond
the outer fascia. Head and anterior portion of pronotum dark ochraceous, with a central and a lateral
fascia on each side black, remainder of pronotum greenish with a central black fascia; thorax beneath
greenish-grey, with a lateral black fascia on each side; abdomen pale stramineous, with a blackish dorsal
fascia.
Exp. wings, 78 millim.
Has.—Continental India; Silhet (coll. Oberth.); Darjeeling (Horsf. & Moore).—Malay Peninsula;
Perak (Egerton—coll. Dist.).
* The search for evidences of evolution is only another form of the energy formerly displayed in the study of what
were called “marks of design.” The teleologist of that time is the evolutionist of to-day. The processes are the same,
the results are simply enlled by another name. As Ernst Kranse has troly remarked, ‘‘ In the numerous works of the Inst
century which treat of physico-theology, and especially in those on insecto-theology, in which the existence of a purpose
in all the arrangemets of Nature was discussed in all senses, there are probably numerous examples of phenomena pertaining
to ‘mimicry.’ ‘Thus lisel von Rosenhof, in his ‘ Insekten-Belustigungen' (Niirnberg, 1746), describes the resemblance which
the caterpillurs of geometric moths, and also certain moths when in repose, present to dry twigs, and thus conceal themselves,
but this group of biological phenomena seems to have been first regarded from a more general point of view by Dr. Darwin"
(* Life of Erasmus Darwin,’ p. 163, note),
It seems singular that with all the current literature on mimicry, which is altogether based on the disguises which
different living organisms have acquired to protect themselves from ever-present enemies,—
“The grub eats up the pine,
The finch the grub, the lawk the silly fineh,”"—
no reflections are ever made on the difference in view which this has effected in the philosuphieal conclusions as to what waa
wont to be ealled the “ moral order of the universe.”
Sept. 30, 1886. 6D
470 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
82. Papilio anticrates, var. (Tab. XLU., fig. 7.)
Papilio Anticrates, Doubleday, Ann, Nat. Hist. xviii. p. 8371 (1846); Gray, Cat. Lep. Papil. p. 29, n. 140, t. 8,
f. 8 (1852); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. 1.0. vol. - p. 115, n. 231 (1857).
Wings above pale greenish-white; anterior wings with the costa and a broad outer margin black, the
last divided by a narrow greenish-white line which is broken by the nervules, two black fasci crossing
wing near base, followed by three shorter fasci# of which the innermost alone extends slightly beneath the
median nervure; posterior wings with two longitudinal black basal fascis (in Sikkim and typical specimens
the outer of these fasci is broken and subobsolete), a broad blackish outer marginal fascia—beecoming
plumbageous at anal angle—divided by a series of greenish-white lunules, above the anal angle are two
pale ochraceous margined spots, tail-like appendages black, their margins and apex more or less greyish-
white. Anterior wings beneath as above but much paler, posterior wings beneath much paler than above,
the outer basal longitudinal fascia outwardly margined with a series of black and red spots which are
deflected and continued inwardly to a little above anal angle, outer margin paler than above, but with its
outer portion exhibiting a series of black sublunulate spots, a black spot—both above and below—on
abdominal margin a little above anal angle. Body above blackish, pronotum with a greyish fascia on each
side, the abdomen annulated with the same colour; body beneath greyish-ochraceous; legs greyish, more
or less suffused with blackish.
Exp. wings, 60 to 70 millim.
Has.—Continental India ; Silhet (Gray) ; Sikkim (de Nic.—coll. Dist.) ; Darjeeling (Horsf. & Moore).—
Malay Peninsula; Perak (Egerton—coll. Dist.).
Fam. HESPERIDAS* (antea, p. 366).—Group ERIONOTARIA (antea, p. 392).
Genus PLASTINGIA (antea, p. 396).
2. Plastingia hieroglyphica. (Tab. XLIV., fig. 25.)
Plastingia Hieroglyphiea, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1870, p. 611, n. 2; Lep. Ex. p. 171, t. 69, £. 12 (1874).
“Wings above black; front wings with a spot at the base, tworat the middle of the wing, and four
across the disc, the uppermost oblique and divided into four parts by the subcostal and discoidal branches,
the third bifid, slanting towards the lower end of the first, the second small, between the first and third,
the fourth near the anal angle, divided by the submedian nervure; hind wings with a large basal spot,
a streak and two small spots on the inner margin, two spots at the apex, a large triangular spot on the
disc, and another at the anal angle, all deep orange; body brown, spotted with orange; abdomen with
orange rings.t Wings below, almost as above, but paler; body greyish, with mesial yellow stripe.”
Exp. wings, ‘1 inch, 6 lines,”
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (coll. Dist.).—Borneo; Sarawak (Lowe—coll. Godm. & Salv.).
* Mr. Doherty states that ‘a kind of hermaphroditism seems to occur in the Hesperiide. From the body of (apparent)
males of Suastus elfola and of Coladenia dan, both having perfect prehensors of the form characteristic of their respective
species, I obtained one or two well-developed eggs exactly similar to those taken from the females of the same species. Also
from a male of Swastus toona (the egg of that species being, except for this, unknown to me) I obtained a single immature
ass. egg. I have not obtained this in any of the higher groups of butterflies" (Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. vol. lv. p. 118
+ The body of the specimen figured was unfortunately mutilated, and therefore had to be sketched under the artist's
imagination, without showing these black markings.
INDEX.
(Specific names not adopted in the work, wider the genus, are printed in italics.)
Abaratha, Moore, 860, 390
pyeela, Hew. 890; figured pl.
xxxiv. f. 15
ransonnetii, Feld.; legs noticed,
3u0, note
sura, Moore, 390; figured pl.
xxxiv. f, 16
Aberrant Satyrinm, 58
Abisara, Feld, L87, 188,449; larva.
and distribution, 189
damajanti, Feld. 192, 449;
figured pl. xl. f. 10, 11
haquinus, Fabr, 190; figured pl.
xvii, f. 18
kausambi, Feld. 189; figured
pl. xviii. f. 10, 11; front legs
with eee Be red, 185, f. 4
variation and range, 100
neophron, Hew. 440; figured
pl. xxxvi. f. 6
Eeunote, Moore, pupa figured,
savitri, Feld. 189, 449; figured
pl. xviii. £. 5
tanita, Hew. 192; fignred pl.
xviii. f.14
telesia, Hew. 449; figured pl.
xl. f, 2,3
thuisto, Hew. 191; figured, 191, |
i
{. 51, 52
Abisara (Liaxita)
tanita, Butl, 192
Acari attacking Danais dorippus,
Klug. 18
Acea, Hiibn. 149
lewcothoe, Hitbn. 158
Achillides, Hiibn.
helenus, Hitbn. 343
Achlyodes, Hiibn.
sura, Moore, 800
Achyranthes (plants possessing
medicinal properties), 04 and
note
Aconthea, Horsf. 114
alankara, Horef. 145
cocytina, Horsf, 125
lubentina, Horsf. 120
Acrwingw, not recorded from
oore, 22
Adoliag, Feld. 112; Boisd. 114
adonia, Horef. & Moore, 120
Moore, 117
asoka, Feld, 127
bellata, Drace, 436
bipunctata, Voll. 438
boisduvalii, Boisd. 112
cocytina, Butl, 125
cocytua, Moore, 439
cenaspolis, Hew. 436
decoratus, Butl. 122
derma, Koll. 116
dirtea, Gray, 112
dunya, Doubl. & Hew. 436
eva, Feld. 116
évelina, race derma, Butl, 116
garuda, Moore, 117
godarti, Gray, 126 .
indras, Voll. 181
jame, Feld. 119
laverna, Butl. 119
lepidea, Butl, 439
lubentina, Horsf. & Moore, 128
ludekingii, Butl, 125; Voll, 126
merta, Moore, 437
mitra, Feld., noticed, 125
monina, Butl. 125 |
parcels, Voll, ole
parta, Moore, 437, 438
pulasera, Moore, 140
puseda, Moore, 125
ramada, Moore, 122
sichri, Batl, 486
Affinities of fossil butterflies from
Aix in Provence, 63
African Fauna, ita Oriental affin-
ities, 90, note
| Ageronin, Hiibn,, food-plants,
364, note; habits, 143, note;
structure, 149, note
feronia, Linn., position in re-
pose, 1; stridulation, 427,
note
Alazonin, Hiibn. 170
symbiblia, Hibn, 446
Albinism in butterflies, 261, and
note
Aleyoneis, Hiibn. 92
asterie, Hiibn {4
Allotinus, Feld. 197, 208, 452; |
pe discussed, 451
alkamah, Dist. 452; figured |
451, 452
unicolor, Feld. 200
Amathusia, Fabr. 69, 70, 423
amythaon, Doubl., noticed, 424
dilucida, Honr. 423; figured
pl. xxxviii, f. 7
nivea, Zink.-Somm. 140
ottomana, Butl., noticed, 424
pernkana, Honr., noticed, 423,
note
phidippus, Linn. 70, 423;
figured pl. vi. f. 6,7; head,
showing palpi, figured 67,
{.17; food-plant, 77; habits,
71; larva noticed, 72, figured,
67, {. 18; neuration figured,
70, f, 20, 21
portheus, Feld., noticed, 424
westwoodii, Butl,, noticed, 424
Amauris, Hiibn,, peculiar to
Ethiopian Kegion, 4
Amblypodia, Horsf. 254, 275
achelous, Hew, 271
adatha, Hew, 265
anuisena, How, 277
amphimuta, Feld. 267
anniella, Hew. 260
anthelus, Doubl. & Hew. 263
antimeta, Butl. 266 _
aphidanua, Drace, 278
apidanua, Horsf, 273
aroa, Hew. 266
atosia, Hew, 265
burton’, Hew. 404
centawrus, Butl. 261
diardi, Hew. 272
epimuta, Moore, noticed, 268
erijlus, Horsf. 254
efolus, Horsf. 256
eumolphux, Butl. 264
hypomuta, Hew. 266, 267
inormata, Feld. 271
longinus, Horsf. 244
iycenaria, Feld, 269
nelannia, Hew. 267
nakula, Feld. 261, 262
narada, Horsf. 276; figured
pl. xxi. £24; larva and pupa
figured, 14, f.54; neuration
of asa wing figured, 234,
f.7
udolongimus, Doubl. 244
sees Horst. 243
syne, Westw. 243
vidura, Horsf, 241
vihara, Feld. 270
Amphrisius, Swains. 325
Ampittia, Moore, 351
marc, Moore, 383
Anartia, Hiibn. 183
Anopes, Boisd. 201
avopua, Butl. 202
insularis, Horsf. & Moore, 451
maleylea, Feld, 202
spertiia, Feld. 203
Anosia, Hiibn.
abigar, Semp. 400
Antennm, origin of term, 4, note
Anthocaris, esos
faueippe, Line. «
Astigonaa, Habn.
pygela, Druce, B00
Ants attracted by larve of Ly-
cenide, 194; mimicked by
spiders, 28), note; preying
on butterflies, 169, note
Apatura, Fabr,, Moore's use of
name, LOU note, and 164; not
recorded from Malay Penin-
sula, 84; larva noticed, 37
boline, Moore, 160
chevann, Moore, spurious mi-
micry, 157
iris, Linn., frequenting dung
and carrion, 111, note
misippus, Moore, 167
oxteria, Weatw. LOO
tragia, Hiibn, $2
Aphnaria, 234, 459; synopsis of
penern, 245, 204
Aphnwus, Hiibn, 243; Hew. 242
lohita, Horsf, noticed, 243,
note
orcas, Dru., neuration noticed,
244, amd note
syama, Horsf. & Moore, 248
Appendix, 405
Appias, Hiibn. 287, 310, 467; anal
tuftsin g°, 310; habits, 310
alope, Butl. 813
amalia, Voll. $14; figured pl.
xxxiti. f.1
andersoni, Dist, 315; figured
pl. xxxiii. {. 2
cardena, Hew. 316; figured pl.
exxill. f. 3
eelestina, Boisd., noticed, 261
eleonora, Buil. 311
ennrete, Goisd. 312; figured,
412, f. 102
qulina, Butl. $11
ippo, Cram. 311,312; figured
Sues {.4,6
lagela, Moore, 467; figured pl.
xii. f. 11
lea, Doubl., mentioned, 315
leis, Hiibn. 813; figured pl. xxv.
f. 6, 7, 10; variation, 313
leptis, Feld., ver. plana, Butl.
314; figured pl. xxv. f.
72
nama, Moore, noticed, 315
nathalia, Bath. 317
nero, Fabr. 311; figured pl.
xxiv. f, 9, 10: "habits, 407;
variation, 311
panda, Butl. 317
paulina, Cram., noticed, 313
plana, Butl. $14
zarinda, Boisd., noticed, 811
Argynnis, Fabr., not recorded
from Malay Peninsula, 84
alciope, Godt. 174
clagia, Godt, 179
enimmlea, Guér. 114
erymanthis, Godt. 176
idalia, Dru., noticed, 236, note
niphe, Linn., noticed, 84
halanta, Godt. 173
Arhopala, Boisd,
agnix, Feld. 262
anphimuta, Feld, 267
antimuta, Feld, 266
inornata, Feld, 271
lyeenuria, Feld. 269
nakula, Fold, 261
tiharea, Feld. 870
Ariadne, Horsf. 137
coryta, Horsf. 187
Arishe, Hiibn. 353
Artificiality of many genera, 103,
note
Astictopterus, Feld. 3.2, 400
armatis, Druce,
discolor, Druce, 403
pemmifer, Butl. 403
harmachis, Hew. noticed, 404 |
jama, Feld. 401
salsala, Moore, 401; figured
pl. xxxiv. f. 21
aindu, Feld. 402; figured pl.
xxxy. f. BO
stellifer, Butl. 401
zanites, Butl. 402; figured pl.
xxxiv. f, 28
Astyci, 367
Atella, Doubl. 87, 173
aleippe, Cram. 174; figured
p. L74, £ 46
fasciata, Feld, 447
phalanta, Dru, 173; figured
pl.ix.f.4; neuration of front
wing figured p. 87, f. S44;
habits and larva noticed,
174; larva figured, 173, f£. 45
sinha, Koil, Ties figured pl. x.
fu
Aterica, Boisd.
meleagris, Cram,; resemblance
tw soil noticed, 71, note
Athyma, Westw. 87, 156
abiasa, Moore, 161; var. clerica,
ghee 161; figured pl. xvi,
chkak Druce, 162; figured pl.
xvi. f. 5; variation notioed,
108
clerica, Butl. 161
idita, Moore, 16); figured pl.
xvi. f. 9, 10
kanwa, Moore, noticed, 445
kresna, Moore, 161, 445; figured
pl. xvi. f. 8
larymina, Doubl. & Hew. 159;
figured pl. xvi. {, 1
leucothoe, Horsf. & Moore, 158;
nedration of hind wing, 87, |
f. 33
nefte, Cram. 164; var, nivifera,
Butl. 163; figured pl. xvi.
penius, Linn. 157; figured pl.
Atrophaneura, Keak, 325
Badamina, Moore, noticed, 370
Bahora, M
Baoria, Moore, 309, 379
Bindshara, Moore, 244, 247, 461
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
xvi. {.2; nenration of hind
Wing figured icub leucothoe),
87, £. 83; habits and trang-
formationa noticed, 158;
larva figured, 157, f. 44
pravara, Moore, 160; figured pl.
xvi. f.11; variation noticed,
él
sabrata, Butl. 14
subrata, Moore, 64, 445; |
. figured pl. xvi. f. 4
urvasi, Feld. 164; figured pl.
xvi. f. 12
Semperi, Feld. #25, note
oore
dspasia, Moore, 18
chaya, Moore, 380; figured pl.
xxxiv. f. 0
insignis, Hew. 391; figured pl. |
xxuxv. [. 22
mathias, Fabr. #80; figured
pl. xxxv. f. 10
moolaia, Moore, 379; figured
pl. xxxiv. f. 10
narooa, Moore, 380; figured
pl. xxxiv. f. 12
unicolor, Dist. 381; figured pl.
xxxv. f. 11
Baspa, Moore, 277
Batesia, Feld., attracted by offal,
111, note
Bees attracted by painted towers,
555, note
Belenois, Hiibn., type noticed,
246, note
cynis, Butl, 301
Biblis, Latr, 58
ariadne, Godt. 187
lais, Godt .62
procris, Horsf. 148
Biduanda, Dist. 258, 237
lapithis, Moore, 248; figured
pl. xx. f. 29
thesmia, Hew, 238; figured
p. 248, [, 76, 77
phocides, Fabr. 247; figured
pl. xx. 1. 25
sugriva, Horsf., noticed, 247,
note
Birds # preying on butterflies, 169,
Bithys, “Hobn,
longinusa, Hiibn, 244
Blue Wc of butterflies, 260,
Brassolinm, larve noticed, 37)
Bottertlies frequenting wet places, |
107 note, $04, 310
Byasa, Moore, 403, note
Caduga, Moore
banksii, Moore, 408
niphonica, Moore, 408
swinhoei, Moore, 408
tytia, Moore, 408
Cmsalpinia, medicinal and chemi-
cal properties, 107, note
Callianira, Hiibn. 147
Callidryas, Trim. 205; migra- |
tions, 256
alcmeone, Horef. & Moore, 296 |
catilla, Butl. 207 |
chryseis, Butl. 300 |
crocale, Boisd. 246
endeer, Boisd. 206 i
etesia, Hew, 290
| Te ant Hiibn.
gorgophone, Doubl. & Hew. 299
hilarix, Boiad. 297
phlegeus, Wall. 297
pyranthe, Wall. 300
scylia, Boisd. 299; simulating
flowers, 284
| Calliploa, Butl.
diocletianus, Butl. 28
ledererit, Butl, 26
veetigiata, Butl. 26
= Calysiame, Moore
blasius, Moore, 52
cepheus, Moore, 51
justina, Moore, 50
lalassis, Moore, 53
minetis, 60
ncvtitiles, Moore, 417
samba, Moore, 58
Cameron, John, 403, note
Cantor, Dr. 185
Carystus, Hiibn.,
elia, Dru. 370
Castalaria, 214, 454; synopsis |
of genera, 214
Castalius, Hiibn. 214
elna, Hew, 217; figured pl. xx.
{.4; neuration of front wing |
figured 214, f, 62
ethion, Doubl. & Hew. 216; |
figured pl. xxii. f. 25
narus, Hiibn, 215
rosimon, Fabr.215; figured pl.
xxii. f, 20
roxus, Godt. 206; figured pl.
xxii, f, 24
Castelnau, F. F. de Laporte,
Comte de, 136, note
Castor-oil plant, ‘local names, |
138, note
| Casyapa, Kirb. 869, 395
irava, Butl. $05
phanmus, Hew. 386; d
pl. xxv. f. 18; neuration of |
front wing figured, 369, £.117
thrar, Snell, 393
Catapecilma, Butl. 233, 284, 289,
ov
4
bubases, Hew. 459; figured pl. |
xliv. £ 26
elegans, Drace, 235 ; figured pl. |
xxii. {. 17; neuration of front
wing figured 233, {. 67
Cathwmnua, Hiibn. 289
Catochrysops, Boisd. 214, 223, |
456
onejus, abr. 225, 456; fig Ma
ae xxi. {, 2, & pl. xliv.
lithargyrin, Moore, noticed, 295
pandava, Horsf. 225; figured |
. xxi. ff. 17; larva noticed, |
strabo, Fabr. 224; figured pl.
xxi. f. 8, 14; variation
noticed, 225
Catophaga, Hiibn. 310
lagela, Moore, 407
leis, Hiibn. 313
286, 295;
, 285; range, 296
catilla, = 297; figured pl.
xxv. f. 15, 16; variability
and migrationa, 208
chryseis, Dru. 300; figured
ye xxv. f. 1, 2, and pl, xxvi.
crocale, Cram. 296; figured pl.
xxv. f. 11, 12; habits, 207
scylla, Linn. 298; figured pl.
xxiv. f. 1, 2; simulating a
flower, 284; larva and pupa
noticed, 299
Celmnorrhinus, Hiibn.
thraz, Hibn, 205
Cetheria, Fabr. 87, 170; range,
170; spiny stinging larve
noticed, 170
biblina, Godt. 446
» Dru. 446; figured pl.
xxviii. £3
eyane, Dru., larva noticed,
170
gery eet 172; figured pl.
logani, Dist, 170, 447; figured
pl. viii. £. 5
methypsea, Butl. 271; figured
pl. viii. f. 9; variation, 172
nicobarica, Feld., noticed, 171
Ceylon, prevalence of green
colour in, 463, note
Chmetocneme, Feld. 385
Chalcis, Fabr,
albicrus, Klug. | parasitic in
euplem, Hope | Danais chry-
sippus, » Hote
Chamaleon ( (American) preying
butterflies, 1069, note
‘hapra, Moore, 879
mathias, Moore, 381
Charaxes, Ochs. 86, 101, 432;
agnn, M 100
; aie: habits
and larva noticed, LO7; var.
. Moore, 106; figured
pl. xiii. i 8; larva noticed,
107; larva figured, 102, t. al
baya, Moore, 433; figured
xxxvi. f. 1
nent Dru., noticed, 110,
hacemos Butl. 438; figured
pl. xxxvii. f. 6
calydonia, Butl. 110
concha, Voll. 105
delphis, pants 104; figured
pl. xv. £1
distanti, Honr, 434; figured
pl. xxxvi. £2
ane Dist. 432; figured
aad f 8
echo, nae 103; figured 103,
aceite Cram., noticed, 455
fabius, Fabr., noticed, 104
harpax, Feld, 100, 434, 434;
figured pl. xiii. f. 1
sine! Butl. 107 ; figured pl. xv.
i Druce, 108
jalysus, Feld. 108 ; figured pl.
xiil. f, 4
aa a Ts eet noticed, 43-4
moori, Dist. 108; red
xiii, £. 9 ee i
nicholii, Smith, noticed, 433,
note
psephon, Lb gaits noticed, 433
samaths, Moore, ‘106
sehroiberi, Godt. 104; figured
pl. xiii. £.2; neuration of
front wing figured, 85, { 2s
Charus, Moore, $24, 445
helenus, Moore, S44
Cheritra, Mowre, 234, 242, 250
aa aera 261; figured pl. xx.
Chersonesia, Dist. 86, 142
acc i “alms 444; figured pl.
. ha
rahria, Horsf. & Moore, 142:
figured pl. xii. f. 4
risa, Doubl. & Hew. noticed,
142: habits, 140
Chilasa, Moore, 324, 853
dissimilia, Moore, 354
Chilea, Billb, 448
Chlorisses, Swains. 95)
sarpedon, Swains. 560
Choaspes, Moore, 369, 872
chuza, Hew. S73; figured pl.
xxxiv. f. 27
erawfurdi, Dist, 372; figured
pl. xxxiv. f. 26; paee ey
ot — wing figured, 369
harisa, Moore, 373; figured pl.
rxxiv. f. 22
malayana, Feld, 373; figured
: ee f. ie
©, hours of appearance,
195, note
Cirrochroa, Doubl. 87, 177
wii Doubl, & Hew. noticed,
bajadeta, Moore, 4 180 ;
ficured pl. xix. f. 1, 2
clagian, Grodt. 179; figured pl.
xvii. f. 7; variation noticed,
179
faaciata, Feld, 447
johannes, Buil. 180
malaya, Druce, 179
malaya, Feld. 180; figured pl.
x. £. 3, :
mithila, Moore, noticed, 181
orissa, Feld. 178; figured pl.
x. f. §: nenration of front
wing figured, 87, BO;
yarintion noticed, 178
ravana, Moore, 179
rotundata, Butl. 181, 447;
figured pl. x. f, 11, and pl.
xli. f. 12 '
entellita, Butl 178: figured |
pl. xix. f. 9
Clerome, Westw, 69, 80, 428
aroesilaus, Fabr. 428; fi
pl. xl. £5; habits, 429
busiris, Westw. 82
faunula, Westw. 81; figured
ad oh i 2; an ‘aberrant
graiiia, “Butl 80, 428; figured
cpa f. 1; neuration of
d wing figured 69, £. 24
Clerome [ ocyma
annula, Westw. 81
Clerome (Xanthotenia)
busiris, Westw, 32
Clytia, Swains, 853
dissimilis, Swains. 354
Cobalus, Hiibn.
ciliates, Butl. 404
elia, Butl. 370
* Cogoa- nut Moth” (Amathusia
phidippus), 71
ites, Weetw. 39, 45; blue
coloration, 261; range, 45
speeds Westy. 415; figured
{8
we ich, Aur 45,46; var.
umilis, Butl. ; figured
p. 45, f. 16
Ci
Coladenia, Moore, 392, 397
dan, Fabr. 898; figured pl. |
xxxv, f. 27; oviposition of
au hermaphrodite, |
470, note
figured |
INDEX,
catilla, Godt, 207
glaucippe, Horsf. 318
hileria, Godt. 207
jugurthina, Godt. 206
sevilla, Hiibn. 299
tifania, Godt, 297
Collecting butterflies alive, 196,
note
Correlation between colours of
animals and their food, 89
Crastia, Hiibn,
bremeri, Butl, 23
distanti, Moore, 82
godartii, Moore, 84
malayica, Butl. 22
Cupha, Billb. 87, 176
se Sees ar Dru. 176; figured
a vill, f. 4; variation, 177
Cupido, Schrank.
agnata, Druce, 228
almora, Druce, 220
aluta, Druee, 220
boticua, Auriv. 2541
enejits, Druce, 225
eerulea, Druce, 229
éthion, Druce, 216
haratdes, Kirb. 211
ananga, Kirb, 211
parrhasius, Snell, 221
rosimon, Druce, 215
rozus, Druce, 216
strabo, Druce, 224
Curetaria, 196, 450
Synopsis of genera, 196
Ceratinin, Hiibn.
food planta, 364
Curetis, Hiibn. 197, 201, 451
gr se »Fabr. 202, 451; figured
ahgas f. 12, and pl. xliv.
4
| Dalchina, Moore,
Cyrestis, Boiad. 86, 139
range and habits, 140
ecocles, Fabr. 442; figured pl.
xli. f. 18
earli, Dist, 141, 443; figured
pl. xii. f. 5
formosa, Feld. 442; figured,
442, f. 125
horatius, Wood-Mas. & De Nic.
442
nivalis, Feld. 140
nivea, Zink.-Somm. 140; var.
nivalis Feld. 140; figured pl.
xii, {3
paulinus, Feld. noticed, 141,
note
periander, Fabr, 448; figured
pl. sli. £. 10
rahkria, Horsf. & Moore, 142
sericeus, Butl. noticed, 141,
nota
themire, Honr. 443
thyodamas, Boisd., habits, 140
| Dacalana, Moore, 233, 24%)
vidura, Horsf. 241 ; d pl.
xxi. f. 27; neuration of front
wing figured, 233, £. 70
924, 350
sarpedon, Moore, 360
Danis, Fabr.
haraldua, Butl, 211
Danaida, Latr. 11
Wie ec 8, a ;
ynopsis 0 era,
Darcie. g, 405: ptotected but-
terflies, 12; opaque and dia-
phanous groups, 3; Frits
Miiller's views, 3; mimicked
by Elymnias, 58, 51
felderi, Dist, 203, 451; figured | Danais, Latr. 4, 11; neuration,
Pe xxii, f. 26, ‘and pl. xxiv.
insularia, Horsf. 208, 451 ;
figured pl. xli. f. 6, 7
malayica, Fold. 203; figured
pl. xxii. f. 28
sperthis, Feld. 208; figured pl.
xxii. f. 27
thetys, Dru., noticed, 203
Cyaninis, Dalm. 197, 210, 452
haraldus, Fabr. 211; figured
pl. xxi. f. 6
jynteana, Moore, 452; figured
pl. xliv. £. 6
Jambi, Dist. 211; figured pl.
xxi. £, 22; nenration of front
wing figured, 197, f. 56
placida, Moore, 455; figured
pl. xliv. f. 7
ap. 453 ; figured pl. xliv. f. 10
| Oyeads: Grant Allen' § Views on,
226, note
Cyclopides, Hiibn.
camertes, Hew, 355
maro, Butl. 383
salsala, Butl. 401
Cyllo, Boiad. 40
teda, Butl. 42
leda, Westw, 41
fowii, Do & Hew. 416
Cynthia, Fabr. 87, 185
arsinoé, Dro, 184
capa ay Dist. 185; figured pl. |
x. f. 5
aetna: Erichs. 184; figured
pl. x. f. 1, 2; habits, 185;
head, showing palpi,
83, f. 25; neuration o: front
wing figured, 87, f. 86
erotella, Butl, 184
12; range, 11, 12; scent-
producing organs, 12; tawny
the ancestral colour, 12;
supposed immunity from
mites, 13, 407; attacked by |
Chalcididm, 407; mimicked
by Elymnias, 59; and Nephe-
ronia, $20
abigar, Esch. 409; figured pl.
alii. £. 11
aglea, Cram., reputed Malae-
enn, Li
aglesides, Weld: 15; figured pl.
ucipps, Oram. mimicked by
ypolimnas alcippoides, 169
alcippus, Marah. & De Nic, 408
srantetiis Fabr. noticed, 18
aspasia, Fabr. 13; var, crocea,
Butl. 18; figured pl. i. f. 7
cecilia, Boug. 409
ch bes ee Linn. 20; figured
f. 10; range, 11, 12;
¥ ae food plants noticed,
21; larva | a, f. 3;
pupa figared, 9.1.2; Chaleid
parasites, 407, note ; mi-
micked by Hypolimnas mi-
sippua, 168 ; var. Ae Un
Moore, 408; figured pl. xl.f£.13
crocea, Butl. 13
diocletianua, Godt, 28
dorippus, Klug. attacked by
mites, 15; mimicked by Hy-
polimnas ‘inaria, 109
genutia, Cram. 18, 408; figured
ess ii, f. 2, 35 habits, 19
core ie Butl. 15
: ta, Macl., noticed, 17
hegesippus, Godt. 19
473
juventa, Godt. 407
melaneus, Ora 14, 408;
figored pl. if, 6; variation, 16
melanippus, Cram. 19; var. he-
gestppas, Cram. 10; figured
-£1
ip Doobl. 10
midamus, (rodt, 24
misippe, Godt. 167
philomela, Zink, noticed, 14
plerippua, Godt. 18
plexippus, Linn. identification,
18; migration, 12; northern
range, 12
prisons: Batl. 16; figured
pl. i. £.9; hind wing figured,
3, £.5; is a form of D, ha-
mata, 17
similis, Horaf, & Moore, 10
similis, Linn. néticed, 10)
sita, Koll. 408
tytia, Gray, 408, 440; figured
p. xli. f. 15; habits, 409
vulgaris, Bail, 10
Danais (Chittira)
tytia, Marsh, & De Nic, 408
Danizepa, Moore
diocletianus, Moore, 38
Danaus, Latr, 11; use of name
discussed, 11
Dasyomma, Feld.
Juscum, Feld. 53
Debis, Westw, 45
arcadia, Horsf. & Moore, 414
europa, Westw. 44
mekara, Moore, 418
Beooying species ‘of Papilio, 355,
Dakar “Hiibn. 286, 289, 465;
habits, 200; range and colour,
289
belladonna, Fabr. noticed, 292
descombesi, Boisd. 290, note,
466; figured pl. xlii, f. 16
dione, Dro. 290; figured pl.
xxiv. f. 5, 6
egialea, Cram. noticed, 200;
habits, 200, note
eucharis, Dru,, reputed from
Penang, 290, note
hyparcte, Linn. 292; var. met-
arete, Butl. 292; figured pl.
xxiv. f, 18, 14
ithiela, Butl. 292, 466; figured,
292, f. 99
metarete, Butl. 292
mares Wat 291; fignred, 201,
9
orphne, Wall. 294 ; figured,203,
f. 101
Lon daar Ne ure 291; figured
- xxiv. f. 4; neuration of
nt wing figured, 286, f. 93
pasithoe, Linn, noticed, 200;
var. dione, Butl. 290
pyramus, Wall. 465 5
figured pl. xlii, f. 14
singhapura, Wall. 203; figured,
208, f. 100
Deloneura, Trim. noticed, 196,
note
cri i -lolot, Javan name for &
of Phyllanthus, 158
De Nicoville’ 8 Views on seasonal
dimo , 411
Deramas, Dist. 4.50
livens, Dist. 451; figured pl.
nlii. f. 15
Dercas, Boiad. 287, 308
gobrias, Hew, 308 ; figured pl.
zxvi, f. 18; neuration of
6E
474
front wing figured, 287, f..95;
habits, 309 .
ign and mimicry, 469, note
Deudorix, Hew, 234, 277, 464
barthema, Dist. 280
domitia, Hew, 260; figured pl.
xxiii. . 7
epijarbas, Moore, 404; figured
pl. xli, f. 4
jarbns, Fabr. 278, 464; figured
pl. xx. f, 26, & pl. xxiv. £16
orseis, Hew. mentioned, 277
petosivis, Butl. 278
petosiris, Hew. noticed, 279
pheretima, Butl, 279
pheretima, Hew. noticed, 279
sequeira, Dist, 278; figured pl.
xxiii. f, 21
utimutis, Dist. 279; figured pl.
xxiii, f, 22
xenophon, Fabr. 465; figured ©
pl. xliv. f. 1,2
Lenop hat, Hew. 280
Dhak tree nee: 229, note
Diademna, Boird.
anomala, Wall. 169
bolina, Boisd. 167
bolina, Wall. 165
nisppus, Mab. 167
nana, Doubl. 446
Didonia, Hiibn. food plants, 864,
note
Direenna, Douhl. food plants, 464
Discophora, Boisd. 69, 74, 426
celinde, Stoll. 75; figured pl.
v. £. 10, 11; variation, 76, 77;
neuration of front wing
figured, 69, a 23; larva
figured, 7, f. 1
menetho, Butl. 76
sondaica, Boiad, noticed, 4265
tullia, Cram. 74, 426 + figured
pl. vii. f. 8, f: hind wing
sgured, HG, £. 16; verison:
, 75; larva noticed, 75
aal, Westw. noticed, 75, 426
real of colleations, 145, note
Doleschallia, Feld. 85, 87 range,
affinities transformations
noticed, 88
bisaltide, Cram., transforma-
tions, d&c., noticed, 88
polibete, Cram. noticed, 6%,
sive Feld, 88; figured pl.
pratipa, Pe Pp:
ix. f. 6, and pl. x. £. 8;
neuration of front wing
Dophia, Moore, 1l4
Doubtful Singapore species, 182,
note
Dragon-flies preying on butter-
wa 164, note; resembled
by Leptocircus, 365
Drupadia, Moore, 285, 236, 460
moorel, Dist. 286, 460; figured
pl. xx. f. 20, 21, 80, ‘and pl.
xl. f. 11; neuration of hind
wing figured, 255, f. 68
ravindra, Horsf. noticed, 287
Drusilla, Swains. 427
Elymnias, Hiibn. $9, 58, 421;
aberrant Satyrinm, 58
mic Danainm, 58, 69; range,
habits, and life. history, 60
abrisa, Dist. 421; figured
pl. ait ii. ee m
casiphone, Hiibn. 64; figured
pl. vi. f. 10; neuration of
fore wing figured, 39, f. 14
— a a ccs
NS eee
RHOPALOCERA
discrepans, Dist. 60; figured
pl vi. f. 2,3; a local form
of undularnis, 60; perhaps a
seasonal form of nigrescens,
61; rarity of 9, 60
fraterna, Butl., larva and pupa
noticed, 51)
godferyi, Dist. 425; figured pl.
kinctlert Honr. 422; figured
pl. xli. £. 9; details figured,
432, f. 123
lnis, Cram. 62; figured pl. ix,
f. 2; variation, 63
leucocyma, Godt. noticed, 66
lutescena, Butl. 62; figured pl.
vi. f. 4,5; variation of 9,
62
mehida, Wall 63 A
nigrescens, Butl, 61; figure
pl. vi. f. 1, and pl. ix. £1
panthers, Fabr. var. lutescens, |
Rirb. 62
Weatw. 63, 421;
pl. vi. f£. 11, ‘and pl.
vil. f. 6; range, (4
er 5 Dist, 65; figured pl. ix.
a
sumatrana, Wall. noticed, 422
timandra, Wall. mentioned, 65
undularis, Dru,, races, 60;
larva and pupa noticed, 59
Elymniina, $7
Elymniinm, 27
Emesis, Fabr,
drupadi, Horsf. 190
Enemies of butterflies, 169
Epargyreus, Hiibn,
mathias, Butl, 380
Epicalia, Weastw, ;
lection, 78
Ergolis, Boisd, 85, 187;
137
ariadne, Linn. 187;
xi. f. G; larva noticed, 157,
188
coryta, Boisd. 187, 189
iswus, Wall. 149, 441; figured
pl. xxxix. f. 6
since ap Oram. 138; figured pl.
xv. © 6
Eriboa, Hubn. 101
Erionota, Mab, 802, 993
hypaepa, Mab. 895
irava, Mab. 305
thrax, Linn. 398;
xxxiv. f. 17; ted peat
S67, 1. 110; neuration of
front wing figured, a2, ff. |
118; larva and pupa noticed,
_ 898; figured, 867, f. 111
Erionotaria, 368, 392, 470
Synopsis of genera, 392
Erites, Weatw. 89, 46
angularis, Moore, 46; figured |
pl. v. £3; nmeuration of hind |
wing figured, 89, f. 12
Eronia, Boiad. $19
cleodora, Boisd. noticed, 319,
lufescens, Moore, 820
Erycina, Fabr., name preoceu-
pied, 185, note
curtus, Godt. B65, 866
Erycinidm, 185,448; habits, and
tion in 186 ;
neuration, 186; number of
species, 184; synopsis of
enera, 187
Ery m, 185
sexual se- |
habits, |
figured pl. |
MALAYANA.
Esoptria, Hiibn. 164
Budamus, Swains.
calathus, Hew, ATL
phaneus, How, 386
Eugonia, Hiibn. 430
Bulaceura, Butl. 0)
eateria, But. LOO
Eulacura, Butl, 45, i); repre.
sentative of Apatura, LOU
osteria, Westw. 100; figured
pl. xu. f. 5, 6
Eulepis, Dalm. 101
scmatha, Moore, 100
Eumeus, Hiithn., noticed, 196
Euphorbiacem, genera of butter-
flies feeding on, St4
Euplea, Fabr. 4, 21, 410; habits
and local variation, 22;
sexual characters, 21; scent-
glands, or strigillators of J,
22; not always
38 a protected genus, 22,
33; supposed ser be-
tween erent species, 33,
mimicked by Mivsnian. 5o
mgyptus, Butl., doubtiully no-
ticed from 'Singapore, 22,
note
bremeri, Feld., 23,410; figured |
pl. ik, f. r |
eastelnaul, Feld. 24; figured |
pl. ii. f. 6
chionippe, Hitbn, 409
chloe, Guer, 30; figured pl. iv,
. 2, and pl. xi. £.5; varia-
tion, 31
chrysippus, Hiibn, 20
erameri, Luc., noticed, 411
crassa, Butl. 29, 410; figured
pl. v. £. 8; probably = KE.
erichsoni, Feld. 29
dejeani, Dist, 29; Sexes pl.
iv. f. 1; perhaps — E. chive,
Guér., var, 29, 30
diocletia, Hubn,, noticed, 261
diocletianus, Fabr. 25 ; figured
pl. iv. f. 4, 6; a race of
E. rhadamanthus, Fabr. 28;
mimicked by Pap. caunus,
Westw., race mpinlus, Dist.
$53; 9 mimicked by Euripus
euplooides, Feld, 134
diozippe, Hibn. 167
distanti, Moore, 32; figured
pl. v. f. 9; resemblance to
E. bremeri, Feld. 82
erichsoni, Feld, 29, 410
bia Lue. 34 ; figured pl. lil.
saan Boisd., habits no-
ticed, 21
protei, ‘Feld. a6, 411; figured
pl. iii, f. 3, = E. harrisi,
eld, Is 40
gyll , Lue,, probably =
eimeri, Moore, 23
harrisi, Feld. 411
inqguinata, Butl. 26
ledereri, Feld. 26; figured pl.
ii. f. 10
lencostictos, Gmel., 410
linnei; Moore, 410
lowii, Moore, a Bornean form
of E. rhadamanthus, Fabr.
rf mimicked by a Papilio,
caalayita: Batl. 22; ha pl.
li, £.7; variation, 23 : a local |
race of ig heimeri,
Moore
margarita, pul. $1; figured
present, |
pl. iv. £38; ieeegh 33
var. from
marsdeni, Moore, 411; Piciod
pl. xxxix. {. 1.
menetriesi, Feld. 34,56; figured
l, in. f. 4,
midamus, Linn. 24, 25, 26, 261,
410; figured pl. ii. f. 8, 9;
front tarsi figured, 2, f. 15 8
protected species, mimicked
y Papilio paradoxa, Zink.,
‘enigma, Wall., &o, 25; group
mimicked by Elymnins,59,66
sehr ae Cram. 25; figured pl.
iii. f. 1,2
novare, Feld., noticed, 26
ochsenheit neri, Moore, 22, 23
olivacea, Moore, 410
phoobus, Buil. 24; front wing
fig ,3,f.4
pinwilli, Butl $5; figured pl.
iii. f. 9, 10; variation, 36
thadamanthus, Fabr. 28 ; races
inclining to melanism, 28 ;
mimicked by Papilio caunus,
Westw. 363; 9 mimicked b
Euripus halié ierses, Doubl.
é& Hew, 198
scudderi, Moore, noticed, 23
siamensis, Feld, 4
tytia, Gray, 408
vestiginta, Butl. 26,410; figured
pl. tii. f. 6, 7; variation no-
ticed, 27; probably a race
of E. novarm, Feld. 27
| Euplewina & Limnaina, Moore's
monograph noticed, 405
Eupleinm, 3
Euptychia, Hiibn., variation, 52
crisia, Hiibn, 420
Euralia, Westw 164
Eurema, Hiibn. 304, note
formosa, Htibn, $07
hecube, Hiibn, 304
Eurhinia, Feld. 97
Euripus, Westw, 6, 133; sexual
disparity and mimicry, 133
euplwoides, Feld. 134, 441;
figured pl. xii, f. 6, 7; 9
local race of KE. halitherses,
Doubl. & Hew: 154;
mimics Kuples diocletiana,
Fabr. 194
haliartus, Feld. 441
halitherses, Doubl. & Hew.
441; figured pl. xii. f, 11;
9 mimics ce a rhada-
manthus, F
pfeifferve, Feld. 185; figured,
155, f. 42
Europe and America connected
in Tertiary times, 68, note
Eurytela, Boisd. 85, 185.
castelnani, Feld. 136, 261,
441; figured pl. xv. f. 10,
and pl. xliti. f. 10 }
Eu teli Me Bi, 66
Eut , Hibn. 86, 114, 496;
range, 115; sexual disparity,
123, larve mimicking My.
rig 115, 116
aconthea, Cram., feeding on
MPs 118, en
onia, Cram., 120; figured
pl. xix. f. 10, 11; variation
noticed, 121
alpheda, Godt. -, noticed, 119;
var. jaina, Kirb., 119
anosia, Moore, 117;
xiv. f. 5; neuration of
wing figured, 86, f. 39
apindes, Mén., noticed, 439
asoka, Feld. 127; figured pl.
xiv. f. 53, and pl. xv. f. 3;
range, 127
bellata, Druce, 436; figured
1. xxxvii. f. 4, and pl. xiii.
. 12
bipunetata, Voll. 438; figured
pl. xliii. £..8
cocytina, Horsf, 125; figured
pl. xviii. f. 7
decorata, Butl. 122, 430;
figured pl. xiv. f, 0, and p.
122, f. 41; variation in J,
derma, Koll. 116, 486; figured
pl. xix. f. 4
dunya, Doubl. & How, 436;
figured pl. xxxviil. f. 1
evelina, Stoll, noticed, 116
garuda, Moore, 117, 487;
figured pl. xiv. f, 1, 2; came
noticed, 117, note; food
andjtransformations noticed,
118; larva figured, 115, f, 39
goodrichi, Dist. 456
jama, Feld. 11), 4387, 438;
figured pl. xiv. f. 8, and pl.
xv. f. 4
lav , Butl. 119; figured pl.
xiv. f. 7, and pP 120, f. 40)
lepidea, Butl, 489; figured pl.
xxxvi. f. 4, 5
lubentina, Crum. 128, 438;
tigured pl. xiv. {. 4; trans-
formations noticed, 128
muacnairi, Dist. 128; figured
pl. xiv. f, 6, 10
maclayi, Dist, 124; figured pl.
xiv, f. 12
morta, Moore, 437; figured pl.
xii. f. 1, 2
parts, Moore, 487; figured pl.
xxxvil. f. 7
puseda, Moore, 125,
figured pl. xv, f. 3, and pl.
xviii. f. 8: variation in 92,
126
ramada, Moore, 122, 430;
figured pl. xix. f. 4
atoliczhana, Dist. 124; figured
450;
xxxvi. f. 9,
zichri, Butl, 438;
xiii. 1. 6
Everes, Hiibn, 214, 221, 455
exiguus, Dist. 455; figured pl.
xii
vy. £17
parrhasins, Fabr, 221; figured,
221, f.66
Examining neuration of butter-
flies, 242, note
Farquhar, Col. 264, note
Faunis, Hiibn.
caneus, Hibn, 425
Felder’s Reise d. Novara, date of
publication, 24
Female polymorphism, 350
Flight of buttertlies, 6
Formica, Linn.
amaragdina, Fabr.; attracted
by larve of Lycwnidm, 194
Fossil buttertlies from Aix in
Prevence, 65
Fulgora, Linn. F
candelaria, Linn. ; lepidopter-
ous parasite on, 594, note
Gangara, Moore, #02, #04
INDEX,
thyrsis, Fabr. 894; figured pl.
xxxiv. 1.1%; larva and pupa
noticed, 304
Garoda = Gurda, 117, note
Gegenes, Hubn,
contigua, Mab,, noticed, 380
javana, Mab,, noticed, 480
Genera of butterflies feeding on
EKuphorbiacem and Sola-
nace, Sd, note
Geographical distrtbution
Indo-Australian lepidopter-
ous fauna, 17, 18
Gerydus, Boisd. 197, 205
biggsii, Dist. 206; figured pl. |
noticed,
xxii, f, 12
boisduvalii, Butl.,
206, note
horsfieldi, Butl. 207
nivalis, Butl, 207
symethus, Oram. 205; figured
pl. xx. f. 2, and pl. xxil.
f. 14; not found in ants’-
neste, 205; hind leg figured,
205, f. 59
Glauber’s salts, water-beetles in
tanks of, 467, note
Golden Chersonese, 142, note
Gonepteryx, Leach.
gobrias, Hew, 308
Goniloba, Westw.
badra, Moore, 374
Grapta, Kirb, 450
Green coloration of sea and land |
fauna and flora in Ceylon, |
&c., 265, note
Gurda == Garuda, 117, note
Gynandromorphism, 177, note
Gyrinus, Linn.
natator, Linn., inhabiting
tanks of Glauber's salts,
467, note
Habits of buttertlies, i, 143,
anid note
Haeckel on the prevalence of
green coloration in Ceylon,
464, note |
Hamadryas, Boisd., noticed, 4
lemonias, Hubn. 6
Haridra, Moore, 101
Harimala, Moore, #24, 438
Hasora, Moore, S00, 878
badra, Moore, 374; figured pl.
xxxv. f. 4; larva and pupa
noticed, 374
vitta, Bull. 375; figured pl.
xxiv. f.
Hebomoia,
neuration noticed, 286
borneensis, Wall., notieed, 518
celebensis, Wall, noticed, 815 |
giaucippe, Linn. 518, 519;
figured pl. xxvi. f..9; habits, |
and notice of larva, 319;
larva and pupa figured, 284,
f. 91, 92
Hecaerge, Ochs. 448
myrrha, Hitbn. 445
| Hedysarum, sp. dilled Kajangan
in Java, 140
Hermaphroditism, 177, note; in
Hesperiidm, 470, note
Heliconius, Latr.
charithonia, Linn. ;
noticed, 11, note
of
4 |
Hiibn, 287, 818; |
habits |
alysoa, Horsf, & Moore, 394
authe:, Hew. 404
aria, Plote. ATR
aznara, Horsf. & Moore, 400
attina, How. 371
atymnue, Cram. 281
augias, Latr. BB?
hadra, Bath. 874
hononia, Hew, 486
callinewra, Feld. S06
chaya, Moore, 480
cicero, Faber. Sis
onejua, Fabr, 225
dan, Horsf. & Moore, 308
democritus, Fabr. 232
eaeoua, Litre, 48
elia, Hew. S70
Jfatih, Koll. 398
freja, Fabr. 241
hariac, Both. 373
homolea, Hew. S91
hyela, Hew, 876
hypaepa, Hew. 89d
irava, Moore, 306
ismene, Feld,, noticed, 376
jarbas, Pabr. 278
Iatoia, Hew. S06
latre?Hit, Feld., 371
laufella, Hew., noticed, 476,
note
fonginus, Fabr, 244
miro, abr. 383
mathias, Fabr. 380
moolutn, Moore, 379
mytheca, Hew, 377
mitroal, Moore, 380
pandia, Moore, BU4
parrhasius«, Fabr, 221
phocides, Fabr. 247
plato, Fabr. 222
strabe, Fabr, 224
sybarita, Hew. B15
thera, Late. 403
thyreis, Plite, 494
vitta, Butl, 874
aenophon, Fabr, 466
Hesperidw vel. Hesperiidw, 1,
note, 406, 470; habits and
classification, 467, 468 ; spe-
cies incerta: sedis, 801, 404
Hesperilla, Hew.
dun, But), 8048
Hestia, Hilm. 4, 5; popular
names, and habits, 5; light,
and area of distribution, 6
belin, Westw., compared with |
linteata, Butl. 7; pupa no-
ticed, 6
clara, Butl, 406
donovani, Moore, 405
etidara, Gray, 8
idea, Doubl. & Hew. 7
leuconoe, Erichs. 406; figured
pl. xxxix. f. 3 |
linteata, Butl. 7, 406; figured |
pli. fl |
|
|
logani, Moore, 405
lynceus, Dru. 6, 405; figured
pl. i. f.2; antenna figured, |
4, f. Ga; intermediate tarsus —
figured, 4, f. Ta; habits, |
406; variation, 7
malabarica, Moore, compared
with linteata, Butl, 7; pupa
noticed, 6 |
refnwurdti, Moore, 405 |
Herona, Westw.; not recorded | Hestina, Weatw. 446
from Malay Peninsula, 83
adrastus, Flétz. 307
wlianus, Fabr. 228
|
iea, Moore, 441
nama, Doubl. 446; fignred pl.
xliii. f. 0; resembles Danais |
tytia, Gray, 446 |
475
Hewitsonia, Kirh., noticed, 106,
note
Hewitson’s views on species,
lit, note
Hidari, Dist. $92, 305
irava, Moore, $94; figured
pl. xxxiv. £15; neuration
of front wing figured, 312,
f. 100
stnudingeri, Dist. 35; figured
nl. xxxv. £2 25
sybarita, Hew, 395; figured
pl. xxxv. f. 24
Hipio, Hithn. 40
leda, Hiibn. 41
Hipolimnas, Hiibn, 164
Hiposcritia, Geyer, 310
Hipparehia, Fabr.
hyperanthus, Lann., variation
noticed, 62
makuta, Horsf, 420
semele, Linn., resemblance to
soil, 71
Hornga, Moore, 45%
halba, Dist. 460; figured pl.
xliv. f. 25
Hot springs, water-beetles in,
407, note
Hot stones frequented by Orni-
thoptera brookeana, Wall.
467
Huphina, Moore, 310, 815
amalia, Moore, 314
Hyades, Boisd, 427
Hyarotis, Moore, 892, 397
ndrastus, Cram. 897; figured
pl. xxxiv. f. 4
Hypanartia, Hiibn.
hyppocla, Hiibn, 431
Hypochrysops, Feld.
lubases, Hew. 450
elegans, Druce, 236
Hypolimnas, Hiibn. 87, 100, note,
1t4; range, lid
aleippoides, Butl., mimicking
Danais alcippus, Cram. L6u
anocmala, Wall. 169, 445;
figured pl. xli. f. 1—4
bolina, Linn. 165; figured pl.
xii. f. 11, 12, and pl. xv.
f. 12; vnrintion, markings,
and transformations, Lib
inoria, Cram., mimicking Da-
nais dorippus, Klug. 169
incommoda, Butl. 167; figured
l. xvii. f. 8, 9
misippus, Linn. 167; figured
pl. xii. f. 9, 10, and pl. xv.
{. 11; migratory habits, 168;
mimics Danais chrysippus,
Linn, 168
poggei, Dew., noticed, 169, note
Hypolycena, Feld. 234, 255, 462
amba, Kirb, 461
andamana, Moore, 255
erilua, Snell, 255
erylus, Godt, 255; figured pl.
xx. f, 5, 6
sacra Fabr. 256; figured pl.
xx. f. 23
tharis, Hiibn. 257; figured pl.
xx. f, 19
thecloides, Feld. 257, 402;
figured, 257, f. 78
Hyposcritia, Moore
plana, Moore, 314
Ida Pfeiffer, 135, note
Idea, Fabr. 5
abigar, Egeh. 400
dao, Boisd. 8
4713
diardi, Voll. &
leneonoe, Erichs. 406
lyneea, Godt. 6
Ideopsis, Horsf. & Moore, 4, 8;
range, &
daos, Boisd. 8, 407; figured
pl i. f. 3, 4; antenna
figured, 4, t. 6, bh; hind
tarsus figured, 4, {. 7, 6;
variation in wing-outline, 9 ;
larva not known, 5
malabarica, Moore, habits and
transformations, 6
Tlisdea, Hiibn. $24, 389
meator. Hiibn. #41
Tlerda, Doubt.
superba, Druce, 239
Impropriety of applying theolo-
gical nimes to insects, 245,
note
Inachis, Hiibn. 430
Indo - Australian lepidopterous
fauna, geographical distri-
bution of, 17, 18
Indra or Indras, 1%1, note
Insects destroyed by birds, $57,
te
note
Tolaus, Hiibn. 240, note
cippus, Fabr.; race longinius,
Butl. 244
hetine Fabr,, noticed, 240, note
fonginus, Hew, 244
mantra, Hew, 245
peendolonyinus, Butl. 244
vidura, Hew, 241
Tolans (Purlisa)
giganteus, Dist. 250
Tphias, Boisd. 318
glaucippe, Boisd, 518
Iphiclides, Hiibn.
agamemnon, Hiibn. 363
Iphita, Horaf. 02
Iraota, Moore, 234, 258, 462
boswelliana, Dist. 238; figured
pl. xxii. f. 23
lnzarona, Feld., distinct from
timoleon, Stoll. 259
nila, Dist. 462; figured pl.
xliv, f. 24
rochana, Horef., distinct from
timoleon, Stoll. 259
timoleon, Stoll., noticed, 259
Isaac Walton, spiders, and the
Royal Society, $77, note
Ismenaria, Dist. #68; synopsis
of genera, a6
Isamia, Moore
chloe, Moore, 30
dejeant, Moore, 29
margarita, Moore, $1
Isma, Dist. 369, 885
bononin, Hew. 386; figured
pl. xxxv. f. 20
homolea, Hew. 891; figured
pl. xxxy. f. 23
obseurn, Dist. $86; figured
pl. xxxv. f. 10
Ismene, Swains.
aria, Moore, 378
badra, Snell. S74
chabrona, Plotz. 875
chuza, Hew, 378
hearisa, Moore, 375
malayana, Feld. 373
murdava, Moore, 878
vitta, Druce, 876
Tamene (Choaspes)
crawfurdi, Dist. 872
Ttanus, Feld. 114
Ithomia, Hiibn., noticed, 3; food-
plants, 364, note
RHOPALOCERA
Ixins, Hiibn. 287, 800
anaxibin, Hiibn., noticed, 310
bind, ‘Dist. 809; figured pl. |
xvi. f. 4
lntifasciatus, Butl. »noticed, a0 |
Jacoona, Dist, 235, 241
anasuja, Feld. 242; figured
nH. xxi. f. 15
Jamides, Hiibn. 214, 222
bochus, Cram. 222; figured
pl. xxi. f. 16, 19; variation
noticed, 223 and note; neu-
ration of front wing figured,
284, f. 68; yar. nicobaricus,
Wood- Mas. & De Nic. 222, 228
Johnson's (Dr.) views on Ento-
mology, 258, note
Junonia, Hiibn. 85, 89, 92
aonis, 'Habn. HL
sist Linn. $4; figured pl.
i. f. 1, 2; size, transforma-
fia: and occurrence in
Ceylon, 95; var. javana,
Feld. 94; var. nicobariensis,
Feld. 94
atlites, Linn. 93; figured pl,
xi. f. 11, 12; variation and
transformations noticed, $4
ida, Druce, 92
iphite, Butl. 00
laomedia, Horsf. & Moore, 93
lemonias, Linn. 96; figured
pl. xi. £. 5; larva and food-
plant, 97
ocyale, Hiibn., noticed, 96 and
note
orithya, Linn., noticed, 96 and
note
orthosia, (rodt., noticed, 96,
note
wallacei, Dist. 05; figured pl.
xi. f. 5,4; a race of orithya,
Linn, {6
Kajangan, Javan name for a
species of Hedysarum, 149
Kalak, Javan name of o species
of Uvarin, 359
Kallima, Westw. 83, 84, 429
buxtoni, Moore, 429; figured
pl. xxxvii. f. 2; variation,
450)
Keranna. Dist, #12, 402
armata, Druce, 402; figured
pl. xxxv. f. 31; neuration
of front wing figured, 892,
f. 121
nurivittata, Moore, 40%: var.
cameroni, Dist. 403; figured
pl. xxxiv, f. 19
diocles, Moore, 403; figured
pl. xxxiv. f. 8; settles with
closed wings, 405
gemmifer, Butl. 408; figured
pl. xxxiv. £, 20
native name of a Javan
medicinal plant (Achyr-
anthes), {4
Kleppu, native name of Nanclea
plant) in Java, 148
Laertins, Hiibn, 824, 346
pammon, Hibn, 347
romulus, Moore, 347
Lamb, J., ‘entomological labours
os sopennce Wellesley, 211,
Tarpides, aug 214, 226, 456
st Fabr. 228, 456; figured |
MALAYANA,
1.
E 19; transformations no-
ticed, 22; var. agnata, Dru.
228
almora, But). 220
aluta, Druce, 220
heticn, Walk. 231
ietious, Butl, 230
heroe, Butl. 219
enejus, Butl, 225
errulea, Butl, 229
democritua, Butl. 222
elpis, Godt. 226; figured pl.
xxi. f, 25, 26; anterior lega
figured, 193, f. 53; contrast
of surfaces of wings, 227;
var. pseudelpis, Butl. 227;
figured pl. xx. £. 27, 28
ianksea Feld, 221, note, 229;
figured pl. xx. f. 11, 18
macrophthilme, Butl, 218
optimus, Rober, 456; figured,
456, f. 127
parrhasius, Butl. 221
patala, Butl. 225
plato, Butl. 222; var. wicoba-
ricua, Wood-Mas. & De Nice,
222, 225
pseudelpis, Butl. 227
rosinun., Wood-Maa. & De Nie.
216
strabo, But. 224
viola, Moore, 219
ap. 280; figured pl. xxi. f, 24
Lamproptera, Gray, 865
curiua, Gray, 565
| Laogona, Boisd, 431
hippocla, Moore, 431
hypatia, Wall. 432
hypselis, Godt. noticed, 492
Laxita, But). 188, 192
tanita, Butl. 102
Leaf-buttertlies, AS, Ba, 4a
Lebadea, Feld. 86, 144
alankara, But. 145
ismene, Doubl. & Hew. 444
martha, Fabr. 145; figured pl,
xvi. f. 10, 11
Lemoniiim, 185
Lepidopterous parasite on Ful-
fora candelaria, S94
Leptocircus, Swains. 824, 365 ;
resemblance to dragon-flies
and Nemoptera, $65, 366
curius, Fabr. #66; figured pl,
xlii. £. 1
curius, Swaine. 864
meges, Zink. $65; figured pl.
xxxii. f. #; neuration of
front wing figured, 824, f.
105; habita, 565
_ virescens, Butl., habits, 366
Leptosia, Hiibn, 287; habits, 287
alcesta, Cram., noticed, 2H8,
note
chlorographa, Hiibn. 288
xiphia, Fabr, 288; figured pl.
xxvi. f. 8; habits and varia-
tion, 288
Lethe, Hiibn. 99, 43, 418; range,
43
arcadia, Butl. 414
arcuata, Butl. 44 ‘
Sone Fabr. 43; figured pl.
¥.f.5 6; neuration of hind
ured, 29, f. 11;
wings. Sgare
mekara, Moore, 413;
xxxix, f. » habits, 414
minerva, Fabr. ‘414; figured
pl. xxxvi. f. 6
xxi. f. 18, and pl. xxii. |
| Lexias, Boisd.
seanda, Moore, noticed, 261
, 113
dirtea, Feld. 112 ‘
Libythea, Fabr, 448
antipoda, Boisd, noticed, 261
myrrha, Godt. 448; figured
pl. xlii. f.2; habite, 449
| Libythwidw, 448
| Libythwine, 448
Limaciformes, 37
Limenitis, Fabr, 86, 147
alankara, Horsf. & Moore, 145
anarta, Moore, 148
iamene, Doubl, & Hew, 444
larymna, Doubl. & Hew. 159
leweothor, Weatw, 158
marthit, Butl, 145
procris, Cram. 148; figured pl.
xvii. f. 1; neuration of front
wing figured, 86, £32; trans-
formations and food plants
noticed, 145; var. anarta,
Moore, 148
Limnainaand Eupleina; Moore's
Monograph noticed, 405
Limnas, Hiibn.
aleippoidesx, Moore, 408
Liphyra, Westw. 197, 204
rassolis, Westw. 204; figured
pl. xxii. f. 18
Liptena, Doubl. & Hew. noticed,
106, note
Lizards preying on butterflies,
169, note
Local races discussed, 104; pro-
priety of describing, 144, note
Logania, Dist, 197, 208, 452
malayica, Dist. 208; figured
pl. xxii, f, 21; hind 1
tigured, 208, f, G1
sriwa, Dist. 452; figured pl,
xliv. £16
Lotongus, Dist. 860, STL
calathus, Hew, 871;
pl. xxiv. f. 14
maculatus, Dist. 372; figured
pl. xxxv. f. 1
Loxura, Horsf. 234, 280
atymnus, Cram. 287; figured
pl. xxiv. f. 7; neuration of
front wing figured,.234, f. 75
cassiopein, Dist. 282; figured,
282, 1. 88, 89
Lycwna, Fabr.
wlianus, Horsf. 228
aleria, Horsf. & Moore, 228
argiolus, Linn., noticed, 210
hetica, Horaf. 250
beticus, Snell. 230
beroe, Feld, 214
cagaya, Veld. noticed, 210
cnejus, Horsf. 225
elna, Hew. 217
elpis, Horst, 226
ethion, Doubl, & Hew. 216
kandarpa, Horaf. 224
kankena, Feld. 221, note; 229
karsandra, Batl. 218
ph Snell, 212
ernie salar: Feld. 218
222
pandava, Horsf, 225
parrhasius, Horaf. 221
patala, Koll, 226
phimas, Linn., melanism in
Madeira, 223, note
pygmeera, Snell. 454
rosimon, Horsf. 215
rorus, Horsf. 216
samoad, Herr.-Schiiff. 225
sangra, Butl, 212
figured
strabo, Snell, 224
Lycwnesthes, Moore, 214, =,
458
wthiops, Dist. 455
ben onsis, Moore, 458; figd.
pl. xhiv. f. 9
larydas, Cram. noticed, 459
lyownina, Feld. 232; figured
pl. xxi. f. 3
tessellata, Moore, 458; figured |
Be xlii. f, 18, and ‘pl. xliv.
Leonhiae, 193, 450; groups,
106, 214 and note; synopsia
of genera, 197, 214, 233 ;
habits, 105: larva and neura-
tion, 194; larvm attractive
to ante, 104
Lycmnopsis, Feld, 210
ananga, Feld. 211
haratdus, Batl, 211
Macroplma, But).
_pherbus, Butl. 24
, native name of an Indian
plant, 454
Maori botanists, 103, note
Malayan & Neotropical Regions:
affinities, 67
ssa a “apparently frequented
pr bie ds and butterfliesinthe |
ast Indies only, 118, note
Marshall, Col., 440, note
Martanda, Moore
janardana, Moore, 54
Matapa, Moore, 360, 877
arin, Moore, 378; figured pl.
xxxv. f.8; neuration of front
wing figured, B60, £. lid;
habita, $78
Mechanitis, Fabr., food-plants,
a4, note
Medicinal lants, 4, note
Megisha, Moore, 457
waitesi, Moore, 457; figured
pl. xliv. f. 4
Melanism of butterflies, é&c.,
260 and note; of Lepidoptera
in high lntitudes, 332, note
Melanitis, Fabr,, 39, 40, 58, 411
abdullm, Dist. 413; figured pl.
nix. {. 3
ambasara, Horst. & Moore, 412
aswa, Marsh. & De Nic. 412
aswa, Moore, noticed, 415
bankeia, Moore, 42
cosiphone, Doubl, & Westw. 04
determinata, Butl. 411
grophodes, Butl. 412
ismene, Cram. 42, 411; figured
pl. iv. f.9, 11,12; neuration
figured, 39, {. 10, 18; head
with palpi figured, 87, {.0;
variation, 42; probably a
dimorphous form of ledn, |
Linn. 411; larva, pupa, and
habits noticed, 48
lais, Dowbl. & Weatw. 62
leda, Linn. 41, 411; figured pl.
iv. f. 10; “habits, dl, 42;
rete and food plant noticed, |
; larva figured, $7, f.
es ismene, Butl, 42 |
nehida, Hew. 63 |
ag tilens lad 63
suyudans, Moore, 412; figured
pl. xxxix. f. 2
tristis, Feld. noticed, 413
vameane, Horsf. & Moore, 412
zitenius, Herbst, 412; figured
pl. xxxviil. f. 2
INDEX.
Menelnides. Hiibn. 824, 836
alphenor, Hiibn. 347
aristolochia, Moore, 337
polytes, Hiibn. 347
Meee Doubl, #7, 176
erymanthia, Druce, 176
Mikluho-Maclay, in Johore, 124,
note
Miletus, Westw. 205
horafieldi, Moore, 207
nivalis, Druce, 207
symethus, Kirb. 205
Mimacrma, Butl., noticed, 196,
note
Mimicry; term first used by Hen-
fray, 33; mutual resemblance
between butterflies not al-
ways due to this cause, 83,
84; difficulties of, 269, note ;
controvers between Distant
and Meidola, 129, note: and
design, 460, note
Minetra, Boisd. 143
fambrisius, Doubl. & Hew. 1438
games ae Danais dorippus,
tig. 1
Mitocerus, Billb. 70
Moduza, Moore, 147
Moor, J. H. 108, note
Moore, F., Monograph of Linna-
inn and Eupleina noticed,
405
Morphide, 66
Morphina, 67, 423
Synopsis of Malayan genera, 69
Morphinm, 66; hardly separable
from Nymphaline, 66
Morpho and Thaumantis repre-
sentative genera in the west
and east, 67
Macys Fabr.
ae Linn., larva noticed,
68, note
adonis, Cram,, sexes noticed, 78 |
aurelius, Grodt. 425
celinde, Godt. 76
epistrophis, Hiibn., larva no-
ticed, 68, note
éugenia, Deyr., sexes noticed,
73
klagins, Zink, 427 |
laertes, Dru., larva noticed,
65, note
leonfews, Zink, 4238
marca, Schall. 73
menetho, Godt. 76
metellus, Cram.,, affinities with
Thaumantis, 77
odanda, Godt. 427
phidippus, Godt. 70
tullia, Godt. 74
| Maurtia, Hibn. 296
| Mycalesis, Hitbn. 39, 47; distri-
aaa 47; glandular pouch,
anapita, Moore, 418; figured
pl. xxxix. f. 8
annxias, Hew. 416; figured pl.
xxxvi. f. 7; variation, 417
blasius, Fabr, 52; figured pl.
vii. f. 7; variation, 535 var.
cepheus, Kirb, 51; var. lalas-
siz, Dutl 653; var. sama,
Butl. 53
cepheus, But). 51
cinerea, Hot, 50
diniche, Hew. 53
fusea, Feld. 58, 418; figured
pl. v. f. 1
fuscum, Bath ag
hesione, Hiibn., 40
janardana, Moore, 54; figured
pl.v.f.2
Justina, Hiibn. 50
lalassia, Hew. 53
turida, Butl. 52
mainneas, Hew. 48,417; figured
pl. vil. f. 4
margites, Hew, 58
medus, Fabr, 49; figured pl. |
iv. f. 8; variation, 50
mineus, Linn. 50, 417; figured
pl. iv. f. 7, 14, 14; Linnean
type, 52; varieties, 61, 52
mnasicles, Hew, 417; figured
pl. xxxvii. f. 6
nautilus, Butl. 55, 417; figured
pl. xl. if. 4
oreates, Hew, noticed, 419
orseis, Hew. 49, 416; figured
a 5, f.4; variation noticed,
polydecta, Cram. doubtfully
Mulavcan, 51, note
samba, Moore, 58
surkha, Marsh. noticed, 419
ustulata, Dist. 418; figured
pl. xii. f. 10
Mycalesis (Oreotrimna)
medusa, Wood-Mas. & De Nic. 50
Mydosama, Moore, 54
anapita, Moore, 418
fuscum, Moore, 53
Myriopoda mimicked by larva of
Enuthalia, 116, 116
Myrina, Fabr.
alymuue, Druce, 281
cmutea, Hew. 256
amrita, Feld, 252
anasnja, Feld. 242
atymnus, Godt. 241
echitra, Horsf. & Moore, 254
erylus, Godt. noticed, 258, note
erylus, Horsf. & Moore, 255
etolus, Horsf. & Moore, 256
Jreja, Butl, 251
hiemelis, Godm. & Salv. 249
jajfra, Horsf. 251
lapitivs, Moore, 238
mantra, Feld, 245
marctana, How, ¥82
megistia, Hew. 280
phocides, Butl. 247
en Horsf. notieod, 237,
i]
silenus, Fabr. noticed, 248
sipylus, Feld., noticed, 258,
hote
tharis, Horsf. & Moore, 257
thecloides, Feld. 257
travana, Hew, 246
Nacaduba, Moore, 214, 218, 454
almora, Drueée, 220; figured pl.
beroe, Feld. 210; figured pl.
xx. f. 16, 17
kankena, Feld. noticed, 221
kerriana, Dist. 455; figured pl.
xiii. f. ‘12
macrophihalma, Feld. 218,
454; figured pl. xx. f. 5, and)
pl. aliv. 1. 8
viola, Moore, 214; figured, 219,
f. 65, and pl, xx. f, 24; varia-
tion in fascim, 220
. 221; figured pl. xxi. f. 7
Nadisepa, Moore, 277
jarbas, Moore, 278
Najas, Hiibn.
Nemoptera, Hamb.
Neocheritra, Dist. 2
477
_ erosine, Hiibn. 158
adatha, Hew. 265; figured pl.
xxiii. f. 1,2
agnis, Feld. 202; figured pl.
xxi. f, 29
ameria, Hew, 268; figured pl.
xxl. 1, f. 50
ammon, Hew. 272; figured,
272, f. 88
pasicyenther Fold, 267; figured
pl. xxi. f£. 9% 10
anurte, Hew. 263
anniella, Hew. 269; figured
pl. xxi. £, 20
anthelus, Doubl. c& Hew, 268;
figpured pl. xxiii. f. 4
antimuta, Feld, 260;
pl. xxiii, f. 11
aroa, Hew. 266; figured pl.
xxiil. f. =
; figured pl.
xxiil.
buxtoni, “adi 464; figured pl.
xliv. f. 18
centaurus, Fabr. 261; figured
pl. xxi. f. 4, 6
sama bee: Cram, noticed, 264
fargubari, Dist. 264, 275, 463 ;
ed pl. xxiii. f. 4
ier aes 271; figured,
kurzi, Dist. 268; figured pl.
xxi. f. 1
lycmnaria, Feld. 269, 404;
figured, 270, f. 79
maxwelli, Dist. 26%; figured
pl. xxii. f. 10
metamuta, Hew, 207 ; figured
pl. xxiii. f. 18, 10
viharn, igs 270; figured,
figured
| Native names of plants, 145, 149,
158, $54, 350
Nature a labyrinth, 446, note
Nauclea (plant) called Kleppu in
Java, 148
Nectaria, Dalm. 5
clara, Moore, 406
lainiuna, Moore, 406
levconot, Moore, 406
Nemeobiins, 186, 441; synopeais
of Malayan genera, 187
resembled by
Leptocircus, 366
262, 462
amivita, Feld. 252; figured pl.
xx. {1 15, and pl. xxiii, f, 12
gama, Dist. 462; figured, 462,
f. 128
Neomyrina, Dist, 234, 248
hiemalis, Godm. & Salv.
figured pl. xxi. 1. 18
2405
Neonympla, Hiibn. 420
Neonympha (Ragadin)
Weber Wane 420
éopitheeops, Dist. 197, 200
arma, Moore, noticed, 200
horafieldi, Dist. 210; figured
pl. xxii. f. 15; neuration of
front wing figured, 197, f. 57
| Neorina, Westw. 415
lowii, Doubl, & Hew. 416;
figured pl. xxxvil. f. 3
Neotropical & Malayan Regions :
aftinities, 67
Nepheronia, But. 287,319; 9 ¥
mimic Danais, 320
hippia, Fabr.; neuration of
6F
478
front wing figured, 287, f. 97; |
var. ga, Fold, 820; figured
pl xxvi. f. 12,16; variation,
lutescens, Butl. 320; figured
pl. xxvi. f. 14
Neptis, Fabr. 87, 149; range,
transformations, &c. noticed, |
149)
aceris, Lep, noticed, 156
anjana, Moore, 445; figured
pl. xxxvi. f. re
ber Be Butl. 145; figured, 155,
f. 43
columetia, Moore, 158
dindingn, Butl. 151;
pl. xvii. f. 5
dorelin, Butl, 152
duryodana, Moore, 149, note,
155; fipd, pl. xvi, f. 15;
variation noticed, 155
eurynome, Weatw. 156; var.
mamaja, Butl. 156; figured
pl. xvi. f. 14
gvononata, Butl. 154; figured
pl. xviii. f. 2
harita, Moore, 444
heliodora, Druce, 152
hetiedore, Butl. 152
hordonia, Stoll. 149, 150; figd.
pl. xvii. f. 13; variation
noticed, 150 ;
tees Moore, noticed, 149
euconata, Butl. 154; figured
pl. xvii. f. 14
mamaja, Butl. 156
miah, Moore, 444; figured pl,
xli.f. 14; habits noticed, 444
nata, Moore, 154; figured pl.
xviii. £. 1
omeroda, Moore, 152
ophiana, Moore, 155; figured
pl. xvii. f 12; aberrant
neuration, 154
peraka, Butl. 150; figured pl.
xvii. f. 2; variation, 151
sapphe, Pall. noticed, 158, note
som, Moare, noticed, Lod
tiga, Moore, 140), 151, 444;
figured pl. xvii. f. re var.
dorelia, Butl. 152; figured
pl. xvii. f. 8
varmona, Moore, noticed, 149
viknsi, Hovaf. 152; figured pl.
xvi. f. 13; yar. hatita, Moore,
444; figured pl. xlii. £. 8
Nicéville, L. da, 440, note
Nichitona, Butl.
riphia, Moore, 288
Nilasern, Moore, 259
Nina, Horsf. 287
Niphanda, Moore, 458, 459
texvellata, Moore, 458
Nisoniades, Hibn.
itiocles, Moore, 403
raluala, Moore, 401
Nomenclature, rules of, 97, note;
100, note
Nychitona, Butl. 287
Nymphales, 2
se hanya 66; position dis-
cuss
66, 423; larve
figured.
ida mera Ba, 429; sab
of Malayan genera, sub-
division discussed, 84; un-
certainty of larval charac-
tera, 84
por aie Boisd., Westw. 101,
L4
RHOPALOCERA
adonia, Godt. 120
caledonta, Kirb. 110
calydonia, How. 110
fabius, Fabr. var. echo, Kirb, 103
hordonia, Godt, 160
leucothor, Godt, 148
lubentina, Godt. 138
misippe, Godt, 167
nicholi, Smith, noticed, 443
periander, Godt. 443
procria, Godt, 148
peaphon, Westw. noticed, 435
schretber, Godt 104
schretberi, Horsf. & Moore, 104
Object of sexual variation of
colour in butterflies, 74
Ocelli, or ocellated spots, 89 and
note
0 PTs, Westw, noticed, 196
Opt ir, 142, note
Ordure attractive to butterflies,
111 and note
Oreas (marmorea)
europa, Hiibn, 43
Oreas (marmorata)
leda, Hiibn. 41
Oriental affinities
Fauna, (0, note
Ornithoptera, Boiad. B25, 462
brookeana, Wall. 830; figured
pl. xxvii.a, f. 4, and pl.
xxvu. b, f. 1; flight, 6;
are 381, 467; rarity of
, a8
cerberus, Feld. noticed, 828
crm«us, Wall., account of cap-
ture, $25, note
darsius, Gray, larva and pupa
mentioned, 925, note
hephastus, Feld, $28; figured
1. xxvii, f, 2, 8, 4; front
om ig i tarsi, figured,
in African
carr W all. 325
nephereus, Gray, noticed, 327
pompeus, Cram. notioed, $28
poseidon, Doubl. structure of
larva, 326
rhadamanthus, Boisd., 826 ;
figured, 427, f. 106, and pl.
xxvii.a, {,5: var. thomsonii,
Bates, $20
ruficollis, Butl. 328; figured,
et f. 105, and pl. xxvii.
i,
urvilliana, Guér, noticed, $2,
note
Orpheides, Hithn. 324, 350
erithoniua, Moore, 550
tharis, Hubn. 257
Pachlioptera, Reak, 625
Pademma, Moore
icalis, Moore, 410
Padraona, Moore, 381
goloides, Moore, 882
mecidea, Moore, 383
Paduca, Moore, 447
fasciata, Feld. 447; figured pl.
xi. f. 12
Paduka, Dist. 369, 876
glandolosa, Dist, 876; figured
pl. xxxv. f. 6
Painted flowers attractive to bees,
$55, note
Pamphila, Fabr,
aria, Butl. 378
MALAYANA.,
augias, Horaf, & Moore, 882
baminac, Moore, 382
chaye, Mab. S80
julianus, Batl. #79
meioides, Butl, $83
maro, Drace, 483
mathine, Butl, $81
mafthiaa, Butl, 381
narancta, Moore, $82
nigrolimbata, Butl, 384
Panchala, Moore, 234, 272, 464
apidanus, Cram. 273; figured,
27h, f. Bh
auren, How. noticed, 275
diardi, Hew, 272; figured pl.
xxiii. f. 14
fulgida, Hew. noticed, 273
morphina, Dist. 274; figured,
274, f. ab
singhapura, Hew, 275; figured,
273, f. 34
trogon, Dist. 276, 464; figured,
o76, f
Pandita, Moore, Bh, 146
sinope, Moore, 146; figured pl.
xii. £. 19
Pandora, Westw. attracted by
offal, 111
Paphia, Fabr.
periander, Horsf. 443
schreibers, Horsf, 104
_ Papilio, Linn. 283, #24, 332, 467; |
habits, 332; decoying, 355,
note
achutes, Cram. 342; figured |
pl. xxviii, f. §—5
adamas, Zink. 887
adovia, Cram. 120
adraatius, Crom. Su]
wgiatus, Cram. 363
wnigma, Wall. noticed, 552;
mimics Euplea midamus,
Linn, 25
asopus, Fabr. 202
agameninon, Linn, 363; figured
pl. xxxii. f. 7; transforma-
tions noticed, 464
agenor, Linn, 389; figured pl.
exiz. f. 1 .
agetes, Weatw. 461); figured pl.
xlii. f. 8
ajax, Linn. noticed, 433
albolineatus, Pabr. 468
alcibiades, Pabr. 857
alcippe, Cram. 174
alomeone, Fabr, 206
aleyone, Cram, 300
alexis, Stoll. 228
alnitna, Clerck, (4
androgeos, Cram., De Nie. 341,
#42
androgeus, Wall. 339
anticrates, Doubl. 470; figured |
pl. xlit, £7
antiphates, Cram. S32, B87 ;
group of, 357; var. alerbi-
ades, Buil, $57; var, ponipi-
lius, Fabr. $57; figured pl.
xxxi. f. 6; local variation,
$58, 359; larva and pupa
noticed, 350)
aonis, Oram. $6
apidanus, Cram. 27%
arcadia, Cram. 414
arcesilaus, Fabr. 428
archelaus, Godt., diss
scent of tentacles
#22, note
arete, Cram. 44
ariadne, Linn, 157
aristides, Fabr. 75
able
larva,
aristolochi#, Fabr. 337; varin-
tion and flight, 337; larva
and pupa noticed, $38; var.
diphilus, Kap. 387; figured
pl. xxxi. f. 6, 7
arycles, Boisd, 362; figured pl,
zxxii. f.. 5
aspasia, Fabr. 13
aateri¢, Linn, iM
astorion, Westw. 334
athamues, Dru. LOG
atlites, Linn. 03
atymmus, Cram. 281
augiaa, Linn, 382
aureltics, Cram, 425
axiou, Feld. noticed, 361
azion, Butl, 461
heticus, Linn. 250
bathycles, Aink. $62; figured
pL. xxxii, f. 2
beroe, Cram. 44
biblis, Druce, 446
blasius, Fabr, 52
bochus, Cram. 222
bolina, Linn., Dra. 165, 167
brama, Guér. 338; figured pl,
axuxii. f, 4
brookeana, Snell. 380
butleri, Jans. $52; figured pl.
eens f. 6, and ‘pl. XXVil. A,
ecilitshoe, Fabr. 418
calypso, Druce, noticed, 286,
note
castor, Westw. noticed, $43
eatilla, Cram, 297
caunus, Westw, 353; race
wginlus, Dist. 358; figured
pl. xxvii. b, £5; mimics Eu-
plow diocletianus, Fabr. 363
celinde, Stoll, 75
cenea, Stell. 9 polymorphism,
339, nole
centaurua, Fabr, 361
chara, Westw. 434
chryseis, Druce, 300
chrysippie, Linn., Sulz. 20, 167
cilix, Dist. #40; figured pl.
xxix. f, 4, 6
elytia, Linn. 353; figured pl,
xxvii. b, f. 2; nabite and
transformations noticed, S54
clyfton, Cram, 215
eocles, Fobr. 442
eocyta, Fabr. noticed, 126, note
coluntina, Cram, 174
coluter, Fuesaly, 231
coon, Fabr. noticed, 345, note;
group of, 334, note, and 355
coriden, Cram, 215
cornelia, Fabr, 200
coryta, Cram. 137
crassus, OCram., disagreeable
scent of tubercles of larva,
#22, note
cresphontes, Fabr. $49
crocule, Cram, 206
curfus, Pabr, 366
dan, Fabr, 308
dehaanii, Wall,, alleged oceur-
rence in Malacea, 456
deleasertii, Guér, 356; figured
pl. xxvii. b, f. 4
ilenolets, Esp. 350
demolion, Cram. #49; figured
pl. xxvii. b, f. 3
demophon, Meerb. 460
divcippus, Cram. 167
digeletianus, Fabr, 28
dione, Dru. 290
diphilus, Esp, 387
dirtea, Fabr. 112
dissimilis, Linn. 854; group
of, 353
dorimond, Stoll. 273
doris, Cram. 50)
dorylas, Sulz, 363
doubledayi, Wall. 435, note,
and 886; figured pl. xxxiii.
f. 4; variation, 336
dravidarum, Wood-Maz., no-
ticed, 345
egertom, Dist. 468
epius, Pabr. 850
erebus, Wall. $34; figured pl.
xxxi. f. 1,2
erithonius, Cram. 360; group
of, 350; structure of thy
and use of tentacles, 322,
notes; larva and food-plants,
noticed, 861, 352; larva
attacked by Dipterons para-
sites (Tachininm), $52; rar.
malayanus, Wall, #50, igured
pl. xxvii. b, f. 6
erosive, Cram, 158
erynuanthia, Dru. 176
esperi, Buil, #41; figured pl.
xxviii, f, 1, 6
elolua, abr. 256
europa, Fabr. 43
eurypylus, Linn., noticed, 359,
i group of, and habits,
evemon, Boisd. 360; figured pl.
xxxil. f. 1
folus, Cram. 305
genutia, Cram. 18
glaucippe, Linn, 318
kamilear, Herbst. 50
haquinus, Fabr. 190
hecabe, Linn. $04
hector, Linn., noticed, 349
hegesippus, Cram. 10
helenus, Linn. 343; figured pl.
xxix. 1.3; group of, 345, 460;
hubits, $44
keliodore, Fabr. 152
hepheatus, Feld, 328
hesione, Cram, 40
hilaria, Cram. 207
hippia, Faber. 320
hippo, Cram. $11
hordonia, Stoll, 150
hytas, Linn, 158
hyparete, Linn. 292
hyppoclus, Cram. 431
hystaspes, Feld., noticed, #44
ida, Cram. {
idea, Stoll, 7 ;
iphita, Cram. 90
iamene, Cram. 42
iswarna, White, 342,44; figured
pl. xxx. f.1,2; flight noticed,
d43
itamputi, Forbes, 358
jarbas, Fabr. 278
jason, Linn. var. evemon, Wall.
seh var, evemonides, Honr,
36
Jugurtha, Cram. 296
justina, Cram, 50
jucenta, Cram, 407
leis, Cram. 62
laodamia, Clerck, 03
leda, Linn. 41
lemonias, Linn, 96
lewcothea, Fabr. 158
leucothoe, Linn, 157 _
leucothoe, Westw. 356; figured
.xxviia, 1.2, 3; mimics a
Pian, , 457
INDEX.
loti, Sula. 176
fubentina, Cram. 128
lucinet, Cram. 431
lynceus, Dru., Papilio, 6
\ macareus, Godt., said to occur
in Malacea, 356; up of
805, 468 se
machnoon, Linn., use of tenta-
cles of larva noticed, 322 note
mahadeva, Moore, noticed, 343
maimon, Fabr, 216
malayannsx, Butl, 350
marcus, Schall., noticed, 75
martha, Fabr. 145
mecisteus, Tist. 461; figured
861, f. 108
medus, Fabr. 49
megarus, Wesatw. 468; figured |
pl. xl. f. 0
megee, Zink. 865
nmelaneus, Cram, 14
melanippus, Cram, 10
memnon, Linn., noticed, 342;
neuration of front wing figd.
$22; group of, 430, 468 ; var.
achates, Drace, 342
memnon, Gray, 330
menetho, Fabr. Ti
merione, Oram. 138
mestor, Hiibn, 341; figured pl.
xxvill. f. 2, 7
midamia, Linn, 24, 410
minerva, Fabr. 414
minews, Linn. #0
misippua, Linn. 107
monima, Fabr. 126
muilciber, Cram, 25
nedymond, Cram. 253
nefte, Cram. 105
nephelus, Boisd. 845, 468;
tur. saturnus, Guér, 346,
468; figured pl. xxx. f. 3,5
neptunus, Guer. 335, 846;
figured pl. xxxiii. f. 5, 6
nero, Fabr. 311
nina, Fabr. 288
nox, Swains., noticed, 333;
group of, 333
tor, De Haan, 354
onpupe, Moore, 355; figured
pl. xxvii. £. 6
orithya, Linn. $5
palinurus, Do Hanan, 338
pammon, Linn. 482, 347; exten
by birds, 169, note; larva
and pupa figured, 321, f. 103,
group of, 346
panope, Linn., noticed, 355
paradoxa, Aink., noticed, 352;
mimics Euplea midamus,
Linn. 25; group of, 852
porrhasius, Don. 221
paulina, Cram., noticed, 313
peranthus, Fabr., noticed, 338 ;
group of, S38
periander, Fabr. 444
perius, Linn. 157
phalanta, Dru, 178
phidippus, Linn. 70
philoxenus, Gray, group of 333,
note
phocides, Don. 247
pheonix, Dist. 440; figured pl.
xxvii. bf. 7
pisorwm, Fourer. 231
plexippus, Fabr. 18
polidorus, Cram. 437
polites, Godt, 847
polydorus, Linn., noticed, 446,
note; group of, $38, note,
and 336
polydorus, Jabl. $37
polytes, Linn. 347; figured pl.
xxiii. f. T—10; variation,
and ? polymorphigm, #48;
larva and pupa noticed, 349
polycena, Don, 158
pompilins, Fabr. 858
prexaspes, Feld. 344, note, aud
845; figured pl. xxix. f. 2
priamus, Linn., local forms,
$20, note
procris, Cram, 148
protenor, Esp, $41
rama, Feld. 362
remus, Cram., noticed, 91
ronudusa, Cram. S47
rostmon, Fabr. 215
aarpedon, Linn. 359; figured
pl xxxii. f. 6; habits, 360
saturnos, Guér, 335, d46
acylla, Linn. 208
semperi, Feld., noticed, $25 note
sthenelus, Macl., noticed, 351
sycorax, Smith, 466; figured
pl. xl. f 10
aymethus, Cram. 205
telephus, Feld. 361; figured,
562, f. 100
thrax, Linn, 393
thunbergi, Sieb,, noticed, 341
thyreis, Fabr. 34
titania, Fabr. 297
trogon, Voll. 380
inllia, Cram. 74
ulysses, Linn., noticed, 261
varuna, White, 534; figured
pl. xxxi. f. 3, 4
riphia, Fabr, 258
Papilio (Ornithoptera)
rhadamantius, De Nic, 326
Papilionidw, 283, $21,465; syste-
matic position Alssaised. 2:
flight, 6
Papilionides, 321
Papilioninm, $21, 467; approxi-
mate number of species, 323 —
| and note; synopsis of Ma-
layan genern, 824; anal
| structure, #25, 524; tentacles
of larva disenased, 422
| Paragerydus, Dist. 207, 451
_ horsfieldi, Moore, 207; figured
| pl. xx. f. 7; hind leg figured
a07, f. 60
| mivalis, Druce, 207;
pl. xxii. f, 11
Parantica, Moore
agleoides, Moore, 14
Parasites :
Chaleididw on Danais chrysip-
pus, Linn. 407, note
Lepidopterous, on Fulgora can-
elaria, Linn, #04, note
Tachinine, on
thonius, Cram, 352
| Parnara, Moore, #79
mathiax, Butl. S81
narooa, Moore, S80
Parthenos, Hiibn.86, 143; habits
and transformations, 145
apicalis, Moore, noticed, 144
gambrisius, abr. 143; neura-
tion of front wing figured,
figured
8, 1.31; var. lilacinus, Butl.
144; figured pl. xi. f. 7
Vathysa, Reak. $24, 857
antiphates, Moore, 358
Penoa, Moore
menetricsi, Moore. 34
pinedli, Moore, 36
| Pentila, Westw., noticed, 196 note
Papilio eri- |
479
Phaedra, Horsf. 201
iueularis, Horaf. 451
FPhedyma, Feld. 149
Phalanta, Horsf. 173
= eolambina, Horsf. 175
Philonoma, Billb. 149
Phrissura, Butl., noticed, 286,
note
cynis, Butl, 301
Phyllanthus, sp. culled Dempul-
lolot in Java, 158
Phytala, Weatw., noticed, 106,
note; phytophagic variation,
323, note
Pieridm, 288
Pierides, 283
| Pierinm, 283, 465; gregarious
and migratory habits, 244—
56; swarms simulating
flowers, 244, 285; neuration,
286; synopsis of Malayan
genera, 256
Pieris, Donbl. 280
amalia, Voll. $14
amasene, Boisd, 315
berenicé, Luc, 205
eardena, Hew. 316
clemantie, Doubl. 205
cynia, Hew, 256, 301
descombest, Boisd, 466
eleonora, Boisd. 411
enarete, Boisd. 312
figqulina, Butl. 311
#laucippe, Godt. 418
hagar, Voll. 316
hecabe, Godt, 504
helferi, Feld. 295
hippo, Godt. 311
leptis, Feld, 14
nathalia, Feld. 17
neombo, Horsf. & Moore, $13
nero, Boisd. 31)
ning, Godt, 288
panda, Godt. 317
sulphurea, Voll. 317
thishe, Boiad, 465
Weayria, Godt. 311
valeria, Boisd, 820
Pirdana, Dist, 469, 476 .
hyela, Hew. 376; figured pl.
xxxv. f. 6
ismene, Feld., noticed, 876
Pithauria, Moore, 300, 478
murdava, Moore, 378; figured
pl. sxxv. f.9; neuration of
front wing figured, 569, f. 115
Pithecops, Horaf. 200
_ hylax, Fabr., noticed, 204
Plastingia, Butl, 392, 496, 470
eallineura, Feld. 896; figured
pl. xxxv. f. 26; neoration of
front wing fi , 292, £.119
| sacha ree uth 470; figd.
pl. xliv, f. 26
| datoia, Mats, 896
| Plebeius, Linn,
walaccanus, Rober, 456
optimus, Rober, 456
Plesioneura, Feld, 302, 300
alysos, Moore, 399; figured pl.
| xxxiv. f. 7; larva noticed, 399
anthea, Hew, 404; figured pl.
axxy, f. $2
asmarn, Butl, 400; figured pl.
xxxv. f, 28
aurivittata, Moore, 408
comeroni, Dist, 403
dav, Moore, S98
Jolus, Druce, 398
pinwilli, Butl. 400; figured pl.
axxv. f. 20
|
480
Podalirins, Swaina.
pompilius, Swains. 358
Polydorus, Swains.
thoas, Swains. 337
Polygonia, Hiibn. 440
Polyommatidm, 193
Polyommatus,; Latr. 214, 230,
457
aliqnus, Godt, 238
apidanns, Godt, 273
beticus, Linn. 230; figured pl.
xx. f. 1,8; neuration of front
wing figured, 214, f. 64;
range and food-plantsa, 231
bagus, Dist. 457; figured pl.
xliv. f. 13
enejus, Godt. 225
elpix, Godt, 226
erylus, Godt. 255
haraldus, Godt. 211
jarbas, Godt, 278
karsandra, Moore, 208
longinus, Godt. 244
rosimon, Godt, 215
rorus, Godt. 216
atrabo, Godt, 224
symethus, Godt, 205
Polyommatus (Cyaniris)
lambi, Dist. 211
Pontia, Boisd, 287, 280
amatia, Butl. 314 |
nina, Horsf, 288
thyria, Horsf. 411
riphia, Butl. 288
Popular names of Rastern butter-
flies, 5
Poritia, Moore, 197, 450; name
hardly preoccupied, 197 note
pediada, Hew. 200; figured pl.
xxii. f. 16
phalena, Hew. 200; figured pl.
xxii. f. 8
pharyge, Hew. 450; figured pl.
xli. f. 8
pheretia, Hew, 200; figured pl.
xxii. f. 9, 10
phraatica, Hew. 199; figured |
pl. xxi. f. 21, & pl. xxiv, £.8;
neuration of front wing
figured, 197, f. 55
plenraia, Hew. 199; figured
pl. xxii. f. 56
potina, Hew. 201; figured pl. |
xxii. £.7
sumatrm, Feld. 198 ; figured pl.
xx. f. 12, and pl. xxii. £. 2, 8
Pratapa, Moore, 244
Precis, Hiibn. 85, 89; range, 90
eudoxia, Kirb. 99
ida, Cram. 92; figured pl. xi,
f, 10; variation, 92
intermedia, Feld. 90
iphita, Cram, 90; figured pl. ix.
f. 6, and pl. xi. £9; habits,
transformations, and varin- |
tion, #1
lnomedia, Moore, 93
Prioneris, Wall. 286, 204
clemanthe, Donbl, 295; figured
pl. xxiv. f. 16
Princeps, Hiibn.
pammon, Hiibn, 347
astichina, Hiibn. 347
Proportion of “ blues" and
“hairstreaks” in Europe and
N. America, 196, note
Proportion of sexes in Rhopalo-
cera, 61 note
Protective resemblance in butter-
flies and larvm, 71 and note,
115, 116, 188
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Prothoe, Hiibn. 86, 110, 454
angelica, Butl. 435; habits, 433
enledonia, Hew. 110; figured
pl. xii. f.9; capture by Wal- |
lace, 111
franckii, Godt., noticed, 100, 434
uniformis, Butl. 434; figured
pl xxxviii. f. 4
Peendoadisein, Feld.
bengalensix, Droce, 458
sumatre, Feld. 18
Psendolycenn, Feld.
mantra, Feld, 245
Pseudo-seent glands, 21, 48, 369
note
Pterygospidea, Wallengr. 387
folus, Moore, 408
gana, Moore, #88
heliae, Feld, 300
lorquinii, Feld., noticed, 261
pralaya, Moore, distinct from
Tagindes trichoneura, Feld.
HA
pugela, Hew. 890
ravi, Moore, 388
trichonenra, Feld. 389
Pugnacity of butterflies, 159
Purlisa, Dist. 284, 249
gigantea, Dist. 250; figured pl. |
xxi, {. 28; neuration of front
wing figured, 234, f. 71
Pyrameis, Hiibn.
eardui, Linn,, noticed, 84; con-
stancy in visiting flowers, 01,
note; received for the Malay
Peninsula, Preface, vi., note —
gonerilln, Fabr., variation in
larva, 173, note
Radena, Moore, 4, 9, 407; area
and races, 1)
juventa, Cram. 407; figured
pl. xxxix. f.4; larva and
pupa noticed, 10
manillana, Moore, 407
similis, Linn., ver. nicobarica,
Wood-Mas., scent-gland, 9
volgaris, Butl, 10; figured pl.i,
f. 8; robably a race of
K. similis, Linn. 9
Ragadia, Westw. 420
crisia, Hilbn. 420; figured pl.
xix. {. 7; habits and range,
421
makuta, Horef. & Moore, 420
Rahinda, Moore, 149
Rapala, Moore, 244, 270
amisena, Hew. 277; figured pl. |
xxiii. f. 18
orscis, Hew. mentioned, 277
vivarna, Horsf, mentioned, 277
Remelana, Moore, 244
trarana, Moore, 246
ber re Feld. 85, 07; range, |
eudoxia, Guér. 9; figured pl.
xvii, f. 6
fulva, Feld, 98; figured pl. xii.
Saletara, Dist. 287, #10
Royal Society, Spiders and Isaso
Walton, 377, note
Rules of nomenolature, 17, note;
100, note
Salatura, Moore, 400
chionippe, Moore, 409
chrysitppus, Moore, 20
genutia, Moore, 16
hegestppus, Moore, 19
intermedia, Moore, 408
nathalin, Feld. 317; figured
pl. xxvi, f. 1, 2; neuration
of front wing figured, 287,
f. 90
panda, Godt. 317
| Salpinx, Hiibn.
le
chloe, Butl. 30
crassa, Butl. 20
diocletianus, Butl, 28
lazulina, Moore, 410
leucogonis, Butl. 27
margarita, Butl. 31
phebus, Botl. 24
vestigiata, Butl. 27
Satadra, Moore, 272 = '
anthelus, Moore, 268
apidanua, Moore, 275
‘di, Moore, 272
- Satarupa, Moore, 369, 384
affinis, Druce, BRS ; antennes
figured, 369, f. 116; var.
cognata, Dist. $85; tigured
pl. xxxv. f. 17
Satoa, Moore
mafaneos, Moore, 48
Satyride, 87
Satyrine, 87, 411; colour, dis-
tribution, and habits, BS:
preponderance in Eur
38; equivalence in nom er
of genera and species in Old
Pt ig New Worlds, 88; larva
of primitive form, 37; ay-
nopsis of Malayan genera, 39
Satyrus, Late.
caumas, Godt, 414
europa, Godt. 44
leda, Godt. 41
minena, Godt. 50
subgenus Erites, Westw. 46
Scholastic controversies, 443, note
Seasonal dimorphism, 411
Bemanga, Dist, 233, 239
superba, Druce, 230; . figured
pl. xxi. f. 18; neuration of
front wing figured, 233, £.69
| Sexual selection, 166
Shape of inner margin of front
wings in butterflies indi-
eating presence af scent-
glands, 72, note
Silvery spots of buttertlies, 296,
note
Simiskina, Dist, 460
es ogy Dist, 450; figured pl.
f. 1, 2; neuration of front! Sinthusa, ence 461
wing figured, a5, f. 27
polynice, Cram, noticed 99
Rhodocera, Boisd.
gobias, Voll. S08
Rhopalovera, 1; systems of claasi-
fication, L, 2
Rhyming names for butterflies,
207
Robinson, F. E., death noticed,
405, note
Rotten fruit attractive to Lepi-
doptera, 114, note
amuata, Dist. 461;
figured pl.
xliv. f. 20
amba, Kirh, 461; figured pl. |
xliv. f. 12,19
Sithon, Hiibn. 230, 253
amrita, Kheil. 252
chitra, Horsf, 254; figured pl,
xxii. f. 1b
freja, Druce, 251
lapithis, Druce, 238
mooret, Dist. 246
nedymond, Cram, 258; figured |
l. xxii. f. 1; neuration of
‘ont tf figured, 284, f. 73
tharis, Kheil, 257
travana, Druece, 246
Skippers, 367
Snowing butterflies, 285
Solanacem: genera of butterflies
feeding on, $64, note
Sospita, Hew. 186
néeophron, Hew, 449
Species verstia varieties, 188,
note; 443, note
Sphin, pide : evolution of larvae, 37
Spiders, Isaac Walton and the
Roynl Society, 377, note
Spiders mimicking ants, 289, note
BSpindasis, Wallengr. 288, 242
syama, Horsf. 243; figured pl.
$x. f. 8,9
Spurious mimicry, 157
Sterosis, Feld, 204
robusta, Feld. 204
Stiboges, Butl. 187, 103
nymphidia, Butl, 193; figured
pl. xxiv. f. 11
Stictoplea, Butl.
tei, Butl. 36
rrisi, Moore, 411
Stinging caterpillars, 170, note
Stoliczka, Ferdinand, work: in
Straits Settlements, 124,note
Suastus, Moore
eltola, Hew., oviposition of
mip oeet erma: ite, 470
note
toona, Moore, oviposition of
nah aa hermap te,470
Subdivision of genera discussed,
Suralaya, Moore
orseis, Moore, 49
Swallow-tails, 357
Symbrenthia, Hiibn. 84, 431
nacre nett 432; figured pl.
hrppoci, Cran, 451 ;
xlii. £ 4, 6; habits, 432
Svecstha: Horef. D5
_ pandu, Horsf. 205
Symphedra, Hilbn, 86, 119, 485
dirtea, Fabr. 112, 435, 496;
figured pl. xii. £. 7,8: habits,
lld4; variation, 118
emalea, Goer, 114
pardalis, Moore, 113 note, 425;
figured pl. xl. f. 7
Tachininm parasitic on Papilio
erithonius, Cram, 352
Tachyris, Wall, 510
alope, Wall. 318; = Appias
leis, Hiibn. J, 314
cardena, Wall. 316
enarete, ‘Wall. 512
nathalia, Wall. 317
nero, Wall. @11
panda, Wall. 317
Tagiades, Hiibn. 869, 387
adraztua, Druce, 397
atticus, Fabr. 387: var. calli-
gana, Butl. 387; figured pl.
xxxiv, f. 6
dealbata, Dist. 388; figured pl.
xxxv. f, 21
_ Jolus, Butl. 308
“gana, Moore, 388; figured pl.
xxxiv. f. 2
lavata, Butl. 389; figured pl.
xxxiv. f. 6
pralaya, Moore, noticed, $89
ravi, Moore, 884; figured pl.
xxxiv. f. 1
trichoneura, Feld. 889; figured
pl. xxxiv. f, 20
Tajuria, Moore, 243, 244, 460
onginus, Fabr. 244; figured pl.
xxii, f. 2h. antenna, larva,
anil pop noticed, 246
mantra, Feld. 245: figured al
xxi. f. 11
marciang, Hew, 282, 465: fed: |
pl. xxiii. f. 16
relata, Dist. 246, 400; figured
pl. xxi. f. 12
travana, Hew. 246; figured pl.
xxii. f, 4 .
Tanatcia, Butl. 86, 128, 440
aruna, Feld. 182; figured pl.
xv if. 7
elathrata, Voll, noticed, 461
consangnines, Dist. 440; figd.
pl. xiii. f. 4
flora, Butl. 129; figured pl.
xviii. f. 6
nicevillei, Dist. 440; figured |
lL. xl. £.9
pulasarn, Moore, 119 note, 120, |
#0; figured pl. xiv. f. 13, |
and pl. xix. f.6; neuration |
of hind wing figured, 86, |
f. 30; variation noticed, 191, |
122; var. indras, Voll. 131; |
figured pl. xviii. f. 9
robertsi, Butl., 132, 440
supercilia, Butl. 130; figured
pl. xv. £8 |
varuna, Both. 130
vikrama, Feld. noticed, 131,
note
violaria, Butl. 180; figured pl.
rv. f. 0
Tanyptera, Mab. 370, note
mete Hew. noticed, S70, note
Taxila, Westw.
damajanti, Kirb, 192
haquinus, Kirb, 189 note, 190
orphnia, Doubl. & Hew. 192
tanita, Hew, 192 |
telesia, Hew. 449
thuiste, Hew. 191
Teinopalpus, Doubl. noticed, 822 |
Taleneras, Hiibn. |
thrar, De Nie, 398
thyrais, Butl, 394
Telicota, Moore, 869, 381
nugias, Linn. 382; figured pl. |
xxxiv. f. 23
hambusm, Moore, 382; figured
a xxxv. f. 12; larva noticed,
otoiden Moore, 382; figured
pl. xxxv. f, 15
mupsoides, But], 883; figured
pl. xxxiv. f, 24 |
maro, Fabr, $83; figured pl,
xxxv. f. 14, 15
nigrolimbata, Snell. $84; figd. |
pl. xxxv, f, 16
Temenis, Hiibn.
arcedia, Hiibn. 414
liomedia, Hiibn. 93
Temperature forms of butterflics,
Tenaris, Hiibn. 427
birchi, Dist. 427; figured pl.
xxxix. f. 7
Trias, Swains, 297, 302, 466;
_Terinos, Boise. 87, 181;
INDEX.
noticed, Thecla, Fabr.
chitra, Horsf. 24
jarbas, Horsf. 278
nediwmond, Horaf. 255
renophon, Horaf, 465
Thestias, Boisd. 400
Thwaites, Dr. G. H. K., hia work
in Ceylon, 457, note
Thyca, Wallengr, 289
descombes’, Wall, 460
ithiela, Buth 292
minus, Wall. 291
orphue, Wall, 20%
parthenupe, Wall, 201
pyrames, Wall. 405
cingheapara, Wall. 203
horsfieldi, Swains.,
428
migration and varinbility,
$02; habita, 08
ormoaa, Moore, 307
rina, Horsf. 307; figured pl.
xxv. f. 13
heeabe, Linn. 802, 304, 305, |
800; figured pl. xxvi. f. 11,
14, 19; variation and trans-
formations noticed, #04, 305:
eaten by birds, 16, note
hecableoides, Butl. 304
inanata, Butl, 807
Incteola, Dist. 466; figured
460, f. 129 Thymelicus, Hiibn.
lisa, Boisd., swarms in Ber- nigvolimbatus, Snell. 454
mids, 285 Thyridia, Hiibn., food-plants,
mindarina, De |’Orza, a form S04, note
of hecabe, Linn. 202, 203
mariesii, Buth «a form of
heeabe, Linn. 306
multiformis, Pryer, 304
pamilaris, Bath. 306; figured | moths, 1
pl. xxvi. f. 10; probably a Trepsichrois, Hiibn.
form of heeabe, Linn. 406 © iinneri, Moore, 410
dantanna, Feld. yar, senna, Butl, midamus, Butl, 25
B07 | Trichonis, Hew., noticed, 196
sari, Horsf. 305; figured pl. Troides, Hiibn., 325
xxv. f. 3, and pl. xxvi. f.3,7; | Tronga, Moore
probably na var. of hecabe, bremeri, Moore, 28
linn, 305 erameri, Moore, 411
senna, Feld, 407; figured pl. marsdeni, Moore, 411
xxv. f, 14, and ihe xxi f. 15; olivacea, Moore, 410
var. inanatn, Butl, 807
tilaha, Horsf, S08 « figured pl. | Udaiana, Dist, 286, 300
xxv. f. 8 | cynis, Hew. BO ; figured p
vallivolans, Butl. 306; figured XXVi,
l. xxvi. f. 17; proba ly a
orm of be, Linn. 306 dissimilarity of sexes, 301
venata, Moore, noticed, $07 ryeri, Dist. 301, note
ri : 4 hea Ueda Moore, $02, 308
pateh on wings o olus, Cram. 398; figured pl.
clarissa, Donbl.& Hew. noticed, xxxiv, f, 5
Thysanuriform group, 37, 84
Tirumala, Moore
septentrionis, Moore, 16
| Transition from butterflies to
183 - Unkana, Dist, 369, 870
robertsin, Buitl. 182; figured attinn, Hew. 871; figured pl.
pl x. f.7 xxxiv. f. 80
sinha, Koll, 17h
terpander, Hew. noticed, 184, |
note
teuthras, Hew. 183; figured |
pl. x. £6
viola, Wall, 188
batara, Dist. 870; figured pl. |
XXIV. f. li;
front wing figured, BHO, f. 112 |
clia, Hew. 370; figured pl.
xxiv. f. Of
| Urbicolm, 806
Tertiary connection between Eu- | Uvaria, sp called Kalak in Java,
My
rope and America, 68, note |
Thaumantis, Hiibn. 60, 77 Lif 426 |
aliris, Westw. 77, 79, 80 | Vadebra, Moore, 277
louisn, Wood-Mas., affinities Valeria, Horsf. 319
with Morpho, 77 | Vanessa, Fabr. 430
lucipor, Westw. 77; figured pl. | — asterie, Godt. 04
ix. f. 8, 9; approximation | charonia, Dru., noticed, 450
towards Morpho, 77 | ¢@-auream, Linn,, supposed oc:
noureddin, Westw. 78; figured currence in Penang, 84
pl. vii. £. 4, and pl. ix, £. 7; eudoxia, Guer. 99
variation in gf . 70; stridu- glauconia, Motsch,, noticed, 430
lation, 426 haronica, Moore, noticed, 430
oda, Hew, 427 | Ayppocta, Godt., noticed, 431
odana, Godt, 427; figured pl.) idamene, Godt., 92
xxxvi. {. 8 iphite, Gadt., 90
peeudaliris, Butl. 79; figured | laomedia, Godt, 93
Ll. viii. £3; affinities with lemonias, Grodt, 06
ho, 77 perakans, Dist. 430; figured |
Phacriaaitie and Morpho, repre- pl. xl. f.1
sentative genera in the Rast | urticm, oe . constancy in
and West, 67 visiting flowers, 91, note
neuration. of |
48]
| Variation and evolution of ape-
cies, 254, note, and 887
Varietios versus species, 130 and
note, and 410 and note
Vermiform stirps, 194, note
Virapa, Moore
tnacia’, Moore, 416
Wallace's views on sexual dis-
parity in buttertties, 74
Walton (Isaac), Spiders and the
Royal Society, $77, note
Wanton destruction of animal
life, 352, note
Water-beetles in hot springs, and
tanks of Glauber’s salts, 467,
note
Aanthotmnia, Weatw. 6%, 82
busiris, Westw. 82; figured
plvii7
Yea, Dist. = Zea, 477
Ypthima, Hiibn, 39, 55, 419
corticaria, Butl.55, 419; figured
pl. vi. £ 8; variation, 46
fasciatn, Hew. 420; figured,
420, 1; 122
hiibneri, Kirb. 57; figured pl.
vil. £. 5
methora, Hew. 56,419; figured
pl. vi. f. 9
nareda, Koll., noticed, 56
sea Dist. 57; figured pl.
iv.
pandocus, Moore, 410: var. cor-
ticaria, Bntl. 65, 410
philometa, Hiibn. 57
f. 5, 0; neuration me | Zon, Dist. 860, 877
fore wings figured, 28th, f. 94; |
mytheca, Hew. 477:
pl. xxxv. £7
Zemeros, Boisd. 187
albipunetata, Butl. 187; figured
pl. xviii. f. 12; range, 188
amesioides, Feld. 188; figured
pl. xviii. £. 3, 4
Zetides, Hiibn, 324, #50
figured
| agaimemnon, Moore, 3638
eurypylus, Hiibn., noticed, #61,
note
sarpedon, Hit. 360
telephus, Moore, B61
Zeuxidia, Hiibn. 60, 72, 424
amethystua, Butl 72, 424;
figured pl. vii. f. 1,2, and
I. xxxvili, f.5; neuration of
front wing figured 60, f. #2;
sexual dissimilarity, 73
aurelius, Cram. 425; figured
pl. xxxvii. f. 1
doubledaii, Weatw. 74, 424:
figured 425, {. 124, and pl.
| xxxvil £6
wallacei, Fold. 72
| Aixera, Moore, 197, 212, 454
karsundra, Moore, 215; figured
pl. xxii. f. 22
lysizone, Snell, 212; figured
pl. xx. £ 9; neuration of
front wing figured, 197, £. 58
Vilriation noticed, 213
pyemma, Snell. 212, 454; tigd.
454, f. 126
sangra, Moore, noticed, 212
on Dist, 454; figured pl. xliv.
. 45
ERRATA.
Pave 7, Hestia linteata, Tab, I1., fig. 1 should read Tab. I., fig. 1.
» 45, fifth line from bottom of page, for “anenne™ read antenne.
+ 69, for Zeusidia read Zeucidia,
» 75, for Long: g 70 to 75 mill. read “ Exp. wings,” &e.
» @8, for 8. Thawmantis nowreddin read 2. Thaumantta noureddin.
» 847, for Papilio Polytes. (Tab. XXIIT., figs. 7g; 8,9, 10 2), read AAXITI., &c.
» 871, for Lotongus calathua, (Tab, XXIV,, fig. 14), read XXXIV., ke.
+ 877, for Yea mytheca read Zea mytheca,
+» 425, for 4eumidea read Zeuwidia,
» 444, for Neptis vikasa read Nepiis vikeast.
» 462, for Jroata nila read [raota nila,
WEST, NEWMAN ARD CO., PHIXTERS, HATTON OARDEN, LONIMIN, F.C.
i
ta
TAB. 1.
RHOP MALAYANA
TAB: II
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RHOP. MALAYANA TAB, AVI
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RHOP. MALAYANA . TAB. XX.
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sl Ne ee ie i ." ces : : Ve be ons ot oe
Fio, 2. Pupa of Danais
zi é chrysippus,
Fic. 1. Anterior tarsi of (From Moore's ‘ Lep. of
Euploa midamus. Ceylon.)
Hoy
Fie. 3. Larva of Danais chrysippus.
(From Moore's ‘ Lep. Ceylon.’)
i
j
t
a
el 3 adi @2 «&& * il
Fira. d.
Fie. 4. Anterior wing of Euplea phebus:—a, costal nervure; 6, subcostal nervure; 61, 62, 3, b4, b5, subcostal nervnles;
el, 2, discoidal nervules; 4, median nervure; d1, d2,. d3. median nervules; ¢, submedian nervure; fl, (2, diseo-cellulor nervules;
h, costa or anterior margin; ¢, posterior or outer margin; j, inner margin; &, apex or anterior angie; 4, posterior or anal angle;
m, disenidal cell,
ngdie dB 2 dl
Fra. 5,
Fra. 6. Posterior wing (under side) of Danais septentrionia:—a, b, 61,02, d, dl, 2, ds, ¢, ¢1, as in fig. 4; g, internal nervore;
m, precostal nervure; nm, abdominal or inner margin; o, discoidal cell.
a 6
Fro. 6.—a, Antenna of Hestia lyn-
ceus, b. Antenna of Ideopais
daos.
a b
Fic. 7.—a. Intermediate tarsus of
Hestia lyncens. 6. Posterior
tarsus of Ideopsis :
es
Pio. 8. Larva of Melanitis leda. (From
Horsf, & Moore, Cat. Lep. Ming. B.C.)
Fie. 9. Heal, showing palpi (greatly
magnified) of Melanitis iamene.
Uf
Fie. 10. Posterior wing, Melanitis
ismene, showing median nervules,
YS
Frio. 11. Post. wing, Lethe europa,
showing médian nervules.
—
Fro. 12. Post. wings, Frites angu-
laris, showing median nervules.
yr
Fria. 13. Anterior wing, Melawitia
immene, showing median nervules.
Za
Fro. 14. Ant. wing, Elimnias caat-
phone, showing median nervules,
\
\
Kio, 14,
Fro, 16.—Post, wing of
Fre. 17,—Head, showing palpi of
Amathusia phidippus.
aay UAV AA
= va mle mt vill) ‘al Alo | se ve
mote ll ae | aba || Saea ||, wi aa ——
es a CAN ae eatin Ps aeiR ah 1s
Fi, F
“¢ file
i Mt, | i( AN WAST ll
— a sia ede ey eee yg eee ar.
eel = 2 cece me eee al
Sy ST es TRS attains
i aiNIl\ uN Ny) \ i WAN ‘
Fic. 148.—Larva of Amathusia phidippus (from Horaf. Cat. Lep. Mus. E. 1.0.)
Frio, 10.— ,, Discophora celinde =
=.
Fro. 20.— Post. wing, Amathusia
phidippus, showing apex of cell
partly closed by atrophied ner-
vule.
oe S
ee
Fic, 21.— Ant. wing, Amathusia
phidippus, showing subcostal
nervules, bases of diseoidal ner-
vules and base of first median
nervul
LE.
——
a
et oa
= as =
Fie. 22.—Ant. wing, Zeuzidia ame.
thystus, showing base of first
médian nervule, with oblique
supplementary nervule attached
to fold in wing (dotted line).
Fia. 23.—Ant. wing, Discophora
célinde, showing arrangement of
subcostal nervules and bases of
discoidal nervules,
Fie. 24.—Post, wing, Clerome gra-
ciliz, showing bifurcation of sub.
costal nervules and apparent base
of upper disco-cellular nervule.
SEPTEMBER 30, 1882.
Pio. 3h,
Head, showing
palpi of Cynthia detone,
a
Fie, 26.—Arrangement of subcostal
nerviles in ant. wings of Doles-
cheltia pratipa,
a
Fro. 27,— Arrangement of sunbeostal
nérvules in ant. wings of Rhino-
palpa fulva,
Fic. 48.—Arrangement of subcostal
nervules in ant. wings of Cha-
razes schreiberi,
Frprvary 28, 1883.
——
Fie, 29.—Arrangement of subcosta |
nervules in post, wings of Bu-
thalia anosia,
Fie. 30,—Arrangement of subcostal
nervules in post. wings of Ta-
natcia pulasara.
Pio. 41.—Arrangement of median
nervules in ant. wings of Par-
thenot gambrisius, var,
SS
Fro, $2.—Section of ant. wing of
Limenitis procris, showing fourth
subeostal nervule angularly bent
near base.
as
Fro. 84.—Costal area of post. wing
of Athyma leucothoe, showing
nervnre extending to
apical angle.
a
Fie. $4.—Arrangement of subeostal
nerviles in ant, wings of dfella
phalanta.
————
Fie. 35.— Arrangement of subcostal
nervules in ant. wings of Cirro-
chroa orissa.
4a
Fro. 4.—Arrangement of subcostal
nervules in ant. wings of Cynthia
deione.
es :
4) _—
HX
Fira. 37,—Larva of C. athemas, var. samatha, from
Moore's Lepid. Ceyl,
Fia, 38;
Fro. 39,—Larva of Euthalia garuda. From drawing br Gen.
Hardwicke, in Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mas. E.1C.
Huthalia larerna, 9 -
Fic. 40,
Fig. 41. Huthalia decorata, 9 .
Fig. 42. FKurtpus pfeiffera, 9 .
43.—Neptis charon. |
+
.
Fig.
Fre. 44.—Larva of Athyma perius.
From Horstield's Cat. Lep. E.1.C.
Fic. 45.—Larva of Atella phalanta, from
Horsfield’s Cat. Lep. E.1.C.
hic, 46.—Atella alcippe, J .
* “Entomologist,’ vol. xiv. p. 3.
: Ent. Month. Mag. vol. i. p. 87.
Fic. 47.,—Anterior legs (showing tarsi)
of Abisara kausambi.
Fie. ese fe of Abivara prunosa.
(From Moore's Lep. Ceyl.)
Fie. 40.—Post. wing of Zemeros
emesoides, showing position of
lower disco-celluolar nervule,
Fro, 60,—Post. wing of Abisara
kausambi, showing position of
lower disco-cellular nervule,
Fig, 61.—Abtsara thuisto, J.
Fie. 62.—Abiszara thuisto, > .
Fig, 63.—Anterior legs (showing tarsi)
of Lampides elpis.
eS
Fic. 54.—Larva and pupa of Am-
blypedia narada, (From Horaf,
& Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C.)
Vile es
Fira. ee wing of Poritia
phraa showing subeostal
nervules, :
os
Fie. 66.— Arrangement of sub-
costal nervules in anterior wing
of Cyaniris lambi.
a
Fie. 57.— Arrangement of snub.
costal nervules in anterior wing
of Neopithecops horafieldi.
as
Fie. 38.— Arrangement of sub-
costal nervules in anterior wing
of Zizera lisizone.
Fro. 59.—Posterior
leg of Gerydus
aymethtus.
Fro. 60.—Posterior
leg of Paragerydus
horsfieldi,
Fia. 61.—Posterior
leg of Logania
malayica,
grr
Fria. 62.—Anterior wing of Cas.
talius elna, shewing subcostal
nervules,
am
Fie, 63.—Antorior wing of Jamides
bockus, showing eubcostal ner-
yules.
LAE
Fro. (4.—Anterior wing of Polyom-
mattis beticus, showing subcostal
nervules,
Fic. 65,— Nacaduha viola J.
Fic. 66.—Everes parrhasiua, 3 .
ZA
Fie. 67,—Anterior wing of Cata-
pecilma elegans, showing sub-
costal nervules,
Fic. 68.—Posterior wing of Dru-
padia moorei, showing position
of costal nervare.
B=
Fig. 09.—Anterior wing of Semanga
superba, showings position of
subcostal nervules.
Om
Fie. 70,.—Anterior wing of Daea-
lana vidura, showing subcostal
nervules,
Fira. 71.—Anterior wing of Purliza
gigantea, showing position of
costal nervure and subcostal
nervules.
4
Fie. 72.— Posterior wing of Cheritra
_amritra, showing position of
costal nervure.
ae
Fro, 75.—Antenor wing of Sithon
, Showing subcostal
Fe | a
val
Fic. 74.—Anterior wing of Ambly-
podia narada JZ , showing sub-
costal nervules.
fro
Fic. 7u,—Aunterior wing of Lorwra
atymnus, showing pee of
costal nervure and su
nerviles,
Pia. 70.—hiduanda thesmia, fi.
wh
Fio. 77,—Biduanda thesmia, @,
Fio. 78.—Hypolyeena thecloides.
Fira, 70.—Narathura
lycanaria.
Fria, 80,—Nurathura vihara.*
Fra. &L—Noarathura
imornata,
Fra. 42.—Naralhora achelous,
Fico. 83.—Nurathura ancmon.
Fia. $4.—Panchala singhapura 9.
Fro. 85.—Panchala apidanus 3 , showing
mutilation effected by the attack of
a bird,
Fie. 86.—Panchala morphina 3 .t
Frio, 87.—Panchala trogon J.
Fra. #8.—Loxrura cassiopeia, ff.
Fie. 80.—Lorura cassiopeia, 9 .
?
Fro. 90.—Anterior legs (showing
tarsi) of Ornithoptera hephastua
WiE.
Fic. 91.—Pupa of Hebomoia
glaucippe. (From Horsf.
Cat. Lep. E. 1. C,)
Fio. 2.—Larva of Hebomoia glaucippe.
(From Horsf. Cat. Lep. I. I. C.)
Fig. 13,—Arrangement of nervules
in anterior wing of Delias par-
thenope.
Fro, f4.—Arrangement of nervules
in anterior wing of Udaiana
cynis,
\
Fro. 05.— Arrangement of nervules
in anterior wings of Dercas
gobrias,
Fio. 96,—Arrangement of nervules
in anterior wing of Saletara
nathalia, J .
Ses
Fro. 07.—Arrangement of nervules
in anterior wing of Nepheronia
Fic. 06.—Delias ninus J .
Fire, ti.— Delian tthiela.
Fro. 100,—Delias singhapura 7.
Fie. 101.—Delias orplue J.
Fro, 102,—Appias enarete 7.
Fie. 103.—Larva andl pupa of Papilio pamenien.
(From Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. fos. Mus.
E. 1.)
Fia. 105.—Anterior wing of Lepto-
circus megea, showing position
of subcostal nervules,
Fro. L0U.—Ornithoptera rhadamantiwa, 9.
bic. 107.—Ornithoptera rufieollis, > .
Fra. 108.—Papilio mecisteus.
Fro, 109 — Pap lia felepliua,
y
<i (ea is
Fie. 111.—Larva and pupa of Erionota thraz.
(From Horsf. & Moore, Cat, Lep. Mus. E. I. C.)
Fro. 112.—Anterior wing of
Unkana batara, showing
diseo-cellular nervules.
Fie, 113.— Anterior wing of
Choaspes crawfurdi, showing
position of median nervules.
Fro. 1i4.— Anterior wing of
M aria, showing atten-
nated oll
Z=E
Fre. 115.— Anterior wing of
Pithauria murdava, showing
position of median nervules.
Fro. 116.—Antenna of Satarupa
aglinis.
a a
Fre. 117.— Anterior wing of
Casyapa phancus, showing
neuration.
Fig. 118,— Anterior wing of
Erionota thrar, showing
wedian Hervure.
ZE
a
Fro. 110.— Anterior wing of
Plastingia callineura, show-
ing position of subcostal and
median nervules,
Fre. 120.— Anterior wing of
Hidari irava, showing posi-
tion of median vervules.
Fie. 121,— Anterior wing of
Kerana armata, showing
position of subcostal and
median nervules.
ie
Fia. 122,—Ypthima fasciata.
Fro, 125,—a, antenna; 6, palpus; ¢, anterior leg; d, abdomen.
Fru. l2i—Zenzidea doubledati, J .
Fis, 125,—Cyrestis formosa,
Fie, 12ti,— Zizera. pygmea.
Fro. 127.—Lampides optimus,
Fio. 128,—Neoeheritra gama,
Kio, 120—Teriaa lacteola.
TAB. 1.
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TAB, XXL
MALAYANA .
RHOP.
RHOP MALAYVANA
TAB. XX.
Weert Nevonan £0? ad nat chrom. Lith
RHOP MALAYANA TAB. XX
Viet Newrmn & Of odo met chrom lth
ANA
MALAY
RHOP
Weet. Newman d C" ad mat. chrom [kh
RHOP MALAYANA . TAB. AXY.
Weet Bewuss 2 C° ad set coeete dit.
KEYI
TAB
A L AYA N A.
RHOP, M
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20 TELS. Silicon
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RHOP MALAYANA. TAB. XXXVI
RHOP MALAYANA
XXVIB
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RHOP. MALAYANA TAB. XXX
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RHOP. MALAYANA .
Weet Newman AC ad
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MALAYATLA .
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TAB. ALIII
ALAYANA
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TAB XLIV
RHOP MALAY ANA
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